Sub DR - K489+031 PDF

NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
SUB STRUCTURE DESIGN REPORT

(Volume 1 of 1)
K489+031 SHORT BRIDGE
PESHAWAR-KARACHI MOTORWAY (PKM)

SUKKUR-MULTAN SECTION
OCT 2016
Super
Structure, ITS
Surve Sub Road
Section Main Geotechnical Underpass Traffic Pavement Hydraulic/ Environmenta &Road
Section y Structure Safety
Chainage Length Repor Investigation and Study Design Hydrologic l Management Side
No. Repor Design Audit
(km) t Report Culvert Report Report al Report Plan Report Facilitie
t Report Report
Design s
Report
1-1 K380+000~K383+000 3
1-2 K383+000~K387+000 4
Section 1-3 K387+000~K408+000 20.996

1
1-4 K408+000~K411+000 3
(54.99
6km) 1-5 K411+000~K423+000 12
1-6 K423+000~K428+000 5
1-7 K428+000~K435+000 7
2-1 K435+000~K438+000 3
2-2 K438+000~K448+000 10
Section 2-3 K448+000~K455+000 7

2
2-4 K455+000~K459+300 4.3
(56.15
1km) 2-5 K459+300~K478+000 18.7
2-6 K478+000~K488+000 10
2-7 K488+000~ K491+150.527 3.151 √
3-1 K490+981.670~K505+000 14.018
3-2 K505+000~K508+000 3
Section
3 3-3 K508+000~K520+000 12
(59.01
3-4 K520+000~K534+000 14
8km)
3-5 K534+000~K541+000 7
3-6 K541+000~K550+000 9
4-1 K550+000~K577+000 27
Section 4-2 K577+000~K584+000 7
4
(54km) 4-3 K584+000~K594+000 10
4-4 K594+000~K604+000 10
5-1 K604+000~K613+000 9
Section 5-2 K613+000~K619+000 6

5
5-3 K619+000~K640+000 21
(54.99
9km) 5-4 K640+000~K650+000 10
5-5 K650+000~K659+000 9
6-1 K659+000~K675+000 16
Section 6-2 K675+000~K688+600 13.6
6
(57km) 6-3 K688+600~K705+000 16.4
6-4 K705+000~K716+000 11
Section 7-1 K716+000~K745+000 29

7
7-2 K745+000~K755+000 10
(56.01
8km) 7-3 K755+000~K772+017.813 17.018
Project Manager
Design Chief
1 CONTENTS
1 Contents ........................................................................................................................ 1
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION............................................................................................. 3
3 Structural Design Criteria ............................................................................................... 4
3.1 design life of bridges ............................................................................................... 4
3.2 Codes Of Practices ................................................................................................. 4
3.3 Material Properties .................................................................................................. 4
3.4 Loads ...................................................................................................................... 5
3.4.1 Dead Weight (DC) ............................................................................................ 5
3.4.2 Dead Weight Wearing Course (DW) ................................................................. 5
3.4.3 Live Loads (LL) ................................................................................................. 5
3.4.4 Pedestrian Load (LL) ........................................................................................ 8
3.4.5 Wind Loads (WS) and (WL) .............................................................................. 8
3.4.6 Seismic Loads (EQ) .......................................................................................... 8
3.4.7 Longitudinal Loads/Braking Force (BR) ............................................................ 9
3.4.8 Earth Pressure (EV and EH) ............................................................................. 9
3.4.9 Surcharge Load (LS) ........................................................................................ 9
3.5 Load Combination ................................................................................................. 11
3.6 Concrete Cover ..................................................................................................... 12
3.7 Pile Capacity ......................................................................................................... 12
3.8 Seismic Zone ........................................................................................................ 12
4 Structural System And Other Details............................................................................ 13
4.1 Configuration ......................................................................................................... 13
4.2 Expansion Joint ..................................................................................................... 13
4.3 Drainage ............................................................................................................... 13
4.4 Bearing pads ......................................................................................................... 14
4.5 Computer Modeling ............................................................................................... 14
4.5.1 Super Structure .............................................................................................. 14
4.5.2 Sub Structure ................................................................................................. 14
4.6 Design ................................................................................................................... 14
5 Bridge Typical long and cross sections ........................................................................ 15
6 Loading For Sub Structure ........................................................................................... 17
6.1 Breaking Force ...................................................................................................... 17
6.2 wind load ............................................................................................................... 18
6.3 Earth Pressure ...................................................................................................... 20
6.3.1 Lateral Earth Pressure(EH) ............................................................................ 20
1
6.3.2 Vertical Earth Pressure(EV) ............................................................................ 21
6.4 Surcharge Load (LS) ............................................................................................. 21
6.5 Seismic Analysis Calculaton .................................................................................. 22
6.6 Modulus Of Subgrade Reaction For Piles .............................................................. 24
6.7 Water Loads .......................................................................................................... 26
7 Design Of Pier Transom .............................................................................................. 43
8 Design Of Pier And Pier Piles ...................................................................................... 57
9 Design Of Back Wall .................................................................................................... 60
10 Design Of Wing Wall.................................................................................................... 65
11 Design Of Abutment Transom...................................................................................... 68
12 Minium Support Length ................................................................................................ 84
13 Design Of Abutment Pile.............................................................................................. 85
14 Approach Slab Design ................................................................................................. 88
2
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Project
2×20m Bridge over Canal
Location
K489+031
Principal Engineer
China State Consultants Engineering Corportation
Design Team
China State Consultants Engineering Corportation
3
3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
3.1 DESIGN LIFE OF BRIDGES

The design life of bridges is 75 years conform to AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS
3.2 CODES OF PRACTICES

Following is the summary of the codes used in designing:
• WEST PAKISTAN HIGHWAY CODE OF PRACTICE, HIGHWAY BRIDGES (1967)

used for Live Loads analysis, Braking Forces and Deck Slab Design.
• AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, 6TH EDITION (2012) used for
all analysis, design and specifications of loads (including live loads, which ever
governs), load combinations. Local environmental parameters have been considered
in determining seismic, water, wind, temperature etc. as per AASHTO code
specifications.
• BUILDING CODE REQUIRMENT FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-08)

used for design and detailing of reinforced concrete components where specifications
of AASHTO code are insufficient.
• PAKISTAN BUILDING CODE (2007) used for seismic zoning in addition to the
Seismic Risk Map of Pakistan developed by Geological Survey of Pakistan.
• ASTM standards used for material specifications and testing where AASHTO
specifications for material types and testing requirements are insufficient.
3.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

a) 28 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete (Cylindrical)
Piles,Pile Caps,Pier Shaft,Abutment Shaft 28 MPa (4000 Psi)

Abutment Walls, Wing walls, Counterfort, Pier Transom 24 MPa (3500 Psi)
Abutment Transom
b) Reinforcement
High yield deformed steel bars conforming to AASHTO M31 (ASTM A615) Grade 60 with
minimum yield strength of 413 MPa shall be used.
c) Unit Weights
Reinforced Concrete 24 KN/m3 (150 Pcf) AASHTO Table 3.5.1-1

Wearing Course 23 KN/m3 (140 Pcf) AASHTO Table 3.5.1-1
Fill Soil 19 KN/m3 (120 Pcf) Geotechnical Report
d) Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete 4800√f’c Mpa AASHTO LRFD C5.4.2.4-1
4
Rebar 200000 Mpa AASHTO LRFD 5.4.3.2
3.4 LOADS
3.4.1 Dead Weight (DC)
It is the self-weight of Reinforced Concrete Structure. Barriers and Median weights to be
calculated according to their actual size and dimensions.
3.4.2 Dead Weight Wearing Course (DW)

It is super imposed dead weight of Asphalt wearing course (70mm) thick.
3.4.3 Live Loads (LL)

Following live loads from two codes will be used which ever generate maximum stresses in c
omponents for design of pre-stressed girders and loads to be transferred on bearing pads.
A) West Pakistan Code of Practice, Highway Bridges 1967.
• Class A, Truck Loading, Section 2, Figure 4.
• Class AA, Military Loading, Section 4, Figure 5.
Whichever of them produce maximum stress in Deck Slab, pre-stressed girders and
bearing pads. Impact for Class A will be as specified in Section 2.9 and for multi
presence of Trucks, the load intensity may be reduced as per Section 2.7.
B) AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 6th Edition (2012)

• Design Truck or design Tandem A3.6.1.2
• Design lane load A3.6.1.2
Specifications of design truck (A3.6.1.2.2)

and Specifications of design tandem
(A3.6.1.2.3) and Design Lane Load
(A3.6.1.2.4) are to be used. Number of
design lanes to be decided as per
(A3.6.1.1.1). Design Tandem or Design
Truck both cases coincident along with
Design Traffic Load whichever produces
maximum stresses in girder or load to be
transmitted to bearing pads.
5
6
7
The minimum clearance between the roadway face of
curb and the outer edge of the track shall be assumed
as follows:
Width of roadway 11’-6’’ to 13’-6’’ 1’-0’’
13’-6’’ to 18’-0’’ 2’-0’’
Above 18’-0’’ 4’-0’’
3.4.4 Pedestrian Load (LL)
Load of 75 psf will be applied on curb wider than 2 feet or 600 mm simultaneously along with
vehicular design load. If the side walk is to be removed in future than vehicle shall be placed
1 ft from the edge of the overhang. For the design of overhang and 2ft for design of all other
components. If vehicles can mount on side walk then side walk needs not to be considered
for pedestrian live load.
3.4.5 Wind Loads (WS) and (WL)

Winds and wind loads will assigned as per AASHTO article 3.15 (Design speed of 100 mph)
Wind on live to be taken 100 plf acting normal to traffic 6 ft above the road way.
3.4.6 Seismic Loads (EQ)

For single span bridge, according to AASHTO 4.7.4.2, seismic analysis is not required
regardless of seismic zone.
However for multi span bridge, AASHTO 4.7.4.3 will be used. Site specific data will be used
to calculate Site Factors, Elastic Seismic Response Coefficients as per AASHTO 3.10
specifications of Earth Quake Loading.
Method of calculating earth quake will be decided as per AASHTO Table 4.7.4.3.1-1.
Wind on substructure to be taken as base pressure of 40 psf.
8
SM/UL, MM, TH methods are provided in AASHTO 4.7.4.3.
3.4.7 Longitudinal Loads/Braking Force (BR)

They will be calculated based on which live loads produce maximum stresses.
From WPCPHB, Section 2.10, whichever produce maximum force.
• 30 percent of weight of vehicle Class A;
• 15 percent of weight of military vehicle Class AA.
The centre of gravity of this longitudinal force shall be assumed be located 6 ft above the
profile grade of the roadway slab.
From AASHTO 3.6.4, braking force shall be taken as the greater of :
• 25 percent of the axle weights of the design truck or design tandem or,
• 5 percent of the design truck plus lane load or five percent of the design tandem plus
lane load
And this braking force shall be placed in all design lanes which are comsidered to be loaded
in accordance with Article 3.6.1.1.1 and which are carrying traffic headed in the same
direction. These forces shall e assumed to act horizontally at a distance of 6.0 ft above the
roadway surface in either longitudinal direction to cause extreme force effects.
3.4.8 Earth Pressure (EV and EH)

Earth pressure will be calculated as per site specific data obtained from geo technical
investigation. The Soil Density is 19 KN/m3 for granular fill and angle of friction taken as 30°.
Vertical Earth pressure to be applied as super imposed load on any component filled with
soil directly above for example pile cap.
3.4.9 Surcharge Load (LS)

Retaining walls and abutments are designed for surcharge load as specified in AASHTO
3.11.6.4
9
10
3.5 LOAD COMBINATION
Load combinations are based on minimum specified load factors as specified in AASHTO
3.4.
γEQ will be based on site specific data else it is permissible to take it 0.5 according AASHTO
C3.4.1.
All notations are present in AASHTO 3.3.
11
3.6 CONCRETE COVER
Minimum concrete cover (as per article 8.22.1 and 9.26.1 of AASHTO standard
specifications ) to the nearest reinforcement shall be as follows:
l Deck Slab :
Top 50 mm
Bottom 25 mm
l Pre-stressed Girders
Top (Main Reinforcement) 40 mm

Bottom (Main Reinforcement) 40 mm
Stirrups 25 mm
l Diaphragm 40 mm
l Barriers/ Mediam 30 mm
l Transom 40 mm
l Piers 50 mm
l Piles
Top 75 mm
l Abutment/Approach slab:
Top 50 mm
Bottom 25 mm
3.7 PILE CAPACITY

The Safe Pile Capacity based on Geotechnical Report.
Assumed Pile Diameter 1.2 m Delete
Assumed Length 30m
3.8 SEISMIC ZONE

As per Seismic Risk Map developed by Geological Survey of Pakistan and Pakistan Building
Code, the seismic zone of the bridge is Zone 2A located at Sukkur-Multan.
12
4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND OTHER DETAILS
4.1 CONFIGURATION
The super structure of bridge is composed of Cast in Place Deck Slab and pre-cast post
tensioned simply Supported I- Girders. The deck slab is cast in place RCC.
Thickness of deck slab 225 mm
RCC approach slab thickness of 350 mm, 6 m long provided at each end of deck slab.
The substructure consists of multiple pier bents, supported either of pile caps and piles.
Diameter of pier 1200 mm
Diameter of pier shaft 1200 mm
Depth of pier transom 1200 mm
Width of pier transom 2700 mm
Diameter of pile 1200 mm
Thickness of pile cap 1050 mm
Thickness of wing wall 400 mm
4.2 EXPANSION JOINT

Expansion Joint
The design thermal movement range, ΔT, shall depend
upon the extreme bridge design temperatures defined in
Article 3.12.2.1 or 3.12.2.2, and be determined
as:
(LRFD 2012, A
ΔT = α L (TMaxDesign -TMinDesign) 3.12.2.3)
(LRFD 2012, A
Max rise in temp T= 70 F 3.12.2.1)
Linear Thermal Coefficient (LRFD 2012, A

α= 0.000006 /ºF 5.4.2.2)
Deck Length L= 45 m DecK Length is

20M. Please Check
Total Elongation ΔT= 18.9 mm
Per expansion joint

ΔT/2= 9.45 mm
Provide expansion joint 25 mm OK
4.3 DRAINAGE
Cross slope of 2% is provided on both sides of deck to ensure draining. Drainage pipe of
100 mm dia is provided at intervals of 5m.
13
4.4 BEARING PADS
Reinforced Elastomeric Bearing Pads conforming to AASHTO 14.6.5 and 14.6.6 provided at
each of girders.
4.5 COMPUTER MODELING

Following computer programs are used in calculations and modeling.
• CSI BRIDGE 2014
• MS Excel
4.5.1 Super Structure

The super structure modeled as combination of plate and beam members. Using and CSi
Bridge. The moving load analysis is done to calculate Live Load reaction forces of bearing
pads and moments and forces in girders.
Deck Slab is modeled on CSI BRIDGE to calculate all forces required to design slab. Self-
weight is calculated automatically.
The Structure has been analyzed for all possible position of Class AA loading, and multiple
presence of Class A and also AASHTO Trucks and Tandem loadings coincident with Traffic
Lane Loading. Critical loadings are identified with the help of software.
Barrier is design with the help of excel sheet conforming to AASHTO 13.2.
4.5.2 Sub Structure

The sub structure is models as 3D space frames comprising of plate, beams and column
elements using CSI BRIDGE 2014. All loads transferred from super structure and additional
loads are applied on sub structure including Earth pressure, Earth Weight, Live Load
Surcharge and Wind Forces.
Piles are supported by lateral and vertical springs, values calculated as per geotechnical
data.
4.6 DESIGN
Deck Slabs, precast post tensioned girders and bearing pads using in-house developed
worksheets.
Sub Structures are designed with the help of 3D model on CSI BRIDGE and with the help of
in-house developed worksheets.
14
5 BRIDGE TYPICAL LONG AND CROSS SECTIONS
15
PILE LENGTH MENTIONED HERE ARE
NOT MATCHING WITH AS SHOWN IN
DRAWINGS. For Example at pile location
1, length mentioned here is 24M, where
as in detailed drawing No. It is different.
Kindly update sketch on calculations
sheet as per drawing.
16
Shear Key Shown
here are not
consistent with the
final drawing.
Replace with correct
sketch
6 LOADING FOR SUB STRUCTURE
6.1 BREAKING FORCE

LONGITUDINAL FORCE(LIVE A/AA)
Span 20 m
Deck Slab Thickness 225 mm
C/l above deck (6ft) 1828.8 mm
Depth of Girder 1600 mm
Σ 3653.8 mm
12.0 ft
Total Truck train load on Abutment (one lane) 544 Kn
Number of Lanes 4
Longitudinal Force (30% of Class A load) 489.6 Kn Article 2-10, WPHC
Total Tank load on Abutment 700 Kn
Longitudinal Force (15% of Class AA load) 105 Kn Article 2-10, WPHC
Governing Longitudinal Force 244.8 Kn
894.5 Kn-m
No. of Girders 6
Load per Girder 41 Kn
Vertical loading due to Longitudinal Moment 7 Kn
LONGITUDINAL FORCE(HL-93M/K)
Span 20 m
C/l above deck (6ft) 1828.8 mm
Σ 3653.8 mm
13.3 ft
Total Design Truck load on Abutment 1281 Kn
17
(25% of the axle weights ） 320 Kn (LRFD 2012, A 3.6.4)
Total Design Tandem load on Abutment 890 Kn

(25% of the axle weights ） 222 Kn (LRFD 2012, A 3.6.4)
5% Of The Design Truck Plus Lane Load 101 Kn (LRFD 2012, A 3.6.4)
5% Of The Design Tandem Plus Lane Load 82 Kn (LRFD 2012, A 3.6.4)
Governing Longitudinal Force 104 Kn
380.3 Kn-m
No. of Girders 6
Load per Girder 17 Kn
Vertical loading due to Longitudinal Moment 3 Kn
6.2 WIND LOAD

Design Wind Pressure = PD= PB(VDZ2/25600) (A.3.8.1.2.1-1)
PB= base wind pressure
PB= 0.0024 MPa
PBTmax
0.0024 MPa (A.3.8.1.2.2)
=
PBLmax
0.0009 MPa
=
PBTmax
0.0008 MPa
=
VDZ=2.5V0(V10/VB)ln(Z/Z0)
(Table 3.8.1.1-1)（open
V0= 13.2 Km/hr
country）
Z0= 0.07 m
V10=VB= 160 Km/hr
m≥30
Z= 9.5
ft
VDZ= 162.0 Km/hr
0.00246
PDTmax=PBTVDZ2/25600= MPa (3.8.1.2.1-1)
2
51.4 psf
2 0.00092
PDLmax=PBLVDZ /25600= MPa
3
19.3 psf
2 0.00082
PDTmax=PBLVDZ /25600= MPa
1
17.1 psf
No. of Girders 6
Span of Girder 20 m
Height of Barrier above Deck 940 mm
18
Total Depth 2765 mm
9.1 ft
1.Maximum Transverse Load （no longitudinal load）
WS(transverse) 51.417 psf
466.427 per ft
w 6.941 KN/m
w x span 138.824 KN
Wx 2.765/2 191.924 KN-m
Load per
23 KN
Girder
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
d 6.625 3.975 1.325 -1.325 -3.975 -6.625
43.890 1.75562 1.75562
d2 15.8006 15.8006 43.890625
6 5 5
122.89
Σd2
4
F 10 6 2 -2 -6 -10
Vertical loading due to Wind Moment
2.Minimum Transverse and Max. longitudinal Load
WS(Longitudinal) 19.3 psf
174.910 per ft
w 2.603 KN/m
w x span 52.059 KN
Load per
9 KN
Girder
1.Maximum Transverse Load （no longitudinal load）
WS(transverse) 17.139 psf
155.476 per ft
w 2.314 KN/m
w x span 46.275 KN
Wx 2.765/2 63.975 KN-m
Load per
8 KN
Girder
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
d 6.625 3.975 1.325 -1.325 -3.975 -6.625
43.890 1.75562 1.75562
d2 15.8006 15.8006 43.890625
6 5 5
122.89
Σd2
4
F 3 2 1 -1 -2 -3
Wind Load on Live Load (3.8.1.3)
1. Maximum Transverse Lad (no longitudinal load)
WL (transverse)
applied
w 1.46 KN/m 1.8 m above deck
at
W 27.594 KN
e 4.565 m
m 126.0 KN-m/m
19
Load per
5 KN
Girder
122.89
Σd2
4
F 7 4 1 -1 -4 -7
2. Minimum Transverse and Max. longitudinal Load
WL (transverse)
w 0.50 KN/m
W 9.45 KN
e 4.57 m
m 43.14 KN-m/m
Load per
1.6 KN
Girder
122.89
Σd2
4
F 2 1 0 0 -1 -2
WL (longitudinal)
w 0.55 KN/m
W 10.40 KN
e 4.57 m
m 47.45 KN-m/m
Load per
1.7 KN
Girder
Wind load acting on pier according to the force acting on the B abutment double
consider it.
6.3 EARTH PRESSURE

6.3.1 Lateral Earth Pressure(EH)
Lateral earth pressure shall be assumed to be linearly proportional to the depth of earth and
taken as:
P=Kγs·Z LRFD 2012-A 3.11.5.1-1
Where :
P = lateral earth pressure
K = coefficient of lateral earth pressure taken as ko, specified in Article 3.11.5.2, for walls that
do not deflect or move, ka, specified in Articles 3.11.5.3, 3.11.5.6 and 3.11.5.7, for walls that
deflect or move sufficiently to reach minimum active conditions, or kp, specified in Article
3.11.5.4, for walls that deflect or move sufficiently to reach a passive condition
γs = unit weight of soil
Z = depth below the surface of earth

Calculation of Active Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient, ka=0.333
20
Delete Assumed
Word
Soil Density is assumed 19 KN/m3 for granular fill and angle of friction taken as 30°. The
lateral earth pressure is assumed as area pressure in the SAP2000 model.
Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P(KN/m2) 6.327 12.654 18.981 25.308 31.635 37.962 44.289 50.616 56.943
6.3.2 Vertical Earth Pressure(EV)

Vertical Earth pressure to be applied as super imposed load on any component filled with
soil directly above for example pile cap.
EV = γs·Z = 19 x 9 = 172 kN/m2
6.4 SURCHARGE LOAD (LS)

The increase in horizontal pressure due to live load surcharge may be estimated as:
ΔP=Kγs·heq LRFD 2012-A 3.11.5.1-1
Where :
ΔP = constant horizontal earth pressure due to live load surcharge
γs = total unit weight of soil
K = coefficient of lateral earth pressure

heq = equivalent height of soil for vehicular load
Abutment Height（m） Heq P(KN/m2)

1.5 1.2 7.6
3 0.9 5.7
≥6 0.6 3.8
Parallel to Traffic
Heq
Retaining Wall Height（m） P(KN/m2)
0 ≥0.3
1.5 1.5 0.6 3.8
3 1.05 0.6 3.8
≥6 0.6 0.6 3.8
21
6.5 SEISMIC ANALYSIS CALCULATON
22
23
6.6 MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION FOR PILES
Dia of Pile 1.2 m
d 4.5 m
ks=As+BsZn refer pg. 933 bowles
where
As=constant for either horizontal or vertical members
Bs=coefficient for depth variation
Z=depth of interest below ground
n=exponent to give ks the best fit
24
Spring Values scour at piers
Node Z Kxy Kz Kxy Kz
1 0 21000 9228 0 0
2 1.5 46936 12769 0 0
3 3 55721 18224 0 0
4 4.5 77719 26775 68391 14473
5 6 141600 34709 141600 22407
6 7.5 167732 44188 167732 31886
7 9 176367 53497 176367 41195
8 10.5 172515 58589 172515 46287
9 12 182749 65657 182749 53354
10 13.5 172464 76718 172464 64416
11 15 153157 86215 153157 73913
12 16.5 239979 97265 239979 84963
13 18 329426 115317 329426 103015
14 19.5 341244 120700 341244 108398
15 21 333847 124217 333847 111915
16 22.5 374125 135897 374125 123594
17 24 429138 150962 429138 138660
18 25.5 450565 159965 450565 147663
19 27 452626 167183 452626 154880
20 28.5 354106 168603 354106 156301
21 30 280707 171611 280707 159309
22 31.5 378391 177152 378391 164850
23 33 557962 197519 557962 185217
24 34.5 684989 210530 684989 198228
25 36 834323 211049 834323 198747
25
26 37.5 802756 220540 802756 208238
27 39 781346 229313 781346 217011
28 40.5 732478 247464 732478 235162
29 42 729595 256427 729595 244125
30 43.5 758570 271284 758570 258982
31 45 408234 285799 408234 273497
6.7 WATER LOADS

ANALYSIS IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
The lateral, uniformly distributed pressure on a substructure due to water flowing

at an angle, θ, to the longitudinal axis of the pier shall be taken as:
(A.3.7.3.2-1)
Where:
p=Lateral pressure(Mpa)
CL=lateral drag coefficient as specified in Table 3.7.3-2-1
V2=design velocity of water for the design flood in strength and service limit
states and for the check flood in the extreme event limit state (m/s）
6.8 - Scour Depth Calculation
ADD CALCULATIONS FOR SCOUR DEPTH HERE.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS HAVE BEEN SENT IN
ATTACHED EXCEL SHEET
26
The lateral drag force shall be taken as the product of the lateral stream
pressure and the surface exposed thereto.
PlateralL=p×Projected surface
Projected surface= 1.2 m
θ= 4.2 °
CL= 0.5
V= 0.6 m/s
p= 9.252E-05 Mpa
Plateral= 0.11 Kn/m

Px=SINθ*Platera= 0.008 Kn/m
Py=COSθ*Platera= 0.111 Kn/m
27
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:31:38
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - 3-D View - KN, m, C Units
CSiBridge 2014 9/28/16 14:59:17
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (Braking) (As Defined) - KN, m, C Units
CSiBridge 2014 9/28/16 14:58:59
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (BF-H) - KN, m, C Units

CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:34:32
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (wind structure transverse) (As Defined) - KN, m
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:34:47
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (wind structure longitudinal) (As Defined) - KN,
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:35:01
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (wind live load Transverse) (As Defined) - KN, m
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:35:12
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (wind live load longitudinal) (As Defined) - KN,
CSiBridge 2014 9/28/16 15:02:17
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (Braking) (As Defined) - KN, m, C Units
CSiBridge 2014 9/28/16 15:02:27
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (BF-H) (As Defined) - KN, m, C Units
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:40:39
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (wind structure transverse) (As Defined) - KN, m
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:40:57
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (wind structure longitudinal) (As Defined) - KN,
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:41:09
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (wind live load Transverse) (As Defined) - KN, m
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:41:20
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Joint Loads (wind live load longitudinal) (As Defined) - KN,
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:42:18
-19.9 -18.4 -16.9 -15.3 -13.8 -12.3 -10.7 -9.2 -7.7 -6.1 -4.6 -3.1 -1.5 0.0
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Area Surface Pressure - Face Top (Earth horizontal) - KN, m
CSiBridge 2014 9/16/16 15:42:46
-5.60 -5.17 -4.74 -4.31 -3.88 -3.45 -3.02 -2.58 -2.15 -1.72 -1.29 -0.86 -0.43 0.00
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+133 - Area Surface Pressure - Face Top (live surcharge) - KN, m,
7 DESIGN OF PIER TRANSOM
(1)Check Fof Moment
f'c 3500psi
24.13Mpa
fy 60000psi
413Mpa
β1 0.85
fr = 0.24(f'c)^0.5 LRFD 2012, 5.4.2.6
fr = 0.45Ksi
3.10Mpa
b= 2700mm
106.30in
h= 1200mm
47.24in
I= 388800000000mm4
934096in4
Mcr = γ3[(γ1fr+γ2 fcpe)Sc-Mdnc{Sc/Snc-1}] LRFD 2012, A 5.7.3.3.2-1
γ1 = 1.6
γ2 = 1.1
γ3 = 0.67
Sc = 39543.4in3
Snc = 39543.4in3
Mcr = 19033Kip-in
2150KN-m
BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT
Mu = 1288KN-m
Mcr = 2150KN-m
1.33Mu = 1713KN-m
Mmin =min(Mcr,1.33Mu) 1713KN-m LRFD 2012, A 5.7.3.3.2-1
b 2700mm
43
h 1200mm
Dia 25mm
Cover 60mm
Layer 1
d 1127.5mm
Ab 491sqmm
Nos 22
As 10799sqmm
f'c 27.59Mpa
fy 413Mpa
a=Asfy/(0.85fc'b) 70mm
Mn=Asfy(d-a/2) 4715KN-m
Mr=ΦMn 4243KN-m
As Mr >Mu
And Mr >Mmin OK
TOP REINFORCEMENT
Mu = 1862KN-m
Mcr = 2150KN-m
1.33Mu = 2476KN-m
b 2700mm
h 1200mm
Dia 25mm
Cover 60mm
Layer 1
d 1127.5mm
Ab 491sqmm
Nos 22
As 10799sqmm
f'c 27.59Mpa
fy 413Mpa
44
Mr=ΦMn 4243KN-m
As Mr >Mu
And Mr >Mmin OK
(2)Check For Crack Width

Crack Width Calculation for +ve Moments
Service Load Moment 867 KN-m
Cover 60 mm
b 2700 mm
h 1200 mm
47.244 in
f'c 24.130 N/mm2
3500 Psi
fy 413 N/mm2
60,000 Psi
Es 29,000,000 Psi
Effective Depth "dl" 1140 mm

44.882 in
(+ve) As Provided 25 mm Dia Bar
Nos 22
Spacing Provided 123 mm c/c
4.843in c/c
dc = Cocrete Cover 60 mm
2.362in
d = (Depth of Slab) - dc 44.882in
Condition s < 700 γe /(β sfss)-2dc Ref : LRFD 5.7.3.4
in which
45
βs= 1+{dc/0.7(h-dc)}
Where
γe=exposure factor,
=1 for Class 1 exposure condition
=0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition
γe=0.75 for Class 2
fssTensile Stress in steel reinforcement at the Service limit state.

hoverall thickness or depth of component (in)
distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
dlextreme
tension element (in)
Thickness of concrete cover measured from Extreme Tension
dcFibre
to Center of the flexural reinforcement located closest thereto
(in)
βs=1.0752
0.6fy 36,000 Psi 5221619

Es 29,000,000 Psi
Ec = 57000(f'c)1/2 3372165 Psi
n = Es/Ec 8.6
8.6
Area of One bar 490.87mm2
Total Area of All Bars
As 10799.22mm2
d = (Depth of Slab) - dc 1140mm
0.5*b*x2 = n*As*(d-x)
Where
bWidth of Strip. = 2700mm
nModular Ratio
Distance of Cracked Section from Extreme Compression
xFace.
46
AsArea of steel of bars in 1m Strip.
d(Depth of Slab) - dc
a 1.00
For Quadratic Equation b 68.79
c -78424.68
(+ve) and (-ve) Values x1 247.75

of "x" x2 -316.55 mm
x 247.75 mm
Icr =(bx3/3)+(n*As)*(d-x)2
Where
IcrMoment of Inertia of Transformed Cracked Section.
Icr 87,622,025,639 mm4
M 867.0KN-m/m
fss = n*M*(d-x)/Icr 0.076KN / mm2
fss= 11.0KSI
Condition s < 700 γe /(β sfss)- 2dc
s< 39.6 in
s provided = 4.8 in Ok
47
Crack Width Calculation for -ve Moments
Cover 60 mm
b 2700 mm
h 1200 mm
47.24409449 in
f'c 24.13 N/mm2
3500 Psi
fy 413 N/mm2
60000 Psi
Es 29000000 Psi

44.882 in
Nos 22
Spacing Provided 123 mm c/c
4.843in c/c
2.362in
in which
βs= 1+{dc/0.7(h-dc)}
Where
48
dldistance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
extreme tension element (in)
dcThickness of concrete cover measured from Extreme Tension
Fibre to Center of the flexural reinforcement located closest thereto (in)
βs=1.0752
0.6fy 36,000 Psi 5221619

Es 29,000,000 Psi
Ec = 57000(f'c)1/2 3372165 Psi
n = Es/Ec 8.6
8.6
Total Area of All Bars
As 10799.22mm2
0.5*b*x2 = n*As*(d-x)
Where
nModular Ratio
Distance of Cracked Section from Extreme Compression
xFace.
a 1.00
c -78424.68

of "x" x2 -316.55 mm
x 247.75 mm
Icr =(bx3/3)+(n*As)*(d-x)2
49
Where
Icr 87,622,025,639 mm4
M 1302.0KN-m/m
fss= 16.5KSI
s< 24.8 in
(3)Check for Shear

Shear Check (5.8.3.3)
Vu= 2077Kn
The nominal Shear Resistance Vn is lesser of:
1. Vn= Vc+Vs+Vp Article 5.8.3.3-1
2. Vn=0.25f'c bv dv +
Vp Article 5.8.3.3-2
where
Vc=0.083 β f'c1/2 bv dv Article 5.8.3.3-3
50
Vs=Av fy dv (cotθ+cotα)sinα /s Article 5.8.3.3-4
bv= effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth dv
dv= effective shear depth as determined in Article 5.8.2.9
dv= de-a/2
de= effective depth from extreme compression fibre to centroid of t
ensile reinforcement
1128mm
depth of compression stress block= a=
a= 70mm
i)dv =de-a/2 = 1092mm 1

ii) dv= 0.9de 2
1015mm
iii) dv = 0.72h
864mm 3
dv= largest of 1), 2) & 3
dv = 1092mm

2. Vn=0.25f'c bv dv +
Vp Article 5.8.3.3-2
Vc=0.083 β f'c1/2 bv dv
For non-prestressed member
β= 2 Article 5.8.3.4
θ 45degree
Vc= 2405Kn
φ= 0.9 Article 5.5.4.2
Vs= Av fy dv (cotθ+cotα)sinα/ s Dia 13 mm
α= 90o Av(8legs) 1062 sqmm

C-5.8.3.3.1
Assume s= 150mm
51
Vs= 2258kn
Vn= 4663Kn 1 As per eq. 5.8.3.3-1
17791Kn 2 As per eq. 5.8.3.3-2
Vn is lesser of 1 & 2
Vn = 4663Kn
φVn = 4197 > 2077OK
(4)Minimum Required Transverse

Reinforcement
Minimum Transverse reinforcement

Area
Av > 0.083(f'c)0.5 bvs/fy Article 5.8.2.5-1
Av = 400 mm2 < 1062 mm2

OK
(5)Maximum Spacing for Transverse Reinforcement
Shear Stress vu = (Vu)/φbvdv

vu= 0.78N/sqmm
Ratio of applied factored shear to concrete compressive
strength
vu / f'c 0.032
The spacing shall not exceed the max. permitted spacing

smax,
determined as Article 5.8.2.7
1. if vu<0.125 f'c, then smax= 0.8dv < 600mm
2. if vu>0.125 f'c, then smax= 0.4dv < 300mm
as vu/f'c = 0.032 < 0.125 condition 1 apply
smax= 874 and s< 600 mm
Provide s= 150mm OK
52
TABLE: Element Forces - Frames
Frame Station OutputCase CaseType StepType P V2 V3 T M2 M3
Text m Text Text Text KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
287 0 COMB2 Combination Max 0 0 0 0 0 0
287 0.45967 COMB2 Combination Max 0 43.866 0 0 0 -7.259
287 0 COMB2 Combination Min 0 0 0 0 0 0
287 0.45967 COMB2 Combination Min 0 31.584 0 0 0 -10.082
288 0 COMB2 Combination Max 80.659 1995.258 61.085 436.9345 18.368 382.396
288 0.33433 COMB2 Combination Max 80.659 2027.163 61.085 436.9345 49.464 -45.47
288 0 COMB2 Combination Min -87.502 674.756 -114.915 -430.696 -5.808 -493.1
288 0.33433 COMB2 Combination Min -87.502 697.728 -114.915 -430.696 -16.22 -1099.5
288 0.66866 COMB2 Combination Min -87.502 720.7 -114.915 -430.696 -35 -1718.1
289 0 COMB2 Combination Max 49.435 -159.263 30.57 173.251 87.032 4.2562
289 0.51317 COMB2 Combination Max 49.435 -124.003 30.57 173.251 74.367 122.051
289 2.56583 COMB2 Combination Max 49.435 17.036 30.57 173.251 27.739 692.342
289 0 COMB2 Combination Min -22.251 -995.367 -14.527 -457.095 -34.94 -1862
289 0.51317 COMB2 Combination Min -22.251 -946.396 -14.527 -457.095 -32.01 -1418.3
289 3.079 COMB2 Combination Min -22.251 -701.536 -14.527 -457.095 -22.21 102.595
290 0 COMB2 Combination Min -77.429 466.883 -77.641 -584.603 -20.21 6.393
291 0 COMB2 Combination Max 83.033 -269.472 43.752 242.4806 121.23 -132.99
291 0 COMB2 Combination Min -51.769 -1147.991 -29.039 -643.418 -89.18 -1500.1
53
293 0.46858 COMB2 Combination Min -71.392 -1297.256 -48.539 -678.482 -101 -915.3
294 2.47567 COMB2 Combination Min -52.069 287.997 -29.442 -636.535 -120 -1474.5
296 0 COMB2 Combination Min -22.67 -36.79 -14.685 -442.802 -17.88 116.739
296 2.052 COMB2 Combination Min -22.67 104.203 -14.685 -442.802 -60.99 -991
296 2.565 COMB2 Combination Min -22.67 139.451 -14.685 -442.802 -73.39 -1404
297 0.33483 COMB2 Combination Max 79.85 -668.042 62.046 440.4924 17.497 -49.057
298 0 COMB2 Combination Max 0 -63.168 0 0 0 -29.036
298 0.45967 COMB2 Combination Max 0 -31.584 0 0 0 -7.259
298 0.91934 COMB2 Combination Max 0 0 0 0 0 0
298 0 COMB2 Combination Min 0 -87.733 0 0 0 -40.328
298 0.45967 COMB2 Combination Min 0 -43.866 0 0 0 -10.082
298 0.91934 COMB2 Combination Min 0 0 0 0 0 0
Max 102.649 2059.069 62.046 440.4924 123.86 1288.25
Min -87.923 -2076.972 -114.915 -690.652 -123.2 -1862
54
287 0 COMB1 Combination Max 0 0 0 0 0 0
287 0 COMB1 Combination Min 0 0 0 0 0 0
288 0 COMB1 Combination Min -67.632 823.889 -81.441 -241.2922 -3.1657 -294.5981
292 0.46833 COMB1 Combination Min -46.67 425.664 -36.75 -392.9502 -31.671 15.8454
55
298 0 COMB1 Combination Max 0 -70.186 0 0 0 -32.2623
298 0.45967 COMB1 Combination Max 0 -35.093 0 0 0 -8.0656
298 0.91934 COMB1 Combination Max 0 0 0 0 0 0
298 0 COMB1 Combination Min 0 -70.186 0 0 0 -32.2623
298 0.45967 COMB1 Combination Min 0 -35.093 0 0 0 -8.0656
298 0.91934 COMB1 Combination Min 0 0 0 0 0 0
Max 74.596 1441.742 45.118 252.0005 86.1399 866.5837
Min -67.986 -1451.782 -81.441 -392.9502 -85.3028 -1302.431
56
8 DESIGN OF PIER AND PIER PILES
Design Load
Design Load on pile at NSL level is230 tonns

Test Load is 230*2.0=460tonns
Ultmate load is 314 tonns
57
CSiBridge 2014 10/7/16 17:10:10
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+031 - Longitudinal Rebar (Percentage) (ACI 318-08/IBC2009) - Kip,
As per image the maximum provided steel is1.92%
Area of pier =1130973mm2
Area needed=1130973*1.92%=21715mm2
Number of bars needed =21715/(Area of 32 Dia bar)
=21715/804
=28 Bars
59
9 DESIGN OF BACK WALL
f'c 3500 psi
24.13 Mpa
fy 60000 psi
413 Mpa
β1 0.85
fr = 0.24(f'c)^0.5 LRFD 2012, 5.4.2.6
fr = 0.45 Ksi
3.10 Mpa
b= 1000 mm
39.37 in
h= 400 mm
15.75 in
I= 5333333333 mm4
12813 in4
γ1 = 1.6
γ2 = 1.1
γ3 = 0.67
Sc = 1627.3 in3
Snc = 1627.3 in3
Mcr = 783 Kip-in
88 KN-m
HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT
EARTH FACE
Mu = 141 KN-m
Mcr = 88 KN-m
1.33Mu = 188 KN-m
Mmin =min(Mcr,1.33Mu) 88 KN-m LRFD 2012, A 5.7.3.3.2-1
b 1000 mm
h 400 mm
Dia 16 mm
Cover 57.3 mm
Layer 1
d 334.7 mm
Ab 201 sqmm
spacing 150 mm
As 1340 sqmm
f'c 24.13 Mpa
fy 413 Mpa
a=Asfy/(0.85fc'b) 27 mm
Mn=Asfy(d-a/2) 170 KN-m
Mr=ΦMn 153 KN-m
60
As Mr > Mu
And Mr > Mmin OK
VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT
EARTH FACE
Mu = 141 KN-m
Mcr = 88 KN-m
1.33Mu = 188 KN-m
Mmin =min(Mcr,1.33Mu) 88 KN-m LRFD 2012, A 5.7.3.3.2-1
b 1000 mm
h 400 mm
Dia 16 mm
Cover 57.3 mm
Layer 1
d 334.7 mm
Ab 201 sqmm
spacing 150 mm
As 1340 sqmm
f'c 24.13 Mpa
fy 413 Mpa
Mr=ΦMn 153 KN-m
As Mr > Mu
And Mr > Mmin OK
61
TABLE: Element Forces - Area Shells
Area ShellType Joint OutputCase CaseType StepType F11 F22 M11 M22
Text Text Text Text Text Text KN/m KN/m KN-m/m KN-m/m
2906 Shell-Thin 3186 COMB2 Combination Max -68.78 -13.15 57.3673 4.517
2906 Shell-Thin 3254 COMB2 Combination Max -70.08 -18.74 34.1548 -0.8264
2906 Shell-Thin 3255 COMB2 Combination Max 18.49 -2.77 29.749 6.2021
2906 Shell-Thin 3223 COMB2 Combination Max 20.27 5.67 54.6727 15.7388
2906 Shell-Thin 3186 COMB2 Combination Min -95.96 -18.65 43.7291 3.3977
2906 Shell-Thin 3254 COMB2 Combination Min -97.35 -26.52 25.1857 -1.0943
2906 Shell-Thin 3255 COMB2 Combination Min 0.16 -5.45 21.9961 4.4148
2938 Shell-Thin 3203 COMB2 Combination Min 54.16 8.86 19.3598 65.3025
2938 Shell-Thin 3216 COMB2 Combination Min 66.65 41.82 -7.1968 62.4448
2938 Shell-Thin 3315 COMB2 Combination Min -6.51 29.92 12.7577 49.4664
2939 Shell-Thin 3201 COMB2 Combination Min -190.78 -519.68 -29.1069 62.7204
2939 Shell-Thin 3315 COMB2 Combination Min -37.72 23.56 -1.0058 46.0607
2940 Shell-Thin 3215 COMB2 Combination Max 22.34 -6.13 -7.8352 91.0498
2944 Shell-Thin 3212 COMB2 Combination Max -48.11 -75.27 -8.9421 94.9472
2945 Shell-Thin 3211 COMB2 Combination Max 214.84 90.79 -2.3487 89.776
62
2948 Shell-Thin 3325 COMB2 Combination Min -233 -352.5 18.6922 54.4102
2949 Shell-Thin 3209 COMB2 Combination Max -12.93 -72.89 -8.6652 93.1998
2961 Shell-Thin 3249 COMB2 Combination Min 1.89 -285.4 2.95 -7.7314
63
2967 Shell-Thin 3255 COMB2 Combination Max 15 -16.96 29.7212 6.0631
Max 612.42 393.9 140.9536 141
Min -578.96 -544.25 -104.572 -7.7314
64
10 DESIGN OF WING WALL
f'c 3500 psi
24.13 Mpa
fy 60000 psi
413 Mpa
β1 0.85
fr = 0.24(f'c)^0.5 LRFD 2012, 5.4.2.6
fr = 0.45 Ksi
3.10 Mpa
b= 1000 mm
39.37 in
h= 400 mm
15.75 in
I= 5333333333 mm4
12813 in4
LRFD 2012, A 5.7.3.3.2-
Mcr = γ3[(γ1fr+γ2 fcpe)Sc-Mdnc{Sc/Snc-1}] 1
γ1 = 1.6
γ2 = 1.1
γ3 = 0.67
Sc = 1627.3 in3
Snc = 1627.3 in3
Mcr = 783 Kip-in
88 KN-m
HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT
EARTH FACE
Mu = 58 KN-m
Mcr = 88 KN-m
1.33Mu = 77 KN-m
LRFD 2012, A 5.7.3.3.2-
Mmin =min(Mcr,1.33Mu) 77 KN-m 1
b 1000 mm
h 400 mm
Dia 16 mm
Cover 51.3 mm
Layer 1
d 340.7 mm
Ab 201 sqmm
spacing 150 mm
As 1340 sqmm
f'c 24.13 Mpa
fy 413 Mpa
65
Mr=ΦMn 156 KN-m
As Mr > Mu
And Mr > Mmin OK
VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT
EARTH FACE
Mu = 42 KN-m
Mcr = 88 KN-m
1.33Mu = 56 KN-m
LRFD 2012, A 5.7.3.3.2-
Mmin =min(Mcr,1.33Mu) 56 KN-m 1
b 1000 mm
h 400 mm
Dia 16 mm
Cover 51.3 mm
Layer 1
d 340.7 mm
Ab 201 sqmm
spacing 150 mm
As 1340 sqmm
f'c 24.13 Mpa
fy 413 Mpa
Mr=ΦMn 156 KN-m
As Mr > Mu
And Mr > Mmin OK
66
TABLE: Element Forces - Area Shells
Area ShellType Joint OutputCase CaseType StepType F11 F22 M11 M22
Text Text Text Text Text Text KN/m KN/m KN-m/m KN-m/m
2873 Shell-Thin 3194 COMB2 Combination Max 126.66 8.49 33.2975 -1.2469
2873 Shell-Thin 3194 COMB2 Combination Min 92.2 2.87 25.628 -1.6413
2900 Shell-Thin 3249 COMB2 Combination Min -165.83 -815.04 -3.6875 -42.3802
2900 Shell-Thin 3195 COMB2 Combination Min 45.21 -756 15.6962 -23.3031
2901 Shell-Thin 3246 COMB2 Combination Max -1.1 8.63 23.2768 2.3976
2901 Shell-Thin 3237 COMB2 Combination Max 12 11.22 27.5743 3.7221
2902 Shell-Thin 3245 COMB2 Combination Max -22.59 193.8 13.8492 -6.2554
2902 Shell-Thin 3249 COMB2 Combination Max 28.4 -63.37 8.1405 -9.3398
2902 Shell-Thin 3245 COMB2 Combination Min -48.81 67.11 8.823 -10.3702
Max 160.79 758.66 58.0721 33.6418
Min -165.83 -815.04 -3.6875 -42.38
67
11 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT TRANSOM
(1)Check Fof Moment
f'c 3500psi
24.13Mpa
fy 60000psi
413Mpa
β1 0.85
fr = 0.24(f'c)^0.5 LRFD 2012, 5.4.2.6
fr = 0.45Ksi
3.10Mpa
b= 2100mm
82.68in
h= 1050mm
41.34in
I= 202584375000mm4
486711in4
γ1 = 1.6
γ2 = 1.1
γ3 = 0.67
Sc = 23547.5in3
Snc = 23547.5in3
Mcr = 11334Kip-in
1281KN-m
BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT
Mu = 760KN-m
Mcr = 1281KN-m
1.33Mu = 1011KN-m
b 2100mm
68
h 1050mm
Dia 25mm
Cover 70mm
Layer 1
d 967.5mm
Ab 491sqmm
Nos 14
As 6872sqmm
f'c 27.59Mpa
fy 413Mpa
Mr=ΦMn 2324KN-m
As Mr >Mu
And Mr >Mmin OK
TOP REINFORCEMENT
Mu = 940KN-m
Mcr = 1281KN-m
1.33Mu = 1250KN-m
b 2100mm
h 1050mm
Dia 25mm
Cover 70mm
Layer 1
d 967.5mm
Ab 491sqmm
Nos 14
As 6872sqmm
f'c 27.59Mpa
fy 413Mpa
69
Mr=ΦMn 2324KN-m
As Mr >Mu
And Mr >Mmin OK
(2)Check For Crack Width

Crack Width Calculation for +ve Moments
Cover 70 mm
b 2100 mm
h 1050 mm
41.339 in
f'c 24.130 N/mm2
3500 Psi
fy 413 N/mm2
60,000 Psi
Es 29,000,000 Psi

38.583 in
Nos 14
Spacing Provided 150mm c/c
5.906 in c/c
2.756in
in which
70
βs= 1+{dc/0.7(h-dc)}
Where

dldistance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of extreme
tension element (in)
dcThickness of concrete cover measured from Extreme Tension Fibre
to Center of the flexural reinforcement located closest thereto (in)
βs=1.1020
0.6fy 36,000Psi 5221619

Es 29,000,000Psi
Ec = 57000(f'c)1/2 3372165 Psi
n = Es/Ec 8.6
8.6
Total Area of All Bars As 6872.23mm2
0.5*b*x2 = n*As*(d-x)
Where
nModular Ratio
xDistance of Cracked Section from Extreme Compression Face.
For Quadratic Equation a 1.00
71
b 56.29
c -55159.95

of "x" x2 -264.68 mm
x 208.40 mm
Icr =(bx3/3)+(n*As)*(d-x)2
Where
Icr 41,521,779,238 mm4
M 498.0KN-m/m
fss= 11.5KSI
s< 35.8 in
Crack Width Calculation for -ve Moments

Cover 70 mm
72
b 2100 mm
h 1050 mm
41.33858268 in
f'c 24.13 N/mm2
3500 Psi
fy 413 N/mm2
60000 Psi
Es 29000000 Psi

38.583 in
Nos 14
Spacing Provided 150mm c/c
5.906in c/c
2.756in
in which
βs= 1+{dc/0.7(h-dc)}
Where

dldistance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
extreme tension element (in)
73
dcThickness of concrete cover measured from Extreme Tension
Fibre to Center of the flexural reinforcement located closest thereto (in)
βs=1.1020
0.6fy 36,000Psi 5221619

Es 29,000,000Psi
Ec = 57000(f'c)1/2 3372165 Psi
n = Es/Ec 8.6
8.6
Total Area of All Bars As 6872.23mm2
0.5*b*x2 = n*As*(d-x)
Where
nModular Ratio
xDistance of Cracked Section from Extreme Compression Face.
a 1.00
c -55159.95

of "x" x2 -264.68 mm
x 208.40 mm
Icr =(bx3/3)+(n*As)*(d-x)2
Where
Icr 41,521,779,238 mm4
M 679.0KN-m/m
74
fss= 15.7KSI
s< 24.8 in
(3)Check for Shear

Shear Check (5.8.3.3)
Vu= 1717Kn
The nominal Shear Resistance Vn is lesser of:
2. Vn=0.25f'c bv dv + Vp Article 5.8.3.3-2
where
Vc=0.083 β f'c1/2 bv dv Article 5.8.3.3-3
Vs=Av fy dv (cotθ+cotα)sinα /s Article 5.8.3.3-4
bv= effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth dv
dv= effective shear depth as determined in Article 5.8.2.9
dv= de-a/2
de= effective depth from extreme compression fibre to centroid of t
75
ensile reinforcement
968mm
depth of compression stress block= a=
a= 58mm
i)dv =de-a/2 = 939mm 1

ii) dv= 0.9de 2
871mm
iii) dv = 0.72h
756mm 3
dv= largest of 1), 2) & 3
dv = 939mm

2. Vn=0.25f'c bv dv + Vp Article 5.8.3.3-2
Vc=0.083 β f'c1/2 bv dv
For non-prestressed member
β= 2 Article 5.8.3.4
θ 45degree
Vc= 1607Kn
φ= 0.9 Article 5.5.4.2
Vs= Av fy dv (cotθ+cotα)sinα/ s Dia 13 mm
α= 90o Av(6legs) 796 sqmm

C-5.8.3.3.1
Assume s= 150mm
Vs= 1455kn
Vn= 3063Kn 1 As per eq. 5.8.3.3-1
11891Kn 2 As per eq. 5.8.3.3-2
Vn is lesser of 1 & 2
Vn = 3063Kn
φVn = 2757 > 1717OK
76
(4)Minimum Required Transverse Reinforcement
Minimum Transverse reinforcement Area
Av > 0.083(f'c)0.5 bvs/fy Article 5.8.2.5-1
Av = 311 mm2 < 796 mm2

OK
(5)Maximum Spacing for Transverse Reinforcement
Shear Stress vu = (Vu)/φbvdv

vu= 0.97N/sqmm
Ratio of applied factored shear to concrete compressive strength
vu / f'c 0.040
The spacing shall not exceed the max. permitted spacing smax,
determined as Article 5.8.2.7
1. if vu<0.125 f'c, then smax= 0.8dv < 600mm
2. if vu>0.125 f'c, then smax= 0.4dv < 300mm
as vu/f'c = 0.040 < 0.125 condition 1 apply
smax= 751 and s< 600 mm
Provide s= 150mm OK
77
262 0 COMB2 Combination Max 4.057 181.544 9.783 -11.6844 13.5378 176.2472
262 0.52918 COMB2 Combination Max 4.057 209.366 9.783 -11.6844 8.7436 72.8153
263 0.53046 COMB2 Combination Max 35.363 349.551 33.92 -22.9922 -3.8473 15.288
263 0 COMB2 Combination Min 12.367 111.384 15.687 -234.6777 -27.0924 31.1335
263 0.53046 COMB2 Combination Min 12.367 131.464 15.687 -234.6777 -38.7425 -47.8947
264 0 COMB2 Combination Max 80.456 478.698 61.856 -55.9345 -1.6828 131.7323
264 0.34535 COMB2 Combination Max 80.456 496.855 61.856 -55.9345 -18.1991 -14.1091
265 0 COMB2 Combination Max 152.37 1698.012 122.851 -113.5321 -51.0585 -10.5211
265 0 COMB2 Combination Min 24.75 617.231 -22.894 -426.2314 -177.617 -102.7807
265 0.36866 COMB2 Combination Min 24.75 631.187 -22.894 -426.2314 -181.3907 -712.6119
266 0 COMB2 Combination Max 169.157 -86.442 -25.511 -288.1707 3.9884 0.6581
266 0.56257 COMB2 Combination Max 169.157 -65.147 -25.511 -288.1707 19.8103 51.3371
266 0 COMB2 Combination Min 70.7 -353.021 -94.004 -597.8507 -142.4156 -365.3617
266 0.56257 COMB2 Combination Min 70.7 -323.444 -94.004 -597.8507 -95.0274 -199.8692
267 0 COMB2 Combination Max 209.593 -29.346 37.727 -240.3596 129.7254 62.1802
267 0.5625 COMB2 Combination Max 209.593 -8.053 37.727 -240.3596 110.0609 152.9329
267 1.125 COMB2 Combination Min 64.972 -264.483 -23.333 -484.9445 -3.7904 22.5922
268 0 COMB2 Combination Min 42.329 -341.248 40.892 -403.8875 35.91 -9.4685
268 0.56443 COMB2 Combination Min 42.329 -319.882 40.892 -403.8875 1.2379 19.2709
268 1.12886 COMB2 Combination Min 42.329 -298.516 40.892 -403.8875 -38.0814 -31.0543
269 0.5605 COMB2 Combination Max 315.999 1187.89 218.949 -176.2743 82.6225 -50.6649
270 0 COMB2 Combination Max 324.657 -153.75 37.192 -323.5434 153.1048 -65.6617
271 1.125 COMB2 Combination Min 6.718 -648.884 24.71 -497.3763 -20.0885 103.6278
78
272 0 COMB2 Combination Min -24.702 -810.29 48.185 -358.5755 20.4118 44.27
272 0.37653 COMB2 Combination Min -24.702 -790.494 48.185 -358.5755 -13.5213 84.221
273 0 COMB2 Combination Min -57.448 171.295 92.132 -369.9011 34.5812 103.0702
273 0.37424 COMB2 Combination Min -57.448 185.461 92.132 -369.9011 -0.2453 -27.2708
274 0 COMB2 Combination Min -40.957 321.952 151.803 -557.0324 -9.9681 21.8303
276 0 COMB2 Combination Min -100.409 -880.958 32.758 -421.0959 22.1403 -55.6947
276 0.3746 COMB2 Combination Min -100.409 -861.263 32.758 -421.0959 3.9231 52.0934
277 0.37581 COMB2 Combination Min -156.374 53.285 48.756 -340.365 1.8356 36.9615
278 0.5625 COMB2 Combination Min -151.373 119.266 118.02 -355.1483 7.7121 -55.9811
279 0 COMB2 Combination Max -7.136 882.644 322.027 -224.5836 132.6012 199.4561
279 0.56243 COMB2 Combination Max -7.136 912.214 322.027 -224.5836 0.6761 -95.8274
279 1.12486 COMB2 Combination Max -7.136 941.784 322.027 -224.5836 -101.5061 -272.7452
279 0 COMB2 Combination Min -148.636 272.455 180.641 -546.9316 6.8047 -12.2465
280 0 COMB2 Combination Max -37.109 -175.515 62.388 -219.9427 78.4195 -65.0027
280 0.561 COMB2 Combination Max -37.109 -154.278 62.388 -219.9427 60.3693 176.0447
281 0.56407 COMB2 Combination Max -68.89 261.423 95.246 -30.9325 94.3621 231.1378
79
284 0 COMB2 Combination Max -60.971 -132.648 -44.539 -101.2781 -61.9435 50.7262
284 0.36966 COMB2 Combination Max -60.971 -118.655 -44.539 -101.2781 -36.5753 227.1374
285 0 COMB2 Combination Max -88.125 7.949 -76.959 -129.9038 -26.4193 163.237
285 0.34524 COMB2 Combination Max -88.125 21.017 -76.959 -129.9038 2.0324 160.3751
286 0 COMB2 Combination Max -43.395 27.093 -27.698 -82.7979 13.7287 135.2014
286 0.52993 COMB2 Combination Min -78.969 0.017 -41.06 -143.8103 8.1646 55.2986
Max 324.657 1717.394 322.027 56.143 260.6901 760.4132
Min -215.825 -1163.917 -182.78 -747.9034 -297.3475 -940.1074
80
262 0 COMB1 Combination Min 0.63 60.919 -1.163 -108.443 -9.0127 42.6015
262 0.52918 COMB1 Combination Min 0.63 83.177 -1.163 -108.443 -8.4009 4.4749
264 0 COMB1 Combination Max 50.997 344.371 36.156 -105.069 -12.5745 83.6865
265 0 COMB1 Combination Max 100.383 1177.095 73.934 -172.744 -59.6797 -28.6786
265 0 COMB1 Combination Min 26.515 731.42 -12.364 -314.872 -122.048 -81.2991
265 0.36866 COMB1 Combination Min 26.515 746.926 -12.364 -314.872 -126.994 -503.901
266 0 COMB1 Combination Max 99.743 -108.37 -25.754 -252.861 -7.0665 -22.0447
267 0 COMB1 Combination Min 62.778 -212.477 -11.4 -311.614 8.6164 -59.4112
267 0.5625 COMB1 Combination Min 62.778 -188.818 -11.4 -311.614 10.8314 9.4475
268 0 COMB1 Combination Min 48.659 -205.328 41.851 -255.279 55.3971 20.6299
268 1.12886 COMB1 Combination Min 48.659 -157.848 41.851 -255.279 -10.1509 1.2266
270 1.12514 COMB1 Combination Min 42.315 -372.156 -21.496 -474.221 -15.5104 3.7303
81
276 0 COMB1 Combination Min -65.883 -575.859 32.064 -252.338 45.3106 -15.1712
82
281 1.12814 COMB1 Combination Min -142.009 55.871 31.043 -172.201 -9.8927 4.0046
284 0 COMB1 Combination Max -64.709 -309.887 -44.124 -106.773 -55.5374 -43.6111
285 0 COMB1 Combination Max -81.159 -29.045 -65.126 -119.593 -25.5687 96.1273
285 0.69048 COMB1 Combination Max -81.159 -0.004 -65.126 -119.593 21.3403 106.2706
286 0 COMB1 Combination Max -40.789 -1.646 -24.453 -76.837 7.9368 86.8102
Max 192.584 1192.602 203.242 -20.8676 167.0764 498.282
Min -142.951 -785.271 -120.408 -474.221 -188.427 -679.1
83
12 MINIUM SUPPORT LENGTH
Minimum Support Length(abutment)
Length of the bridge deck to the adjacent expansion

joint(ft) L= 20 m
65.62 ft
H=for abutments, average height of columns
supporting the bridge deck from the abutment
to the next expansion joint(ft)
for columns and/or piers, column, or pier height(ft)
for hinges within a span, average height of the
adjacent two columns or piers(ft)
for single-span bridges(H=0)
H= 5 m
16.40 ft
Skew of support measured from line normal to span (°) S= 45 degree
The empirical support length shall be taken as:

(LRFD 2012, A
N=(8+0.02L+0.08H)(1+0.000125S^2) 0.34 m 4.7.4.4)
The greater of the maximum displacement calculated in 0.11 m

accordance with the provisions of Article 4.7.4.3
The max support length 0.34 m
Provide support length 1.36 m OK
Minimum Support Length(pier)
length of the bridge deck to the adjacent L= 20 m

expansion joint 65.62 ft
average height of columns H= 5 m

supporting the bridge deck from the abutment 16.40 ft
to the next expansion joint
skew of support measured from line normal to S= 45 degree
span (°)
The empirical support length shall be taken as:

(LRFD 2012, A
N=(8+0.02L+0.08H)(1+0.000125S^2) 0.34 m 4.7.4.4)
the greater of the maximum displacement calculated in 0.11 m

accordance with the provisions of Article 4.7.4.3
The max support length 0.34 m
Provide support length 1.01 m OK
84
13 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT PILE
Design Load
Design Load on pile at NSL level is 165tonns

Test Load is 165*2.0=330 tonns
Ultmate load is 230 tonns
85
CSiBridge 2014 10/7/16 17:16:57
CSiBridge 2014 v16.1.0 - File:PAK-20+20m135d--K489+031 - Longitudinal Rebar (Percentage) (ACI 318-08/IBC2009) - Kip,
As per image the maximum provided steel is 1.51%
Area of pier =1130973mm2
Area needed=1130973*1.51%=17078 mm2
Number of bars needed =17078/(Area of 32 Dia bar)
=17078/804
=22 Bars
87
14 APPROACH SLAB DESIGN
Approach Slab Design
Geometry
Grids of Approach slab, as per construction joint in the slab:
Total width of the approach slab is 6m. The approach slab is modelled at 0 skew. Steel will
be adjusted accordingly for skew greater than 15 degrees.
Following is the grid of approach slab.
88
Live Load and design lanes
Three types of live loads are defined.
1) Class A
2) Class AA
3) HL93K and HL93M
Total design lanes are 4 with width of 4.08 m each.
Each color displays one lane.
Soil Springs
The soil compression springs are applied with value of 575 psi.
The lanes are shown as following:
Load combinations are taken from AASHTO as mentioned in design criteria. St 1 and St 3 are used.
Impact factors
1) Class AA……. 10 percent

2) Class A……… 8 percent
3) HL 93………. 33 percent
Construction Joint
The slab is 300 mm thick and modelled as thick shell. Divided at grid with edge constraints so that
construction joint can be taken into account.
Analysis Results
1. Shell Forces
For Combination Envelope
Max Moment in long Direction = 9.42 kft
Max Moment in transverse Direction = 15.2 kft
2. Allowable Settlement
Contour of settlement is set to be minimum -25 mm with value in purple. Blue shows all settlement
is less than 25 mm.
Design
Design Moments
9.42 long, 15.2 trans

Rebar
Effective depth of slab = 300 – 50 – 16*1.5 (assumed dia 16 bars in both directions)
d = 225 mm = 9 in
Mu long = 9.42 kip-ft
As = 9.42/3.84/9 = .27 in2/ft ------------- Dia 13 @ 175 mmc/c

Mu trans = 15.2 kip-ft
As = 15.2/3.84/9 = .44 in2/ft ------------- Dia 16 @ 150 mmc/c

Minimum Steel
= .002 * 12 * 12 = .29 in2/ft ------------ Dia 13 @ 200 mm c/c

Punching Shear Check
Concrete Strength = 3000 psi
bo = 42.708 in bo = 4*SQRT(Ac) (assumed shear perimeter)
fv actual = 11.48 psi fv(actual) = P/(t*(bo+4*t))
fv allowed = 133.1 psi Fv(allow) = 0.27*MR, MR = modulus of rapture.
Punching Shear check is okay.

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NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY

SUB STRUCTURE DESIGN REPORT

PESHAWAR-KARACHI MOTORWAY (PKM)

Section 1-3 K387+000~K408+000 20.996

Section 2-3 K448+000~K455+000 7

2-7 K488+000~ K491+150.527 3.151 √

3-1 K490+981.670~K505+000 14.018

Section 5-2 K613+000~K619+000 6

Section 7-1 K716+000~K745+000 29

2×20m Bridge over Canal

China State Consultants Engineering Corportation

China State Consultants Engineering Corportation

3.1 DESIGN LIFE OF BRIDGES

3.2 CODES OF PRACTICES

• WEST PAKISTAN HIGHWAY CODE OF PRACTICE, HIGHWAY BRIDGES (1967)

• BUILDING CODE REQUIRMENT FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-08)

3.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Piles,Pile Caps,Pier Shaft,Abutment Shaft 28 MPa (4000 Psi)

Reinforced Concrete 24 KN/m3 (150 Pcf) AASHTO Table 3.5.1-1

Concrete 4800√f’c Mpa AASHTO LRFD C5.4.2.4-1

3.4.2 Dead Weight Wearing Course (DW)

3.4.3 Live Loads (LL)

B) AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 6th Edition (2012)

Specifications of design truck (A3.6.1.2.2)

3.4.5 Wind Loads (WS) and (WL)

3.4.6 Seismic Loads (EQ)

Wind on substructure to be taken as base pressure of 40 psf.

3.4.7 Longitudinal Loads/Braking Force (BR)

From WPCPHB, Section 2.10, whichever produce maximum force.

• 30 percent of weight of vehicle Class A;

• 15 percent of weight of military vehicle Class AA.

From AASHTO 3.6.4, braking force shall be taken as the greater of :

3.4.8 Earth Pressure (EV and EH)

3.4.9 Surcharge Load (LS)

Top (Main Reinforcement) 40 mm

3.7 PILE CAPACITY

3.8 SEISMIC ZONE

Thickness of deck slab 225 mm

Diameter of pier 1200 mm

Diameter of pier shaft 1200 mm

Depth of pier transom 1200 mm

Width of pier transom 2700 mm

Diameter of pile 1200 mm

Thickness of pile cap 1050 mm

Thickness of wing wall 400 mm

4.2 EXPANSION JOINT

Linear Thermal Coefficient (LRFD 2012, A

Deck Length L= 45 m DecK Length is

Per expansion joint

Provide expansion joint 25 mm OK

4.5 COMPUTER MODELING

• CSI BRIDGE 2014

4.5.1 Super Structure

4.5.2 Sub Structure

6.1 BREAKING FORCE

Deck Slab Thickness 225 mm

C/l above deck (6ft) 1828.8 mm

Depth of Girder 1600 mm

Total Truck train load on Abutment (one lane) 544 Kn