16-Design of Sub-05-03-2024

Design of Sub Station
Sub-Station
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic
(e.g. voltage, a.c. to d.c., frequency, p.f. etc.) of electric supply is called
a sub-station.
Classification of Sub-Stations
1. According to service requirement.
a. Transformer sub-stations: change the voltage level of

electric supply are called transformer sub-stations
b. Switching sub-stations: These sub-stations do not change the

voltage level i.e. incoming and outgoing lines have the same voltage.
However, they simply perform the switching operations of power
lines.
c. Power factor correction sub-stations: Those sub-stations which

improve the power factor of the system are called power factor
correction sub-stations. Such sub-stations are generally located at
the receiving end of transmission lines. These sub-stations
generally use synchronous condensers as the power factor
improvement equipment.
d. Frequency changer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which
change the supply frequency are known as frequency changer sub-
stations. Such a frequency change may be required for industrial
utilisation.
e. Converting sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change a.c.

power into d.c. power are called converting sub-stations. These sub-
stations receive a.c. power and convert it into d.c. power with suitable
apparatus (e.g. ignitron) to supply for such purposes as traction,
electroplating, electric welding etc.
f. Industrial sub-stations. Those sub-stations which supply power to

individual industrial concerns are known as industrial sub-stations.
2. According to constructional features.
(i) Indoor sub-stations. For voltages upto 11 kV, the equipment of

the sub-station is installed indoor because of economic
considerations. However, when the atmosphere is contaminated with
impurities, these sub-stations can be erected for voltages upto 66
kV.
(ii) Outdoor sub-stations. For voltages beyond 66 kV, equipment is

installed outdoor. It is because for such voltages, the clearances
between conductors and the space required for switches, circuit
breakers and other equipment becomes so great that it is not
economical to install the equipment indoor.
(iii) Underground sub-stations. In populated areas, the space

available for equipment and building is limited and the cost of land is
high. Under such situations, the sub-station is created underground.
(iv) Pole-mounted sub-stations. This is an outdoor sub-station with

equipment installed overhead on H-pole or 4-pole structure. It is the
cheapest form of sub-station for voltages not exceeding 11kV (or 33
kV in some cases). Electric power is almost distributed in localities
through such substations.
Transformer Sub-Stations
Transformer sub-stations may be classified into :
(i) Step-up sub-station (ii) Primary grid sub-station
(iii) Secondary sub-station (iv) Distribution sub-station
Pole-Mounted Sub-Station
It is a distribution sub-station
placed overhead on a pole. It is the
cheapest form of sub-station as it does
not involve any building work. The
transformer and other equipment are
mounted on H-type pole (or 4-pole
structure).
The 11 kV line is connected to the

transformer (11kV /400 V) through gang
isolator and fuses. The lightning
arresters are installed on the H.T. side
to protect the sub-station from lightning
strokes. The transformer steps down the
voltage to 400V, 3-phase, 4-wire supply.
The voltage between any two lines is
400V whereas the voltage between any
line and neutral is 230 V. The oil circuit
breaker (O.C.B.) installed on the L.T.
side automatically isolates the
transformer from the consumers in the
event of any fault.
Symbols for Equipment in Sub-Stations
Equipment in a Transformer Sub-Station
1. Bus-bars: When a number of lines operating at the same voltage

have to be directly connected electrically, bus-bars are used as the
common electrical component. Bus-bars are copper or aluminium
bars (generally of rectangular x-section) and operate at constant
voltage. The incoming and outgoing lines in a sub-station are
connected to the bus-bars. The most commonly used bus-bar
arrangements in sub-stations are :
(i) Single bus-bar arrangement

(ii) Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation
(iii) Double bus-bar arrangement
2. Insulators: The insulators serve two purposes. They support the
conductors (or bus-bars) and confine the current to the conductors.
3. Isolating switches: It is often desired to disconnect a part of the

system for general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an
isolating switch or isolator.
4. Circuit breaker. A circuit breaker is an equipment which can open
or close a circuit under normal as well as fault conditions. It is so
designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under
normal conditions and automatically under fault conditions. For the
latter operation, a relay circuit is used with a circuit breaker. Generally,
bulk oil circuit breakers are used for voltages upto 66kV while for high
(>66 kV) voltages, low oil circuit breakers are used. For still higher
voltages, air-blast, vacuum or SF6 circuit breakers are used.
5. Power Transformers
6. Instrument transformers: The function of these instrument

transformers is to transfer voltages or currents in the power lines to
values which are convenient for the operation of measuring instruments
and relays. There are two types of instrument transformers viz.
(i) Current transformer (C.T.) (ii) Potential transformer (P.T.)
7. Metering and Indicating Instruments. There are several metering

and indicating instruments (e.g. ammeters, voltmeters, energy meters
etc.) installed in a sub-station to maintain watch over the circuit
quantities.
8. Miscellaneous equipment. In addition to above, there may be

following equipment in a sub-station :
(i) fuses
(ii) carrier-current equipment
(iii) sub-station auxiliary supplies
Bus-Bar Arrangements in Sub-Stations
(i) Single bus-bar system.

(ii) Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation.
(iii) Duplicate bus-bar system.
Key Diagram of 66/11 kV Sub-Station
1. A three-phase overhead transmission line is being supported by three-
disc suspension insulators; the potentials across the first and second
insulator from the top are 8 kV and 11 kV respectively. Calcualte (i) the
line voltage (ii) the ratio of capacitance between pin and earth to self
capacitance of each unit (iii) the string efficiency.
[(i) 64·28 V (ii) 0·375
(iii) 68·28%]
2. Calculate the inductance per phase per metre for a three-phase double-
circuit line whose phase conductors have a radius of 4 cm with the
horizontal conductor arrangement as shown in Fig.
3. A 3-phase, 50 Hz overhead transmission line, 100 km long, 110 kV

between the lines at the receiving end has the following constants :
Resistance per km per phase = 0·153 Ω
Inductance per km per phase = 1·21 mH
Capacitance per km per phase = 0·00958 µF
The line supplies a load of 20,000 kW at 0·9 power factor
lagging. Calculate using nominal π representation, the sending end
voltage, current, power factor, regulation and the efficiency of the line.
Neglect leakage.
4. A 2-conductor cable 1 km long is required to supply a constant current of
200 A throughout the year. The cost of cable including installation is Rs.
(20 a + 20) per metre where ‘a’ is the area of X-section of the conductor
in cm2. The cost of energy is 5P per kWh and interest and depreciation
charges amount to 10%. Calculate the most economical conductor size.
Assume resistivity of conductor material to be 1·73 µ Ω cm.
5. A transmission line conductor at a river crossing is supported from two

towers at height of 50 m and 80 m above the water level. The horizontal
distance between the towers is 500 m. If the tension in the conductor is
2000 kg, find the minimum clearance between the conductor and water
level and also the clearance at midway between the towers. Weight of
conductor is 1·5 kg/m. Bases of the towers can be considered to be at
water level.

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Design of Sub Station

a. Transformer sub-stations: change the voltage level of

b. Switching sub-stations: These sub-stations do not change the

c. Power factor correction sub-stations: Those sub-stations which

e. Converting sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change a.c.

f. Industrial sub-stations. Those sub-stations which supply power to

(i) Indoor sub-stations. For voltages upto 11 kV, the equipment of

(ii) Outdoor sub-stations. For voltages beyond 66 kV, equipment is

(iii) Underground sub-stations. In populated areas, the space

(iv) Pole-mounted sub-stations. This is an outdoor sub-station with

The 11 kV line is connected to the

1. Bus-bars: When a number of lines operating at the same voltage

(i) Single bus-bar arrangement

3. Isolating switches: It is often desired to disconnect a part of the

6. Instrument transformers: The function of these instrument

(i) Current transformer (C.T.) (ii) Potential transformer (P.T.)

7. Metering and Indicating Instruments. There are several metering

8. Miscellaneous equipment. In addition to above, there may be

(i) Single bus-bar system.

3. A 3-phase, 50 Hz overhead transmission line, 100 km long, 110 kV

5. A transmission line conductor at a river crossing is supported from two

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