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    Reserves Estimation

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    McLean McLean McLean
    This document provides an overview of reserve estimation, including: 1. Definitions of key terms like oil in place, reserves, recovery factor. Oil in place is calculated using reservoir properties while reserves factor in the recovery factor. 2. Methods for determining cutoff values for properties like porosity and water saturation to define productive reservoir intervals. Common cutoff values are mentioned. 3. Averaging techniques for properties like porosity and water saturation over a reservoir interval. 4. Factors that influence the recovery factor like displacement efficiency, drive mechanisms, and statistical analyses of typical recovery ranges. 5. An example application to a reservoir showing track of porosity and water saturation with defined cutoffs to estimate

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    Reserves Estimation

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    McLean McLean McLean
    451 views17 pages
    This document provides an overview of reserve estimation, including: 1. Definitions of key terms like oil in place, reserves, recovery factor. Oil in place is calculated using reservoir properties while reserves factor in the recovery factor. 2. Methods for determining cutoff values for properties like porosity and water saturation to define productive reservoir intervals. Common cutoff values are mentioned. 3. Averaging techniques for properties like porosity and water saturation over a reservoir interval. 4. Factors that influence the recovery factor like displacement efficiency, drive mechanisms, and statistical analyses of typical recovery ranges. 5. An example application to a reservoir showing track of porosity and water saturation with defined cutoffs to estimate

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    This document provides an overview of reserve estimation, including: 1. Definitions of key terms like oil in place, reserves, recovery factor. Oil in place is calculated using reservoir properties while reserves factor in the recovery factor. 2. Methods for determining cutoff values for properties like porosity and water saturation to define productive reservoir intervals. Common cutoff values are mentioned. 3. Averaging techniques for properties like porosity and water saturation over a reservoir interval. 4. Factors that influence the recovery factor like displacement efficiency, drive mechanisms, and statistical analyses of typical recovery ranges. 5. An example application to a reservoir showing track of porosity and water saturation with defined cutoffs to estimate

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    451 views17 pages

    Reserves Estimation

    Uploaded by

    McLean McLean McLean
    This document provides an overview of reserve estimation, including: 1. Definitions of key terms like oil in place, reserves, recovery factor. Oil in place is calculated using reservoir properties while reserves factor in the recovery factor. 2. Methods for determining cutoff values for properties like porosity and water saturation to define productive reservoir intervals. Common cutoff values are mentioned. 3. Averaging techniques for properties like porosity and water saturation over a reservoir interval. 4. Factors that influence the recovery factor like displacement efficiency, drive mechanisms, and statistical analyses of typical recovery ranges. 5. An example application to a reservoir showing track of porosity and water saturation with defined cutoffs to estimate

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    of 17

    Chapter 3

    Reserve Estimation

    Lecture notes for PET 370


    Spring 2010
    Prepared by: Thomas W. Engler,
    Ph.D., P.E.
    Reserve Estimation

    Volumetric oil in place,


    7758A n
    N h (1 S )
    B i i wi
    oi i 1

    where,
    N = oil in place, stb
    A = drainage area, acres
    Boi = initial formation volume factor,rb/stb
    hi = individual zone thickness, ft
    i = porosity, fraction
    Swi = water saturation, fraction

    Reserves are defined by:

    R = N * (Er)

    Er = recovery factor
    Depth merge & correlate

    Sonic Measured Water Sample

    Published Water Tables


    Density

    Lithology
    Neutron Rw = Ro/F

    Gas/Liquid
    SP log
    others

    a
    F
    m

    F * Rw
    Vsh Sw
    Rt
    SP Induction log

    GR Laterologs

    So = 1 - S w
    Porosity logs

    Volumetric oil in place,


    7758A n
    N h i i (1 S wi )
    B oi i 1

    Reserves,
    R = N * RF
    Flowchart for Well Log Interpretation
    Reserve Estimation

    Definition of Reservoir Intervals


    Reserve Estimation Cutoff Values

    1. Shale content (Vsh) – eliminate the portion of the


    formation which contains large quantities of shale.
    Vshcutoff ≈ 20 to 30 %

    2. Porosity – eliminate the portion of the formation


    which is low porosity (and low permeability) and
    therefore would be non-productive.
    Sandstones
    cutoff ≈ 7% gas
    cutoff ≈ 8% oil
    Carbonates
    cutoff ≈4%

    3. Water saturation – eliminate the portion of the


    formation which contains large volumes of water in
    the pore space.
    Sandstones
    Swcutoff ≈ 60%
    Carbonates
    Swcutoff ≈ 50%
    Reserve Estimation Cutoff Values

    Specific Correlation

    • Applicable to U.S. gulf coast sands


    • Correlation between k, and Sw
    • Assumes oil/water viscosity ratio = 2.0
    Reserve Estimation Averaging

    Porosity – thickness weighted average

    n
    h h1 1
    i i h2
    i 1 2

    h3
    n 3

    h
    i
    i 1

    Water saturation – volume weighted average


    n
    S φ h
    wi i i
    S i 1
    w n
    φ h
    i i
    i 1
    Reserve Estimation Reservoir Volume

    h
    V A A A *A
    b 3 n n 1 n n 1
    or
    h
    V A A
    b 2 n n 1
    Reserve Estimation Recovery Factor

    Determined from:
    1. displacement efficiency studies
    2. correlations based on statistical studies of particular
    types of reservoir mechanisms

    OIL
    volumetric reservoirs
    1 S S
    w g Boi
    E 1
    r 1 S B
    w o
    Total free gas saturation at abandonment by core analysis. Assumes core fluids (oil and water)
    are displaced by expansion of the liberated gas while removing the core to the surface…similar
    process to depletion.

    hydraulic reservoirs
    1 S S
    E w or
    r 1 S
    w
    Estimate Sor from the remaining oil in the cores after flushed by mud filtrate and expansion of
    gas…displacement process
    Reserve Estimation Recovery Factor

    GAS
    Volumetric Reservoirs

    B
    gi
    E 1
    r B
    ga

    Hydraulic Reservoirs

    B
    1 S S gi
    w gr B
    ga
    E
    r 1 S
    w
    Reserve Estimation Recovery Factor

    From displacement of reservoir fluids (invasion) using well


    logs
    Reserve Estimation Recovery Factor

    From displacement of reservoir fluids (invasion) using well


    logs

    Difference between initial oil saturation, Soi and the


    residual oil saturation, Sor, that remains after the
    formation is invaded by water:
    Som = Soi - Sor

    Inferring mud filtrate invasion as an efficient


    displacement mechanism, then
    Som = Sxo - Sw

    Recovery factor for water drive reservoirs,


    S S
    E xo w
    r wd 1 S
    w
    ....for depletion drive, use rule of thumb of 1/2 of (RF)wd
    Reserve Estimation Recovery Factor

    Statistical Performance
    Soln Gor Oil Sandstones Carbonates
    gravity maximum average minimum maximum average minimum
    60 15 12.8 8.6 2.6 28.0 4.4 0.6
    30 21.3 15.2 8.7 32.8 9.9 2.9
    50 34.2 24.8 16.9 39.0 18.6 8.0
    200 15 13.3 8.8 3.3 27.5 4.5 0.9
    30 22.2 15.2 8.4 32.3 9.8 2.6
    50 37.4 26.4 17.6 39.8 19.3 7.4
    600 15 18.0 11.3 6.0 26.6 6.9 1.9
    30 24.3 15.1 8.4 30.0 9.6 2.5
    50 35.6 23.0 13.8 36.1 15.1 4.3
    1000 15 - - - - - -
    30 34.4 21.2 12.6 32.6 13.2 4.0
    50 33.7 20.2 11.6 31.8 12.0 3.1
    2000 15 - - - - - -
    30 - - - - - -
    50 40.7 24.8 15.6 32.8 14.5 5.0

    Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs (Arps, 1962)

    Drive Sandstones Carbonates


    minimum average maximum minimum average maximum
    Water drive 27.8 51.1 86.7 6.3 43.6 80.5
    Solution gas 9.5 21.3 46.0 15.5 17.6 20.7
    drive without
    supplemental
    drives
    Solution gas 13.1 28.4 57.9 9.0 21.8 48.1
    drive with
    supplemental
    drives
    Gas cap drive 15.8 32.5 67.0 Combined with sandstone
    Gravity drainage 16.0 57.2 63.8 Data not available
    Gas depletion 75.0 85.0 95.0
    Gas water drive 50.0 70.0 80.0
    Recovery factor for different drive mechanisms
    Reserve Estimation Example

    Todilto

    Entrada OWC
    Ss
    Reserve Estimation Example

    Percent
    0 20 40 60 80 100
    5160

    5170

    Pay
    Todilto 5180
    depth,ft

    Entrada OWC 5190


    OWC?
    Ss

    5200

    5210
    porosity SW

    5220

    Porosity cutoff = 20%


    Water Saturation cutoff = 65%
    Electrical Properties of Rocks Example

    Parameters
    Area = 40 acres
    Boi = 1.2 rb/stb
    Calculated from log
    h = 18 ft
    OOIP = 489 Mstb
    ave = 27.5%
    Sw ave = 62%
    hSo = 1.889

    Recovery Factor
    Sxo = 75 % (Er)wd = 34 % R = 167 Mstb

    Actual cumulative production = 126 Mstb


    Electrical Properties of Rocks References

    Chapter 11, Sec 11.4-11.7, Bassiouni, Z: Theory,


    Measurement, and Interpretation of Well Logs, SPE
    Textbook Series, Vol. 4, (1994)

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