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The Cook Book of

Chemistry
The Cook Book
of Chemistry

States of Matter
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

States of Matter

Single-Answer MCQ

1. The density of neon will be highest at :

(1) STP (2) 0oC, 2atm

(3) 273o, 1atm (4) 273o, 2atm

[1990]

2. The rate of diffusion of methane at a given

temperature is twice that of a gas X. The molecular
weight of X is

(1) 64 (2) 32

(3) 4.0 (4) 8.0

[1990]

3. At constant volume, for a fixed number of mole of a

gas, the pressure of the gas increases with rise of
temperature due to :

(1) increase in average molecular speed

(2) increase in number of moles

(3) increase in molecular attraction

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(4) decrease in mean free path

[1992]

4. A gas behaves most like an ideal gas under conditions

of :

(1) high pressure and low temperature

(2) high temperature and high pressure

(3) low pressure and high temperature

(4) low pressure and low temperature

[1993]

5. If C1, C2, C3, …. Represent the speeds of n1, n2, n3,

…. Molecules, then the root mean square speed is:

 n C 2  n2C2 2  n3C3 2  ..... 

1/ 2

(1)  1 1 
 n1  n2  n3  ...... 

 n 2C 2  n2 2C2 2  n32C3 2  ..... 

1/ 2

(2)  1 1 
 n1  n2  n3  ...... 

(3)
n C 
1 1
2 1/ 2


n C 
2 2
2 1/2


n C 
3 3
2 1/2

 .....
n1 n2 n3
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of Chemistry

  n1C1  n2C2  n3C3  .....2 

1/ 2

(4)  
  n1  n2  n3  .... 
[1993]

6. The compressibility factor of a gas is defined as Z =

PV/nRT. The compressibility factor of an ideal gas is :

(1) Zero (2) infinite

(3) 1 (4) -1
[1996]

7. A gas will approach ideal behaviour at :

(1) low T and high P (2) low T and low P

(3) high T and low P (4) high T and high P

[1999]

8. At 100o and 1 atm, if the density of liquid water is 1.0

g cm-3 and that of water vapour is 0.0006 gcm-3, then
the volume occupied by water molecules in one litre
of stream at that temperature is :

(1) 6 cm3 (2) 60 cm3

(3) 0.6 cm3 (4) 0.06 cm3

[2000]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

9. The rms speed of hydrogen is 7 times the rms

speed of nitrogen. If T is the temperature of the gas,
then :

(1) TH 2  TN 2 (2) TH 2  TN 2

(3) TH 2  TN2 (4) TH 2  7 TN2

[2000]

10. The root mean square velocity of an ideal gas at

constant pressure varies with density (d) as :

(1) d2 (2) d

(3) d (4) 1/ d
[2001]

11. When the temperature is increased, surface tension

of water :

(1) increases

(2) decreases

(3) remains constant

(4) shows irregular behaviour

[2002]
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of Chemistry

12. Which of the following volume (V), temperature (T)

plots represents the behaviour of one mole of an
ideal gas at one atmosphere ?

[2002]

13. Positive deviation from ideal behaviour takes place

because of :

(1) molecular interaction between atoms and

PV/nRT> 1

(2) molecular interaction between atoms and

PV/nRT< 1

(3) finite size of atoms and PV/nRT> 1

(4) finite size of atoms and PV/nRT< 1

[2003]

14. For 1 mole of gas, the average kinetic energy is given

as E. The urms of gas is :

 2E   3E 
1/ 2 1/2

(1)  (2) 
 M   M 
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

 2E   3E 
1/2 1/2

(3)  (4) 
 3M   2 M 
[2004]

15. The ratio of rate of diffusion of helium and methane

under identical conditions of pressure and
temperature is :

(1) 4 (2) 2

(3) 1 (4) 0.5

[2005]

16. A monoatomic ideal gas undergoes a process in

which the ratio of P to V at any instant is constant
and equal to unity. The molar heat capacity of the
gas is :

(1) 4R/2 (2) 3R/2

(3) 5R/2 (4) zero

[2006]
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Multiple Answer MCQ

1. At constant volume, for a fixed number of mole of a

gas, the pressure of the gas increases with rise of
temperature due to :

(1) increase in average molecular speed

(2) increased rate of collisions amongst molecules

(3) increase in molecular attraction

(4) decrease in mean free path

[1992]

2. The given graph represents the variation of Z

(compressibility factor) v.s. P for three real gases A, B
and C. Identify the correct statements.
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of Chemistry

(1) For the gas A, a = 0 and its dependence on P is

linear at all pressure.

(2) For the gas B, b = 0 and its dependence on P is

linear at all pressure

(3) For the gas C, which is typical real gas for which
a≠0, b≠0. By knowing the minima and the point of
intersection with Z = 1, a and b can be calculated

(4) At high pressure, the slope is positive for all real

gases. [2008]

3. A gas described by van der walls’ equation :

[2008]

(1) behaves similar to an ideal gas in the limit of

large molar volumes

(2) behaves similar to an ideal gas in the limit of

large pressure

(3) is characterised by van der walls’ coefficients that

are dependent on the identity of gas but are
independent of the temperature

(4) has the pressure that is lower than the pressure

exerted by the same gas behaves ideally
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Atomic Structure

Single-Answer MCQ

1. A 3p-orbital has :

(1) two non-spherical nodes

(2) two spherical nodes

(3) one spherical and one non-spherical node

(4) one spherical and two non-spherical nodes

[1995]

2. The number of nodal planes in a px-orbital is :

(1) 1 (2) 2

(3) 3 (4)
zero [2000]

3. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2,

2s22p6, 3s23p63d5, 4s1. This represents its :

(1) excited state (2)

ground state

(3) cationic form (4)

anionic form [2000]
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Solutions
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Solution : A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or

more chemically non-reacting substances whose composition
can be varied within certain limits.

Mass percentage (w/w) = X 100

Volume percentage (v/v) = X 100

Mass by Volume percentage (w/v) =

X 100

Parts per million (ppm) =

X 106

Mole fraction xA =

Molarity M =

In case of ionic compounds it is called Formality

Normality N =

Molality m =

Mass % , ppm , mole fraction and molality are independent

of temperature , whereas molarity is a function of
temperature. This is because volume depends on
temperature and the mass does not.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) in a

solution containing 20% of C2H6O2 by mass.

Q. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5 g of NaOH

in 450 mL solution. Q. Calculate molality of 2.5g of ethanoic
acid (CH3COOH) in 75 g of benzene.
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of Chemistry

Q. Find the molarity and molality of a 15% solution of H2SO4

(density of H2SO4 = 1.020 g cm-1 )

Q. A sugar syrup of weight 214.2g contains 34.2g of sugar

(C12H22O11). Calculate i)molal concentration II)mole fraction
of sugar in the syrup.
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of Chemistry

Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid at any temperature is

defined as the maximum amount of the solute in grams
which can dissolve in 100 g of the solvent to form the
saturated solution at that temperature.

Solubility of Solids in Liquids depends on

i)Nature of the solute and solvent : Like dissolves like. Polar
dissolves polar. Non polar dissolves non polar.
ii) Temperature : a) for endothermic dissolution solubity
increases with temperature
b) for exothermic dissolution solubility
decreases with temperature
iiI) Pressure : No Effect.

The solubility of any gas in a Liquid is the volume of gas in

cc’s (converted to S.T.P) that can dissolve in 1 cc of the liquid
to form the saturated solution at the temperature of the
experiment and under a pressure of one atmosphere.

Solubility of Gases in Liquids depends on

i) Nature of the gas and solvent : Gases like H2S and NH3 are
more soluble in polar solvents like water while gases like
oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are more soluble in non
polar solvents like ethyl alcohol.
II) Temperature : Solubility decreases with increase of
temperature.
III) Pressure : On increasing the pressure, the solubility
increases.
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Henry’s Law : The partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase

(p) is directly proportional to the mole fraction (x) of the gas
in the solution.

pA = kHxA

Applications of Henry’s Law

1) In the production of carbonated beverages.
2) In the deep sea diving.
3) In the function of lungs.

Q. The Henry’s law constant for oxygen dissolved in water is

4.34 X 104 atm at 25o C . If the partial pressure of oxygen in
air is 0.2 atm under atmospheric conditions , calculate the
concentration ( in moles per litre ) of dissolved oxygen in
water in equilibrium with air at 25oC.
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of Chemistry

Q. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K , how many

millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre of water.
Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given
that Henry’ s law constant for N2 at 293 K is 76.48 kbar.

Q. H2S , a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell , is used for the
qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H2S in water at STP is
0.195m, calculate Henry’s Law Constant.
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of Chemistry

Raoult’s Law states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the

partial vapor pressure of each component in the solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction.

P1 = p1o x1

According to Dalton’s Law of partial pressures, the total

pressure (ptotal) over the solution phase in the container will
be the sum of the partial pressures of the components of
the solution .

ptotal = p1o x1 + p2o x2 = p1o + (p2o- p1o) x2

pi = yi p total

Q. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and

dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 298 K are 200 mm Hg and 415
mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of the
solution prepared by mixing 25.5 g of CHCl3 and 40 g of
CH2Cl2 at 298 K and , (ii) mole fractions of each component in
vapour phase.
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Q. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and

700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the composition
of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg.
Also find the composition of the vapour phase.
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The properties
(1) relative lowering of vapour pressure of the solvent
(2) depression of freezing point of the solvent
(3) elevation of boiling point of the solvent
(4) osmotic pressure of the solution.
All these properties depend on the number of solute
particles irrespective of their nature relative to the total
number of particles present in the solution. Such properties
are called colligative properties.

Relative lowering of vapour pressure

Q. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain

temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile, non-electrolyte
solid weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g of benzene ( molar
mass 78 g mol-1 ) . Vapour pressure of the solution ,then, is
0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the solid substance?
 The Cook Book
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Q. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50

g of urea (NH2CONH2) is dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate
the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative
lowering.
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Elevation of boiling point

Kb is called boiling point elevation constant or Molal
Elevation Constant ( Ebullioscopic Constant)

ΔTb = Kb m

Kb =

Q. 18 g of glucose , C6H12O6, is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a

saucepan. At what temperature will water boil at 1.013 bar?
Kb for water is 0.52 K kg mol -1
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Q. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a

non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of benzene, the
boiling point is raised to 354.11 K . Calculate the molar mass
of the solute. Kb for benzene is 2.53 K Kg mol-1

Q. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much

sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at
100°C. Kb for water is 0.52 K kg mol -1
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Depression of freezing point

Kf is called Freezing Point Depression Constant or Molal

Depression Constant or Cryoscopic Constant.
ΔTf = Kf m

Kf =

Q. 45 g of ethylene glycol C2H6O2 is mixed with 600 g of water

. Calculate (a) the freezing point depression and (b) the
freezing point of the solution. Kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol -1
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of Chemistry

Q. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of

benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0.40 K .
The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K
kg mol-1 . Find the molar mass of the solute.

Q. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C6H8O6) to

be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to lower its melting point
by 1.5°C. Kf = 3.9 K kg mol-1
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Osmotic pressure

Π = (n2/V) R T

Q. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains

1.26g of the protein. The osmotic pressure of such a solution
at 300 K is found to be 2.57 x 10 -3 bar . Calculate the molar
mass of the protein. (R=0.083Lbar mol-1 K-1 )

Q Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a

solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of molar
mass 185,000 in 450 ml of water at 37°C.
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Abnormal molar mass

i=

i=

i=
/
/

=i
ΔTb = i Kb m
ΔTf = i Kf m
Π =i (n2/V) R T

Q. 2 g of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dissolved in 25 g of

benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal to 1.62 K.
Molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol-1
.What is the percentage association of acid if it forms dimer
in solution?
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of Chemistry

Q. 0.6 mL of acetic acid (CH3COOH), Having density 1.06 g mL

-1
, is dissolved in 1 Litre of water. The depression in freezing
point observed for this strength of acid was 0.205oC .
Calculate the van’t hoff factor and the dissociation constant
of acid.
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of Chemistry

NCERT Exercise
2.1 Define the term solution. How many types of solutions
are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example.

2.2 Suppose a solid solution is formed between two

substances, one whose particles are very large and the other
whose particles are very small. What kind of solid solution is
this likely to be?
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2.3 Define the following terms:

(i) Mole fraction (ii) Molality (iii) Molarity (iv) Mass
percentage.

2.4 Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68%

nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What should be the
molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the
solution is 1.504 g mL-1?
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2.5 A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w,

what would be the molality and mole fraction of each
component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g
mL–1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?

2.6 How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react

completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3
containing equimolar amounts of both?
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2.7 A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution

and 400 g of 40% solution by mass. Calculate the mass
percentage of the resulting solution.

2.8 An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of

ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and 200 g of water. Calculate the
molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072
g mL–1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
 The Cook Book
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2.9 A sample of drinking water was found to be severely

contaminated with chloroform (CHCl3) supposed to be a
carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by
mass):
(i) express this in percent by mass
(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.

2.10 What role does the molecular interaction play in a

solution of alcohol and water?
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2.11 Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as

the temperature is raised?

2.12 State Henry’s law and mention some important

applications?
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2.13 The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing

6.56 × 10–3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.00 ×
10-2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of
the gas?

2.14 What is meant by positive and negative deviations from

Raoult's law and how is the sign of ΔmixH related to positive
and negative deviations from Raoult's law?
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2.15 An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a

pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling point of the
solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?

2.16 Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K,

the vapour pressures of the two liquid components are 105.2
kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour
pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of
octane?
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2.17 The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K.

Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a non-
volatile solute in it.

2.18 Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass

40 g mol–1) which should be dissolved in 114 g octane to
reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
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2.19 A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly

in 90 g of water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K.
Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the
new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate:
(i) molar mass of the solute (ii) vapour pressure of water at
298 K.

2.20 A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has

freezing point of 271K. Calculate the freezing point of 5%
glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
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2.21 Two elements A and B form compounds having formula

AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20 g of benzene (C6H6), 1 g of
AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K whereas 1.0 g of AB4
lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar depression constant for
benzene is 5.1 K kg mol-1. Calculate atomic masses of A and B.

2.22 At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution

has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the osmotic pressure
of the solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what
would be its concentration?
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2.23 Suggest the most important type of intermolecular

attractive interaction in the following pairs.
(i) n-hexane and n-octane
(ii) I2 and CCl4
(iii) NaClO4 and water
(iv) methanol and acetone
(v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H6O).

2.24 Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the

following in order of increasing solubility in n-octane and
explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3OH, CH3CN.
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2.25 Amongst the following compounds, identify which are

insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?
(i) phenol (ii) toluene (iii) formic acid (iv) ethylene glycol (v)
chloroform (vi) pentanol.

2.26 If the density of some lake water is 1.25g mL-1 and

contains 92 g of Na+ ions per kg of water, calculate the
molality of Na+ ions in the lake.
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2.27 If the solubility product of CuS is 6 × 10-16, calculate the

maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution.

2.28 Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9H8O4) in

acetonitrile (CH3CN) when 6.5 g of C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450
g of CH3CN.
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of Chemistry

2.29 Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine, is used to

combat withdrawal symptoms in narcotic users. Dose of
nalorphene generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of
1.5X10–3 m aqueous solution required for the above dose.

2.30 Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH)

required for preparing 250 mL of 0.15 M solution in
methanol.
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2.31 The depression in freezing point of water observed for

the same amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and
trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above.
Explain briefly.

2.32 Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water

when 10 g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH is added to 250 g of water. Ka
= 1.4 × 10-3, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1.
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2.33 19.5 g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The

depression in the freezing point of water observed is 1.0o C.
Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and dissociation constant of
fluoroacetic acid.

2.34 Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg.

Calculate the vapour pressure of water at 293 K when 25 g of
glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
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2.35 Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in

benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 105 mm Hg. Calculate the solubility
of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg.

2.36 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol-1) was dissolved

in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass 180 g mol-1). The vapour
pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate
the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure
in the solution if the total vapour pressure of the solution is
475 Torr.
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2.38 Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire
range of composition. The vapour pressure of pure benzene
and naphthalene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg
respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in
vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g of
naphthalene.

2.39 The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major

components are oxygen and nitrogen with approximate
proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298 K. The water is
in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K if
theHenry’s law constants for oxygen and nitrogen at 298 K
are 3.30 × 107 mm and 6.51 × 107 mm respectively, calculate
the composition of these gases in water.
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2.40 Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in

2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at
27° C.

2.41 Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared

by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 litre of water at 25° C,
assuming that it is completely dissociated.
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of Chemistry

Assignment

Problem 1. Calculate the osmotic pressure at 17°C of an

aqueous solution containing 1.75 g of sucrose per 150 mL
solution.
[IITR 1985]

Problem 2. At 27oC, 36 g of glucose per litre has an O.P. of

4.92 atm. If the osmotic pressure of solution is 1.5 atm at the
same temperature, what should be its concentration?
[IITR 1985]
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Problem 3. (a) 10 g of a certain non-volatile solute were

dissolved in 100 g water at 20°C. The vapour
pressure was lowered from 17.3555 mm to 17.2350 mm,
calculate m. wt. of solute.
(b) The vapour pressure of pure water at 25°C is 23.62 mm.
What will be the vapour pressure of a solution of 1.5 g of
urea in 50 g of water?
[IITR 2001]

Problem 4. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain

temperature is 640 mm of Hg. A non-volatile non-electrolyte
solid weighing 2.175 g is added 39.0 g of benzene. The
vapour pressure of
the solution is 600 mm of Hg. What is the molecular weight
of solid substance. [IIT 1990]
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Problem 5. The vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of

glucose is 750 mm of Hg at 373 K. Calculate
molality and mole fraction of solute.
[lIT 1989]

Problem 6. The molar volume of liquid benzene (density =

0.877 g mL-1) increases by a factor of 2750 as it vaporises at
20°C and that of liquid toluene (density 0.867 g mL-1)
increases by a factor of 7720 at 20°C. A solution of benzene
and toluene at 20°C has a vapour pressure of 46.0 torr. Find
the mole fraction of benzene in the vapour above the
solution [IIT 1996]
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Problem 7. A very small amount of a non-volatile solute (that

does not dissociate) is dissolved in 56.8 cm3 of benzene
(density 0.889 g cm-3). At room temperature, vapour
pressure of this solution is 98.88 mm Hg while that of
benzene is 100 mm Hg. Find the molality of this solution. If
the freezing temperature of this solution is 0.73 degree lower
than that of benzene, what is the value of molal freezing
point depression constant of benzene?
[lIT May 1997]

Problem 8. The vapour pressure of two miscible liquids (A)

and (B) are 300 and 500 mm of Hg respectively. In a flask 10
mole of (A) is mixed with 12 mole of (B). However, as soon as
(B) is added, (A) starts polymerising into a completely
insoluble solid. The polymerization follows first-order
kinetics. After 100 minute, 0.525 mole of a solute is
dissolved which arrests the polymerisation completely. The
final vapour pressure of the solution is 400 mm of Hg.
Estimate the rate constant of the polymerisation reaction.
Assume negligible volume change on mixing and
polymerisation and ideal behaviour for the final solution.

[IIT 2001]
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Problem 9. 1.4 g of acetone dissolved in 100 g of benzene

gave a solution which freezes at 277.12 K. Pure benzene
freezes at 278.4 K. 2.8 g of a solid (A) dissolved in 100 g of
benzene gave a solution which froze at 277.76 K. Calculate
the molecular weight of (A).
[IITR 2000]

Problem 10. The molal freezing point constant of C6H6 is 4.90

and its melting point is 5.51oC. A solution of 0.816 g of a
compound A dissolved in 7.5 g of benzene freezes at 1.59°C.
Calculate molecular weight of compound A.

[IITR 1989]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Problem 11. A solution of 0.643 g of an organic compound in

50 mL of benzene (density 0.879 g/mL) lowered its freezing
point from 5.51 °C to 5.03°C. Calculate the molecular weight
of solid. Kf for benzene is 5.12 K mol-1 kg.
[lIT 1992]

Problem 12. A solution of a non-volatile solute in water

freezes at - 0.30°C. The vapour pressure of pure water at 298
K is 23.51 mm Hg and Kf for water is 1.86 degree/molal.
Calculate the vapour pressure of this solution at 298 K.

[lIT 1998]
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of Chemistry

Problem 13. To 500 cm3 of water, 3.0 x 10-3 kg of acetic acid

is added. If 23% of acetic acid is dissociated, what will be the
depression in freezing point? Kf and density of water are 1.86
K kg mol-1 and 0.997 gcm-3 respectively.
[lIT 2000]

Problem 14. The degree of dissociation of Ca(NO3)2 in a dilute

aqueous solution containing 7 g of salt
Per 100 g of water at 100°C is 70%. Calculate the vapour
pressure of solution. [lIT 1991]
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of Chemistry

Problem 15. 1.22 g of benzoic acid is dissolved in acetone and

benzene separately. Boiling point of
mixture with acetone increase by 0.17oC and boiling point of
mixture with benzene increases by 0.13°C. .
Kb (acetone) =1.7 K kg mol-1, Mass of acetone =100 g ;
Kb (benzene) =2.6 K kg mol ; Mass of benzene =100 g.
Find molecular weight of benzoic acid in acetone and in
benzene solution. Justify your answer with structure.

[lIT 2004]

Problem 16. 75.2 g of C6H5OH (phenol) is dissolved in 1 kg of

solvent of Kf= 14 K molality-1. If depression in freezing point is
7K, Calculate % of phenol that dimerises.
[lIT 2006]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Objective

1. Freezing point of an aqueous solution is-0.186°C. Elevation

of boiling point of the same solution is……………. If Kb = 0.512
K molality-1 and Kf = 1.86 K molality-1:
(a) 0.186 °C (b) 0.0512 °C (c) 0.092 °C
(d) 0.237 °C

2. In mixture A and B, components show –ve deviations as:

(a) ΔVmix is +ve (b) A-B interaction is weaker than A-
A and B-B interaction.
(c) Hmix is + ve (d) A-B interaction is stronger than A-
A and B-B interaction.

3. If liquid A and B form ideal solution, than:

(a) ΔGmix = 0 (b) Δ Hmixing = 0 (c) ΔGmix = 0,
ΔSmix = 0 (d) ΔSmix = 0

4. In a 0.2 molal aqueous solution of weak acid HX (the

degree of dissociation 0.3) the freezing point is
(given Kf = 1.85 K molality-1):
(a) -0.26°C (b) +48°C (c) -0.48°C
(d) -0.36°C

5. A pressure cooker reduces cooking time for food because:

(a) the higher pressure inside the cooker crushes the food
material
(b) cooking involves chemical changes helped by rise in
temperature
(c) heat is more evenly distributed in the cooking space
(d) boiling point of water involved in cooking increases
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

6. The elevation in boiling point of a solution of 13.44 g of

CuCl2 (molecular weight = 134.4, Kb = 0.52 K molality-1) in 1kg
water using the following information will be
(a) 0.16 (b) 0.05
(c) 0.1 (d) 0.2

7. Which aqueous solution exhibits highest boiling point:

(a) 0.015M glucose (b) 0.01M KNO3 (c) 0.015M
urea (d) 0.01M Na2SO4

8. Which liquid pair shows a positive deviation from Raoult's

law:
(a) Acetone –chloroform (b) Benzene-
methanol
(c) Water-nitric acid (d) Water-
hydrochloric acid

9. Which statement is false:

(a) Two sucrose solutions of same molality prepared in
different solvents have same ΔTf
(b) Osmotic pressure, π = MRT
(c) Osmotic pressure for 0.01M aqueous solution: BaCl2 > KCl
> CH3COOH > Sucrose
(d) The vapour pressure of a component over a solution is
proportional to its mole fraction

10. If α is the degree of dissociation of Na2SO4 - the van't Hoff

factor (i) used for calculating molecular mass is :
(a) 1+ α (b) 1- α (c) 1 + 2 α
(d) 1 - 2 α
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of Chemistry

11. Benzene and toluene form nearly ideal solutions. At 20°C,

the vapour pressure of benzene is 75 torr and that of toluene
is 22 torr. The partial vapour pressure of benzene at 20°C for
a solution containing 78 g benzene and 46 g toluene in torr
is:
(a) 50 (b) 25 (c) 375
(d) 53.5

12. Equimolar solutions of two non-electrolytes in the same

solvent have:
(a) Same b.pt. but different f.pt.
(b) Same f.pt. but different b.pt.
(c) Same b.pt. and same f.pt.
(d) Different b.pt. and different f.pt.

13. 18 g glucose (C6H12O6) is added to 178.2 g water. The

vapour pressure of water for this aqueous solution at 100°C
is:
(a) 759 torr (b) 7.60 torr (c) 76.0 torr
(d) 752.40 torr

14. Equal masses of methane and oxygen are mixed in an

empty container at 25°C. The fraction of the total pressure
exerted by oxygen is:
(a) 2/3 (b)1/3 x 273/298 (c)1/3
(d)1/2

15. A 5.25% solution of a substance is isotonic with a 1.5%

solution of urea (molar mass = 60 g mol-1) in the same
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

solvent. If the densities of both the solutions are assumed to

be equal to 1.0 g cm-3, molar mass of the substance will be :
(a) 90.0 g mol-1 (b) 115.0 g mol-1 (c) 105.0 g
mol-1 (d) 210.0 g mol-1

16. A mixture of ethyl alcohol and propyl alcohol has a

vapour pressure of 290 mm at 300 K. The vapour pressure of
propyl alcohol is 200 mm. If the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol
is 0.6, its vapour pressure (in mm) at the same temperature
will be :
(a) 350 (b) 300 (c) 700
(d) 360

17. During depression of freezing point in a solution, the

following are in equilibrium:
(a) liquid solvent, solid solvent (b) liquid solvent,
solid solute
(c) liquid solute, solid solute (d) liquid solute,
solid solvent

18. A 0.004M solution of Na2SO4 is isotonic with a 0.01M

solution of glucose at same temperature. The apparent
degree of dissociation of Na2SO4 is:
(a) 25% (b) 50% (c) 75% \
(d) 85%

19. When 20 g of naphthoic acid (C11H8O2) is dissolved in 50g

of benzene (Kf = 1.72 K kg mol-1), a freezing point depression
of 2 K is observed. The van't Haff factor (i) is:
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.0 (c) 2.0
(d) 3.0
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of Chemistry
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Solutions Test ( IIT)

Q. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and
dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 298 K are 200 mm Hg and 415
mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of the
solution prepared by mixing 25.5 g of CHCl3 and 40 g of
CH2Cl2 at 298 K and , (ii) mole fractions of each component in
vapour phase.

20 Marks
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of Chemistry

Q. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain

temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile, non-electrolyte
solid weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g of benzene ( molar
mass 78 g mol-1 ) . Vapour pressure of the solution ,then, is
0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the solid substance?

20 Marks
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of Chemistry

Q. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a

non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of benzene, the
boiling point is raised to 354.11 K . Calculate the molar mass
of the solute. Kb for benzene is 2.53 K Kg mol-1
20 Marks
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of Chemistry

Q Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a

solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of molar
mass 185,000 in 450 ml of water at 37°C.
20 Marks
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. 2 g of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dissolved in 25 g of

benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal to 1.62 K.
Molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol-1
.What is the percentage association of acid if it forms dimer
in solution? 20 Marks
The Cook Book
of Chemistry

The Solid State

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Test- Solid State(Objective)

Note : Select the most suitable answer.

1. Na and Mg crystallize in bcc and fcc type crystals

respectively, then the number of atoms of Na and
Mg present in the unit cell of their respectively
crystal is:

(a) 4 and 2 (b) 9 and 14

(c) 14 and 9 (d) 2 and 4

2. How many unit cells are present in a cubic shaped

ideal crystal of NaCl of mass 0.1g:

(a) 1.28  1021 unit cells

(b) 1.71  1021 unit cells
(c) 2.57  1021 unit cells
(d) 5.14  1021 unit cells

3. What type of crystal defect is indicated in the

diagram given below:
The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Na  Cl Na  Cl  Na  Cl 
Cl  Cl  Na   CI 
Na  Cl  Cl  Na  Na 
Cl Na  Cl  Na   Na 

(a) Frenkel and Schottky defects

(b) Schottky defect
(c) Interstitial defect
(d) Frenkel defect
4. An ionic compound has unit cell consisting of A icons
at the corners of a cube and B ions on the centres of
the faces of cube. The empirical formula of this
compound is :

(a) AB (b) A 2 B
(c) A 3 B (d) AB3

5. The volume of atoms present in a face centred cubic

cell of a metal(r is atomic radius) is :

20 3 24 3
(a) r (b) r
3 3
12 3 16 3
(c) r (d) r
3 3

6. In a solid AB having the NaCl structure, A atoms

occupy the corners of the cubic unit cell. If all the
face centred atoms along one of the axis are
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of Chemistry

removed, then the resultant stoichiometry of the

solid is:

(a) AB2 (b) A 2 B

(c) A 4 B3 (d) A3 B4

7. A substance A x By crystallizes in face centred cubic

(fcc) lattice in which atoms A occupy each corner of
the cube and atoms A occupy each corner of the
cube and atoms B occupy the centre of each face of
the cube. The composition of A x By is:

(a) AB3 (b) A 4 B3

(c) A 3 B
(d) Can not be specified

8. In which of the following crystals alternate

tetrahedral voids are occupied :

(a) NaCl (b) ZnS

(c) CaF2 (d) Na 2 O

9. Match the column-I with column-II

Column-I

(a) Simple cubic and face centred cubic

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of Chemistry

(b) Cubic and rhombohedral

(c) Cubic and tetragonal
(d) Hexagonal and monoclinic
Column-II

(p) have these cell parameters a = b = c and

 = =
(q) are two crystal system
(r) have only two crystallography angles of 90°
(s) belong to same crystal system
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Solid State Test ( CBSE )

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

(i) All questions are compulsory.

(ii) Marks for each question are indicated against each.
(iii) Question nos. 1 to 8 are very short answer questions ,carrying 1
mark each. Answer these in one word or
about one sentence each.
(iv) Question nos. 9 to 18 are short answer questions, carrying 2
marks each. Answer these in about 30 words each.
(v) Question nos. 19 to 27 are short answer questions, carrying 3
marks each. Answer these in about 40 words each.
(vi) Question nos. 28 to 30 are long answer questions, carrying 5
marks each. Answer these in about 70 words each.
(vii) Use Log Tables, if necessary. Use of calculators is not
permitted.

Q. 1. Name one solid which has both Schottky and Frenkel defects.
1 Marks
Q. 2. Arrange the following according to their packing fractions:
1 Marks
Simple cubic, face-centred cubic, body centred cubic
Q. 3. Why is Common salt sometimes yellow instead of being pure white?
1 Marks
Q. 4. Why is Frenkel defect not found in pure alkali metal halides?
1 Marks
Q. 5. A solid is hard, electrical insulator in the solid as well as molten state and melts
at extremely high temperature. What type of solid is it ?

1 Marks
Q.6. A group 14 element is to be converted into n-type semiconductor by doping it
with a suitable impurity. To which group should this impurity belong?

1 Marks

Q. 7. How does quartz glass differ from quartz?

1 Marks
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of Chemistry

Q. 8. A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice containing a sequence of layers of

ABABAB Any packing of spheres leaves out voids in the lattice. What percentage by
volume of this lattice is empty space?
1 Marks
Q.9. Why is glass considered as a supercooled liquid?
2 Marks
Q.10. Comment on the electrical conductivity of metals and semiconductors with
increase of temperature. 2 Marks
Q.1 1. Distinguish between hexagonal and monoclinic unit cells.
2 Marks
Q.12. What type of defect can arise when a solid is heated? Which physical property
is affected by it and in what
way?
2 Marks
Q.13. Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu20 can be prepared in the laboratory. In
this oxide, copper to oxygen
ratio is slightly less than 2 : 1. Can you account for the fact that this substance is a p-
type semiconductor? 2 Marks
Q.14. Gold (atomic radius = 0 ·144 nm) crystallizes in a face centered unit cell. What
is the length of the side of the
cell?
2 Marks
Q.15. A compound forms hexagonal close-packed structure. What is the total
number of voids in 0·5 mol of it ? How many of these are tetrahedral voids?

2 Marks
Q.16. Classify each of the following as being either a p-type or n-type semiconductor
giving reason. 2 Marks
(i) Ge doped with In
(ii) B doped with Si.
Q.17. In terms of band theory, what is the difference
2 Marks
(i) between a conductor and an insulator.
(ii) between a conductor and a semiconductor?
Q.18. Niobium crystallizes in a body centered cubic structure. If density is 8·55 g cm-
3
, calculate atomic radius of
niobium, given that its atomic mass is 93u.
2 Marks
Q.19. An element with molar mass 2·7 x 10-2kg mol-1 forms a cubic unit cell with
edge length 405 pm. If its density is 2,7 x 103 kg m-3, what is the nature of the cubic
unit cell?
3 Marks
Q.20. If the radius of the octahedral void is r and the radius of the atoms in the close
packing is R, derive relationsip
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

between rand R.
3 Marks
Q.21. Analysis shows that a metal oxide has the empirical formula of M0.96O1.00 .
Calculate the percentage of M2+ and M3+ ions in this crystal.

3 Marks
Q.22. In an ionic compound, the anions (N) form cubic close type of packing while
the cations (M) occupy one third
of the tetrahedral voids. Deduce the empirical formula of the compound and the
coordination number of (M) ions.

3 Marks
Q.23. The mineral haematite, Fe2O3 consists of a cubic close packed array of oxide
ions with Fe3+ ions occupying
interstitial positions. Predict whether the iron ions are in the octahedral or
tetrahedral holes. Radius of Fe3+=0·65A and that of O2- = 1·45A.

3 Marks
Q.24. If NaCl is doped with 10-3 mol % SrCl2 What is the concentration of cation
vacancies? 3 Marks
Q.25. (a) 'Stability of a crystal is reflected in the magnitude of its melting point'.
Comment.
(b) The melting points of some compounds are given below:
Water = 273 K, Ethyl alcohol = 155·7 K, Diethyl ether = 156,8 K, Methane = 90·5 K.
3 Marks
What can you say about the intermolecular forces between these molecules?
Q.26. Classify each of the following solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, network
(covalent) or amorphous:
(i) Tetraphosphorus decoxide (P4O10)
(ii) Ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4 (iii) SiC (iv)I2 (v) P4 (vi) Plastics (vii) Graphite
(viii) Brass (ix) Rb
(x) LiBr (xi) Si
3 Marks
Q.27. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of terms?
3 Marks
(iii) Hexagonal close packing and cubic close packing
(iii) Crystal lattice and unit cell
(iii) Tetrahedral void and octahedral void.
Q.28. Account for the following:
5 Marks
(i) Silicon is an insulator but silicon doped with phosphorus acts as a semi-conductor.
(ii) Some of the glass objects recovered from ancient monuments look milky instead
of being transparent.
(iii) FeO is non-stoichiometric with the formula Fe0.95O,
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.29. Explain the difference between the following :

5 Marks
(i) Ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism
(ii) n and p-type semiconductors.
Q.30. Derive the expressions for the following:
5 Marks
(i) Density of a cubic crystal of an element of edge 'a' and atomic mass M.
(ii) Packing efficiency of a body-centred cubic structure.
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of Chemistry

Electrochemistry
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of Chemistry

Galvanic Cells

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) ---> Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Zn(s) | Zn2+(1M) || Cu2+(1 M) | Cu(s)

Ecell = Eright - Eleft

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of Chemistry
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Nernst equation

aA + bB ----> cC + dD

[ ] [ ]
E cell = Eocell - ln
[ ] [ ]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. Represent the cell in which the following reaction takes

place (NCERT)
Mg(s) + 2Ag (0.0001M) ---->Mg2+(0.130M) + 2Ag(s) Calculate
+

its E(cell) if Eθcell = 3.17 V.

Q. Calculate the emf of the cell in which the following reaction

takes place (NCERT)
Ni(s) + 2Ag+ (0.002 M) --->Ni2+ (0.160 M) + 2Ag(s)
Given that Eθcell = 1.05 V
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of Chemistry

Equilibrium constant from Nernst Equation

.
Eocell = log Kc

Q. Calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction:

(NCERT)
Cu(s) + 2Ag (aq) ---> Cu (aq) + 2Ag(s)
+ 2+

Eθcell = 0.46 V

Gibbs Energy of Reaction

Δr Go= -nFEocell

Q. The standard electrode potential for Daniell cell is 1.1V.

Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for the reaction:

(NCERT)
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) --->Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
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of Chemistry

Q. The cell in which the following reaction occurs:

(NCERT)
2Fe (aq) + 2I (aq) ---> 2Fe (aq) + I2 (s) has Eθcell = 0.236 V at
3+ - 2+

298 K.
Calculate the standard Gibbs energy and the equilibrium
constant of the cell reaction.

Q. Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact

with a solution whose pH is 10.

(NCERT)
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of Chemistry

Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions

R=ρ

R = Resistance
ρ = Resistivity

G=κ

G = Conductance
κ = Conductivity

G* = = Cell Constant

1000
Λm =

Q. Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L-1 KCl

solution is 100 Ω. If the resistance of the same cell when
filled with 0.02 mol L-1 KCl solution is 520 Ω, calculate the
conductivity and molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L-1 KCl
solution. The conductivity of 0.1 mol L-1 KCl solution is 1.29
S/m. (NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 mol L-1 NaOH

solution of diameter 1 cm and length 50 cm is 5.55 × 103ohm.
Calculate its resistivity, conductivity and molar conductivity.
(NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions

The law states that limiting molar conductivity of an

electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the individual
contributions of the anion and cation of the electrolyte.

Q. Calculate Ë°m for CaCl2 and MgSO4 from the data given in
Table (NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. Ëmfor NaCl, HCl and NaAc are 126.4, 425.9 and 91.0 S cm2
mol-1 respectively. Calculate Λo for HAc.

(NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Degree of Dissociation α =

Q. The conductivity of 0.001028 mol L-1 acetic acid is 4.95

× 10-5 S cm-1. Calculate its dissociation constant if Ëom for
acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol–1.
(NCERT)

Q. The molar conductivity of 0.025 mol L-1 methanoic acid is

46.1 S cm2 mol-1.Calculate its degree of dissociation and
dissociation constant. Given λ(H+) = 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and
λ(HCOO–) = 54.6 S cm2 mol-1

(NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis

First Law : The amount of chemical reaction which occurs at
any electrode during electrolysis by a current is proportional
to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte
(solution or melt).

Second Law : The amounts of different substances liberated

by the same quantity of electricity passing through the
electrolytic solution are proportional to their chemical
equivalent weights (Atomic Mass of Metal ÷ Number of
electrons required to reduce the cation).

Q. A solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed for 10 minutes with a

current of 1.5 amperes. What is the mass of copper
deposited at the cathode?
(NCERT)

Q. If a current of 0.5 ampere flows through a metallic wire for 2

hours, then how many electrons would flow through the wire?

(NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. Consider the reaction:

(NCERT)
Cr2O72-+ 14H+ + 6e–  2 Cr3+ + 8H2O
What is the quantity of electricity in coulombs needed to reduce
1 mol of Cr2O72- ?
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

NCERT Exercise
1. Arrange the following metals in the order in which they
displace each other from the solution of their salts. Al, Cu, Fe,
Mg and Zn.

2. Given the standard electrode potentials, K+/K = –2.93V,

Ag+/Ag = 0.80V, Hg2+/Hg = 0.79V, Mg2+/Mg = –2.37 V,
Cr3+/Cr = – 0.74V
Arrange these metals in their increasing order of reducing
power.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

3. Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction

Zn(s)+2Ag+(aq) -->Zn2+(aq)+2Ag(s) takes place. Further
show:
(i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged?
(ii) The carriers of the current in the cell.
(iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.

4. Calculate the standard cell potentials of galvanic cell in

which the following reactions take place:
(i) 2Cr(s) + 3Cd2+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Cd
(ii) Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s)
Calculate the ΔrGθ_ and equilibrium constant of the reactions.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

5. Write the Nernst equation and emf of the following cells at

298 K:
(i) Mg(s) | Mg2+(0.001M) || Cu2+(0.0001 M) | Cu(s)
(ii) Fe(s) | Fe2+(0.001M) || H+(1M) | H2(g)(1bar) | Pt(s)
(iii) Sn(s) | Sn2+(0.050 M) || H+(0.020 M) | H2(g) (1 bar) | Pt(s)
(iv) Pt(s) | Br2(l) | Br-(0.010 M) || H+(0.030 M) | H2(g) (1 bar) |
Pt(s).

6. In the button cells widely used in watches and other

devices the following reaction
takes place:
Zn(s) + Ag2O(s) + H2O(l) --->Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2OH- (aq)
Determine ΔrGθ and Eθ for the reaction.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

7. Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the

solution of an electrolyte.Discuss their variation with
concentration.

8. The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of KCl at 298 K is

0.0248 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

9. The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M

KCl solution at 298 K is 1500 Ω. What is the cell constant if
conductivity of 0.001M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.146 × 10-3
S cm-1.

10. The conductivity of sodium chloride at 298 K has been

determined at different concentrations and the results are
given below:
Concentration/M 0.001 0.010 0.020
0.050 0.100
102 × к/S m-1 1.237 11.85 23.15
55.53 106.74
Calculate Λm for all concentrations and draw a plot between
Λm and c1/2. Find the value of Λom
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of Chemistry

11. Conductivity of 0.00241 M acetic acid is 7.896 × 10-5 S

cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity and if Λom for acetic
acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol-1, what is its dissociation constant?

12. How much charge is required for the following

reductions:
(i) 1 mol of Al3+ to Al.
(ii) 1 mol of Cu2+ to Cu.
(iii) 1 mol of MnO-4- to Mn2+.
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of Chemistry

13. How much electricity in terms of Faraday is required to

produce
(i) 20.0 g of Ca from molten CaCl2.
(ii) 40.0 g of Al from molten Al2O3.

14. How much electricity is required in coulomb for the

oxidation of
(i) 1 mol of H2O to O2.
(ii) 1 mol of FeO to Fe2O3.
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of Chemistry

15. A solution of Ni(NO3)2 is electrolysed between platinum

electrodes using a current of 5 amperes for 20 minutes. What
mass of Ni is deposited at the cathode?

16. Three electrolytic cells A,B,C containing solutions of

ZnSO4, AgNO3 and CuSO4, respectively are connected in
series. A steady current of 1.5 amperes was passed through
them until 1.45 g of silver deposited at the cathode of cell B.
How long did the current flow? What mass of copper and zinc
were deposited?
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of Chemistry

17. Using the standard electrode potentials given in Table

predict if the reaction between the following is feasible:
(i) Fe3+(aq) and I-(aq)
(ii) Ag+ (aq) and Cu(s)
(iii) Fe3+ (aq) and Br- (aq)
(iv) Ag(s) and Fe3+ (aq)
(v) Br2 (aq) and Fe2+ (aq).

18. Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the

following:
(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with silver electrodes.
(ii) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes.
(iii) A dilute solution of H2SO4 with platinum electrodes.
(iv) An aqueous solution of CuCl2 with platinum electrodes.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Assignment
1. Copper sulphate solution (250 ml.) was electrolysed using
a platinum anode and a copper cathode. A constant current
of 2 mA was passed for 16 minute. It was found that after
electrolysis, the absorbance of the solution was reduced to
50% of its original value. Calculate the concentration of
copper sulphate in the solution to begin with.
[IIT 2000]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

2. Chromium metal can be plated out from an acidic solution

containing CrO3 according to following equation.
CrO3(aq.) + 6H+ + 6e  Cr(s) + 3H2O
Calculate:
I. How many gram of chromium will be plated out by 24000
coulomb?
II. How long will it take to plate out 1.5 g of Cr by using 12.5
ampere current? [IIT 1993]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

3. Electrolysis of a solution of MnSO4 in aqueous sulphuric

acid is a method for the preparation of MnO2 as per reaction,
Mn2+ (aq) + 2H2O  MnO2(s) + 2H+ (aq) + H2(g)
Passing a current of 27 ampere for 24 hour gives one kg of
Mno2. What is the value of current efficiency? Write the
reaction taking place at the cathode and at the anode.
[IIT 1997]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

4. In a fuel cell H2 and O2 react to produce electricity. In the

process H2 gas is oxidized at the anode and O2 at cathode. If
67.2 litre of H2 at STP reacts in 15 minute, what is average
current produced? If the entire current is used for electro
deposition of Cu from Cu2+, how many g of Cu are deposited?
Cathode: O2 + 2H2O + 4e  4OH-
Anode: H2 + 2OH-  2H2O + 2e
[IIT 1988]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

5. An aqueous solution of NaCl on electrolysis gives H2(g),

Cl2(g) and NaOH according to reaction:
2Cl-(aq) + 2H2O  2OH(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)
A direct current of 25 ampere with a current efficiency of 62
% is passed through 20 litre of NaCl solution (20% by weight).
a) Write down the reactions taking place at the electrodes.
b) How long will it take to produce 1 kg of Cl2?
c) What will be the molarity of solution with respect to OH- ?
Assume no loss of volume due to evaporation.
[IIT 1992]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

6. A current of 1.7 ampere is passed through 300 ml. of 0.160

M solution of ZnSO4 for 230 sec with a current efficiency of
90%. Find the molarity of Zn2+ after the deposition of Zn.
Assume the volume of the solution remains constant during
electrolysis.
[IIT 1991]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

7. An acidic solution of Cu2+ salt containing 0.4 g of Cu2+ is

electrolysed until all the Cu is deposited. The electrolysis is
continued for seven more minutes with the volume of
solution kept at 100 ml. and the current at 1.2 ampere.
Calculate volume of gases evolved at NTP during entire
electrolysis. At. Wt. of Cu=63.6
[IIT 1989]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

8. Calculate the quantity of electricity that would be required

to reduce 12.3 g of nitrobenzene to aniline, if current
efficiency is 50%. If the potential drop across the cell is 3.0
volt, how much energy will be consumed?

[IIT 1990]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

9. during the discharge of a lead storage battery, the density

of sulphuric acid fell from 1.294 g ml-1 to 1.139 g ml-1 .
sulphuric acid of density 1.294 g ml-1 is 39% by weight and
that of density 1.139 g ml-1 is 20% by weight. The battery
holds 3.5 litre of acid and the volume practically remained
constant during the discharge. Calculate the no. of ampere
hour for which the battery must have been used. The
charging and discharging reactions are:
Pb + SO42- Pb SO4 + 2e charging
PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42- + 2e  PbSO4 + 2H2O discharging
[IIT 1986]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

10. How many grams of silver could be plated out on a

serving tray by electrolysis of solution containing silver in +1
oxidation state for a period of 8.0 hour at a current of 8.46
ampere? What is the area of the tray if the thickness of the
silver plating is 0.00254 cm? Density of silver is 10.5 g/cm3.
[IIT 1997]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

11. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction:

Fe2+ + Ce4+ ↔ Fe3+ + Ce3+
Given: EoCe4+/Ce3+ = 1.44 V and EoFe3+/Fe2+ = 0.68V
[IIT 1997]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

12. The following electrochemical cell has been set up.

Pt(I) | Fe3+, Fe2+ (a=1) || Ce4+,Ce3+ (a=1) | Pt(II)
EoFe3+/Fe2+ = 0.77V and EoCe4+/Ce3+ = 1.61V
If an ammeter is connected between the two platinum
electrode, predict the direction of flow of current. Will the
current increase or decrease with time?
[IIT 2000]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

13. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction, 2Fe3+

+ 3I- ↔ 2Fe2+ + I-3. The standard reduction potentials in acidic
conditions are 0.77 and 0.54 V respectively for Fe3+|Fe2+ and
I-3|I- couples. [IIT 1998]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

14. Zinc granules are added in excess to 500 ml of 1M

Ni(NO3)2 solution at 25oC until the equilibrium is reached. If
EoZn2+/Zn and EoNi2+/Ni are -0.75V and -0.24V respectively, find
out the [Ni2+] at equilibrium.

[IIT 1991]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

15. The standard reduction potential for Cu2+| Cu is + 0.34V.

Calculate the reduction potential at pH = 14 for the above
couple, KSP of Cu(OH)2 is 1.0 x 10-19.
[IIT 1996]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

16. The standard reduction potential of Cu2+|Cu and Ag+|Ag

electrodes are 0.337 V and 0.799 V respectively. Construct a
galvanic cell using these electrodes so that its Eosell is +ve. For
what [Ag+] will the emf of cell at 25oC be zero if [Cu2+] is 0.01
M? [IIT 1990]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

17. Find the solubility product of a saturated solution of

Ag2CrO4 in water at 298 K if the e.m.f. of the cell Ag | Ag+
(satd. Ag2CrO4 sol.) || Ag+(0.1M) | Ag is 0.164 V at 298 K .
[IIT 1998]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

18. The standard reduction potential at 25oC for the reaction

2H2O + 2e  H2 + 2OH- is -0.8277 V. Calculate the
equilibrium constant for the reaction 2H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH- at
25oC. [IIT 1989]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

19. An excess of liquid Hg was added to 10-3 acidified solution

of Fe3+ ions. It was found that only 5% of the ions remained
as Fe3+ at equilibrium at 25oC. Calculate Eo for 2Hg | Hg22+ at
25oC for

2Hg + 2Fe3+ ⇌ Hg22+ + 2Fe2+ and Eo Fe2+|Fe3+ = -0.77 V.

[IIT 1995]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

20. A cell Ag | Ag+ || Cu2+ | Cu initially contains 1 M Ag+ and

1 M Cu2+ ions . Calculate the change in the cell potential
after the passage of 9.65 ampere of current for 1 hour.
[IIT 1999]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Objective
1. If Φ denotes standard, reduction potential, which is true:
[AIEEE 2002]
(a) Eocell = ΦR - ΦL
(b) Eocell = ΦL + ΦR
(c) Eocell = ΦL - ΦR
(d) Eocell = - (Φ L+ Φ R)

2. Emf of a cell in terms of reduction potential of its left and

right electrodes is: [AIEEE 2002]
(a) E = ELeft - Eright
(b) E = ELeft + Eright
(c) E = Eright - ELeft
(d) E = -[Eright + ELeft]

3. Conductance (Siemens, S) is directly proportional to the

area of the vessel and the concentration of solution in it and
is inversely proportional to the length of the vessel then, the
unit of constant of proportionality is: [AIEEE 2002]
(a) S m mol -1
(b) S m mol
2 -1

(c) S-2 m1 mol (d) S2 m2 mol-2

4. The emf of given cell Pt-H2 I H+ I H2-Pt is:

P1 P2
[AIEEE 2002]
a) (RF/F) log (P1/ P2) (b) (RF/F) log e (P1/P2) c) (RF/F) log
e (P2/P1) d) None of these

5. The EoM3+/M2+ values for Cr, Mn, Fe and Co are -0.41, +1.57,
+0.77 and +1.97V respectively. For which one of these metals
the change in oxidation state from +2 to +3 is easiest:
[AIEEE 2003]
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(a) Co (b) Mn
(c) Fe (d) Cr

6. Standard reduction electrode potentials of three metals A,

B and C are +0.5 V, -3.0 V and -1.2 V respectively. The
reducing power of these metals are:
[AIEEE 2003]
(a) B>C>A (b) A>B>C
(c) C>B>A (d) A>C>B

7. For a cell reaction involving a two electron change, the

standard e.m.f., of the cell is found to be 0.295V at 25°C. The
equilibrium constant of the reaction at 25°C will be:
[AIEEE 2003]
(a) 1 x 10-10 (b) 29.5 x 10-2
(c) 10 (d) 1 x 1010

8. When during electrolysis of a solution of AgNO3, 9650

coulombs of charge pass through the electroplating bath, the
mass of silver deposited on the cathode will be:
[AIEEE 2003]
(a) 1.08 g (b) 10.8 g
(c) 21.6 g (d) 108 g

9. For the redox change;

[AIEEE 2003]

Zn(s) + Cu2+  Zn2+ + Cu(s), taking pIace in a cell Eocell is

1.10 volt. Ecell for the cell would be:
0.1M 1M
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(a) 1.07 V (b) 0.82 V

(c) 2.14 V (d) 180V

10. In a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, combustion of hydrogen

occurs to : [AIEEE 2004]
(a) remove adsorbed oxygen from electrode surfaces
(b) create potential difference between the two electrodes
(c) produce high purity water
(d) generate heat

11. Consider the following Eo values. Eo Fe3+/Fe 2+ = +0.77V,

EoSn2+/Sn = -0.14 V, TheEocell for the reaction:
Sn(s) + 2Fe3+(aq)  2Fe2+(aq) + Sn2+(aq) is
[AIEEE 2004]
(a) 0.63 V (b) 1.40 V
(c) 0.91 V (d) 1.68 V

12. The standard emf of a cell having one electron change is

found to be 0.591 V at 25°C. The equilibrium constant of the
reaction is:
[AIEEE 2004]
(a) 1.0 x 1030 (b) 1.0 x 105
(c) 1.0 x 1010 (d) 1.0 x 101

13. In a cell that utilises the reaction;

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq.) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
addition of H2SO4 to cathode compartment will :
[AIEEE 2004]
(a) increase the E and shift equilibrium to the left
(b) lower the E and shift equilibrium to the right
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(c) increase the E and shift equilibrium to the right

(d) lower the E and shift equilibrium to the left

14. The limiting molar conductivities ∧° for NaCl, KBr and KCI
are 126, 152 and 150 S cm2 mol-1 respectively. The ∧° for
NaBr S cm2 mol-1 is:
[AIEEE 2004]
(a) 302 (b) 176
(c) 278 (d) 128

15. The highest electrical conductivity of the following

aqueous solutions is of: [AIEEE 2005]
(a) 0.1M acetic acid (b) 0.1M chloroacetic acid
(c) 0.1M fluoroacetic acid (d) 0.1M difluoroacetic acid

16. The molar conductance of acetic acid at infinite dilution if

∧° for CH3COONa, NaCI and HCl are 91.0, 126.5 and 426.2 S
cm2 mol-1 respectively:
[AIEEE 2005]
(a) 517.2 (b) 552.7
(c) 390.7 (d) 217.5

17. Aluminium oxide may be electrolysed at 1000°C to

furnish AI metal (at. mass =27 amu). The cathode reaction is:
Al3+ + 3e  Al
How much electricity is required to prepare 5.12 kg of Al by
this method: [AIEEE 2005]
(a) 5.49 x 10 coulomb
7
(b) 1.83 x 10 coulomb
7

(c) 5.49 x 104 coulomb (d) 5.49 x 1010 coulomb

18.The molar conductivity ∧°NaOAc and ∧°HCl at infinite dilution

in water at 25°C are 91.0, 426.2 S cm2 mol-1 respectively. To
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

calculate ∧°HAc , the additional value required is:

[AIEEE 2006]
(a) ∧°H2O (b) ∧°KCl
(c) ∧°NaOH (d) ∧°NaCI

19. The ionic mobility of alkali metal ion in aqueous solution

is maximum for: [AIEEE 2006]
(a) K+ (b) Rb+
(c) Li+ (d) Na+

20. Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with a solution of

an electrolyte of concentration 0.1M is 100 ohm. The
conductivity of this solution is 1.29 S m-1. Resistance of the
same cell filled with 0.02M of the same solution if the
electrolyte is 520 ohm. The molar conductivity of 0.02M
solution of electrolyte would be :

[AIEEE 2006]
(a) 124 x 10-4 S m2 mol-1 (b) 1240 x 10-4 S m2 mol-1
(c) 1.24 x 10-4 S m2 mol-1 (d) 12.4 x 10-4 S m2 mol-1

21. At 25°C, Ag + I-  AgI + e; Eo = 0.152V

Ag  Ag++ e; Eo =-0.80V
The log KSP of AgI is: (2.303RT/F = 0.059V)
[AIEEE 2006]
(a) -80.12 (b) +8.612
(c) -37.83 (d) -16.13
The Cook Book
of Chemistry

The Organic
Chemistry
The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Haloalkanes
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic

hydrocarbon, by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of
alkyl halide (haloalkane) Haloalkanes contain halogen
atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an
alkyl group.

Classification

1.) On the Basis of Number of Halogen Atoms

These may be classified as mono, di, or polyhalogen (tri-
,tetra-, etc.) compounds depending on whether they contain
one, two or more halogen atoms in their structures. For
example,

2.) Compounds Containing sp3 C—X Bond (X= F, Cl, Br, I)

(a) Alkyl halides or haloalkanes (R—X)
In alkyl halides, the halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group
(R). They form a homologous series represented by CnH2n+1X.
They are further classified as primary, secondary or tertiary
according to the nature of carbon to which halogen is
attached.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(b) Allylic halides

These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is
bonded to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom next to carbon-
carbon double bond (C=C) i.e. to an allylic carbon.

(c) Benzylic halides

These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is
bonded to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom next to an
aromatic ring.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

3.) Compounds Containing sp2 C—X Bond

This class includes:
(a) Vinylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is
bonded to an sp2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon
double bond (C = C).

(b) Aryl halides

These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is
bonded to the sp2-hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic
ring.

4.) Dihaloalkanes
(a) Vicinal dihalides
Contain both halogens on adjacent carbon atoms. There
Common name is Alkylene Dihalides.

Ethylene Dichloride Propylene Dibromide

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Butylene dibromide

(b) Gem dihalides

The two halogens are present on the same carbon atom.
Their common name is Alkylidene Dihalides.

CH3-CHBr2 Ethylidene Dibromide

CH3CH2CHBr2 n-propylidene dibromide

Isopropylidene dibromide

5.) Trihaloalkanes
CHCl3 Chloroform

CHBr3 Bromoform

CHI3 Iodoform
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

CHF3 Fluoroform

6.) Tetrahaloalkanes
CCl4 Carbom tetrachloride (Pyrene)
{Tetrachloromethane}

6.) Polyhaloalkanes
C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane

Nomenclature

The common names of alkyl halides are derived by naming

the alkyl group followed by the halide. Alkyl halides are
named as halosubstituted hydrocarbons in the IUPAC system
of nomenclature. Haloarenes are the common as well as
IUPAC names of aryl halides. For dihalogen derivatives, the
prefixes o-, m-, p- are used in common system but in IUPAC
system, the numerals 1,2; 1,3 and 1,4 are used.
The Cook Book
of Chemistry
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. Draw the structures of all the eight structural isomers that

have the molecular formula C5H11Br. Name each isomer
according to IUPAC system and classify them as primary,
secondary or tertiary bromide.
( NCERT)

Q. Write IUPAC names of the following:

( NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q
( NCERT)

.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Nature of C-X Bond

Since halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon,
the carbonhalogen bond of alkyl halide is polarised; the
carbon atom bears a partial positive charge whereas the
halogen atom bears a partial negative charge.
Since the size of halogen atom increases as we go down the
group in the periodic table, fluorine atom is the smallest and
iodine atom, the largest. Consequently the carbon-halogen
bond length also increases
from C—F to C—I.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Physical Properties
Boiling Point
 Because of their greater molecular weights,
haloalkanes have considerably higher boiling points
than alkanes with the same number of carbons.
 For a given alkyl group, the boiling point increases
with increasing atomic weight of the halogen, so that
a fluoride is the lowest boiling, an Iodide the highest
boiling.
 For a given halogen, the boiling point rises with
increasing carbon number.The boiling point rise is
20-30 degrees for each added carbon.
 Branching involving either the alkyl groups or the
halogen itself –lowers the boiling point.
Solubility
 The haloalkanes are only very slightly soluble in
water. In order for a haloalkane to dissolve in water,
energy is required to overcome the attractions
between the haloalkane molecules and break the
hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Less
energy is released when new attractions are set up
between the haloalkane and the water molecules as
these are not as strong as the original hydrogen
bonds in water. As a result, the solubility of
haloalkanes in water is low. However, haloalkanes
tend to dissolve in organic solvents because the new
intermolecular attractions between haloalkanes and
solvent molecules have much the same strength as
the ones being broken in the separate haloalkane
and solvent molecules.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. Arrange each set of compounds in order of increasing

boiling points. NCERT
(i) Bromomethane, Bromoform, Chloromethane,
Dibromomethane.
(ii) 1-Chloropropane, Isopropyl chloride, 1-Chlorobutane.

Methods of Preparation

1. Grove's process: Reaction of alcohol with Lucas

Reagent: (conc. HCI + anhyd. ZnCl)

This reaction is used to test pri, sec, & tert alcohol. 30

alcohols reacts instantaneously & give turbidity due to
formation of insoluble chloride. 2o alcohols react to give
turbidity after 5 min. whereas 1o alcohols give no turbidity as
there is no reaction at room temperature.
This test is applicable only for lower alcohols which are water
soluble. It is because alcohols having more than 6 carbon are
almost insoluble in water hence two immiscible liquid is
present before the addition of Lucas Reagent, so the
presence of alkyl halide can't be detected properly.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

In this process replacement "OH" group in primary and

secondary alcohols with an "X” atom by means of Hydrogen
chloride or bromide in presence of Zinc chloride. But for
tertiary alcohol readily react with concentrated hydrochloric
acid in the absence of zinc chloride. Zinc chloride is a lewis
acid and consequently can co-ordinate with the alcohol

The R-O bond is weakened and so the complex readily forms

a carbonium ion (SN1 mechanism). If the nature of R+ is such
that it can ,undergo rearrangement the product will be
mixture of isomeric alkyl chlorides.

The reaction also follows S2 mechanism when the

concentration of zinc chloride is low, the reaction is still
catalysed, but no rearrangement occurs.

 Pyridine and dimethyl amine also catalyse the

reaction between alcohols and hydrochloric acid
without rearrangement

To avoid rearrangement or to make this reaction SN2.

Tosylation process can be used, - OTs
is a weak nucleophile & better leaving group. Due to its
bulkyness it prefers SN2 reaction by
backside attack of nucleophile.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

 For alkyl iodide a non oxidising acid is used along

with KI [HI is not preferred as it is a good reducing
agent]

Q . Why is sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of

alcohols with KI? (NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. What happens when neopentyl alcohol reacts with

anhydrous hydrogen bromide?
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

2. Darzen’s Process. Thionyl chloride reacts with straight-

chain primary alcohols without
rearrangement in the presence or absence of pyridine
the reaction proceeds via a
chloro sulphite

Mechanism

3. With PCl5

If R group is tertiary, It will be SN1 reaction which takes place

via recamization (via carbocation formation). Rearrangement
also takes place.

4. Reaction with phosphorus Halide.

This reaction takes place via SN2 without rearrangement and
via inversion of configuration.
[Only with 3o alcohol reaction is SN1 & nucleophile can attack
from either ends on carbocation
to give a racemic mixture].
3ROH + PCI3 -----> RCI + H3PO3
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Phosphorus tribromide and triiodide are usually generated in

situ (produced in the reaction mixture) by the reaction of red
phosphorus with bromine and iodine respectively.
r

5. By Free Radical Halogenation

Detailed Mechanism (Free radical Substitution Reaction)

1. Initiation Step

It is the hemolytic cleavage of chlorine molecule to chlorine

free radical by absorbing energy when Cl2 is subjected to UV
light at room temperature.

2. Propagation step

a) The chlorine free radical attacks the alkane molecule ,

abstracts a hydrogen atom giving hydrogen chloride and alkyl
free radical.

b) The alkyl free radical reacts further with a chlorine

molecule forming alkyl chloride and chlorine free radical.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

3. Termination Step.

In this step , the free radicals obtained during the

propagation may combine to give products.

 Iodination of alkanes is slow and reversible process

because of formation of strong reducing agent ,
hydrogen iodide , as a by- product which reduces
iodoalkane back to alkane

CH4 + I2 ⇌ CH3I + HI

Thus direct iodination of alkane is not possible.

To get iododerivatives we use strong oxidizing agents

like iodic acid (HIO3) ,periodic acid (HIO4) , nitric acid
(HNO3) or mercuric oxide HgO which convert HI to I2
or destroy Iodide

5HI + HIO3 ----> 3 I2 + 3 H2O

2 HI + 2 HNO3 ----> I2 + 2 H2O + 2 NO2

2 HI + HgO ----> HgI2 + H2O

 Fluorination of alkanes is highly exothermic or

explosive, hence it cannot be controlled under
ordinary conditions. Further more , fluorination
brings about extensive rupture of C-C and C-H bond
leading to a mixture of fluoroproducts.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. Identify all the possible monochloro structural isomers

expected to be formed on free radical monochlorination of
(CH3)2CHCH2CH3.
(NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

6.) From alkenes

(i) Addition of hydrogen halides: An alkene is converted to
corresponding alkyl halide by reaction with hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen bromide or hydrogen iodide.

Propene yields two products, however only one

predominates as per Markovnikov’s rule.

Q.

NCERT
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

7.) Halogen exchange

a) Finkelstein Reaction
Alkyl iodides are often prepared by the reaction of alkyl
chlorides/bromides with NaI in dry acetone.

NaCl or NaBr thus formed is precipitated in dry acetone. It

facilitates the forward reaction according to Le Chatelier’s
Principle.
b) Swarts Reaction
The synthesis of alkyl fluorides is done by heating an alkyl
chloride/bromide in the presence of a metallic fluoride such
as AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2 or SbF3.

Q. Write structures of different dihalogen derivatives of

propane. NCERT
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q. Among the isomeric alkanes of molecular formula C5H12,

identify the one that on photochemical chlorination yields

NCERT
(i) A single monochloride.
(ii) Three isomeric monochlorides.
(iii) Four isomeric monochlorides.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.

NCERT
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

8.) Borodine Hundsdiecker reaction

RCOOAg + Br2 ----> RBr + CO2 + AgBr

The yield of halide is primary> secondary> tertiary

Mechanism is through free radical formation:

RCOOAg + Br2 ----> RCOOBr + AgBr

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Reactions of Haloalkanes
(i) Nucleophilic substitution reactions
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Groups like cyanides and nitrites possess two nucleophilic

centres and are called ambident nucleophiles. Actually
cyanide group is a hybrid of two contributing structures and
therefore can act as a nucleophile in two different ways [-
C≡N ↔ :C=N-], i.e., linking through carbon atom resulting in
alkyl cyanides and through nitrogen atom leading to
isocyanides. Similarly nitrite ion also represents an ambident
nucleophile with two different points of linkage [–O—N=O].
The linkage through oxygen results in alkyl nitrites while
through nitrogen atom, it leads to nitroalkanes.
Q. Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides as main
product while AgCN forms isocyanides as the chief product.
Explain.
(NCERT)

KCN is predominantly ionic and provides cyanide ions in

solution.Although both carbon and nitrogen atoms are in a
position to donateelectron pairs, the attack takes place
mainly through carbon atom and
not through nitrogen atom since C—C bond is more stable
than C—N bond. However, AgCN is mainly covalent in nature
and nitrogen is freeto donate electron pair forming
isocyanide as the main product.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(a) Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2)

The incoming nucleophile interacts with alkyl halide causing

the carbonhalide bond to break while forming a new carbon-
OH bond. These two processes take place simultaneously in a
single step and no intermediate is formed. As the reaction
progresses and the bond between the nucleophile and the
carbon atom starts forming, the bond between carbon atom
and leaving group weakens. As this happens, the
configuration of carbon atom under attack inverts in much
the same way as an umbrella is turned inside out when
caught in a strong wind, while the leaving group is pushed
away. This process is called as inversion of configuration. In
the transition state, the carbon atom is simultaneously
bonded to incoming nucleophile and the outgoing leaving
group and such structures are unstable and cannot be
isolated. This is because the carbon atom in the transition
state is simultaneously bonded to five atoms and therefore is
unstable. Tertiary halides are the least reactive because bulky
groups hinder the approaching nucleophiles. Thus the order
of reactivity followed is:

Primary halide > Secondary halide > Tertiary halide.

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(b) Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (SN1)

It occurs in two steps. In step I, the polarised C—Br bond

undergoes slow cleavage to produce a carbocation and a
bromide ion. The carbocation thus formed is then attacked
by nucleophile in step II
to complete the substitution reaction. Step I is the slowest
and reversible. It involves the C–Br bond breaking for which
the energy is obtained through solvation of halide ion with
the proton of protic solvent. Since the rate of reaction
depends upon the slowest step, the rate of reaction depends
only on the concentration of alkyl halide and not on the
concentration of hydroxide ion. Further, greater the stability
of carbocation, greater will be its ease of formation from
alkyl halide and faster will be the rate of reaction. In case of
alkyl halides, 30 alkyl halides undergo SN1 reaction very fast
because of the high stability of 30 carbocations.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Allylic and benzylic halides show high reactivity towards the

SN1 reaction. The carbocation thus formed gets stabilised
through resonance

For a given alkyl group, the reactivity of the halide, R-X,

follows the same order in both the mechanisms R–I> R–
Br>R–Cl>>R–F.

Q
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of Chemistry

Q.
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of Chemistry

Q. Identify chiral and achiral molecules in each of the

following pair of compounds.
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of Chemistry

In case of optically active alkyl halides, the product formed as

a result of SN2 mechanism has the inverted configuration as
compared to the reactant. This is because the nucleophile
attaches itself on the side opposite to the one where the
halogen atom is present. When (–)-2-bromooctane is allowed
to react with sodium hydroxide, (+)-octan-2-ol is formed with
the –OH group occupying the position opposite to what
bromide had occupied.

Thus, SN2 reactions of optically active halides are

accompanied by inversion of configuration.

In case of optically active alkyl halides, SN1 reactions are

accompanied by racemisation. Actually the carbocation
formed in the slow step being sp2 hybridised is planar
(achiral). The attack of the nucleophile may be accomplished
from either side resulting in a mixture of products, one
having the same configuration (the –OH attaching on the
same position as halide ion) and the other having opposite
configuration (the –OH attaching on the side opposite to
halide ion). This may be illustrated by hydrolysis of optically
active 2-bromobutane, which results in the formation of (±)-
butan-2-ol.
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of Chemistry
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

2. Elimination reactions

Saytzeff Rule
“in dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is that
alkene which has the greater number of alkyl groups attached to
the doubly bonded carbon atoms.”

Thus, 2-bromopentane gives pent-2-ene as the major product.

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

3. Reaction with metals

Grignard Reagents.

These reagents are obtained by the reaction of haloalkanes

with magnesium metal in dry ether.
In the Grignard reagent, the carbon-magnesium bond is
covalent but highly polar, with carbon pulling electrons from
electropositive magnesium; the magnesium halogen bond is
essentially ionic.
Grignard reagents are highly reactive and react with any
source of proton to give hydrocarbons.

Wurtz reaction
Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give
hydrocarbons containing double the number of carbon
atoms present in the halide. This reaction is known as Wurtz
reaction.

Wurtz-Fittig reaction
A mixture of an alkyl halide and aryl halide gives an
alkylarene when treated with sodium in dry ether and is
called Wurtz-Fittig reaction.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Fittig reaction
Aryl halides also give analogous compounds when treated
with sodium in dry ether, in which two aryl groups are joined
together. It is called Fittig reaction.
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of Chemistry

Q.
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of Chemistry

Q.
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of Chemistry

Q.
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of Chemistry

Aryl Halides
Methods of Preparation

a)By electrophilic substitution

Aryl chlorides and bromides can be easily prepared by

electrophilic substitution of arenes with chlorine and
bromine respectively in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts
like iron or iron(III) chloride. The ortho and para isomers can
be easily separated due to large difference in their melting
points. Reactions with iodine are reversible in nature and
require the presence of an oxidising agent (HNO3, HIO4) to
oxidise the HI formed during iodination.

(b) Sandmeyer’s reaction

When a primary aromatic amine, dissolved or suspended in

cold aqueous mineral acid, is treated with sodium nitrite, a
diazonium salt is formed . Mixing the solution of freshly
prepared diazonium salt with cuprous chloride or cuprous
bromide results in the replacement of the diazonium group
by –Cl or –Br.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Replacement of the diazonium group by iodine does not

require the presence of cuprous halide and is done simply by
shaking the diazonium salt with potassium iodide.
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of Chemistry

Reactions of Haloarenes

Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic

substitution reactions

The presence of an electron withdrawing group (-NO2) at

ortho- and para-positions increases the reactivity of
haloarenes.

The effect is pronounced when (-NO2) group is introduced at

ortho and para- positions. However, no effect on reactivity of
haloarenes is observed by the presence of electron
withdrawing group at meta-position. Mechanism of the
reaction is as depicted:
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

2. Electrophilic substitution reactions

Haloarenes undergo the usual electrophilic reactions of the

benzene ring such as halogenation, nitration, sulphonation
and Friedel-Crafts reactions. Halogen atom besides being
slightly deactivating is o, pdirecting; therefore, further
substitution occurs at ortho- and parapositions with respect
to the halogen atom. The o, p-directing influence of halogen
atom can be easily understood if we consider the resonating
structures of halobenzene

Due to resonance, the electron density increases more at

ortho- and para-positions than at meta-positions. Further,
the halogen atom because of its –I effect has some tendency
to withdraw electrons from the benzene ring. As a result, the
ring gets somewhat deactivated as compared to benzene and
hence the electrophilic substitution reactions in haloarenes
occur slowly and require more drastic conditions as
compared to those in benzene.
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of Chemistry
The Cook Book
of Chemistry
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of Chemistry

NCERT Exercise
Q1.

Q2.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q3.

Q 4 Which one of the following has the highest dipole

moment?
(i) CH2Cl2 (ii) CHCl3 (iii) CCl4
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of Chemistry

Q 5 A hydrocarbon C5H10 does not react with chlorine in dark

but gives a single monochloro compound C5H9Cl in bright
sunlight. Identify the hydrocarbon.

Q.6 Write the isomers of the compound having formula

C4H9Br.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.7 Write the equations for the preparation of 1-iodobutane

from
(i) 1-butanol (ii) 1-chlorobutane (iii) but-1-ene.

Q.8 What are ambident nucleophiles? Explain with an

example.
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of Chemistry

Q.9 Which compound in each of the following pairs will react

faster in SN2 reaction
with –OH?
(i) CH3Br or CH3I (ii) (CH3)3CCl or CH3Cl

Q.10 Predict all the alkenes that would be formed by

dehydrohalogenation of the following halides with sodium
ethoxide in ethanol and identify the major alkene:
(i) 1-Bromo-1-methylcyclohexane (ii) 2-Chloro-2-
methylbutane
(iii) 2,2,3-Trimethyl-3-bromopentane.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.11 How will you bring about the following conversions?

(i) Ethanol to but-1-yne (ii) Ethane to bromoethene (iii)
Propene to
1-nitropropane (iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol (v) Propene to
propyne
(vi) Ethanol to ethyl fluoride (vii) Bromomethane to
propanone (viii) But-1-ene
to but-2-ene (ix) 1-Chlorobutane to n-octane (x) Benzene to
biphenyl.

Q.12 Explain why

(i) the dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of
cyclohexyl chloride?
(ii) alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water?
(iii) Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous
conditions?
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.1

Q.15 Write the mechanism of the following reaction:

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of Chemistry

Q 16 Arrange the compounds of each set in order of

reactivity towards SN2 displacement:
(i) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane, 2-
Bromopentane
(ii) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 3-
Bromo-2-methylbutane
(iii) 1-Bromobutane, 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane, 1-
Bromo-2-methylbutane,1-Bromo-3-methylbutane.

Q.17 Out of C6H5CH2Cl and C6H5CHClC6H5, which is more

easily hydrolysed by aqueous KOH?
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of Chemistry

Q.18 p-Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p. and solubility than

those of o- and m-isomers.
Discuss.

Q.19 How the following conversions can be carried out?

(i) Propene to propan-1-ol

(ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne

iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol

(v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene

(vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid

(vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile

(viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane

(x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane

(xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid

(xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol

(xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform

(xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol

(xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(xvii) Chloroethane to butane

(xviii) Benzene to diphenyl

(xix) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide

(xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.20 The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH

leads to the formation of alcohols but in the presence of
alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products. Explain.

Q.21 Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic

KOH to give compound (b). Compound (b) is reacted with HBr
to give (c) which is an isomer of (a). When (a) is reacted with
sodium metal it gives compound (d), C8H18 which is different
from the compound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted
with sodium. Give the structural formula of (a) and write the
equations for all the reactions.
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of Chemistry

Q.22 What happens when

(i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH,

(ii) bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry

ether,

(iii) chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis,

(iv) ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH,

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(v) methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of

dry ether,

(vi) methyl chloride is treated with KCN?

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of Chemistry

Alcohols
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Alcohols and phenols are formed when a hydrogen atom in a

hydrocarbon, aliphatic and aromatic respectively, is replaced
by –OH group.

The subsitution of a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon by an

alkoxy or aryloxy group (R–O/Ar–O) yields another class of
compounds known as ‘ethers’

Classification

Mono, Di, Tri or Polyhydric Compounds

Alcohols and phenols may be classified as mono–, di–, tri- or

polyhydric compounds depending on whether they contain
one, two, three or many hydroxyl groups

(i) Compounds containing C sp 3 −OH bond:

In this class of alcohols, the –OH group is attached to an sp3

hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group. They are further
classified as follows:
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of Chemistry

Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols: In these three types

of alcohols, the –OH group is attached to primary, secondary
and tertiary carbon atom.

(i) Compounds containing C sp 2 −OH bond:

These alcohols contain —OH group bonded to a carbon-

carbon double bond i.e., to a vinylic carbon or to an aryl
carbon. These alcohols are also known as vinylic alcohols.

Ethers

Ethers are classified as simple or symmetrical, if the alkyl or

aryl groups attached to the oxygen atom are the same, and
mixed or unsymmetrical, if the two groups are different.
Diethyl ether, C2H5OC2H5, is a symmetrical ether whereas
C2H5OCH3 and C2H5OC6H5 are unsymmetrical ethers.
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of Chemistry

Q.
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of Chemistry

Nomenclature
(a) Alcohols: The common name of an alcohol is derived
from the common name of the alkyl group and adding
the word alcohol to it. For example, CH3OH is methyl
alcohol.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Cyclic alcohols are named using the prefix cyclo and

considering the —OH group attached to C–1.

(b) Phenols:

(c) Ethers:
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of Chemistry

Q.
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of Chemistry

Preparation of Alcohols

1. From alkenes

(i) By acid catalysed hydration: Alkenes react with water in the

presence of acid as catalyst to form alcohols. In case of
unsymmetrical alkenes, the addition reaction takes place in
accordance with Markovnikov’s rule
The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(ii) By hydroboration–oxidation: Diborane (BH3)2 reacts

with alkenes to give trialkyl boranes as addition product.
This is oxidised to alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the
presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide.

The addition of borane to the double bond takes place in

such a manner that the boron atom gets attached to
the sp2 carbon carrying greater number of hydrogen
atoms. The alcohol so formed looks as if it has been
formed by the addition of water to the alkene in a way
opposite to the Markovnikov’s rule.

2. From carbonyl compounds

(i) By reduction of aldehydes and ketones: Aldehydes and
ketones are reduced to the corresponding alcohols by
addition of hydrogen in the presence of catalysts
(catalytic hydrogenation). The usual catalyst is a finely
divided metal such as platinum, palladium or nickel. It is
also prepared by treating aldehydes and ketones with
sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

aluminium hydride (LiAlH4).

(ii) By reduction of carboxylic acids and esters: Carboxylic

acids are reduced to primary alcohols in excellent yields by
lithium aluminium hydride, a strong reducing agent.

3. From Grignard reagents

Alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard

reagents with aldehydes and ketones. The first step of
the reaction is the nucleophilic addition of Grignard
reagent to the carbonyl group to form an adduct.
Hydrolysis of the adduct yields an alcohol.
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of Chemistry

The overall reactions using different aldehydes and

ketones are as follows:
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of Chemistry

(NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Preparation of Phenols

1. From haloarenes

2. From benzenesulphonic acid

3. From diazonium salts

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of Chemistry

4. From cumene

Phenol is manufactured from the hydrocarbon, cumene.

Cumene (isopropylbenzene) is oxidised in the presence of air
to cumene hydroperoxide. It is converted to phenol and
acetone by treating it with dilute acid.

(NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(NCERT)
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of Chemistry

Physical Properties

Boiling Points

The boiling points of alcohols and phenols increase with

increase in the number of carbon atoms (increase in van der
Waals forces). In alcohols, the boiling points decrease with
increase of branching in carbon chain (because of decrease in
van der Waals forces with decrease in surface area).

The –OH group in alcohols and phenols is involved in

intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

Solubility

Solubility of alcohols and phenols in water is due to their

ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules as
shown. The solubility decreases with increase in size of
alkyl/aryl (hydrophobic) groups. Several of the lower
molecular mass alcohols are miscible with water in all
proportions.
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of Chemistry

(NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Chemical Reactions
Alcohols are versatile compounds. They react both as
nucleophiles and electrophiles. The bond between O–H is
broken when alcohols react as nucleophiles.

Based on the cleavage of O–H and C–O bonds, the reactions

of alcohols and phenols may be divided into two groups:
(a) Reactions involving cleavage of O–H bond
1. Acidity of alcohols and phenols
(i) Acidity of alcohols: The acidic character of alcohols is due
to the polar nature of O–H bond. An electron-releasing group
(–CH3, –C2H5) increases electron density on oxygen tending
to decrease the polarity of O-H bond. This decreases the acid
strength. For this reason, the acid strength of alcohols
decreases in the following order:
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(ii) Acidity of phenols: The hydroxyl group, in phenol is

directly attached to the sp2 hybridised carbon of benzene
ring which acts as an electron withdrawing group. Due to
this, the charge distribution in phenol molecule, as depicted
in its resonance structures, causes the oxygen of –OH group
to be positive.

Phenols are stronger acids than alcohols and water.

Due to the higher electronegativity of sp2 hybridised carbon

of phenol to which –OH is attached, electron density
decreases on oxygen. This increases the polarity of O–H bond
and results in an increase in ionisation of phenols than that
of alcohols.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Alkoxide and phenoxide ions

In alkoxide ion, the negative charge is localised on oxygen
while in phenoxide ion, the charge is delocalised. The
delocalisation of negative charge (structures I-V) makes
phenoxide ion more stable and favours the ionisation of
phenol. Although there is also charge delocalisation in
phenol, its resonance structures have charge separation due
to which the phenol molecule is less stable than phenoxide
ion.

In substituted phenols, the presence of electron withdrawing

groups such as nitro group, enhances the acidic strength of
phenol. This effect is more pronounced when such a group is
present at ortho and para positions. It is due to the effective
delocalisation of negative charge in phenoxide ion. On the
other
hand, electron releasing groups, such as alkyl groups, in
general, do not favour the formation of phenoxide ion
resulting in decrease in acid strength. Cresols, for example,
are less acidic than phenol.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.

(NCERT)

2. Esterification
Alcohols and phenols react with carboxylic acids, acid
chlorides and acid anhydrides to form esters.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

The introduction of acetyl (CH3CO) group in alcohols or

phenols is known as acetylation. Acetylation of salicylic acid
produces aspirin.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(b) Reactions involving cleavage of carbon – oxygen (C–O)

bond in alcohols
1. Reaction with hydrogen halides:

2. Reaction with phosphorus trihalides:

3. Dehydration:
Alcohols undergo dehydration (removal of a molecule of
water) to form alkenes on treating with a protic acid e.g.,
concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4, or catalysts such as anhydrous
zinc chloride or alumina.

The relative ease of dehydration of alcohols follows the

following order:
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of Chemistry

4. Oxidation:
Oxidation of alcohols involves the formation of a
carbonoxygen double bond with cleavage of an O-H and C-H
bonds.

Strong oxidising agents such as acidified potassium

permanganate are used for getting carboxylic acids from
alcohols directly. CrO3 in anhydrous medium is used as the
oxidising agent for the isolation of aldehydes.

A better reagent for oxidation of primary alcohols to

aldehydes in good yield is pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC).

Secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones by chromic

anhydride (CrO3).
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

When the vapours of a primary or a secondary alcohol are

passed over heated copper at 573 K, dehydrogenation takes
place and an aldehyde or a ketone is formed while tertiary
alcohols undergo dehydration.

(c) Reactions of phenols

1. Electrophilic aromatic substitution
The –OH group attached to the benzene ring activates it
towards electrophilic substitution. Also, it directs the
incoming group to ortho and para positions in the ring as
these positions become electron rich due to the resonance
effect caused by –OH group.
(i) Nitration: With dilute nitric acid at low temperature (298
K), phenol yields a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

(ii) Halogenation: On treating phenol with bromine, different

reaction products are formed under different experimental
conditions.
(a) When the reaction is carried out in solvents of low
polarity such as CHCl3 or CS2 and at low temperature,
monobromophenols are formed.

(b) When phenol is treated with bromine water, 2,4,6-

tribromophenol is formed as white precipitate.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.

(NCERT)

2. Kolbe’s reaction
Phenoxide ion generated by treating phenol with sodium
hydroxide is even more reactive than phenol towards
electrophilic aromatic substitution. Hence, it undergoes
electrophilic substitution with carbon dioxide, a weak
electrophile. Ortho hydroxybenzoic acid is formed as the
main reaction product.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

3. Reimer-Tiemann reaction
On treating phenol with chloroform in the presence of
sodium hydroxide, a –CHO group is introduced at ortho
position of benzene ring. This reaction is known as Reimer -
Tiemann reaction. The intermediate substituted benzal
chloride is hydrolysed in the presence of alkali to produce
salicylaldehyde.

4. Reaction of phenol with zinc dust

Phenol is converted to benzene on heating with zinc dust.

5. Oxidation
Oxidation of phenol with chromic acid produces a conjugated
diketone known as benzoquinone. In the
presence of air, phenols are slowly oxidised to dark coloured
mixtures containing quinones.
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of Chemistry

Q.

(NCERT)

Q.

(NCERT)
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of Chemistry

Q.

(NCERT)

Ethers
Preparation of Ethers
1. By dehydration of alcohols
Alcohols undergo dehydration in the presence of protic acids
(H2SO4, H3PO4). The formation of the reaction product, alkene
or ether depends on the reaction conditions. For example,
ethanol is dehydrated to ethene in the presence of sulphuric
acid at 443 K. At 413 K, ethoxyethane is the main product.

The
formation of ether is a nucleophilic bimolecular reaction
(SN2) involving the attack of alcohol molecule on a
protonated alcohol, as indicated below:
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

2. Williamson synthesis
Ethers containing substituted alkyl groups (secondary or
tertiary) may also be prepared by this method. The reaction
involves SN2 attack of an alkoxide ion on primary alkyl halide.

Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is primary. In

case of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, elimination
competes over substitution. If a tertiary alkyl halide is used,
an alkene is the only reaction product and no ether is
formed. For example, the reaction of CH3ONa with (CH3)3C–
Br gives exclusively 2-methylpropene.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.

(NCERT)

Physical Properties
The C-O bonds in ethers are polar and thus, ethers have a net
dipole moment.
The large difference in boiling points of alcohols and ethers is
due to the presence of hydrogen bonding in alcohols.
The miscibility of ethers with water resembles those of
alcohols of the same molecular mass. This is due to the fact
that just like alcohols, oxygen of ether can also form
hydrogen bonds with water
molecule.

Chemical Reactions
1. Cleavage of C–O bond in ethers
Ethers are the least reactive of the functional groups. The
cleavage of C-O bond in ethers takes place under drastic
conditions with excess of hydrogen halides.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Alkyl aryl ethers are cleaved at the alkyl-oxygen bond due to

the more stable aryl-oxygen bond. The reaction yields phenol
and alkyl halide.

However, when one of the alkyl group is a tertiary group, the

halide formed is a tertiary halide.
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of Chemistry

2. Electrophilic substitution

The alkoxy group (-OR) is ortho, para directing and activates

the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution in the
same way as in phenol.

(i) Halogenation:
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of Chemistry

(ii) Friedel-Crafts reaction:

(iii) Nitration:
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of Chemistry

Q. Write the reactions of Williamson synthesis of 2-ethoxy-3-

methylpentane starting from ethanol and 3-methylpentan-2-
ol.
(NCERT)

Q.

(NCERT)
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of Chemistry

Q.

(NCERT)
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

NCERT Exercise
Q 1.
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of Chemistry

Q.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.4 Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that
of the hydrocarbon, butane?

Q.5 Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than

hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses. Explain this
fact.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.6 What is meant by hydroboration-oxidation reaction?

Illustrate it with an example.

Q.7 Give the structures and IUPAC names of monohydric

phenols of molecular formula, C7H8O.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.8 While separating a mixture of ortho and para

nitrophenols by steam distillation, name the isomer which
will be steam volatile. Give reason.

Q.9 Give the equations of reactions for the preparation of

phenol from cumene.
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of Chemistry

Q.10 Write chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol

from chlorobenzene.

Q.11 Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield

ethanol.
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of Chemistry

Q.12 You are given benzene, conc. H2SO4 and NaOH. Write
the equations for the preparation of phenol using these
reagents.

Q.13 Show how will you synthesise:

(i) 1-phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.

(ii) cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an SN2

reaction.

(iii) pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide?

 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.14 Give two reactions that show the acidic nature of

phenol. Compare acidity of phenol with that of ethanol.

Q.15 Explain why is ortho nitrophenol more acidic than ortho

methoxyphenol ?
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of Chemistry

Q.16 Explain how does the –OH group attached to a carbon

of benzene ring activate it towards electrophilic substitution?

Q.17 Give equations of the following reactions:

(i) Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution.

(ii) Bromine in CS2 with phenol.

(iii) Dilute HNO3 with phenol.

(iv) Treating phenol wih chloroform in presence of aqueous

NaOH.
 The Cook Book
of Chemistry

Q.18 Explain the following with an example.

(i) Kolbe’s reaction.

(ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction.

(iii) Williamson ether synthesis.

(iv) Unsymmetrical ether.

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of Chemistry

Q.19 Write the mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to

yield ethene.

Q.20 How are the following conversions carried out?

(i) Propene → Propan-2-ol.

(ii) Benzyl chloride → Benzyl alcohol.

(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride → Propan-1-ol.

(iv) Methyl magnesium bromide → 2-Methylpropan-2-ol.

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of Chemistry

Q.21 Name the reagents used in the following reactions:

(i) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.

(ii) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehyde.

(iii) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol.

(iv) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.

(v) Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene.

(vi) Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol.

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Q.22 Give reason for the higher boiling point of ethanol in

comparison to methoxymethane.

Q
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Q.24 Write the names of reagents and equations for the

preparation of the following ethers by Williamson’s
synthesis:

(i) 1-Propoxypropane (ii) Ethoxybenzene (iii) 2-Methoxy-2-

methylpropane (iv) 1-Methoxyethane

Q.25 Illustrate with examples the limitations of Williamson

synthesis for the preparation of certain types of ethers.
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of Chemistry

Q.26 How is 1-propoxypropane synthesised from propan-1-

ol? Write mechanism of this reaction.

Q.27 Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary

or tertiary alcohols is not a suitable method. Give reason.
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of Chemistry

Q.28 Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide

with:

(i) 1-propoxypropane (ii) methoxybenzene and (iii) benzyl

ethyl ether.
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of Chemistry

Q.29 Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers (i) the alkoxy
group activates the benzene ring towards electrophilic
substitution and (ii) it directs the incoming substituents to
ortho and para positions in benzene ring.

Q.30 Write the mechanism of the reaction of HI with

methoxymethane.
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of Chemistry

Q.31 Write equations of the following reactions:

(i) Friedel-Crafts reaction – alkylation of anisole.

(ii) Nitration of anisole.

(iii) Bromination of anisole in ethanoic acid medium.

(iv) Friedel-Craft’s acetylation of anisole.

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Q.32 Show how would you synthesise the following alcohols

from appropriate alkenes?
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Q
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Acyl Groups
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In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is bonded to a carbon and

hydrogen while in the ketones, it is bonded to two carbon
atoms. The carbonyl compounds in which carbonyl group is
bonded to oxygen are known as carboxylic acids, and their
derivatives (e.g. esters, anhydrides) while in compounds
where carbon is attached to nitrogen and to halogens are
called amides and acyl halides respectively.

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl

Group
Aldehydes and ketones are the simplest and most important
carbonyl compounds.

(a) Common names

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Aldehydes and ketones are often called by their common

names instead of IUPAC names. The common names of most
aldehydes are derived from the common names of the
corresponding carboxylic acids by replacing the ending –ic of
acid with aldehyde.

The common names of ketones are derived by naming two

alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group.

(b) IUPAC names

The IUPAC names of open chain aliphatic aldehydes and

ketones are derived from the names of the corresponding
alkanes by replacing the ending –e with –al and –one
respectively. In case of aldehydes the longest carbon chain is
numbered starting from the carbon of the aldehyde group
while in case of ketones the numbering begins from the end
nearer to the carbonyl group.
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Structure of the Carbonyl Group

The carbonyl carbon atom is sp2-hybridised and forms three
sigma (σ) bonds. The fourth valence electron of carbon
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of Chemistry

remains in its p-orbital and forms a π-bond with oxygen by

overlap with p-orbital of an oxygen.

Q.
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of Chemistry

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

1. By oxidation of alcohols

2. By dehydrogenation of alcohols

3. From hydrocarbons
(i) By ozonolysis of alkenes: As we know, ozonolysis of
alkenes followed by reaction with zinc dust and water gives
aldehydes, ketones or a mixture of both depending on the
substitution pattern of the alkene.
(ii) By hydration of alkynes: Addition of water to ethyne in
the presence of H2SO4 and HgSO4 gives acetaldehyde. All
other alkynes give ketones in this reaction .

Preparation of Aldehydes
1. From acyl chloride (acid chloride)
Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst,
palladium on barium sulphate. This reaction is called
Rosenmund reduction.

2. From nitriles and esters

Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine with stannous
chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which on
hydrolysis give corresponding aldehyde.
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This reaction is called Stephen reaction.

Alternatively, nitriles are selectively reduced by

diisobutylaluminium hydride, (DIBAL-H) to imines followed by
hydrolysis to aldehydes:

3. From hydrocarbons
Aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde and its derivatives) are
prepared from aromatic hydrocarbons by the following
methods:
(i) By oxidation of methylbenzene
Strong oxidising agents oxidise toluene and its derivatives to
benzoic acids. However, it is possible to stop the oxidation at
the aldehyde stage with suitable reagents that convert the
methyl group to an intermediate that is difficult to oxidise
further.
(a) Use of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2): Chromyl chloride
oxidizes methyl group to a chromium complex, which on
hydrolysis gives corresponding benzaldehyde.
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of Chemistry

This reaction is called Etard reaction.

(b) Use of chromic oxide (CrO3): Toluene or substituted
toluene is converted to benzylidene diacetate on treating
with chromic oxide in acetic anhydride. The benzylidene
diacetate can be hydrolysed to corresponding benzaldehyde
with aqueous acid.

(ii) By side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis

Side chain chlorination of toluene gives benzal chloride,
which on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde. This is a commercial
method of manufacture of benzaldehyde.

(iii) By Gatterman – Koch reaction

When benzene or its derivative is treated with carbon
monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of
anhydrous aluminium chloride or cuprous chloride, it gives
benzaldehyde or substituted benzaldehyde.

This reaction is known as Gatterman-Koch reaction.

Preparation of Ketones
1. From acyl chlorides
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Treatment of acyl chlorides with dialkylcadmium, prepared

by the reaction of cadmium chloride with Grignard reagent,
gives ketones.

2. From nitriles
Treating a nitrile with Grignard reagent followed by
hydrolysis yields a ketone.

3. From benzene or substituted benzenes

When benzene or substituted benzene is treated with acid
chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, it
affords the corresponding ketone. This reaction is known as
Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction.

Q.
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Q.
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Physical Properties
Methanal is a gas at room temperature. Ethanal is a volatile
liquid. Other aldehydes and ketones are liquid or solid at
room temperature. The boiling points of aldehydes and
ketones are higher than hydrocarbons and ethers of
comparable molecular masses. It is due to weak molecular
association in aldehydes and ketones arising out of the
dipole-dipole interactions. Also, their boiling points are lower
than those of alcohols of similar molecular masses due to
absence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

All aldehydes and ketones are fairly soluble in organic

solvents like benzene, ether, methanol, chloroform, etc. The
lower aldehydes have sharp pungent odours. As the size of
the molecule increases, the odour becomes less pungent and
more fragrant.
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Q.

Chemical Reactions
1. Nucleophilic addition reactions
(i) Mechanism of nucleophilic addition reactions
A nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon atom of the
polar carbonyl group from a direction approximately
perpendicular to the plane of sp2 hybridised orbitals of
carbonyl carbon .The hybridisation of carbon changes from
sp2 to sp3 in this process, and a tetrahedral alkoxide
intermediate is produced.
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(ii) Reactivity
Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones in
nucleophilic addition reactions due to steric and electronic
reasons. Sterically, the presence of two relatively large
substituents in ketones hinders the approach of nucleophile
to carbonyl carbon than in aldehydes having only one such
substituent. Electronically, aldehydes are more reactive than
ketones because two alkyl groups reduce the electrophilicity
of the carbonyl more effectively than in former.

Q. Would you expect benzaldehyde to be more reactive or

less reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions than
propanal? Explain your answer.
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of Chemistry

(iii) Some important examples of nucleophilic addition and

nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions:
(a) Addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN):

(b) Addition of sodium hydrogensulphite:

(d) Addition of alcohols:

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(e) Addition of ammonia and its derivatives:

2. Reduction
(i) Reduction to alcohols:
Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to primary and
secondary alcohols respectively by sodium borohydride
(NaBH4) or lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) as well as by
catalytic hydrogenation.

(ii) Reduction to hydrocarbons:

The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to
CH2 group on treatment with zincamalgam
and concentrated hydrochloric acid[Clemmensen reduction]
or with hydrazine followed by heating with sodium or
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of Chemistry

potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as ethylene

glycol (Wolff-Kishner reduction).

3. Oxidation
Aldehydes are easily oxidised to carboxylic acids on
treatment with common oxidising agents like nitric acid,
potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, etc. Even
mild oxidising agents, mainly Tollens’ reagent and Fehlings’
reagent also oxidise aldehydes.

Ketones are generally oxidised under vigorous conditions,

i.e., strong oxidising agents and at elevated temperatures.
Their oxidation involves carbon-carbon bond cleavage to
afford a mixture of carboxylic
acids having lesser number of carbon atoms than the parent
ketone.

The mild oxidising agents given below are used to distinguish

aldehydes from ketones:
(i) Tollens’ test:
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of Chemistry

On warming an aldehyde with freshly prepared ammoniacal

silver nitrate solution (Tollens’ reagent), a bright silver mirror
is produced due to the formation of silver metal. The
aldehydes are oxidised to corresponding carboxylate anion.

(ii) Fehling’s test:

On heating an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent, a reddish
brown precipitate is obtained. Aldehydes are oxidised to
corresponding carboxylate anion. Aromatic aldehydes do not
respond to this test.

(iii) Oxidation of methyl ketones by haloform reaction:

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of Chemistry

Q. An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O

forms an orange-red precipitate with 2,4-DNP reagent and
gives yellow precipitate on heating with iodine in the
presence of sodium hydroxide. It neither reduces Tollens’ or
Fehlings’ reagent, nor does it decolourise bromine water or
Baeyer’s reagent. On drastic oxidation with chromic acid, it
gives a carboxylic acid (B) having molecular formula C7H6O2.
Identify the compounds (A) and (B) and explain the reactions
involved.

4. Reactions due to a-hydrogen

The acidity of α-hydrogen atoms of carbonyl compounds is
due to the strong electron withdrawing effect of the carbonyl
group and resonance stabilisation of the conjugate base.

(i) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least

one α-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute
alkali as catalyst to form β-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-
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of Chemistry

hydroxy ketones (ketol), respectively. This is known as Aldol

reaction.

5. Other reactions
(i) Cannizzaro reaction:
Aldehydes which do not have an α-hydrogen atom, undergo
self oxidation and reduction (disproportionation) reaction on
treatment with concentrated alkali. In this reaction, one
molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to alcohol while another
is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt.

(ii) Electrophilic substitution reaction:

Aromatic aldehydes and ketones undergo electrophilic
substitution at the ring in which the carbonyl group acts as a
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of Chemistry

deactivating and meta-directing group.

Q.
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Q.
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Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl

Group

Q.
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of Chemistry

Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

1. From primary alcohols and aldehydes

2. From alkylbenzenes
Aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by vigorous
oxidation of alkyl benzenes with chromic acid or acidic or
alkaline potassium permanganate. The entire side chain is
oxidised to the carboxyl group irrespective of length of the
side chain. Primary and secondary alkyl groups are oxidised
in this manner while tertiary group is not affected. Suitably
substituted alkenes are also oxidised to carboxylic acids with
these oxidising reagents.

3. From nitriles and amides

Nitriles are hydrolysed to amides and then to acids in the
presence of H+ or OH− as catalyst. Mild reaction conditions
are used to stop the reaction at the amide stage.
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of Chemistry

4. From Grignard reagents

5. From acyl halides and anhydrides

6. From esters
Acidic hydrolysis of esters gives directly carboxylic acids while
basic hydrolysis gives carboxylates, which on acidification
give corresponding carboxylic acids.
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Q.
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Q.

Physical Properties
Aliphatic carboxylic acids upto nine carbon atoms are
colourless liquids at room temperature with unpleasant
odours. The higher acids are wax like solids and are
practically odourless due to their low volatility. Carboxylic
acids are higher boiling liquids than aldehydes, ketones and
even alcohols of comparable molecular masses. This is due to
more extensive association of carboxylic acid molecules
through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen
bonds are not broken completely even in the vapour phase.
In fact, most carboxylic acids exist as dimer in the vapour
phase or in the aprotic solvents.

Simple aliphatic carboxylic acids having upto four carbon

atoms are miscible in water due to the formation of
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of Chemistry

hydrogen bonds with water. The solubility decreases with

increasing number of carbon atoms. Higher carboxylic acids
are practically insoluble in water due to the increased
hydrophobic interaction of hydrocarbon part. Benzoic acid,
the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid is nearly insoluble in
cold water. Carboxylic acids are also soluble in less polar
organic solvents like benzene, ether, alcohol, chloroform, etc.
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of Chemistry

Chemical Reactions
Reactions Involving Cleavage of O–H Bond
Acidity
Reactions with metals and alkalies

Carboxylic acids are weaker than mineral acids, but they are
stronger acids than alcohols and many simple phenols (pKa is
~16 for ethanol and 10 for phenol). In fact, carboxylic acids
are amongst the most acidic organic compounds.

Effect of substituents on the acidity of carboxylic acids:

Electron withdrawing groups increase the acidity of

carboxylic acids by stabilising the conjugate base through
delocalisation of the negative charge by inductive and/or
resonance effects. Conversely, electron donating groups
decrease the acidity by destabilising the conjugate base.
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Reactions Involving Cleavage of C–OH Bond

1. Formation of anhydride

2. Esterification
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3. Reactions with PCl5, PCl3 and SOCl2

4. Reaction with ammonia

Reactions Involving –COOH Group

1. Reduction

2. Decarboxylation
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Carboxylic acids lose carbon dioxide to form hydrocarbons

when their sodium salts are heated with sodalime (NaOH and
CaO in the ratio of 3 : 1). The reaction is known as
decarboxylation.

Alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids also undergo

decarboxylation on electrolysis of their aqueous solutions
and form hydrocarbons having twice the number of carbon
atoms present in the alkyl group of the acid. The reaction is
known as Kolbe electrolysis.

Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part

1. Halogenation
Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at
the α-position on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the
presence of small amount of red phosphorus to give α-
halocarboxylic acids. The reaction is known as Hell-Volhard-
Zelinsky reaction.

2. Ring substitution
Aromatic carboxylic acids undergo electrophilic substitution
reactions in which the carboxyl group acts as a deactivating
and meta-directing group. They however, do not undergo
Friedel-Crafts reaction (because the carboxyl group is
deactivating and the catalyst aluminium chloride (Lewis acid)
gets bonded to the carboxyl group).
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Q.
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NCERT Exercises
Q2.

Q3.
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Q4.

Q5.
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Q6.

Q7.
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Q8.

Q9.
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Q10.

Q11.
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Q12.

Q13. Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the

following pairs of compounds.
(i) Propanal and Propanone (ii) Acetophenone and
Benzophenone
(iii) Phenol and Benzoic acid (iv) Benzoic acid and Ethyl
benzoate
(v) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one (vi) Benzaldehyde and
Acetophenone
(vii) Ethanal and Propanal
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Q14.

Q15.
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Q17. Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting

material, reagent or products
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Q18.

Q19.
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Q20.
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Amines
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Amines constitute an important class of organic compounds

derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of
ammonia molecule by alkyl/aryl group(s).

AMINES

Amines can be considered as derivatives of ammonia,

obtained by replacement of one, two or all the three
hydrogen atoms by alkyl and/or aryl groups. For example:

Structure of Amines

Classification
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Test Series
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Test (Some Basic concepts of

chemistry )
Time Allowed : 1 hour
________________________ Maximum Marks :
29
Please read the instructions carefully. You will be alloted
5 minutes specifically for this purpose.

Instructions
A. General
1. Blank papers, clipboards, log tables, slide rules,
calculators, cellular phones, pagers, and electronic
gadgets in any form are not allowed.
2. Do not break the seals of the question-paper booklet
before instructed to do so by the invigilators.

B. Question paper format and

Marking Scheme :
1. This question paper consists of 12 questions carrying a
total of 26 Marks, Questions 1 to 3 carry 1 mark each,
Questions 4 to 8 carry 2 marks each , Questions 9 to 10
carry 3 marks each and questions 11 to 12 carry five
marks each.

Q1 : Calculate molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6)

molecule. 1 Marks
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Q2 : Classify following as pure substances and mixtures –

Air, glucose, gold,sodium and milk.

1 Marks
Q3 : State Avogadro’s law.
1 Marks

Q4 : A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance A

to 18 g of water. Calculate the mass per cent of the solute.

2 Marks

Q5 : Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution

prepared by dissolving its 4 g in enough water to form 250
mL of the solution.
2 Marks

Q6 : Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the

combustion of 16 g of methane.

2 Marks

Q7 : Write the seven fundamental quantities & their units.

2 Marks

Q8 : What is the difference between mass & weight? How

is mass measured in laboratory?

2 Marks

Q9: A compound contains 4.07 % hydrogen, 24.27 %

carbon and 71.65 % chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96 g.
What are its empirical and molecular formulas ?
3 Marks
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Q10 : How many moles of methane are required to

produce 22 g CO2 (g) after combustion?

3 Marks

Q11 : 50.0 kg of N2 (g) and 10.0 kg of H2 (g) are mixed to

produce NH3 (g). Calculate the
NH3 (g) formed. Identify the limiting reagent in the
production of NH3 in this situation. 5 Marks

Q12 : The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL–1.

Calculate molality of the solution.

5 Marks
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Test (Structure of Atom )

Time Allowed : 1 hour
________________________ Maximum Marks :
31
Please read the instructions carefully. You will be alloted
5 minutes specifically for this purpose.

Instructions
A. General
1. Blank papers, clipboards, log tables, slide rules,
calculators, cellular phones, pagers, and electronic
gadgets in any form are not allowed.
2. Do not break the seals of the question-paper booklet
before instructed to do so by the invigilators.

B. Question paper format and

Marking Scheme :
1. This question paper consists of 9 questions carrying a
total of 31 Marks, Questions 1 to 3 carry 1 mark each,
Questions 4 to 6 carry 2 marks each , Questions 7 to 10
carry 3 marks each and questions 11 to 12 carry five
marks each.

Q1 : Define photoelectric effect.

1 Marks

Q2 : Define black body radiation.

1 Marks
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Q3 : Give the range of wavelength of the visible spectrum.

1 Marks

Q4 : Calculate the wavelength corresponding to a

frequency of 98.8MHz. 2 Marks

Q5 : What is the e/m ratio of an electron?

2 Marks

Q6 : Why Rutherford’s model could not explain the stability

of an atom? 2 Marks

Q7 : Which experiment led to the discovery of electrons

and how? 3 Marks

Q8 : Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is

just sufficient to ionise the sodium atom. Calculate the
ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol–1
3 Marks

Q9 : What is the number of photons of light with a

wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1J of energy?

3 Marks

Q10 : A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of

wavelength of 0.57μm. Calculate the rate of emission of
quanta per second.
3 Marks

Q11 : What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would

have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition, n = 4
to n = 2 of He+ spectrum?
5 Marks
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Q12 : An ion with mass number 37 possesses one unit of

negative charge. If the ion conatins 11.1% more neutrons
than the electrons, find the symbol of the ion.
5 Marks
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Test (Classification of Elements and

Periodicity in Properties)
Time Allowed : 1 hour
________________________ Maximum Marks :
20
Please read the instructions carefully. You will be alloted
5 minutes specifically for this purpose.

Instructions
A. General
1. Blank papers, clipboards, log tables, slide rules,
calculators, cellular phones, pagers, and electronic
gadgets in any form are not allowed.
2. Do not break the seals of the question-paper booklet
before instructed to do so by the invigilators.

B. Question paper format and

Marking Scheme :
1. This question paper consists of 9 questions carrying a
total of 31 Marks, Questions 1 to 2 carry 1 mark each,
Questions 3 to 4 carry 2 marks each , Questions 5 to 7
carry 3 marks each and question 8 carries five marks.

Q1 : How does atomic size change in a group?

1 Marks

Q2 : What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic

table? 1 Marks
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Q3 : Consider the following species : N 3– , O2–, F– , Na+ ,

Mg2+ and Al3+
(a) What is common in them?
(b) Arrange them in the order of increasing ionic radii.
2 Marks

Q4 : (a) What is an amphoteric oxide?

(b) Define a neutral oxide.
2 Marks

Q5 : (a) Why do Na and K have similar properties?

(b) Why does lithium form covalent bond unlike other alkali
which forms ionic bond? 3 Marks

Q6 : Na+ has higher value of ionization enthalpy than Ne,

though both have same electronic configuration.

3 Marks

Q7 : Among the second period elements the actual

ionization enthalpies are in the order
Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne. Explain why
(i) Be has higher ∆i H than B
(ii) O has lower ∆i H than N and F?
3 Marks

Q8: (i) Arrange the following elements in the increasing

order of metallic character :
Si, Be, Mg, Na, P

(ii) Among the elements

B, Al, C and Si
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(a) Which has the highest first ionization enthalpy?

(b) Which has the largest atomic radius?
5 Marks