Electric Vehicle Solar Charging Station (Thesis)

Solar Electric Vehicle Charging Station
Final Year Project Report

Presented
by
Awad Pervez
CIIT/FA18-BEE-023/ISB
Azeem Sajid
Bilal Ahmad
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Electronics/Computer) Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

May 2022
Declaration
We, hereby declare that this project neither as a whole nor as a part there
of has been copied out from any source. It is further declared that we have
developed this project and the accompanied report entirely on the basis of
our personal efforts made under the sincere guidance of our supervisor. No
portion of the work presented in this report has been submitted in the
support of any other degree or qualification of this or any other University
or Institute of learning, if found we shall stand responsible.
Signature:______________
Name
Signature:______________
Name
Signature:______________
Name

May 2022
i
Solar Electric Vehicle Charging Station
An Undergraduate Final Year Project Report submitted to the
Department of
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
As a Partial Fulfillment for the award of Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Computer/Electronics) Engineering
by
Name Registration Number
Awad Pervez CIIT/FA18-BEE-023/ISB
Azeem Sajid CIIT/FA18-BEE-024/ISB
Bilal Ahmad CIIT/FA18-BEE-025/ISB
Supervised by
Name
Ch Afaq ur Rehman
Designation,
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
CU Islamabad

May 2022
ii
Final Approval
This Project Titled
“Solar Electric Vehicle Charging Station”
Submitted for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Computer/Electronics) Engineering

By
Name Registration Number
Awad Pervez CIIT/FA18-BEE-023/ISB
Azeem Sajid CIIT/FA18-BEE-024/ISB
Bilal Ahmad CIIT/FA18-BEE-025/ISB
has been approved for

_____________________ _____________________
Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Name: Ch Afaq ur Rehman Name: Dr Haider Ali
Designation: Designation: Professor
Assistant Professor
______________________ ______________________
Internal Examiner-1 Internal Examiner-2
Name: Dr Syed Safwan Khalid Name, Mr. Mubeen Sabir
Designation: Professor Designation: Professor
______________________ _____________________
External Examiner Head Department of Electrical and
Name, Computer Engineering
Designation
iii
Dedication
We dedicate our whole work to our parents who against all the odds
provided us with everything so that we could get education.
iv
Acknowledgements
Throughout the project and during our stay at COMSATS, we have received a great
deal of support from many people.
Firstly, we are heartily thankful to our supervisor Engineer Afaq ur Rehman for
his guidance throughout the project without whom we would not have
accomplished this milestone. We are grateful for his insightful feedback and
suggestions on this work. Apart from that we have enjoyed our time with him
discussing engineering, education system and what not.
We would really like to thank our Co- supervisor Dr. Haider Ali whose non-stop
critics, encouragements, guidance, and help from the begin of our work until the
very last level. His support enabled us to apprehend not most effective the studies
area however additionally the scope of my degree program in realistic
perspectives. Finally, we desire to well-known our program Head Dr Sharjeel
Wayne and all of the different instructors for each the theoretical and realistic
competencies they impacted on us and consequently which enabled us in
accomplishing our project.
We would like to acknowledge our professors Dr. Rizwan Azam with whom we
have spent a quality time. We have learnt a great deal of skills that helped in our
ﬁnal year project from him.
Also, we dully acknowledge the priority and time put in by a number of our
program mates, buddies and closes ones to make it a success. List is lengthy
however I “Azeem Sajid” would love to acknowledge the assist from my buddies
Abdul Mutaal, Jerusha who have been usually there for help.
In the end I Azeem Sajid would like to acknowledge the Punjab Worker Welfare
Board for funding my education at CUI.
Thank you!
Awad Pervez CIIT /FA18-BEE-023/ ISB

Azeem Sajid CIIT /FA18-BEE-024/ ISB
Bilal Ahmad CIIT /FA18-BEE-025/ ISB
v
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

List of Figures ............................................................................................ix
List of Tables .............................................................................................. x
List of Symbols ..........................................................................................xi
List of Acronyms ......................................................................................xii
Abstract ................................................................................................... xiii
1: Introduction .......................................................................................... 1
2: Background Theories ........................................................................... 4
2.1 Reviews Based on Topic of Study ....................................................................... 4
2.2 Review Based on System Design ......................................................................... 6
2.2.1 The Solar Panel System .............................................................................. 6
2.2.2 Storage Batteries ......................................................................................... 8
2.2.3 The Micro Controller .................................................................................. 8
2.2.4 Solar Inverters............................................................................................. 9
2.2.5 The Vehicle Charger/ AC Net .................................................................... 9
3: Aims and Objective Statement ......................................................... 10
3.1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................. 10
3.2 Aim & Objective Statement ............................................................................ 10
3.3 Purpose ........................................................................................................... 10
3.4 EVs & EV Charging Stations ......................................................................... 11
3.4.1 EV Charging Station .............................................................................. 12
3.4.2 Change in thinking that we need ........................................................... 12
3.4.3 Solar Energy and EV Charging Infrastructure ...................................... 12
4: Solution to Problem Statement ......................................................... 14
4.1 System Design Description ................................................................................ 14
4.2 Description of solar panel .................................................................................. 15
4.2.1.2 Number of Solar Panels Will You Need Power an Electric Vehicle? . 18
4.2.2 How long does it take to charge an EV using rooftop solar? ...................... 19
4.3 Controller Description ........................................................................................ 20
vi
4.3.1 Different Kinds of Charge Controller ....................................................... 20
4.3.1.1 Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) .................................................... 21
4.4 Description of storage battery ............................................................................ 24
4.4.1 Storage batteries ........................................................................................ 24
4.4.2 Lithium Ion Batteries ................................................................................. 24
4.5 Transformer ........................................................................................................ 27
4.6 Drives for Motor................................................................................................. 27
4.7 Description of LCD ............................................................................................ 28
4.8 Inverter ............................................................................................................... 28
4.8.1 Description of inverter .............................................................................. 28
Power Optimizers ...................................................................................... 28
Power Does an Electric Car Use................................................................ 31
Connector/ Plug: ........................................................................................ 32
Charging .................................................................................................... 35
4.8.1.1 Time required by Electric vehicle to charge ................................. 36
Levels of charging station.............................................................. 36
AC Level 1 .................................................................................... 37
AC Level 2.................................................................................... 37
Level 3 ......................................................................................... 38
4.8.1.2 Standards ..................................................................................... 39
4.9.1 Specification of popular electric vehicle battery .................................... 40
4.9.2 Selection of charging mode .................................................................... 41
4.9.3 Charging time & Consuming power ...................................................... 41
JI772 level 2 charging............................................................................ 41
Tesla Chargers ....................................................................................... 42
Types of Tesla Superchargers................................................................ 42
Method of charging Station .................................................................. 43
Power flow and energy management: .................................................. 45
5: Implementation................................................................................... 45
5.1 Implementation................................................................................................... 47
5.1.1 Selection of Cities and Climate Analysis ................................................. 47
5.1.2 PV Sizing .................................................................................................. 48
5.1.3 Working of Module .................................................................................. 51
5.1.4 Block Diagram ......................................................................................... 54
GenericWorkflow Diagram ......................................................................... 54
Workflow Diagram ..................................................................................... 54
5.1.5 Components needed for a solar charging station ................................. 55
vii
Cost Efficiency of charging infrastructure ................................................ 56
Type of Usage ........................................................................................... 56
5.1.6 EV Charging for Businesses ..................................................................... 57
5.1.7 Advantages & Disadvantages ................................................................... 58
Zero Carbon Footprint .............................................................................. 58
Convenience ............................................................................................. 58
Increased Property Value.......................................................................... 59
Electric Vehicle Charging is the Future ................................................... 59
Disadvantages ........................................................................................... 59
6: Conclusion and future work ............................................................. 60
Bibliography ............................................................................................. 62
Appendix A ............................................................................................... 67
viii
List of Figures
Figure 4.1 Structure of System ................................................................................... 14

Figure 4.2 Panel Description....................................................................................... 15
Figure 4.3 Mono Crystaline Cell ............................................................................... 17
Figure 4.4 Poly Crystalline silicon cell ........................................................................ 17
Figure 4.5 Proposed concept of using solar rooftop .................................................... 20
Figure 4.6 SDC240V-100A ........................................................................................ 23
Figure 4.7 Transformer Equivalent Circuit .................................................................. 27
Figure 4.8 Power Optimizer ........................................................................................ 29
Figure 4.9 Electricity Utilization from general Ac Network ....................................... 30
Figure 4.10 SAE J1772 ................................................................................................ 32
Figure 4.11 SAE J1772 ................................................................................................ 32
Figure 4.12 Tesla Super Charger ................................................................................ 43
Figure 4.13 Work Flow of Station ............................................................................... 44
Figure 5.1 Generation vs requirement profile of the station for a day ........................ 49
Figure 5.2 Schematic representation of carport charging infrastructure...................... 49
Figure 5.3 Efficency curve for the selected monocrystalline module ........................ 51
Figure 5.4 Generic Workflow Diagram ...................................................................... 54
Figure 5.5 work flow................................................................................................... 54
Figure 5.6 Simulation for PVsyst................................................................................. 55
ix
List of Tables
Table 4.1 Controller Parameter .................................................................................. 22

Table 4.2 Specification of SDC 240V- 100 Controller.............................................. 23
Table 4.3 Lithium Battreries Specifications .............................................................. 26
Table 4.4 Photovoltic Report ..................................................................................... 29
Table 4.5 Detail of SAE JI772 .................................................................................. 33
Table 4.6 SAE JI772 / IEC 62196-2-1 Type 1.......................................................... 34
Table 4.7 Charging Detail SAE J1772 ...................................................................... 35
Table 4.8 Description of Vehicle Chargers............................................................... 39
Table 4.9 Electrical Vehicle Battery Specification ................................................... 40
Table 4.10 Charging time and consuming power usage SAE JI772.......................... 41
Table 5.1 Charging level usage ................................................................................. 56
x
List of Symbols
Symbol Quantity Unit
PV Photovoltaic N
W Watts J/S
KW Kilowatts 1000J/S
L Distance between Solar PV arrays Cm
Cw Capacity of Battery Pack Wh
V Volt ----
n Number of days in year Days
T Duration of Sunshine h
Vph Work Voltage of Solar PV Array V
xi
List of Acronyms
Acronym Unfolding
AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
PV Photovoltaic
EJ Exajoule
EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
OEMS Original Equipment Manufacturer
xii
Abstract
Till these days cars carefully relies upon on fossil fuels for power. Now, those vehicles
are suddenly being modified through way of means of electrical vehicles and or plug-
in hybrid electric powered vehicles. But those electric powered vehicles are
nevertheless confronted with the problem of electricity availability because of the
reality they rely upon electricity from biomass, hydro power, and windmills for electric
power technology. The abundance of solar radiation and its use as power deliver in
electric powered vehicles isn't only and critical choice but moreover a critical scenario
for eradication of environmental pollution. Due to depleting fossil gas reserves coupled
with a climate crisis, sustainability is gaining ground, and electric powered vehicles
(EVs) are rising to be the brand-new face of this field. However, the idea of EVs might
be clearly sustainable only if they're charged using renewable energy. Electric vehicles
(EVs) becoming increasingly well-known in many countries of the world. EVs are
proving extra energy green and environmentally friendly. But the lack of charging
stations restricts the massive adoption of EVs withinside the world. As EV usage grows,
greater public regions are installing EV charging stations. On the opportunity hand, if
EVs are charged through present utility grid powered through way of method of fossil
gas-generally completely based technology system, then it impacts the distribution
system and couldn't be environmentally friendly. As solar has superb capability to
generate the energy from PV panel, the charging of EVs from PV panels might be a
fantastic solution and a sustainable step in the direction of the environment. This project
gives an entire assessment of solar PV-EV charging systems and deployment withinside
the world. Analytical techniques were proposed to acquire facts about EV charging
behavior, modes of charging station operation, and geolocation of charging station
users.
This project gives a version for charging electric powered vehicles from solar energy
The approach presented right here end up time- and cost-effective, and absolutely
beneficial to us in this field. The evaluation, based definitely at the amount of cars
charged annually, the month-to-month version in electricity generation, the investment
cost, and the decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions the use of one of a kind
module technology for 2 Pakistan towns, has been deliberated. An E-car charging
station, in any other case known as an EV charging station, an electric powered re-
xiii
energize point, a charging point, an Electric charging station (ECS), or an electric
vehicle supply Equipment (EVSE), is a chunk of a framework that gives electric power
to the reenergizing of module electric powered vehicles, like electric vehicles,
neighborhood area electric vehicles, and module mixtures.
The primary intention of this project “Solar Based Charging Station for Electric
Vehicle” is to generate maximum electricity from the solar panel to charge electric
vehicle.
Our attention is to provide a way to offer a modified charging in Pakistan. With a

ground location, we had been able to select out mono crystalline 1STH-350-WH due to
the fact the right PV modules. Based on the range of our layout location, a computed
quit end result of 71° angle positioning amongst solar panel and roof to maximize the
ground area and optimize the solar irradiance gathering. we determined on PWM
controller, inverter, lead 340,509 sq miles acid storage batteries. We concluded that an
off grid 8.1 kWh system with days of battery autonomy has the fewest unused electricity
losses, with a superb overall performance ratio (PR). It can surely fee round 414
vehicles of 30 kWh battery capacity annually. This should help to reduce annual CO2
emissions via way of means of approximately 7950 kg. For cities near the equator,
maximum strength is produced withinside the direction of March or January, and for
cities near the Tropic of Cancer, strength production maximizes withinside the direction
of May–June. The average system has better strength technology and monetary device
even as monocrystalline modules are used. Our model for charging of electrical vehicle
batteries is not best supportive but inexperienced in terms of extracting solar strength
from sunlight hours to price electric powered automobiles, because of this making the
vicinity an eco-friendly place.
Keywords:
AC Net, Converter, Controller, Electric Car, Photovoltaic, Solar Energy, Solar
Panel, Storage Battery, Solar Irradiance, System design.
xiv
Chapter 1
Introduction
Road transport is undoubtedly the most common and affordable form of commute for
people around the world. However, recently, it has faced much criticism due to its
dependence on fossil fuels and its relatively low operational inefficiency. This has
opened the doors for the electric mobility industry, and the world has witnessed a drastic
surge in the acceptability of EVs.
As Pakistan aims to decrease its carbon footprint like other nations and step into the
world of sustainability, the government is consistently introducing transport sector
reforms that aim at the electrification of all effective forms of commute. As a result,
according to a study conducted between 2020– 2027, the average annual growth rate
for the EV sector in Pakistan is estimated to be around 44%. EVs are a formidable
example of decreasing instantaneous emissions, but they shift the energy demand from
crude oil to electricity. This ultimately increases the pressure on the grid infrastructure
that is already facing an energy deficit. In Pakistan, nearly 61% of the grid electricity
is from coal-based thermal power plants, 15% is from hydropower, 8% is from solar
PV, 5% is from wind energy, 9% is from natural gas, and 2% is from nuclear energy.
Electric powered vehicles running on electricity from the grid, internal combustion
engine-based vehicles (ICEVs), and Electric powered vehicles running on electricity
from sun photovoltaics (PV), and calculating their well-to-wheel CO2 emissions, EVs
running on electricity from sun PV became out to be the least polluting. Such an EV
might result in simplest 0.6 kg of CO2 emission consistent with a hundred km
travelled. In contrast, a 5-seater gasoline-primarily based totally ICEV may produce
about thirteen kg of CO2 in overlaying the same distance, and an EV running on grid
electricity may cause ten kg of CO2 emissions consistent with a hundred km travelled
(thinking about a comparable proportion of the specific sources, as indexed above). The
unavailability of charging stations at everyday periods is some other rely of concern,
1
and almost all of the to be had ones are grid-tied. Hence, grid availability turns into a
important factor whilst finding out the location of a charging station.
Pakistan is a sun-drenched country, which makes it perfect for the usage of sun power
for strength production. When maximum of our power requirements revolves round
strength, sun PV has tested to be a splendid solution for localized strength generation,
even for large-scale applications. Although renewables inclusive of sun are weather
established and the Pakistan weather varies with geography, the power of sun PV as
stand-on my own structures with battery backup makes them essential for remote cities.
Moreover, integrating sun PV with charging stations can assist us achieve energy
autonomy, generate electricity extra responsibly, and spare the land and marine
atmosphere from the mining of coal and crude oil. Utilizing sun power for charging
electric vehicles is an evolving concept and has taken ground during the last few years.
However, EVs have been in the market since the 1990𝑠, and the literature related to
charging station designs indicates the concern for grid availability while designing and
siting charging stations.
Energy acquired from the Solar’s radiations while in contact with the earth’s ecosystem
and or surface as irradiances is known as solar electricity. Presently, this is seemed by
human beings to be the excessive renewable electricity in existence till date, the
electricity produced in day is in a role of keeping mankind even supposing traditional
electricity reassets get finished. This without difficulty available environmentally
pleasant electricity deliver can without problem be acquired through series of
techniques as photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity, synthetic photosynthesis, solar
heating, and moreover solar architecture [1]. Research works have tested that at the
middle of the solar, the solar electricity is in form of nuclear electricity added about
through continues fusion amongst hydrogen and helium atoms each second. Thus, due
to this, it radiates out near 3.8 × 1026 joules of sun energy every second [1]. Over the
beyond ten years, researchers have attempted to encompass sun energy for charging
stations to make certain strength autonomy and decreased emissions. Countries just like
the Netherlands, Macau, and Romania are choosing sun energy to fee their EVs. This
has caused the improvement of clever and green hybrid PV structures for charging
stations which could are expecting the weight requirement and the energy generation.
2
However, maximum of them is for charging two-wheelers, that have a smaller battery
bank than four-wheeler EVs Moreover, those plans, and designs are perfect to urban
commercial buildings.
The project work begins with a historical past examine in which associated works had
been reviewed. Then, in chapter three, we present the hassle statement, our objectives,
and important contributions. Furthermore, we present description of our system layout
and implementations in chapter four. In chapter five, we present our conclusion.
Finally, we give up the work with references and appendices.
3
Chapter 2
Background Theories
2.1 Reviews Based on Topic of Study
The terrible effects on climate alternate on humane lives is already being professional
and felt in most parts of the word. This has triggered foremost worldwide economies
(G 8) and different stakeholders stressing on the importance of renewable energies and
immediately cut price of environmental pollutants. Other researchers argue that
renewable energies do now not really prevent climate alternate [2] whilst some stress
that it’s now not the satisfactory opportunity but a vital condition for a greener future
[3]. Apart from reducing climate alternate effect, renewable energies moreover have
extra options to different electricity sources. These renewable electricity sources are
not satisfactory reliable but moreover provide extra protection due to their non-stop
availability [4] quite value effective than different traditional power sources [5], and
moreover creates more jobs and improves economic increase relatively [6].
Research work on how electric powered cars can be charged the use of each solar and
wind power has been occurring withinside the past [7] [8]. Here they based completely
their idea on obtaining the various power sources specifically through forecasting which
is based upon on every time and weather of a particular location. That is, they stated
that forecasting the future weather conditions will deliver them the idea on what power
to generate and save for the car to use in future. But forecast based mostly on climatic
conditions is frequently never accurate or exact. So, this can bring about shortages or
no power to energy the car. Building a format that conceptually show how solar power
can be without issues harnessed, stored, and make use of have now not been absolutely
researched on and brought into attention extra realistic to operate. In the previous year’s
series of authors have shared information and mind on how electric powered vehicles
can be charged through the use of power from the grid which modified into generated
from traditional power sources as coal, fuel, and hydropower.
4
Handful of researchers have presented scholarly papers at the way to apply the simplest
daylight charging approach to rate electric powered vehicles using sun electricity [9]
due to the fact the sun irradiance is at peak in the course of the day, they're seeking to
format an approach at the manner to truly maximize the power falling on earth’s ground
at peak hours. It’s a green method of power harnessing using PV cells, but they did now
not offer a reason behind on how the more power is probably shared and the way power
is probably acquired in the course of intervals of little or no solar irradiance. Our project
work tries to offer a reason behind how solar power can be harnessed from PV cells to
rate electric powered vehicles from parking hundreds thus supplying room for added
power storage in the course of peak length and moreover power reuse in the course of
low durations. Research on solar cells being covered into electric powered cars to
supply solar power has been completed withinside the past as well, though they argued
that the power generated through the intergraded PV cells can be used most effective
even as the battery’s capacity is under optimum. Though it’s a sustainable method, the
ability of the vehicles battery saturation component limits the solar electricity capture
of the motors PV setup. Also, because of the reality that the automobile frequently in
motion, to optimize the power capture will include smarter and well-superior system
embedded into the car, thus high-priced to operate.to reduce this complexity and price
is truely to use charging through solar panel from a parking lot this is easier and further
convenient.
Also, some authors wrote on plug in hybrid electric powered cars are seen to apply
(consume) every petrol and energy at expenses which is probably primarily based
totally on the distance travelled and topology of the road. These motors now not best
growth environmental pollution but moreover highly priced due to their twin engines
type. Furthermore, because of the reality that they may be primarily based totally on
blended approach in terms of their engine designs faults through one engine reduces
the overall performance of the car to travel longer distances. The use of sun electricity
to charge electric powered cars isn't always best eco-friendly but secured.
5
2.2 Review Based on System Design
In this phase we in brief state the framework and theories located forth by specific
researchers consistent with our project work. The format consisted of 6 sub-systems
(solar panel, micro controller, storage battery, inverters, AC Net and vehicle battery)
showing how their unique and specific choices had been linked to acquire our purpose
on charging electric powered cars the usage of solar energy we centered on a manner
to format modified parking and charging lots. Since this project describes conceptually
a manner to charge a vehicle the usage of solar energy, on this phase on literature review
we are able to reside on research works on each of the subsystems and the way they are
interrelated.
2.2.1 The Solar Panel System
Installation of solar panels in homes facilitates in combating the harmful emissions of

greenhouse gases and therefore facilitates lessen worldwide warming. Solar panels do
now no longer cause any shape of pollutants and are clean. They additionally lower our
reliance on fossil fuels (which can be limited) and conventional energy reassets. These
days, solar panels are utilized in wide-ranging electronic equipment’s like calculators,
which work so long as sunlight is available. However, the only major drawback of solar
panels is that they are quite costly. Also, solar panels are installed outdoors as they need
sunlight to get charged.
However, the only major downside of solar panels is that they're pretty costly. Also,
solar panels are established outside as they need sunlight to get charged.
The solar has been playing numerous roles in humane existence. Not quality imparting
power and moderate to earth but considerably applied to understand how the
1011 watts
opportunity areas of universe interact. With over 6.3 × meter of solar
sq
radiation produced constantly withinside the form of rays.as the ones rays spread from
the sun’s surface their intensity reduces and as soon as you need to planet earth the rays
6
will become parallel in nature. Though most of the rays are being scattered, diffracted,
and deflected upon engaging in earth’s surface, it’s placed that the entire sun irradiance
(insolation) that absorbed by earth every year is close to 3.8 million exajoule (EJ). Thus,
solar power doubles what is produced with the useful resource of the usage of all
extraordinary non-renewable power sources every year. This brings the abundance of
solar irradiance engaging in the earth’s floor for an hourly base now no longer capable
of be harnessed by people and extraordinary residing organism for a year. Photovoltaic
being the interest of study, some authors confused that the successfully harnessed the
sun intensity to provide the desired sun power to strain electric powered vehicles
intently relies on; now not quality the weather situation but region and time of day the
perspective the solar irradiance makes with the solar panels, the material (and its
temperature properties) used to format the PV panels, and moreover the element of PV
ground place format have to be absolutely considered. Solar panels are those devices
which may be used to take in the sun's rays and convert them into power or heat. A
solar panel is without a doubt a hard and fast of solar (or photovoltaic) cells, which can
be used to generate power via photovoltaic effect. These cells are prepared in a grid-
like sample on the surface of solar panels.
Thus, it could moreover be described as a fixed of photovoltaic modules, established

on a form assisting it. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged and associated
assembly of 6×10 solar cells. When it includes wear-and-tear, those panels are very
hardy. Solar panels placed on out especially slow. In a year, their effectiveness
decreases quality about one to two in keeping with cent (at times, even lesser). Most
solar panels are made up using crystalline silicon solar cells.
Installation of solar panels in houses enables in combating the damaging emissions of

greenhouse gases and consequently enables reduce global warming. Solar panels do
now not purpose any form of pollution and are clean. They moreover decrease our
reliance on fossil fuels (which may be limited) and traditional strength reassets. These
days, solar panels are applied in wide-ranging digital equipment’s like calculators,
which work as long as daylight is available. However, the most effective fundamental
disadvantage of solar panels is that they may be pretty costly. Also, solar panels are set
up exterior as they want daylight to get charged. However, the most effective
fundamental drawback of solar panels is that they may be quite costly. Also, solar
7
panels are set up out of doors as they want daylight to get charged.
2.2.2 Storage Batteries
Batteries in solar applications want to fulfill the needs of unstable grid power, that is
heavy charging and discharging cycles and moreover unusual complete recharging.
There are quite a few battery types ready for the one’s precise requirements. Main
subgroups of storage batteries for solar energies reviewed through others encompass
float batteries [9], lithium ion batteries [10] and lead acid batteries [11].Considerations
for choosing a battery included the storage functionality which universal electricity
honestly saved with apprehend to that retrieved [12], energy transmission charge that
is time required to extract the power stored [13], discharge time based totally
completely on the maximum time the battery takes to discharge [14],overall
performance as in implying charge of power released to that stored as in [15], cycling
capability that’s the variety of times that the battery discharges as designed after
successively recharged [16], value based totally mostly on every operational and
investment expenses over the lifespan of the set storage battery [16] ,disposal outcomes
considering the environmental effect of the storage battery after its existence cycle
completion [17] , and sooner or later the self-discharge charge of the battery in that the
charge at which the battery discharges on the same time as idling [18] .
2.2.3 The Micro Controller
Generating solar power encompass harnessing the maximum irradiance at proper sun
noon. When the sun intensity is maximum, the electrical vehicle battery might be
absolutely charged as well. To hold this extra strength that is being generated
photovoltaic charge controllers are needed to redirect the strength to garage battery
cells. Series of microcontrollers used for photovoltaic have been reviewed with the aid
of using distinctive scholars. They did stress that importance of on and off, Pulse Width
and Modulated (PWM) and Maximum Power Tracking micro controllers for
developing the overall performance of solar power generation. Stating that the on and
off micro controllers carry out every in series and shunt modes. Series controllers
basically stop in addition charging at the same time as load is absolutely charged while
8
shunt charge controller diverts greater electricity to one-of-a-kind loads. On the
opportunity hand, Pulse width modulation (PWM) and maximum power point tracker
(MPPT) generation are extra technologically sophisticated, and moreover adjusting
charging rates relying on the battery's level, to permit charging in the direction of its
maximum capacity [19].
2.2.4 Solar Inverters
The electricity harnessed via way of means of the solar panels is basically DC. For this
to be used in charging the electrical motors or one of a kind vehicle devices, it wishes
to be converted to AC current. Solar inverters convert the ones DC to AC in advance
than charging begins, or the modern being channeled to off grid electric powered
networks. Thus, they've got particular feature in photovoltaic system primarily based
totally on power conversion and balanced. The numerous types and specifications were
deeply researched on at the side of string inverters in which panels are placed parallel
with good sized inverter [29], micro inverters in which solar panels placed serially with
separate inverters [30] and moreover power optimizers similar to micro inverters but
more worried with monitoring. Power optimizers are used to show the whole output of
the PV panel arrays as a manner to continuously adjust and modify the load linked in
order the maintain the device operational at its peak [30].
2.2.5 The Vehicle Charger/ AC Net
The transformed AC current should be supplied to the power grid or charging devices
for the electrical vehicles. Charging of electrical vehicles proper right here primarily
based totally on specify car and battery types, charger specifications and moreover the
specification of the socket. In Pakistan the standard is 220V, 5A but the energy varies
with format setup. Our choice for the electrical vehicle battery charging unit primarily
based totally on the standard set up with the aid of using the desired authorities. we do
consider a well-integrated layout linking the respective systems based totally mostly on
their maximum useful efficiencies will make the Pakistan now not a greener but saver
place to stay in based on environmental polluting avoidance.
9
Chapter 3
Aim and Objective Statement
3.1 Problem Statement

There has been speedy growth in levels of oceans due to quicker rate of ice melting in
artic, coupled with rapid desertification’s in extraordinary factors of the earth’s surface
due to continues increase in global climate as well. Looking at the fast growth in global
population and further increase in variety of circulating cars, it’s positioned that more
than 70% of environmental pollution is because of cars the usage of traditional supply
of energy for power [31]. With the climate extrade crises becoming a international
issue, the non-stop focus created with the aid of using studying institutions, government
our bodies and extraordinary stockholders want to be intensified and implemented [32].
Nowadays, with the global problem for greenhouse gases and environmental pollution,
electric powered motors are being superior in brief paces for every non-public and
commercial enterprise purposes. At day-by-day use of these cars, customers want to
charge the battery of the car once they run out their battery withinside the charge station.
It takes now no longer brief time to absolutely charge their car. During charging,
customer cannot maximum efficaciously use their cars, but the method creates an
imbalance in power distribution withinside the grid. Thus, it motives bad power detail
and power net instability to extraordinary third events the usage of the grid.
Furthermore, some electric powered vehicle proprietors nevertheless face the hassle of
charging their electric powered automobiles in some charging stations because of
incompatibility amongst their automobile batteries and the charging stations charger.
Thus, the query of a manner to price electric powered cars from solar power has become
a crucial and vital link to solve the ones environmental issues.
3.2 Aim & Objective Statement

The predominant goal of this project work is to offer a system model that can be used
to brainstorm each modern mind and answers to modern problems withinside the
research area and moreover to feature eye opener for future studies layout and
development. Also, it may provide an efficient, effective, and sustainable device based
10
mostly on using photovoltaic as a better renewable strength deliver to charge electric
powered cars. The maximum essential intention of our project work is to outline a
conceptual format based mostly on how solar electricity from sun (photovoltaic
strength) can be used for charging electric powered vehicles. We moreover need to find
out conceptually how modern parking masses can be modified into sun strength
charging elements for charging the cars. Furthermore, we explored tactics on how the
PV panels will be positioned on the roof of the parking lot, desire of the various
components to convert and channel the harnessed solar electricity to storage battery cell
and to charging elements and moreover the specification of the charging machine for
each the car battery and electric powered charger.
3.3 Purpose
Solar power is a generation that has been growing in popularity as it is similarly
developed. Improvements withinside the panels and coatings similarly to sun
monitoring have made solar energy extra efficient. In this project, we're capable of be
making use of solar energy to provide the supply for an outdoor charging station for
Electric Vehicles. This project will similarly efforts to reduce our dependence on fossil
fuels as a manner to generate energy. If our device can charge numerous devices while
not having out of doors energy from the country wide grid, it will likely be able to
reduce a number of the decision for power ensuing in tons much less gas used to
generate the energy over time. Solar power remains researched and superior as a
possibility deliver of power. This project will resource international research efforts in
supporting defend our surroundings. Many are becoming aware of the consequences of
using oil and natural fuel line as a shape of power. These strategies do create loads of
strength; however, they may be non-renewable and can cause harm to the Earth’s
surroundings and ecosystems.
3.4 EVs & EV Charging Stations

1. An electric vehicle (EV) is one which operates on an electric powered motor, rather
than an internal-combustion engine that generates electricity with the aid of using
burning a combination of fuel and gases.
2. EV Charging stations is an element in an infrastructure that supplies electric energy
for the recharging of EVs.
11
3.4.1 EV Charging Station
EV charger or electric car supply equipment (EVSE) is a bit of equipment that

sources electric powered strength for charging plug-in electric powered vehicles
(collectively with hybrids, network electric powered vehicles, trucks, buses, and
others).
1. Charging Stations are inevitable part of EV ecosystem.
2. With a wide road network which includes of Pakistan, the country wishes
a national set up of charging stations to deliver electric vehicles to the
country.
3.4.2 Change in thinking that we need
Most human beings believe we need a good way to charge our plug-in electric vehicle
(PEV) or plug-in hybrid electric powered vehicle (PHEV) interior 2-4 minutes, similar
to pulling over at a fueloline station and filling up your vehicle with fueloline. Even
though Tesla’s wonderful chargers are seeking to exactly do that, electric powered
charging is going to be specific from what people are used to. Solar possibly the world’s
largest supply of power by 2050.
3.4.3 Solar Energy and EV Charging Infrastructure
With the rush to move to electric powered mobility at a countrywide scale, and with the
authorities being very captivated with deployment of electrical cars, the electronic
industry can anticipate seeing some of pastimes round indigenous development and
manufacturing. While electric powered motors are being labored upon via way of
means of important OEMs, and surroundings for development of chargers, charging
stations and software & cloud services is regularly being built. Established corporations
similarly to numerous start-ups, have started out going for walks on the ones areas and
consequences are starting to show.
The one-time installation and capital expense, works properly for at the least 20-25
years, with the pass lower back on investment, looked after in a few years. The
electricity input henceforth, turns into clearly free. The subsequent sections will
illustrate a possible implementation that may be followed to harness sun electricity,
12
keep it and use it for EV charging. It will touch upon electricity harnessing & storage
schemes, distributed battery management, energy conversion and connectivity, which
is probably the essential building blocks for a modular, scalable, sun powered EV
charging station. A conventional solar EV charging station implementation is depicted
via the diagram below. The main constructing blocks are self-explanatory.
Most electric powered vehicle owners will sincerely charge their EV batteries in the
dark at their homes. Therefore, for optimum solar charging stations, the goal isn't
always to absolutely charge an electric powered vehicle, however, to permit
numerous vehicles to “top off” their batteries.
1. The latest technology in this field is charging of electric vehicles with solar
power.
2. Use of solar power can be quite beneficial as it is a renewable source of energy.
13
Chapter 4
Solution to problem Statement
4.1 System Design Description

System designs are basically dependent and modelled illustration of real systems that
show the several steps and components involved conducting stated goals. These designs
moreover manual researchers to recognize the problems and as a result imparting a
manual to solutions. Our format is supplied in Figure 4.1. consisted of 6 sub-structures
(sun panel, micro controller, garage battery, inverters, AC Net and car's battery).It
sincerely shows how every of these subsystems are related to each unique furthermore
in each subsystem we sincerely examine the several product additives and the manner
our precise alternatives were made to accumulate our aim on charging electric powered
powered vehicles the usage of solar energy.
Figure 4.1 System Structure
14
4.2 Solar panel description
A solar panel is a group of electrically linked photovoltaic cells fabricated from

semiconductor materials, together with silicon, that's currently most common. When
sunlight hits the cells, its energy is absorbed into the semiconductor material. This
energy pushes distinct electrons loose which may be then forced to flow in a
advantageous direction with the useful resource of the use of an electric powered
discipline created in withinside the cells. This is the cutting-edge for it truly is then
drawn off of the panels by steel contacts on the pinnacle and bottom of the panels. The
amount of cutting-edge a PV panel produces has a proper away correlation with the
intensity of mild the panel is absorbing. Figure under indicates a chart demonstrating
the percentage out of place based definitely on the angle of incidence with the solar.
Optimal situations for a solar panel are at 0º, or at once perpendicular to the Solar’s
rays. Whereas the least exceptional at 90º, that's parallel with the Solar’s rays.
Table 4.2 Panel Description
15
Multiple panels are electrically related in both series to obtain a preferred output voltage
and/or in parallel to offer a preferred modern capability. A single solar cell produces
simplest approximately 1/2 (.5) of a volt. A regular 12V panel approximately 25 inches
by fifty-four inches will comprise 36 cells stressed out in collection to supply
approximately 17 volts height output. If the sun panel may be configured for 24-volt
output, there may be seventy-two cells, so the two 12-volt groups of 36 every may be
wired in series, generally with a jumper, permitting the solar panel to output 24 volts.
When beneathneath load, charging batteries for example, this voltage drops to 12 to 14
volts for a 12-volt configuration, ensuing in seventy-five to one hundred watts for a
panel of this size
100𝑊
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 1: 𝐼1 = = 8.33 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
12𝑉
100𝑊
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 2: 𝐼2 = = 8.33 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
12𝑉
Total current for solar panels in parallel
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 8.33 + 8.33 = 16.66 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
Crystalline Silicon Cells (c-SI):
These cells produced to start with withinside the 1950s and till date they are most useful
and dominant semiconductor material used nowadays in most photovoltaic solar cells
production [33]. Crystalline silicon solar cells comprise of numerous forms but
differentiated through their respective purity degrees. That is, even as the silicon
molecules are well aligned, it gives that silicon a higher choice over others due to the
fact solar cells product of that specie will correctly convert the solar electricity into
electricity [34]. Crystalline silicon consists of types: mono and polycrystalline and
String Ribbon silicon cells. Monocrystalline Silicon solar cells encompass cylindrical
ingots and four sites cut to make silicon wafers. This now not handiest reduces value
but optimize the general overall performance of the ingots as nicely. Also, the crystals
have a higher strength overall performance price of as a good deal as 20%, smallness
in sizes so area green and a prolonged lifespan of above 25 years [35]. Though they
have significant aspect over one-of-a-kind silicon solar panels, they are particularly
costly, greater fragile, and immoderate model in climate temperatures short affects its
16
overall-performance.
Figure 4.3 Mono Crystaline Cell
On the alternative hand, polycrystalline (p-Si)/multi-crystalline silicon solar cells (mc-

Si) encompass squared ingot wafers. They are tons much less fragile, lower production
cycle and slightly lower warmth tolerance factor as in evaluation to monocrystalline
solar panels. But they do have an overall performance of electricity era underneath 20%,
a lower region overall performance and plenty much less attractive in terms of market
values. While String Ribbon solar cells is every other form of multi crystalline silicon
molecular production introduced through Evergreen Solar Company. Here immoderate
temperature resistant wires are pulled via molten silicon to deliver polycrystalline
ribbon of silicon crystals. It’s tons much less expensive than monocrystalline due to the
fact its production requires half the amount of silicon in comparison to monocrystalline
production, but it’s inefficient and useless because of decrease electricity performance
value as in evaluation to polycrystalline, and moreover due to its decrease area
performance.
Figure 4.4 Polycrystalline silicon cell
17
We pick out the silicon crystalline solar (Specifically 1STH-350-WH solar panels)
panel to layout the solar panel. this is due to the reality that is has an overall performance
of more than 25% with over 41 J in terms of strength generated consistent with
rectangular meter. Furthermore, with a fill factor of over 82 % (that is ratio of the solar
cells actual strength output to its dummy output).
4.2.1.2 Number of Solar Panels Will You Need Power an Electric

Vehicle?
The quantity of solar panels you could need will in large part depend on how much you
drive daily, weekly, or monthly. For example, if you have a 100-mile round trip trip to
work, you could need a mile’s large solar panel installation. People living in dense town
areas with quick commutes and limited mileage requirements might require fewer solar
panels to strength an EV.
To calculate the quantity of solar panels, you could need to figure out how much
electricity your electric powered vehicle might require in line with day.
Consider the following equation:
Daily Electric Vehicle Energy Requirements
=
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑃𝐺𝑒 ( ) ∗ 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒 ( 𝑀𝐼𝑙𝑒𝑠)
100 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
100
The common American drives approximately 1,100 miles per month. No rely what kind
of automobile we drive, decreasing our transportation wishes have to prioritize each
person involved approximately their usual environmental impact. Let's consider a own
circle of relatives that drives much less than the national average - approximately 600
miles per month, or 20 miles per day. The Tesla Model three stated above requires
approximately 26 kWh for a hundred miles.
Based at the calculation stated above, this amounts to:
18
Example
Daily Electric Vehicle Energy Requirements
26 𝑘𝑊ℎ 20 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
∗
100 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
100
5.2 𝑘𝑊ℎ
=
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Assuming you acquire round five hours of direct sunlight in your solar panels every
day, a top class solar panel ought to produce approximately 1.5 𝐾𝑤ℎ according to day.
So, you'll want as a minimum four 290-watt panels to provide you the energy you want
to power your EV autonomously, without assist from the grid.
Fact:
Just 10 solar panels have to provide kind of sufficient electricity to power 21,000
kilometers of electrical driving every year.
4.2.2 How long does it take to charge an EV using rooftop solar?
This is an open-ended question because it depends at the EV battery ability and the
solar array size used. Generally, it'll take a protracted sunny day to price a median EV
from 20 to 80% the use of a popular 6.5kW rooftop solar system. Naturally, the more
solar, the higher on the subject of EV charging from home, particularly in colder, much
less sunny locations. Unless you pressure greater than 80km in step with day, EV
charging from rooftop solar can be particularly truthful the use of a everyday rooftop
solar gadget furnished you're home. Try our solar and EV charging calculator to
simulate EV charging the use of solar.
19
Average daily EV charge from a rooftop solar system (Sydney, Australia).
1. 6.5𝑘𝑊 solar system = 25𝑘𝑊ℎ per day = up to 140𝑘𝑚 of range
2. 10𝑘𝑊 solar system = 40𝑘𝑊ℎ per day = up to 220𝑘𝑚 of range
The actual charge time can range substantially depending on how low the EV battery
is, the form of EV charger and climate situations. A large 10kW rooftop solar array
with a extra effective 7kW Type 2 charger may want to charge an EV as much as 80%
in round 6 hours on a sunny day, even as a extra effective 3-section charger and 15kW
solar array may want to take as low as 4 hours. Many of those charging instances expect
the family load is low, and climate situations are mainly sunny; however, matters aren't
constantly best in practice. This is in which a smart EV charger can assist in case you
need to keep away from procuring grid energy to charge your EV at home.
Table 4.5 Proposed concept of using solar rooftops to charge EVs and support grid
applications
4.3 Controller Description

4.3.1 Different kinds of Charge Controller
Microcontrollers or solar battery regulators are electronic devices used to modify the
flow of electrical modern or voltage amongst to electric powered batteries. Its number
one capabilities involved preventing complete discharge or over charging of batteries
so a chief device in protecting batteries life.
20
The time period rate controller or regulator may be said each a standalone device, or an
included circuit linked to the battery system. There are basically three units of solar
battery micro controllers; MPU controllers, Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Controller,
and Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller. We have used pulse Width Modulated
Controller in our project.
4.3.1.1 Pulse Width Modulated (PWM)
PWM basically uses higher voltage spikes in forwarding the charged modern-day from
the solar panels to the storage batteries. Some designs have output voltage pre-set
simply, so they'll be set for the specific battery in use.it moreover recharges batteries
faster than on and off controllers. One of the issues using the PWM controller is that
most 12V devices need at least 8V at the battery earlier than they're able to feature
properly.so if a storage battery has been discharged underneath that value it's going to
probably be difficult for the PWM controller to transfer the energy no matter the
quantity being generated with the aid of using the solar panels. Also, some micro
controllers have internal warmness sink that reduces the complete power from solar
panels to storage batteries.
Param Price Rat Maax Self Full Low Working Floode Temp
eter ed imum Consumpt Chargec Volta Temp Chargi compensa
Type Volt Charg ion ut ge ng tion
age ing Cut Volts
Curre
nt
Pulse Width Modulated Controller (PWM) [36] [37] [38] [39]
WS- $ 28 12v/ 50 A <=30mA 13.7V / 11V / -25C 17V / -3mv/ C /

C2460( (494 24v 27.4V 22V +55C 34V Cell
5A) 0 Aut
Pkr) o
wor
k
21
KY121 $ 60 12v/ 15A <=5mA 13.2V 12.6V -35C 13.8V NO
5 (105 24v +55C
86Pk Aut
r) o
wor
k
SR-50 $ 26 12v/ 50 A <=45mA 13.7V / 12.6V -40C 13.8V / -3mv/ C /
(458 24v 27.4V / 25 +60C 27.4 V Cell
7 Aut Recogniz V
Pkr) o e tacitly Reco
wor gnize
k tacitl
y
SDC24 $ 240 100A <=10mA >285+- 210V -25C 405V -3mv/ C /
0V – 2500 V 2 +60C Cell
100A (441
116
Pkr)
Table 4.1 Controller Parameter
Following the Table 4.1 controller parameter, we select the PWM controller SDC240V-
100A, because the output voltage is better than different controller, it's far appropriate
for our batteries. There are 3 levels charging feature to defend battery: steady current;
steady voltage and flooded charging. Besides the primary feature of controller, likes to
enter short-circuit protection; enter overcurrent protection, batteries and PV array
opposite polarity protection, the controller has the feature of limiting maximum enter
electricity of the PV array, ensure the array can’t be overload beneathneath any
condition; it can also defend the batteries overcharge& over discharge.
22
Figure 4.6 SDC240V - 100a
Specification of SDC 240V - 100 Controller
Model SDC240v- 100A

Ratted Battery Voltage 240V
Rated Current of Solar Pannel 100A
Rated current of each solar energy 25A
Pannel
Maximum Volatge of solar energy 440V

pannel
Rated Power of Solar Pannel 24kW

Number of solar energy panel array 4 Circuits
Method of Working Working Continuously
Function Charging and Control
State Display LED
Stopping Charge Voltage 1 & 2 solar >285V +-2
pannel
23
Resumming Charge Voltage 1 &2 >270V +-2
solar pannel
Stopping Charge Voltage 3 & 4 solar >290V

pannel
Resumming Charge Voltage 3 & 4 >270V +-2

solar pannel
Applicable Attitude < 100m

Maximum No load Self Consume 300mA
Voltage drop between Solar energy 2V
panel and accumulator
Table 4.2 Detailed Specification of SDC 240V - 100 Controller [40]
4.4 Description of storage battery
4.4.1 Storage batteries
For the effect of the solar energy to be felt, the storage batteries used withinside the
respective sun packages and structures need to meet the desires of volatile grid power.
Thus, solar storage batteries are considered to be key components in stand-on my own
renewable power structures at the manner to continuously store the supply power
harnessed all through height and occasional intervals respectively. There’s lots of
battery types equipped for the one’s unique requirements. Main subgroups of storage
batteries for solar energies earlier reviewed covered glide batteries, lithium-ion
batteries, and lead acid batteries. Also, desire for the battery constituted of parameters
collectively with the storage capability which usual power honestly stored with
recognize to that retrieved, power transmission rate, discharge time, battery efficiency,
cycling capacity, charge of the storage battery, disposal/environmental effects, and in
the long run the self-discharge rate of the storage battery. A short of Lithium-Ion
batteries which we have got applied in our project is given below.
24
4.4.2 Lithium-Ion storage batteries
Presently the most common storage battery applied in modern era specifically in
smartphones. Its several office works consist of Iron phosphate, Nickel, Cobalt,
Manganese storage models. Unlike lead acid storage battery types, they basically
require low protection, low self-discharging, better energy, and functionality densities,
and as a end result they may be capable of provide higher current outputs. Despite the
above benefits, they will be more expensive, higher getting older rates, and they require
an entire lot of safety in phrases of voltage/ current balances. they have a higher depth
of discharge (DoD), decrease protection issues, a prolonged life, in-constructed safety
switches for each battery, a decrease C-rating, no exposed wires, no toxic fumes, and
compact. On the opportunity hand, Lead-acid batteries release toxic fumes, require
huge good enough space, have no safety switches, have a lower DoD, have a shorter
life, have a higher C-rating, have exposed wires, and characteristic common upkeep
issues. Hence, lithium-ion batteries have been determined on proper right here for the
charging station design.
Tesla Powerwall 2 is one of the first-class batteries available in the marketplace for EVs
because it stores as much as 13.5 kWh of energy. This potential has to be sufficient that
will help you meet your day by day mileage requirements
Para Ene Pri Volt D Desi Cyc Tempsens Ene Po Self Dispo
metr rgy ce age O gn le itivity rgy / wer Disch sal
Model Eff (V) D life Life (Best Wei arge
% ($) % Degree) ght %
Rati
0
25
Iron 92 79 3.2 - 12. 6 200 45 c – 80- 140 180A High
Phosp 7 3.3 8 year Cyc 70C 120 0 (LFP- Safet
hate s les C CB y
@ 12,8 Meas
80 /60) ures
%
>91 97 2.7 - 4 8 0.7 55 C 140 260 80% Mede
Ni, 0 4.2 5– – 540 rate
Cu, 1.9 150 Safet
Mg y
Meas
ure
Table 4.3 Lithium ion Batteries Specification [41] [42]
Charging time basically is predicated upon on the battery's capacity, electricity density,
and charging electricity. The huge the capacity, the more fee the battery can hold
(analogous to the scale of a fueloline tank). Higher energy density permits the battery
to surely be given more fee/unit time (the scale of the tank opening). Higher charging
electricity factors more energy regular with unit time (analogous to a pump's float rate).
An important disadvantage of charging at fast speeds is that it moreover stresses the
mains power grid more.[34]
California Air Resources Board designated a goal to qualify as a zero-emission vehicle:

add 200 miles (320 km) in beneathneath 15 minutes. The cause become to in shape the
refueling expectations of inner combustion engine drivers.
Charge time may be calculated as:
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐾𝑊ℎ)

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒(ℎ) =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑂𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑘𝑊)
The effective charging power may be decrease than the most charging power because
of limitations of the battery or battery management system, charging losses (which may
26
be as high as 25%), and vary over the years because of charging limits carried out
through a price controller.
4.5 Transformer
A transformer is a dynamic electric machine that transmits electricity from one electric
circuit to another, or multiple circuits The modern variation in any single transformer
coil well-known a exceptional magnetic fluctuation withinside the transformer core,
resulting in exceptional electromotive forces at some stage in all exclusive coils
throughout the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred amongst exceptional
coils without conductive contact amongst circuits. Faraday's induction law, decided in
1831, describes the effect of voltage on any coil due to a change withinside the magnetic
difficulty surrounding the coil as validated in Figure 4.7.
Figure 4.7 Transformer Equivalent Circuit
4.6 Drives for Motor
The motor pressure is a device that amplifies and regulates the motor's operation
in both directions. The place of the solar panel tracking on the left or right-
aspect consequences the use of efficiency. It can also transform low present-day
signs from circuits (together with solar panels) to immoderate current indicators
[17-20] The solar panel is positioned built on the angular shape of the solar's
rays or the top rays. The rotation is started out via way of means of the motor
force. In addition to the functions, a potentiometer may be used to display the
27
general discharge strength from top to bottom or vice versa to satisfy the
changing requirements. The circuit's intention is to transform a low present day
sign proper right into a excessive present day sign.
4.7 Description of LCD
Full form of the LCD is Liquid Crystal Display, and it definitely works by blocking off
in preference to emitting light. It has the high-quality gain of ingesting much less
electricity than LEDs (Light Emitting Diode). Light that is diffused from the lens to a
sheet of liquid crystal is crafted from multiple layers that contain brilliant panel filters
and electrodes. A colorful photograph is generated by combining colored light with a
grey crystal photograph (created with the resource of the use of an electric powered
current flowing via the crystal). The current used must display the photograph
demonstrated on the display and on the LCD. It's first rate to use fantastic lighting. The
water crystal must be capable of controlling every transmitting functions further to
modifying the segregated mild. As a result, a weighted and unpredictable sign is
projected on the Liquid crystal display.
4.8 Inverter
4.8.1 Description of inverter
Based on electricity generated through solar cells, there are inverters or converters
which convert the DC energy from the solar panel to AC electricity that can be used to
price the motors every at home sockets or charging stations the ones converters include,
the string inverters or centralized inverters, micro inverters, and energy optimizers.
Power Optimizers
Similar to micro inverters in that each structures attempt to isolate individual panels as
a way to enhance the overall performance of the whole system. Power optimizers are
used to display the overall output of the pane arrays if you want to always modify and
regulate the burden connected so as the preserve the system operational at its peak. This
technique is called maximum power point tracking (MPPT) through use of a Smart
Module [43].
28
Figure 4.8 Power Optimizer[44]
Title Comparison of Inverter
Type Power Efficiency Module Module Cell

(W) (%) Voc Ioc Module
Fronius 6.6- 97 650 38 4 Strings

Primo 8.2 12.7k
inverter
SDP 30KW 1- 200k 94 240 136 4

inverter
P350 Power 350 99.5 1000 15 Up to 25

Optimizer Strings
Table 4.4 Photovoltaic Report [44][45][46][47][48]
29
To conclude primarily based totally on our evaluation on Table 4.5 above, we can
undertake the SDP 30KW inverter because of its rated output power compatible to the
energy produced through our sun panels and additionally output frequency variety in
keeping with that special with the car charger selected. We decide to apply micro
inverter in our project due to its better power output rate and additionally extra flexible
in that extra solar panels may be added, and tracking carried out to get entry to our
power harnessing and consumption rates.
AC
Network
Kwh
------------
General
Socket
SAE
71772
Charge
Figure 4.9 Utilization of Electricity from general AC Network
30
As illumination time is very brief in the winter, PV module collect little irradiation at
this time. It cannot find the money for each day requirement of the charging. We
undertake the usage of energy from popular AC power grid in case the PV modules
cannot offer sufficient energy for each day rate by person. jointed straightway to the
AC community and separate the overall electricity circuit with the photovoltaic energy
generation circuit. Only SAE J1772 chargers in our system will use the energy
generated by the PV modules; the energy the overall sockets use is from the overall AC
community. Figure 4.6 gives a difficult and easy shape of the usage of the energy from
AC community. At this case, while the garage batteries are detected in low stage by
controller and are approximately to expire in their strength, the gadget will flip off a
few unused SAE J1772 chargers to save you both battery rate breaking off or batteries
over discharging. Meanwhile, the system will observe the person to apply the overall
socket to charge their vehicles.
Power Does an Electric Car Use
The quantity of strength an electric powered vehicle requires depends on numerous

variables, including:
1. The form of EV you choose

2. How a lot you drive
3. The battery system you include into your solar PV system
The number of EVs charged by the charging station relies upon at the vehicle’s battery
capacity and the power provided to it by the charging station. Here, the wide variety of
EVs with 30 kWh battery capacity, which may be absolutely charged with each city’s
charging station, has been calculated and constitute the yearly power provided by the
charging station to EVs and the wide variety of EVs absolutely charged the use of
monocrystalline and polycrystalline modules
31
Connector/ Plug:
SAE J1772 (IEC 62196 Type 1), additionally called a J plug, is a North American
trendy for electric connectors for electric powered vehicles maintained via way of
means of the SAE International and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle
Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler". It
covers the general physical, electric powered, conversation protocol, and universal
overall performance requirements for the electric car conductive fee device and coupler.
The purpose is to define a not unusual place electric powered vehicle conductive
charging device structure alongside operational requirements and the practical and
dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector. The J1772 5-pin
full-size enables a massive type of single-segment alternating current (AC) charging
prices from 1.44 kW (12 amps @ 120 volts) via portable gadgets connected to a family
NEMA 5-15 outlet as much as 19.2 kW (80 amps @ 240 volts) from an EVSE (Electric
Vehicle Supply Equipment, greater usually called a charging station). There is also a 7-
pin Combo Coupler that has ever a 5-pin J1772 connector and a CCS 2-pin connector
that enables DC fast charging as much as 90 kW. CCS Combo 1 extension offers more
high-current DC underneath, and the 2 Alternating Current (AC) pins for Neutral and
Line 1 are not populated.
Figure 4.10 SAE J1772 Figure 4.11 SAE J1772
32
Type Automotive power connector
Production history
Manufacturer Yazaki, others
Produced 2009
General specifications
Length 33.5 millimetres (1.32 in)
Diameter 43.8 millimetres (1.72 in)
Pins 5
Electrical
Signal single-phase AC
Pin out
Pinouts for CCS Combo 1, looking at end of plug (attached to EVSE cord)
L1 Line 1 single-phase AC
N Neutral single-phase AC
CP Control pilot post-insertion signalling
PP Proximity pilot pre-insertion signalling
PE Protective earth full-current protective earthing system
Table 4.5 Detail of SAE J1772
33
The J1772-2009 connector is designed for single segment alternating contemporary
electric structures with 120 V or 240 V inclusive of the ones utilized in North America
and Japan. The spherical 43-millimetre (1.7 in) diameter connector is keyed and has
five pins:
Row Position Function Notes
1 L1 "AC Line 1"
Top
"AC Neutral" for 120 V Level 1 charging or "AC Line 2"
2 N
for 208–240 V Level 2 charging
Bottom 3 PE "Protective Earth" aka Ground
"Proximity Pilot" aka "plug present", which provides a

signal to the vehicle's control system so it can prevent
4 PP movement while connected to the electric vehicle supply
equipment (EVSE; i.e., the charging station), and signals
the latch release button to the vehicle.[
Middle[c] "Control Pilot" is a communication line used to signal

charging level between the car and the EVSE and can be
manipulated by vehicle to initiate charging as well as other
5 CP information. The signal is a 1 kHz square wave at ±12
volts generated by the EVSE to detect the presence of the
vehicle, communicate the maximum allowable charging
current, and control charging begin/end
Table 4.6 SAE J1772 / IEC 62196-2-1 Type 1
34
Charging
The SAE J1772-2017 general defines four levels of charging: AC Level 1, AC Level
2, DC Level 1, and DC Level 2. Earlier launched revisions of J1772 additionally
listed a never-applied AC Level 3.
Max. Branch
Max.
Charge Voltage, AC current, circuit
Phase power
method (V) continuous breaker
(kW)
(A) rating (A)[a]
1-
AC Level 1 120 12 or 16 15 or 20 1.44 or 1.92
phase
1-
AC Level 2 208 or 240 24–80 30–100 5.0–19.2
phase
3-
AC Level 3 208–600 63–160 80-200 22.7–166
phase
Max.
Charge EVSE DC output
Max. current (A) power
method voltage (V)
(kW)
DC Level 1 50 to 1000 80 80
DC Level 2 50 to 1000 400 400
Table 4.8 Charging Detail SAE J1772
35
Nowadays, nearly all of the electric vehicle helps the SAE J1772 level 2 charging mode,
and level 2 charging rate is a whole lot better than stage 1 charging. Therefore, we are
able to combine this charging mode in our system primarily based totally at the
specification indicated in Table 4.8.
4.8.1.1 Time required by Electric vehicle to charge
Levels of charging station
There are three levels of EV charging: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Level 3 is broken
into DC Fast Charging and (Tesla) Supercharging. The higher the extent of charging,
the faster the charging system, as more strength is introduced to the vehicle. It’s
essential to phrase that distinct EVs rate at distinct speeds on each degree because of
the reality each EV can obtain awesome tiers of electricity from the EVSE, industry-
speak for electric powered vehicle supply equipment, the charger. When an electric
powered vehicle is plugged in, there’s a communication system in advance than the
charger is energized. Basically, the auto asks the charger how a whole lot electricity it
can deliver, and then the car requires the maximum amount of electricity that the station
can deliver, and the car can acquire.
The vehicle continuously determines how a whole lot electricity it accepts, so there’s
no need to worry about plugging proper right into a charging station that may deliver
more electricity than your EV can handle. The vehicle will now not permit the charger
to deliver too much electricity.
1. Level 1: 120v Charging.

2. Level 2: 208v to240v Charging.
3. Level 3: 200v to 450v Charging.
36
AC Level 1
Varies primarily based totally on car and location, however normally provides about 4
miles consistent with hour and takes approximately 8-16 hours to absolutely charge.
Connectors Used: J1772, Tesla.

Charging Speed: 3 to 5 Miles Per Hour.
Locations: Home, Workplace & Public.
Level 1 charging uses a common 120-volt family outlet. Every electric powered vehicle
or plug-in hybrid can be charged on Level 1 by plugging the charging system right into
a normal wall outlet. Level 1 is the slowest way to price an EV. It affords amongst 3
and 5 miles of range consistent with hour.
Level 1 charging works well for plug-in hybrid electric powered vehicles (PHEVs)
because of the reality they have smaller batteries, currently much less than 25 kWh.
Since EVs have an awful lot large batteries, Level 1 charging is simply too gradual for
max each day charging, besides the vehicle isn’t needed to energy very an extended
way on a regular basis. Most BEV proprietors discover that Level 2 charging higher fits
their ordinary charging needs.
AC Level 2
The most common home-charging option; provides 20-30 miles consistent with hour
and takes 6-8 hours to completely charge full EV cars, and much less than 1 hour to
completely charge most plug-in hybrid electric powered vehicles (PHEVs)
Connectors Used: J1772, Tesla
Charging Speed: 12 to 80 Miles Per Hour
Locations: Home, Workplace & Public
Level 2 charging system can be mounted at home, at the workplace, further to in public
locations like purchasing plazas, train stations and exceptional destinations. Level 2
charging can fill up amongst 20 and 30 miles of range in keeping with hour, relying on
37
the power output of the Level 2 charger, and the automobile’s maximum charge rate.
Most BEV owners choose to install Level 2 charging system at their residence, because
it charges the car up to 10 times faster than Level 1 charging. Charging from a Level 2
deliver normally way the car might be actually charged overnight, even if you plugged
with a nearly empty battery.
Level 2 chargers can deliver as a great deal as 80 amps of power. But that requires a
100-amp 208-240V devoted circuit and a heavy, pricey supply line from the breaker
box. Most owners might be properly served deciding on a 40-amp charger that might
deliver 9.6 kW to the EV. A 48-amp charger can price slightly faster at 11.5 kW but
requires a heavier gauge wire and the charger need to be hardwired to comply with the
NEC code. Therefore, 48-amp chargers can price extensively greater than a 40-amp
unit and offer pleasant marginally faster charging.
Level 3
Also called DC rapid charging; provides 40-50+ miles per hour relying on kW
electricity of the charge unit and might charge 80% of your battery in as little as 30
minutes.
Connectors Used: Combined Charging System (Combo), CHAdeMO & Tesla

Charging Speed: 3 to 20 Miles Per Minute
Locations: Public
Level 3 charging is the fastest form of charging available and can recharge an EV at a
charge of 3 to 20 miles of range consistent with minute. Unlike Level 1 and Level 2
charging that uses alternating current (AC), Level 3 charging uses direct current (DC).
The voltage is also much higher than Level 1 & 2 charging, this is why you don’t see
stage 3 chargers established at home. Very few residential locations have the excessive
voltage supply that is required for level 3 charging. Additionally, DC Fast Chargers
value tens of loads of dollars. So even if your Also known as DC fast charging; affords
40-50+ miles in step with hour counting on kW power of the charge unit and can charge
80% of your battery in as low as 30 minutes. Probably cost extra than your EV. Tesla
38
calls their Level 3 chargers Superchargers; others are called DC Fast Chargers. Current
Nissan EVs use a third specification, CHAdeMO.
V3
Tesla Superchargers charge at a rate of 250kW, or 75 miles in five minutes.
Superchargers are to be had to Tesla customers only.
4.8.1.2 Standards
EV charging has been regulated by numerous establishments including AIS, SAE, and
IEC. The charging degree modes and specs of the connectors were definitely mentioned
in the suggestions issued by those organizations. and summarize the distinctive
requirements for charging EVs.
Charging Type Level 1 Level 2 Direct Current (DC) Fast
Charging time (h) 20 to 22 6 to 8 0.2 to 0.5
On-board On-board (1 or 3
Charger location Off-board (3 phase)
(1 phase) phase)
Voltage supply (V) 120 240 208 to 600
Power level (kW) 1.3 to 1.9 up to 19.2 50 to 150
2–5
10–20 miles/h of
Travel range miles/h of 60–80 miles in <30 min
charging
charging
Residential Residential and

Primary Use Public charging
charging public charging
Table 1 EV Charging levels4.9 Description of vehicle charger
39
4.9.1 Specification of the popular electrical vehicle battery
In order to implement our charging system, we study several electrical vehicles, their
batteries and how they are charged. Table 4.9 below gives the basic information about
these.
Model Battery type Charger Adapter Capacity
(kW h)
Tesla Model S lithium-ion 11 kW AC SAE J1772 public 90
P90D onboard chargers. Adapters to
charger IEC 60309 5 PIN Red
16A/3- phase (400 V)
120 kW DC or IEC 60309 3 PIN
fast charger Blue 32A/single phase
(240 V) or some other
kinds of domestic
adapter or general
adapters based on
regions. Optional
CHAdeMO charger.
Super charger
Toyota Prius lithium-ion 3.3kW AC 120v household outlet; 8.8
Plug-in Hybrid onboard SAE J1772
charger
BMW i3 lithium-ion 7.4kW AC SAE J1772 Optional 22
onboard Combo DC.
charger DC
fast charger
Mercedes B- lithium-ion 10kW AC 120-volt charging 28
Class Electric onboard cable; SAE J1772
charger
MGZS lithium-ion 76kW DC 120v household outlet; 23
fast charger SAE J1772
Table 4.9 Electrical Vehicle battery specification [49]-[55]
40
The table above lists the present popular electrical vehicles battery data. The capacity
of these vehicle batteries is approximately 43𝑘𝑊ℎ.
4.9.2 Selection of charging mode
According to Table 4.9 maximum electric vehicle presents numerous varieties of

charging mode. All those electric vehicles typically help connecting household electric
socket charging and SAE J1772 general charging or DC speedy charging. Among those
charging modes, the DC rapid charging is latest. It is supported through numerous
vehicles, mode. In this mode, the charging charge has been raised to 2 to a few instances
than AC charging. It found out that charging battery as much as 80% in an hour. There
are three foremost sorts of DC fast charging standard: CHAdeMO, Combined Charging
Standard and Tesla’ Supercharger. However, even though this DC charging generation
has excessive efficiency, its consuming power charge is simply too excessive. If we put
in force the short DC charging in our system, in accordance the existing CHAdeMO
standard charger as a minimum supplying 40 kW power [56].
4.9.3 Charging time and consuming power
Charging time and consuming power using SAE
J1772 level 2 charging

Model Capacity Power (kW) Current (A) Charging
(Kwh) time (hour)
Tesla Model S 90 2.9 13 30
P90D
Toyota Prius 8.8 - - -
Plug-in Hybrid
BMW i3 22 2.7 12 9.5
Mitsubishi i- 16 - - -
MiEV
MGZS 23 2.8 14 15
Table 4.10 Charging time and consuming power using SAE J1772
41
According to this table, we can obtain the average charging power with using SAE
J1772 charging is 5.4𝑘𝑊; the consuming power is 6.5 hours in average. However, as
our option of charger maximum power is 7.7𝑘𝑊, the Mercedes B-Class Electric cannot
charge at its maximum charge rate 10𝑘𝑊. Instead, its maximum charge power becomes
7.7𝑘𝑊.
Tesla Chargers
A Tesla Supercharger is a sort of electric powered vehicle charger, mainly designed for
what’s appeared as "rapid charging." In smooth terms because of this that they offer
drastically rapid charging speeds, of a kind that ought to be able to recharge an electric
powered vehicle battery in beneathneath an hour.
Tesla Supercharger network is the company's maximum crucial achievement. Though

the Tesla Supercharger network is not best or free of problems, it has a tendency to be
extra dependable than competing networks.
However, Superchargers are one of a kind to Tesla, and could most effectively work
with the Tesla Model S Model X, Model 3, Model Y and other upcoming Tesla cars.
Types of Tesla Superchargers
There are 3 distinctive kinds of Supercharging stations out withinside the world: V1,
V2 and V3 Superchargers.
V3 Superchargers are the contemporary and most superior Superchargers, which give
as lots as 250 kW charging speeds. The V2 and V1 Superchargers, meanwhile, are
limited to slower 150 kW speeds instead. But, past the maximum charging velocity
available, there’s no essential difference most of the unique varieties of superchargers.
However, due to the fact V1 and V2 stations are however in operation truely be aware
that you won’t continuously get the 250-kW maximum pace. Thankfully Tesla’s
personal Supercharger map does make it easy what speeds are available.
A TESLA Supercharger is a 480𝑉 Charging Station which allows its user to gain 75
miles of range in just five minutes.
42
1. TESLA currently has 1636 Supercharger stations with 14,497 Superchargers
Table 4.12 Tesla Super Charger
Factor is one that affects all electric powered cars, and that is that charging slows down
due to the fact the battery level rises. This is most important whilst you hit80%, at which
component charging slows proper all of the manner right all the way down to this type
of component that it would barely qualify as fast charging. You’re better off unplugging
and riding off than you are ready to attempt to attain 100%.
One key component to consider is that lithium batteries don’t like being made to
recharge faster, and everyday rapid charging isn’t desirable for it. So, attempt to
limitation your Supercharger use to long car trips and road trips, and use slower AC
charging on your regular everyday driving.
Method of charging Station
System sizing starts with identifying the necessities and rules for EV charging stations.
This is located through the selection of cities for which simulation might be achieved.
Solar electricity is straight away related to the location’s climatology; hence,
comprehension and analyses of climate patterns turn out to be imperative. Next,
everyday load for the charging station is decided, after which suitable device
components are chosen, and manual calculations are completed to length the battery
financial institution and the sun array potential. Then, the use of simulation, the device
normal overall performance is analyzed, and the array potential is altered to restrict
unwanted losses. Further simulations are achieved on the brand-new array potential,
43
and changes are completed if required. This is an iterative process, and amendments are
made to benefit the most optimized version of the solar PV device. Finally, the general
overall performance data, because of this calculated, are recorded and in comparison,
for precise locations. Represents the device sizing technique as a schematic.
Table 4.13 Workflow of Station
1. Electricity from the grid is introduced as alternating current (AC) however the EV
calls for direct current (DC).
2. A rectifier needs to sit among the grid and the battery to transform one to the other.
3. For domestic and third-party public charging this AC-to-DC conversion is executed
through the EV's on-board rectifier.
4. AC current on the charge port is transformed to DC for the battery through the
rectifier.
5. Superchargers supply high voltage, excessive contemporary DC power at once to the

EV's battery, bypassing the on-board rectifier.
6. This lets in the Supercharger to push power into the battery as rapid because the
battery can take it—normally ten times quicker than domestic charging.
44
Power flow and energy management:
The system has three sources of power.
1. First and foremost, are the solar panels. The sizing estimation is typically a few
kilowatts at the minimum. A panel should generally produce at rated irradiance,
about 150W/square meter. The solar panels feed the MPPT module. This is a DC-
DC converter with a maximum electricity issue tracking set of regulations on foot
internal it. These are typically very immoderate overall performance units, on foot
at excesses of 98% electric powered overall performance. These are typically
multiphase interleaved dollar or increase converters, and operating levels are at a
few hundred volts at the input and output side. Isolation may additionally moreover
or won't be a requirement, but most implementations are galvanically remoted for
regulatory and safety reasons. The output feeds a common DC bus, from which
downstream energy may be supplied to the load. The implementation may be
analog, in reality digital or a mixture of analog and digital control.
2. Second supply is the grid. This may be elective due to the fact the purpose is to
maximize the usage of solar. However, in areas in which intermittent grid is
available, or in which the solar insolation isn't definitely sufficient for operation
year-long, or withinside the path of certain seasons, grid permits in desirable the
demand. Since the machine is essentially a solar electricity garage setup, it is also
feasible to use this station to supplement the grid, withinside the path of top hours
or as a solar farm, the usage of bidirectional grid tied inverters. With right rules in
area for exporting to the grid from solar farms or from captive plant life with net
metering, this serves a twin purpose too.
3. Third supply and the sink/storage are the battery. The trend these days is to use Li
Ion batteries which have very immoderate cycle life, lends itself properly to quick
charging, very immoderate depth of discharge and absolutely immoderate
volumetric efficiency. It is feasible to house the ones batteries underground, to save
real estate. These Li Ion battery packs are prepared in a suitable collection parallel
combination, and in several strings. The batteries terminate themselves proper right
into a junction field and termination unit, which moreover capabilities as a
supervisor. Each battery has a records port, typically CAN or RS485, and those are
45
daisy chained and fed to this termination unit, which then has a top-stage view of
the health and standing of all of us battery, string or the entire battery bank. This is
essentially a records concentrator and a switching unit, placing battery packs IN or
OUT of circuit. In addition, this communicates with the valuable controller to
decide the rate and discharge of the batteries.
46
Chapter 5
5.1 Implementation
Installation Place where we have to install our Charging station
System sizing starts with identifying the necessities and policies for EV charging
stations. This is located with the aid of using the selection of towns for which simulation
can be performed. Solar electricity is right away related to the location’s climatology;
hence, comprehension and analyses of climate patterns come to be imperative. Next, a
each day load for the charging station is decided, after which suitable tool components
are selected, and manual calculations are performed to length the battery economic
group and the solar array capacity. Then, the usage of simulation, the tool general
overall performance is analyzed, and the array functionality is altered to restriction
unwanted losses. Further simulations are performed on the brand new array capacity,
and modifications are carried out if required. This is an iterative process, and
amendments are made to obtain the most optimized model of the solar PV system.
Finally, the general overall performance data, as a end result calculated, are recorded
and in comparison for unique locations. represents the device sizing technique as a
schematic.
5.1.1 Selection of Cities and Climate Analysis

Pakistan is in the northern hemisphere, with the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) passing
through it. According to the National Building Code (NBC), Pakistan is majorly divided
into five foremost climatic zones: cold, composite, hot & dry, warm & humid, and
temperate. All those towns enjoy different climate conditions at some point of the year.
This specifically relies upon at the range and altitude of an area and its distance from
the sea. The significant parameters that imply a location’s climate condition, pertinent
to solar PV, are maximum & minimal ambient temperatures, cloud cover, overall day
duration, quantity of real sunshine hours, atmospheric turbidity, global radiation, and
the number of ‘complete Sun hours.’ These elements vary for every metropolis at some
point of the year, relying at the metropolis’s geography and population. Day duration
47
is the time among dawn and sunset, while the ‘actual quantity of light hours’ refers to
the powerful day length without cloud cover.
Like turbidity is a factor assigned for the extent of suspended particles withinside the
atmosphere. This may be smoke, dust, fog, or small water droplets. The better the
awareness of suspended particles, the better the turbidity component. Due to versions
withinside the instant ambient temperature, global irradiation, cloudiness levels, and
turbidity values, a hard and fast parameter recognized as ‘average complete solar hours’
has been computed for each city. This represents the yearly common of the quantity of
units of power produced via way of means of a 1 kWp installation in keeping with day
if its miles tilted on the latitude angle. This parameter is essential for preliminary system
sizing; however, it does not point out instant power generation.
5.1.2 PV Sizing
Any PV device sizing may be divided into stages: initial calculations and system
optimization. Usually, the customer offers an initial cost for any particular parameter,
which will become the bottom for all prelusive measures and similarly optimization.
This boundary circumstance can range from a budget restriction to a spatial restriction
relying at the situation. Since this work does now no longer predicate this type of
restrictions, the initial device sizing is initiated with the choice of the kind of device.
Here, off-grid PV system is chosen for the charging station. The load requirement is
fixed and the burden profile in step with day is determined. The entire battery bank and
array need to be designed to sustain peak load needs for off-grid structures, ensuing in
extensive systems with excessive costs. Hence, for the charging station, the
consumption profile is thought to be steady for the duration of the day at 2.5 kW in step
with hour, equal to a load of 60 kWh in step with day.
48
Figure5 .1 Generation vs. requirement profile of the charging station for a day
The PV array generates power from morning to midnight throughout the sun hours.
After desirable the load, the remaining power is fed to the battery. The charge controller
ensures that the instantaneous power generation does now not exceed the power
requirement of the customer and the battery functionality to be had. The power is
provided to the EVs from nighttime to the early morning hours via the battery bank.
The selection of the station shape is another essential criterion that relies upon at the
sun PV application. A carport shape is preferred for the worried layout considering the
fact that this integrates the parking area with the array set up vicinity. The array
additionally acts because the roof for the parking zone and the battery room. Since
maximum carport shape producers allow best a 5– 10° tilt, a south-dealing with roof
with a 10° tilt is opted for the charging station. The azimuth angle of the solar array is
totally challenge to the to be had space. Figure shows a carport integrated charging
station.
Figure 5.2 Schematic representation of carport charging infrastructure.
49
The determination of the charging standards is crucial because it without delay
influences the system sizing and economics. Therefore, the system voltages and the
charging situations are ruled through the codes and requirements mentioned above.
Here, the station design has been completed in step with Level-2 charging with a
DC − 001 15 kW (240 V) GB/T connector. Following this, the most important
additives of the charging station are decided on, including the PV array, battery bank,
charge controller, EV charger, cabling, accessories, fasteners, and carport structure. The
PV module, charge controller, and battery are the vital component factors of any off-
grid solar PV plant.
In this case, the aim is to compare module technologies that could simplest be feasible
if the modules are manufactured through the identical company and feature the identical
rated energy. Modules with better energy scores cost more however are required in
much less quantity. Minimizing the station region is likewise essential for system
optimization; hence, a higher power score module has been decided on. Two modules
from ‘AEG Solar’ (a monocrystalline and a polycrystalline) of 325 Wp and 72 cells are
decided on and as compared for this layout. The 325 Wp modules were chosen given
that this became the common rated energy withinside the PVsyst database for 2
extraordinary module technology from the identical manufacturer. Monocrystalline
technology is more efficient and more expensive, while polycrystalline technology is
much less efficient and cheaper. The modules’ responses to versions in temperature and
irradiation differ because the actual situations are not just like the ‘Standard Testing
Conditions (STC). Therefore, the polycrystalline module has been used for the initial
array optimization part. The system overall performance statistics were generated with
both the modules and are mentioned below.
50
Figure 5.3 Efficiency curve for the selected monocrystalline module.
5.1.3 Working of Module
Since the solar PV array is the most vital part of a project, the model actually uses
Photoresistor flashlights to monitor the supply of the strength supply, considering non-
stop strength flow. Since the perspective of the sun's inclination might also variety from
0 to 180 degrees, sensors ought to be installed, one on the left and one on the right. To
prevent failure of hysteresis, all DC-DC suspensions ought to be grew to become on
while molecular pastime exceeds the planned effect. Initially, the DC-DC converter
accepts DC input strength and gives the output as DC strength to the subsequent degree
or lower or higher depending on the output strength to match the electric strength
required withinside the module. Replacing a smooth DC-DC conversion circuit will
display screen the link and disconnection from the feed to the load. Provides battery
with DC strength supply. The output can be adjusted through well setting the outdoor
resistance separator and running the gap from 0.8V to VIN. Input power levels from
2.7 to 5.5V. Frequency switch set to 1.4 MHz to prevent technical problems; voltage is
transmitted to Arduino analog input frequently. The meter has to help maintain the
electricity stable. As an analog signal, the Arduino UNO R3 board microcontroller with
20 and 6 digital inputs can be used. Next, a smooth Arduino system can be used to down
51
load a tracking device, distribution, and demonstration of appropriate strength output.
It has big assist team, which makes it amazing way to get commenced with technology,
and the Arduino R3 is the most modern-day magazine. On the opportunity hand,
capabilities which includes a plug, a battery strength sensor, and an automobile motive
force make it easy to avoid congestion or to transmit disruptive errors. A -factor
potentiometer of an electrical circuit in a body signal same to the electricity supply
acquired as a digital input in Arduino over time creates a battery electricity sensor. The
potentiometer is designed to upward thrust as a difficult and rapid output while the
sensor detects a lower in output and can also lower through developing this output.
Depending on the place of the LDR slight transfer to the sensor, the automobile suggests
the circuit charge motion and automobile switching direction. The automobile appears
to be rotating on the side of the clock while the torch is held immediately on the left
side, and in addition while the torch is held immediately on the right side. An L293
reason pressure that drives engines simultaneously to make it much less complex to
maintain Photocell's sensory indicators much less complex. It is simple to maintain the
two sensor indicators synchronized. It has an automated warm switch, which ensures
that if the chip is simply too warm, it is going to shut down. As stop end result of the
complete electric powered circuit process, the LCD suggests the actual output from
Arduino.
The LM016L is an essential LCD that can be used with a whole lot of microcontrollers.
Some Arduino capabilities help erase and refresh with a new search for battery power.
Slope (right or left), actual-time battery strength, and whether or not the car is grew to
become on or off ought to all appear on the dashboard. Until the LCD can be used for
display purposes, it sends a hard and fast of LCD startup instructions internally.
52
5.1.4 Block Diagram:
53
Generic Workflow Diagram
Table 5.4 Generic Workflow Diagrams
Workflow Diagram
Table 5.5 Workflow
54
5.1.5 Components for a solar charging station
1. EV charger
2. Solar panel array, mounted on roof, floor or canopy
3. Battery electricity storage system (completely for sun electricity charging stations
which can be off grid).
4. A strong foundation to seat a standalone solar charger (Often used: a metal base plate
that features as ballast, so no foundation is required, simplifying the installation).
5. Sufficiently wise software program for billing and different features
6. Solar panel array for capturing the sun’s electricity (mounted on ground/roof)
Checking Performance:
To take a look at the overall performance of the system, PVsyst is used. The outcomes
received from the initial calculation and different preceding assumptions are used to
create this off-grid PV plant at the software, and the simulation is completed for a whole
year. The simulation on PVsyst consists of almost 50 variables, which include the
climate data, thing details, and system losses. These variables are taken from
Metronome and PVsyst’s database. Using the ‘One-diode’ model, the array’s hourly
and monthly power stability values are computed for a whole year. Here, the complete
module is taken into consideration as a single diode in place of a couple of cells
connected together. Figure 5.6 shows the inputs given in PVsyst for the simulation.
Figure 5.6. Simulation inputs for PVsyst 7.2
55
Cost Efficiency of charging infrastructure
Normal power charging points are not only less expensive, but they also require less
electricity and less space, which further reduces capital costs. They can be connected
to low-voltage single- and threephase distribution networks, which are widely available
in buildings and public spaces.
Type of Usage
Private Charging Semi Public Charging Public Charging

Usage Usage
Usage: Usage: Usage:

Dedicated charging for Shared charging for a Open for all EV users
personal EV or EV fleet restricted set of EV users
owned by one entity
Locations: Locations: Locations:

Independent homes, Apartment complexes, Public parking lots, on-
dedicated parking spots office campuses, gated street parking, charging
in apartment’s and communities, shopping plazas, petrol pumps,
offices, for fleets and malls, hospitals, highways, metro stations
any location with land universities, government
availability. buildings, etc.
Ownership: Ownership: Ownership:

Individual EV owners, Host properties, Original Municipal authorities,
EV fleet owners/ Equipment Manufacturers PSUs, CPOs, host
operators (OEMs) & Charge Point properties Operation: CPO-
Operators (CPOs) managed
The value of each thing and the system’s general value have been calculated over its
lifetime (20 years) through thinking about component costs. This become converted to
investment cost consistent with kilometer for ease of comparison.
56
Then, the overall quantity of kilometers that may be included through EVs the usage of
the energy provided through the charging station in Pakistan in 20 years become
calculated for each the monocrystalline and polycrystalline systems. Out of all the cities
chosen, Pakistan has the least electricity generation and supply; hence, it become used
to research the worst-case scenario.
Hardware Implementation
The above decide represents the hardware implementation of “IoT Enabled

Photovoltaic Charge Station for Electric Vehicles” in which all the parameters are
monitored locally with the help of 16X2 LCD Display and monitored remotely with the
help of GSM modem via allowing TCP/IP protocol. It represents the rate of moderate
intensity withinside the north path and the south path. Additionally, the amount of
energy generated via the solar panel and the load consumption moreover being
displayed withinside the 16X2 LCD display.
5.1.6 EV Charging for Businesses

There are many great reasons to put in EV charging stations at your business. For
starters, it converts houses into top locations to visit. Charging stations appear on EV
motive force sources consisting of Google Maps, the Plug Share website and lots of EV
motive force centric mobile apps, and the Blink Map, wherein EV drivers locate places
to plug in and charge.
57
Adding EV charging stations additionally encourages customers to linger at your place
longer. The longer a customer is at your place, the much more likely they're to make a
buy and the greater they're possibly to spend. EV charging station additionally affords
a supply of additional income, as charging is billed either by the quantity of energy
(kWh) used or the quantity of time the EV is plugged in (occupancy). At excessive
visitors places the expenses accumulated from charging can also additionally cowl the
price of set up and protection. Blink gives diverse enterprise fashions that may be
custom designed to assist offset preliminary expenses, protection expenses and related
community expenses.
5.1.7 Advantages & Disadvantages
Use of solar will reduce load on power grid and will also save considerable amount of
fossil fuel used in producing electricity
Zero Carbon Footprint

It showed that electric powered vehicles considerably lessen environmental impacts
resulting from using gasoline. However, if you use grid power to power your car, then
you definitely absolutely might be doing very little to lessen your carbon footprint than
you know. Between 40%-60% of national grid electricity remains made of fossil fuels
and extraordinary non-renewable electricity. Therefore, installing a home solar EV
charging station is an environmentally pleasant answer as it guarantees a one hundred
carrbon-neutral footprint.
58
Convenience
Public charging stations can inconvenience you (especially if you live in an area with
few of them) even as you meet people covered up geared up to charge their vehicles.
Additionally, a domestic station powered via way of means of the grid is an
inconvenience even as a power outage hits. Charging from solar power offers suitability
and flexibility to charge your car at nighttime withinside the comfort of your home.
Besides, if you don’t should worry about grid outages — consisting of a solar battery
at home to save power offers whole flexibility because of the reality an outage at night
time won’t affect you.
Increased Property Value

Studies have determined that domestic set up with the solar system has expanded
marketplace charge and quickly promote as extra customers get informed
approximately the benefit of purchasing a solar-powered home. Great for the
environment in today's situation.
1. Since Pakistan has started to install charging stations, it is a great opportunity

for young entrepreneurs of Pakistan.
2. Coming to its disadvantages, the initial installation is quite expensive.
Electric Vehicle Charging is the Future

According to the International Energy Agency, the range of electric vehicles on the
street round the world will surpass 125 million by 2030. This forecast creates call for
and possibility for the deployment of electrical vehicle (EV) charging stations round
the arena. Blink gives EV readiness solutions that assist businesses set-up and
implement an EV application that drives them into the future. The more you drive, the
more power you need!
Disadvantages
1. Initial Installation cost is high Due to lack of Electric Vehicles in Pakistan
today.
2. It derives large power from grid which increase load. Region with lack of
power will not be able to handle this load.
59
Chapter 6
Conclusion and future work

Striving for a greener and eco-friendly future relies upon on how a whole lot
movements we installed with a purpose to reduce and while now no longer stop those
humane behaviours based on vehicle usage that will increase the extent on
environmental pollution. Efficient harnessing of sun power concerned deciding on
green additives that offer the desired power capability to rate the electric cars. With a
floor place of 2900m2, 840 1STH-350-WH PV modules at 71 degrees inclination, it
generated about as a minimum 136kwh day by day power output in winter, common
823.2kwh day by day power output at some stage in 12 months in theory. Combining
10 SDC240-100A micro controllers, 2 SDP30Kw inverters, 800 AGM
(BAT412350080) storage batteries from our system model, we will rate as much as 27
electrical cars immediately with a mean complete charging time of as much as 6.2
hours. All those are carried out because of the truth that we use the SAE J1772 standard
charging. Additionally fashionable power sockets offer 230V power output in case
extra power is needed. This power is acquired from the overall AC power grid and the
common charging time 15.1 hours with this opportunity charging approach. Also, this
approach of charging consumes 2.5kW electricity in common. Since the sun power
technology and charging happens at some stage in the day, for that reason the usage of
photovoltaic to rate electric cars manner maximum of the electric car charging will need
to take vicinity at some stage in operating hours, that allows you to have huge effect on
decreasing carbon emissions at some stage in the day that is the primary human concern.
Thus, through the usage of this undertaking the most power is derived from the sun
panel thru a couple of axis and for this reason the electricity applied from the grid supply
is decreased considerably so that you can keep nonrenewable power supply If you're
still riding a traditional vehicle the usage of one hundred years old technology (gas),
promote that issue and be a part of the future with an EV! As you recognize electricity
comes from a whole lot of sources, which include dirty fossil fuels, and now's the time
to push for renewables to take its place. Solar charging stations for domestic and
commercial use will play a first-rate function in powering electric cars with renewable
power.
60
As Pakistan is a country seeking out new technology each day, if the country desires to
improve Electric Vehicles it needs to put in as many charging stations as possible. First,
we additionally want to dispose of the "RANGE ANXIETY" from the public through
set up of Electric Chargers everywhere.
61
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66
Appendix A
Arduino Code:
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd (12,11,10,9,8,7);
float Vin=A1; /// sOLAR VOLTAGE

float Vbat=A2; // Battery Volt
float x ; // for battery
float y ; // for solar
int red=6; /// for solar
int green=5; // for battery
int yellow=4;
int pwm=3;
#define FULL 255

#define HALF 128
#define QUARTER 64
#define OFF 00
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(Vin,INPUT);
pinMode(Vbat,INPUT);
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green,OUTPUT);
pinMode(yellow,OUTPUT);
pinMode(pwm,INPUT);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
67
digitalWrite(green,HIGH);
digitalWrite(yellow,HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
x= analogRead(Vin);
float solar_in = x*0.039 ; /// read solar voltage
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Solar(v)=");
lcd.setCursor(9,0);
lcd.print(solar_in);
// Read the battery voltage i;e Vbat

y= analogRead(Vbat) ;
Serial.print("Vbat=") ;
float bat_v = y*0.0382 ; // read battery voltage
Serial.println(bat_v); // display on screen
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Battery(v)=");
lcd.setCursor(11,1);
lcd.print(bat_v);
delay(1000);
////////////////////////
lcd.clear();
// delay(1000);
//////////////////////////////////////////
if ((solar_in>bat_v) &&( bat_v>13.00))
{
analogWrite(pwm,0);
68
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Battery Charged");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Charged 100%");
if ((solar_in>bat_v) && (bat_v>12.75 and bat_v<=13))

{
analogWrite(pwm,125);
digitalWrite(yellow,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Battery Charging");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
}
if ((solar_in>bat_v) && (bat_v>12.50 and bat_v<=12.75))

{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
}
69
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
}
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
}
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
}
70
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
}
if ((solar_in>bat_v) && (bat_v>=10.5 and bat_v<=11.4))
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
}
if ((solar_in>bat_v) && (bat_v>=10 and bat_v<=10.5)) //solar is low and
battery is not charging
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
71
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
}
if ((solar_in<bat_v)) // solar is low
{
analogWrite(pwm,OFF);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SOLAR LOW");
}
if ((bat_v<10)) // solar is low
{
analogWrite(pwm,OFF);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Battery is dead");
}
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
delay(1000);
}
72

Electric Vehicle Solar Charging Station (Thesis)

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Solar Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Final Year Project Report

Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Electronics/Computer) Engineering

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

As a Partial Fulfillment for the award of Degree

Azeem Sajid CIIT/FA18-BEE-024/ISB

Bilal Ahmad CIIT/FA18-BEE-025/ISB

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

Submitted for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Computer/Electronics) Engineering

Azeem Sajid CIIT/FA18-BEE-024/ISB

Bilal Ahmad CIIT/FA18-BEE-025/ISB

has been approved for

Awad Pervez CIIT /FA18-BEE-023/ ISB

Table of Contents ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.1 Structure of System ................................................................................... 14

Table 4.1 Controller Parameter .................................................................................. 22

Symbol Quantity Unit

L Distance between Solar PV arrays Cm

Cw Capacity of Battery Pack Wh

n Number of days in year Days

Vph Work Voltage of Solar PV Array V

EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment

OEMS Original Equipment Manufacturer

Our attention is to provide a way to offer a modified charging in Pakistan. With a

2.1 Reviews Based on Topic of Study

2.2.1 The Solar Panel System

Installation of solar panels in homes facilitates in combating the harmful emissions of

Thus, it could moreover be described as a fixed of photovoltaic modules, established

Installation of solar panels in houses enables in combating the damaging emissions of

2.2.2 Storage Batteries

2.2.3 The Micro Controller

2.2.4 Solar Inverters

2.2.5 The Vehicle Charger/ AC Net

3.1 Problem Statement

3.2 Aim & Objective Statement

3.4 EVs & EV Charging Stations

EV charger or electric car supply equipment (EVSE) is a bit of equipment that

3.4.2 Change in thinking that we need

3.4.3 Solar Energy and EV Charging Infrastructure

4.1 System Design Description

Figure 4.1 System Structure

A solar panel is a group of electrically linked photovoltaic cells fabricated from

Table 4.2 Panel Description

Crystalline Silicon Cells (c-SI):

Figure 4.3 Mono Crystaline Cell

On the alternative hand, polycrystalline (p-Si)/multi-crystalline silicon solar cells (mc-

Figure 4.4 Polycrystalline silicon cell

4.2.1.2 Number of Solar Panels Will You Need Power an Electric

Consider the following equation:

Daily Electric Vehicle Energy Requirements

Based at the calculation stated above, this amounts to:

Daily Electric Vehicle Energy Requirements

4.2.2 How long does it take to charge an EV using rooftop solar?

1. 6.5𝑘𝑊 solar system = 25𝑘𝑊ℎ per day = up to 140𝑘𝑚 of range

2. 10𝑘𝑊 solar system = 40𝑘𝑊ℎ per day = up to 220𝑘𝑚 of range