Solar and Wind Hybrid Street Light System
Solar and Wind Hybrid Street Light System
Solar and Wind Hybrid Street Light System
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
RAHUL (12400068)
JERRY CHERIAN (12400045)
DEEPAK C (12400032)
SARATH P (12400084)
MIDHUN KK (12400052)
Guided by
ASOK KUMAR A
Assistant Professor, Dept of EE, CET
CERTIFICATE
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
RAHUL
JERRY CHERIAN
DEEPAK C
MIDHUN KK
SARATH P
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Definition 1
1.2 Aim of the Project 1
CHAPTER 2 WORKING 2
2.1 Working in detail 2
v
CHAPTER 6 SIMULATIONS 27
6.1 Solar and wind hybrid modelling 27
6.2 PV Panel Simulation 27
6.1.1 Mathematical Model of PV Panel 27
6.1.2 SIMULINK Model of PV Generating System 30
REFERENCE 45
APPENDIX- I 46
APPENDIX -II 47
APPENDIX -III 49
APPENDIX -IV 59
APPENDIX -V 61
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No. Description Page No.
vii
6.4 PV panel model 31
viii
SOLAR AND WIND HYBRID STREET LIGHT SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
There are hundreds and thousands of street lights installed throughout the city.
Its operation is during the peak hours at night, and it draws a considerable amount of
power from the grid. In case of street lighting system in coastal areas, it is difficult to
power up the street lights near the coast-line directly from the grid due to the risk of
electric shocks.
Another problem currently faced in street lighting in coastal areas is that the
salinity in the coastal atmosphere corrodes the lamp, thereby reducing its life span.
CHAPTER 2
WORKING
Automatic
Lamp
Controller
As shown in the Fig 2.2, the system consists of a PV panel whose output is fed to
MPPT controller. The optimal point of operation of the solar cell is tracked and set
accordingly by the MPPT algorithm. The power is then fed to the battery through a
buck converter. Similarly, we have a wind turbine along with its controller. The power
generated by the wind turbine is fed to the battery. The automatic lamp controller uses
the output from PV panel to determine the lighting conditions, and operate the lamp
accordingly.
The major advantage of wind solar hybrid street lighting system is that when
solar and wind power productions are used together, the reliability of the system is
enhanced. Additionally, the size of battery storage can be reduced slightly as there is
less reliance on one method of power production. Often, when there is no sun, there is
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SOLAR AND WIND HYBRID STREET LIGHT SYSTEM
plenty of wind. Wind speeds are often low in periods (noon time & summer) when the
sun resources are at their best. On the other hand, the wind is often stronger in periods
(evening time & spring, winter) when there are less sun resources. Even during the
same day, in many regions worldwide or in some periods of the year, there are different
and opposite patterns in terms of wind and solar resources. And those different patterns
can make the wind solar hybrid systems the best option for street lighting.
CHAPTER 3
PHOTOVOLATAIC GENERATING SYSTEM
A solar cell is shown in Fig.3.1. Numbers of Solar cells are connected in series
to form photovoltaic module. Different photovoltaic modules are connected together to
form photovoltaic array. A PV cell, PV module and PV array is shown in Fig. 3.2 Solar
cells produce electricity directly from sunlight. Photovoltaics are best known as a
method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the
sun into a flow of electrons.
The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light exciting electrons into a higher
state of energy, allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current. The term
photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode of a photodiode in which current
through the device is entirely due to the transduced light energy. Virtually all
photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode. Solar cells produce direct current
electricity from sun light, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a
battery. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites
and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid
connected power generation
The solar energy produced in India in 2007 was less than 1 percent of the total
energy demand. By July 2012 the installed grid connected photovoltaics had increased
to 1040.67 MW and India expects to install an additional 10,000 MW by 2017 and total
of 20,000 MW by 2022. India is ranked number one in terms of solar energy production
per watts installed, with an insolation of 1,700 to 1,900 kW hours per KW peak. Gujarat
has been leader in solar power generation and contributes 2/3rdof the 900 MW of
photovoltaics in the country.
The solar Energy Centre (SEC), established in 1982, is a dedicated unit of the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt of India for the development of solar
energy technologies and its related science and engineering. The centre has developed a
variety of technical facilities for technology evaluation and validation, testing and
standardization, performance reliability, monitoring and data analysis apart from
training. The ministry of New and Renewable Energy provides 70 percent subsidy on
the installation cost of a solar photovoltaic power plant in North East states and
30percent subsidy on other regions. The detailed outlay of the National Solar Mission
highlights various targets set by the government to increase solar energy in the
country’s energy portfolio. In view of exponentially increasing energy requirement n
global basis, solar energy exploration, its storage and its optimal utilization, provides
ever-lasting meaningful solution. This area will remain evergreen due to the availability
of abundant solar energy.
We can use the relation of output power against voltage of a PV array to develop
an on-line maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. There are different
methods to track the optimum operating point. The common methods are:-
Perturb and Observe Algorithm
Method of Incremental Conductance
Perturb and Observe algorithms are widely used in MPPT because of their
simple structure and the few measured parameters which are required. They operate by
periodically perturbing (i.e. incrementing or decrementing) the array terminal voltage
and comparing the PV output power with that of the previous perturbation cycle. If the
power is increasing, the perturbation will continue in the same direction in the next
cycle, otherwise the perturbation direction will be reversed. This means the array
terminal voltage is perturbed every MPPT cycle; therefore when the MPOP is reached,
the Perturb and Observe algorithm will oscillate around it resulting in a loss of PV
power, especially in cases of constant or slowly varying atmospheric conditions. This
problem can be solved by improving the logic of the Perturb and Observe algorithm to
compare the parameters of two preceding cycles in order to check when the MPOP is
reached, and bypass the perturbation stage. Another way to reduce the power loss
around the MPOP is to decrease the perturbation step. However, the algorithm will be
slow in following the MPOP when the atmospheric conditions start to vary and more
power will be lost.
The incremental conductance method based on the fact that, the slope of the
PV array of the power curve is zero at the MPP, positive on the left of the MPP. And
negative on the right on the MPP. This can be given by,
CHAPTER 4
A Wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy of wind
into mechanical energy. Wind turbines capture the power from the wind by means of
aerodynamically designed blades and convert it to rotating mechanical power. The
number of blades is normally three. As the blade tip-speed typically should be lower
than half the speed of sound the rotational speed will decrease as the radius of the blade
increases. The most weight efficient way to convert the low-speed, high-torque power
to electrical power is using a gear-box and a standard fixed speed generator as
illustrated in Fig4.1. The gear-box is optional as multi-pole generator systems are
possible solutions. Between the grid and the generator a power converter can be
inserted. The electrical output can either be AC or DC.
The output power of the wind turbine by the wind turbine (power delivered by
the by the rotor is given by (4.1)
ω m𝑅 3
Pt = 0.5 ρACp ( λ, β)(vw) 3 = 0.5 ρACp ( ) (4.1)
λ
Where ρ is the air density (kilograms per cubic meter), vw is the wind speed in
meters per second, A is the blades swept area, and Cp is the turbine-rotor-power
coefficient, which is a function of the tip-speed ratio (λ) and pitch angle (β). Ωm =
rotational speed of turbine rotor in mechanical radians per second, and R = radius of the
turbine. The coefficient of performance of a wind turbine is influenced by the tip-speed
to wind-speed ratio, which is given by (4.2),
The wind turbine can produce maximum power when the turbine operates at
maximum Cp (i.e., at Cp (opt)). Therefore, it is necessary to keep the rotor speed at an
optimum value of the tip-speed ratio λ opt. If the wind speed varies, the rotor speed
should be adjusted to follow the change.
The torque can be obtained using the relation (4.3) as:- Tw = Pwω (4.3)
Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) that are used as interface between the
generator (variable voltage and frequency) and the grid (fixed voltage and frequency). It
is a type of a synchronous generator where the excitation field is provided by a
permanent magnet instead of a coil. PMSG are widely used in the wind energy
conversion systems, especially in the small or medium power range, which increases
the conversion efficiency and reduces the maintenance cost due to brushless design. A
typical PMSG based wind energy conversion system is shown in Fig.4.5 in which a full
power capacity AC-DC-DC power converter.
The output of the turbine is fed to the generator. The output from the generator is
rectified using an uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier. Here an uncontrolled rectifier is
used because this rectifier is then connected to a DC-DC converter, so by controlling
the converter, the output voltage can be regulated. The output from the rectifier is fed to
the DC-DC converter. The converter used in the wind generating system is same as that
used in the photovoltaic generating system. The switching frequency of the buck
converter is also same as that of the buck converter of the photovoltaic system. The
switching of the buck converter of the wind generating system is obtained by using the
PWM technique. The duty ratio of the buck converter is obtained by using the (4.4)
Vin
𝐷 =1− (4.4)
Vo
where, Vin is the output voltage of the rectifier and Vo, is the output voltage of
the PV array. So that the output voltage of the two generating system will be same and
can be connected to a common DC link.
CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
Fig 5.1 Kotak 100W Watts Solar Panel UL Listed Off Grid 12 Volt 12V
With the ability to run off 12 volts, our 100 W solar panel can be used in multi-
purpose applications including RV, marine, boat, and home installations. You can
maximize the efficiency of your solar project with Kotak’s custom built 100 Watts solar
panels. The main applications of this panel are On-grid rooftop/ground mounts for solar
energy homes Off-grid fully self-powered systems as RV solar panels, Boat solar
panels, and Marine solar panels. It is suitable for residential, commercial or power
station property and 12V Battery charging.
Technical Specifications
Electrical Characteristics
Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) - 18.5V
Optimum Operating Current (Imp) - 2.7A
Open – Circuit Voltage (Voc) - 22.7V
Short- Circuit Current (Isc) - 2.84A
Operating Module Temperature- -40°C to + 90°C
5.1.2 WIND TURBINE
Features
Every turbine is finely balanced.
Smooth rotation is ensured
Quiet in operation
Overall this delivers more Ampere hours of power per day especially in
low to average wind speeds
Efficient aerofoil profile blades with a unique “one way only fit” feature.
The blade root design has been tested to withstand forces in excess of the
blades spinning at over 20 times the rpm seen at 10m/s. The blades are
solidly secured in their sockets and will not eject
Brushless alternator.
Our unique design features a fixed rather than rotating shaft which
negates the need for brush gear. It is a simple and maintenance-free
design
In most cases around the world this product will generate enough power to serve
on batteries. Without doubt the KSOLARE 200 model produces more power than any
other comparable wind generator available.
Specifications:-
Low wind speed start-up of just 2m/s, Generates 90w at 9.5m/s, 24w at 5m/s,
delivers up to 300w
Dimensions: 490x430x350mm
The lamps used in the street lighting system have high power LEDs with high
lumens, special quadric optical lens and stable constant current driver. The structure for
LEDs layout can make sure the uniformity of the lighting more than 0.45. The whole
lamp is made of aluminium alloy ensure dust resistance, waterproof and self-cleaning
ability.
5.1.4 BATTERY
CHAPTER 6
SIMULATIONS
This chapter deals with the MATLAB simulation of system and its result. The
model of wind turbine generator and mathematical model of PV array has been
developed. Both these systems supply power to a battery and load connected in
parallel.The combined model of solar and wind are as shown below:
6.1 SOLAR AND WIND HYBRID MODELLING
Vo
𝐼 = IL - Id − (6.1)
Rsh
where, V = Vo -IRs.
The basic equation for the ideal case of the elementary PV cell does not
represent the I–V characteristic of a practical PV array, actually practical arrays are
composed of several connected PV cells and the observation of the characteristics at the
terminals of the PV array is expressed by considering one the parameter called “I”
which is given by:
𝑞(V +IRs)
I = IL- Id{𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) − 1}– 1 (6.2)
𝐴𝐾𝑇Ns
In the above mentioned equation, the parameter IL and Id are expressed as:
𝑇 𝑞𝑉g 1 1
I = IoT(r) ( ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [ ( − )] (6.4)
𝑇r 𝑛𝐾 Tr 𝑇
Isc(Tr.nom)
Where ILT(r) = 𝐺 ( )
𝐺e
dIsc
αIsc = (6.6)
𝑑𝑇
Here:
q: charge on electron.
K: Boltzmann’s constant.
Figure 6.5, 6.6 and 6.7 shows the subsystems of current generated by illumination
(IL), diode current (Id) and saturation current (Io) respectively from the main system of
PV panel.
The mechanical model of the wind turbine is made and the base speed is kept at
12m/s. The mechanical torque output is supplied to a permanent magnet synchronous
machine. The three phase ac output is rectified and dc output voltage is obtained. A
controller circuit is also provided to obtain 12v dc as the output.
Time (s)
CHAPTER 7
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CIRCUIT
BLOCK DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 8
ESTIMATION AND COMPARISON OF LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
TOTAL 76500
8.2 Design and estimation of lighting entire coastal area using hybrid street
lights
TOTAL 3542000
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The proposed Wind-Solar hybrid street lighting system will help to reduce the
peak load demand from the grid. The hybrid system ensures continuous operation of the
system and increases the reliability. The system has been designed using non-corrosive
and durable materials to withstand the corrosive saline winds in the coastal region
thereby ensuring long life.
A comparison study was conducted on existing highmast lighting system and the
hybrid lighting system. Even though the initial cost of hybrid system is high, it
has less maintenance and running costs. So considering the long term economy.
REFERENCE
1) I.H. Altas, and A.M. Sharaf “A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for
Matlab-Simulink GUI Environment", ICCEP'07 International conference, on 21-
23 May2007 341 - 345.
6) Mukund R. Patel, Wind and Solar Power Systems, Copyright @ 1999, CRC
Press LLC, New York, pp. 35-57
APPENDIX-I
int i=A0,b,c,o=6;
void setup()
pinMode(o, OUTPUT);
pinMode(i,INPUT);
void loop() {
b=analogRead(i);
b=constrain(b,703,920);
c=map(b,670,930,255,186);
analogWrite(o,c);
APPENDIX- II
MICRO C PROGRAM FOR CONTROLING OF SOLAR
PANEL
int i,led=10,b=3,r=4,s,a;
int c=A0,d=A1;
void setup()
pinMode(b,OUTPUT);
pinMode(r,OUTPUT);
int check()
for(i=0;i<=200;i++)
if(a<=120)
delay(1000);
else
return(i);
break;
void loop()
a=analogRead(c);
s=analogRead(d);
if(a<=120)
check();
if(i=200)
i=0;
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
else
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
if(s<=620)
digitalWrite(b,HIGH);
digitalWrite(r,LOW);
else
digitalWrite(b,LOW);
digitalWrite(r,HIGH);
APPENDIX- III
COMPONENTS
ATmega32
Features
• Peripheral Features
• Operating Voltages
o 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L
o 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
Pin Configurations
PA0 TO PA7
They are used as input/ output ports. They can also be used as secondary pins.
When used as secondary pins they are used as ADCs. Port A also serves as an 8-bit
bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide
internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When
pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source
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SOLAR AND WIND HYBRID STREET LIGHT SYSTEM
current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
PB0 TO PB7
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
PC0 TO PC7
Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3
(TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.
PD0 TO PD7
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET
Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length
will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.
AVcc, AREF
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
REGISTERS IN IO PORTS
The module can measure the positive and negative 5A corresponding to the
DESCRIPTION
PIN DIAGRAM
APPENDIX- IV
%#codegen
function D = PandO(V,I)
% MPPT controller based on the Perturb & Observe algorithm.
% D output = Duty cycle of the boost converter (value between 0
and 1)
% Enabled input = 1 to enable the MPPT controller
% V input = PV array terminal voltage (V)
% I input = PV array current (A)
% Param input:
Dinit = 0.4; %Initial value for D output
Dmax = 0.6; %Maximum value for D
Dmin = 0.2; %Minimum value for D
deltaD = 0.001; %Increment value used to increase/decrease the
duty cycle D
% ( increasing D = decreasing Vref )
persistentVoldPoldDold;
dataType = 'double';
ifisempty(Vold)
Vold=0;
Pold=0;
Dold=Dinit;
end
P= V*I;
dV= V - Vold;
dP= P - Pold;
ifdP ~= 0
ifdP< 0
ifdV< 0
D = Dold - deltaD;
else
D = Dold + deltaD;
end
else
ifdV< 0
D = Dold + deltaD;
else
D = Dold - deltaD;
end
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SOLAR AND WIND HYBRID STREET LIGHT SYSTEM
end
else D=Dold;
end
if D >= Dmax | D<= Dmin
D=Dold;
end
Dold=D;
Vold=V;
Pold=P;
APPENDIX- V