1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT 33/11KV SUBSTATION ,MIDC,BUTIBORI
The main bus 33KV is connected to grid located at MIDC,Butibori. Now the
transmission line first parallel connected with lightning arrester to
diverge surge, followed by CVT connected parallel. CVT measures voltage and steeps
down at
110V. A.C. for control panel, at the location a wave trap is connected to carrier
communication
at higher frequencies. A current transformer is connected in series with line which
measure
current and step down current at ratio 800:1 for control panel.
Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit breaker having
an isolator at each end. A transformer is connected to main bus though a bus coupler.
The main
bus has total capability of 160 MVA for 33 KV, which is subdivided into two transformer
capacity of 80 MVA (40MVA+40MVA) parallel connected for 33KV and other two
transformer
capacity of 80KV (40KV+40KV) are parallel connected for substation.
At both ends of transformer lightning arrester current transformer and switchgear
equipment provided. Transformer step downs voltage from 220KV to 33KV. The main
bus is
provided with switchgear equipment & a current transformer. This gives way to six
feeders
transmitting power toMIDC grid. The main bus is connected to jack bus or transfer bus
through a bus coupler & 11KV is provided with switchgear equipment. This gives way to
feeders
transmitting power to industries and commercial outlets of MIDC,Butibori.
A step down transformer of 11KV/440V is connected to control panel to provide supply
to the equipments of the substation. Capacitor bank is connected to main bus of 11KV.
It is
provided to improve power factor & voltage profile.

2. TRANSFORMERS
Transformer
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at
same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage
& high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction
principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

2.1 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

1. Power transformer
2 .Instrument transformer
3 .Auto transformer
4 .On the basis of working
5.On the basis of structure
2.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER:
Power Transformers
Types of power transformer:
2.1.1.1 Single phase transformer
2.1.1.2 Three phase transformer
2.1.2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
a) Current transformer
b) Potential transformer
2.1.3 AUTO TRANSFORMER:
a) Single phase transformer
b) Three phase transformer
2.1.4 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING
1. Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage.
2 .Step up: Converts low voltage into high voltage.
2.1.5 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

1.Core type

2. Shell type

. SUBSTATIONS
The present day electrical power system is A.C.i.e. electrical power is generated,
transmitted & distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is
produced at
power plant stations which are located at favorable places generally quite away from the
consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission 7
distribution.
At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change
some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This
accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage
(11 KV or
33 KV) at the power station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for
transmission of
electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose
in the
substation. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be step
down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation.
The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is
called substation.
The two most ways to classify substation are:-
4.1 TYPES OF SUBSTATION
4.1.1 According to the service requirement:
4.1.1.1 Transformer substation
4.1.1.2 Switch substation
4.1.1.3 Power factor correction substation
4.1.1.4 Frequency change substation
4.1.1.5 Converting substation
4.1.1.6 Industrial substation
4.1.2 According to the constructional features:
1. Indoor substation
2. Outdoor substation
3. Underground substation
4. Pole mounted substation

1. TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main

component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served
transformer substations may be classified into:
1. STEP UP SUBSTATION
The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in
transmission of electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are
of outdoor type.
2. PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION
Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage
level to 11KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of
outdoor type.
3. SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The
11KV lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are
also
of outdoor type.
4. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to
400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two
phases is 400V & between any phase and neutral it is 230V.

4.2 SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does
not necessarily result in loss of supply.
2. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer
and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit
breaker.
3 .A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
4. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
5. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit
breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

4.3 STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION:

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.
1 Earthing and Bonding:
The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system
connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in
order to
pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or
mechanical
damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to
operation
and maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent bonding
such that
there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.
In designing the substation, three voltage have to be considered these are:
2. Touch Voltage:
This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at
earthed equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.
3. Step Voltage:
This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his
feet while not touching any other earthed equipment.
4. Mesh Voltage:
This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.

4.3.2 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances, touch and step potentials are based on site
measurements of ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular
conductors is then analyzed to determine the effective substation earthing resistance,
from which
the earthing voltage is calculated.
In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth grid calculation
purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin such that expansion
of the
system is catered for.
To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These tests
are
best performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings are obtained.

4.3.3 Earthing Materials

1. Conductors:
Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars
themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are
laid at a
shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth
grid, a
separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation
plant is
bonded.
2. Connections:
Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the
heat
generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually
bolted.
3. Earthing Rods:
The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of
earth fault
currents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are
usually
made of solid copper, or copper clad steel.

4. Switchyard Fence Earthing:

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different
utilities. These are:
1. Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence
is then bonded to the grid at regular intervals.
2. Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the
fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the
main substation earthing grid.

4.4 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:

An ideal conductor should fulfills the following requirements:
1. Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.
2. Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise
self
weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and
atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
3. Should be corona free at rated voltage.
4. Should have the minimum number of joints.
5. Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
6 .Should be economical.
The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may
be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and
these include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors
le
A single line diagram of 33/11 KV substation at MIDC,Butibori

4.5 Overhead Line Terminations

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.
1. Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings
2 .Tensioning conductors to ground winches.
The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation.
A view of switchyard with 8 bays

Following clearances should be observed:

VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE
less than 11kV 6.1m
11kV - 20kV 6.4m
20kV - 30kV 6.7m
greater than 30kV 7.0m
When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be
directly

Typical representation of bus bars

connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars
are made
up of copper rods operate at constant voltage.
In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as
little
as possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used.
Such a
system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of
bus coupler,
which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general
maintenance and
repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no
load
condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making
capacity. In
some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.
While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a
circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply
side of
circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the
purpose
of maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using
bus coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or
maintenance of
any section is required.

7. INSULATORS
The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine
the
current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of
insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post
insulator etc.)
and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post
insulator
is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and
flanged cast
iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the
cap.
Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substations
With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very
high
voltage and carry high current.
The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of
switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more
dependable means
of control such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can make
or break
a circuit either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full load and
short
circuit condition.
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts can
be
opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any
part of the
system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart
by some
mechanism, thus opening the circuit.
When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus
able
to continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is
also
generates the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the
shortest
possible time so that it may not reach a dangerous value.
The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.
7.1. Circuit breakers
They can be classified into:

1. Oil Circuit Breaker

Oil circuit breaker

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas
whose high
pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary
insulation to
prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts
and
because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.
2. Air blast circuit breaker
Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of
air blast
circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air
receiver.
The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces,
where the
breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines
and
important lines where rapid operation is desired.

High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air
is
taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on
the
reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted
on the
top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc
extinction
chambers to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since
there exists a
very high voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction
chambers
assembly is mounted on insulators.

3. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

SF6 Circuit breaker
In such circuit breaker, sulphar hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching
medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free
electrons.
The SF6 circuit breaker have been found to a very effective for high power and high
voltage
service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power
rating
10 MVA.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the
contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to
flow
towards the arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF 6 gas to let
through
these holes.
4.Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Vacuum circuit breaker
Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers,
vacuum
circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through
it,
thereby preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge.
.
7.2.1 Rating of 132 KV SF6 circuit breaker:
1. Breaking current: 50A
2 .Making capacity: 80KA
3. Total break time < 60msec
4. Rated short circuit breaking current:
5. Symmetrical: 31.5 KA
6. Asymmetrical: 36.86 KA
7. Rated duration of short circuit current: 3sec
8. Rated nominal current: 1250 A
9. Rated voltage: 145 KV
10. Rated SF6 gas pressure: 6 KG
8 .METERINGAND INDICATION EQUIPMENT
1. RELAY

Relay
In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur
somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be
quickly
detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus
limits the
amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system.
For high
voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic
protective gear.
The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line
the current
flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow
through
the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the
trip
circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section
from the
rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from
the
damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system. Basically relay work
on the
following two main operating principles:
1 .Electromagnetic attraction relay
2. Electromagnetic induction relay
9. MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT
1. CAPACITOR BANK:

Capacitor bank
The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low
power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take
lagging
currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current,
resulting in
additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system
from
engineering and economical stand point it is important to have power factor as close to
unity as
possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power should
be
connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be capacitor bank. The
capacitor
draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging reactive
component of
load current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:
1. Supply reactive power
2. Increases terminal voltage
3. Improve power factor
2. FUSE:
A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current through it
for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating
conditions; the
fuse element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load
current
overheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption
functions.

BUS COUPLER:
The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may
be connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler.
Repairing,
maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them
on spar
bus bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed.

10. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION:

1 .Transformer protection:
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore
chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of
even a rare
fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the
system. This
provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults.
2. Conservator and Breather:
When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes
either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to
predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top
of the
tank.
Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it
spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air
is
drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride.
Silica gel is
checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.
breaker controlling the transformer.
Transformer cooling:
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of
heat is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:
1. Air natural cooling:
In a dry type of self cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is
used
for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.
2 .Air blast cooling:
It is similar to that of dry type self cooled transformers with to addition that continuous
blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling. A fan
produces
the blast.
3. Oil natural cooling:
Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as
a cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding
is
passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from
the
bottom of the cooling tank.
4. Oil blast cooling:
In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers
immersed in oil.
5. Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling:
Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant.
Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.
6. Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling:
In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat
exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.
11. CONCLUSION
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life.
We are made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to
know about
the various parts of the Substation system.