Objective Definitions

Regulations Inspection

Modern
PPE Alternatives

Accident Scaffolds
Prevention Components
Scaffolding
Advance

General Scaf
Materials loading
Safety

Common Faults in
Manual Handling Tubes

Recovery Time Scaf Boards

Scaf. Hazards Foundations

Workers
Protection
PFAS
Scaffold
Introduction
Q&A
What is Scaffolding ?

An Elevated
Temporary
Working Platform
Knowledge about Rules and
Regulations

International Regulations
Country Rules and Regs
Company Rules and Regs /
Procedures
British Standard (BSI )
BS 5973 : 1993
December : 2010
January 2011 : BS EN 12811

OSHA Standard : USA

www.osha.gov
 Who is a Scaffold Operator ?

A Competent worker who perform scaffolding

erection and dismantling job.

 Erection
 Dismantling
 Storage etc,

Note: Only a Competent Scaffolding

operator can perform the scaffolding job
Competent Person ?

Qualified
(Trained & Experienced)
Authorised
(A Person having relative authority to
perform the job)
Qualities of a Good Scaffolding Operator ?

Qualified and Authorised

Knowledge about Rules and Regulations
Erection and Dismantling
Scaffolding Components
Use of Scaffolds
Types of Scaffolds
Standard Materials
Risk Assessment
Qualities of a Good Scaffolding Operator ?

TBT / Job Brief

Planning
General Safety Rules
House Keeping
Manual and Mechanical
Handling
Materials Estimation
Scaffolding Inspection
Reporting of Incidents
PTW
 USES OF SCAFFOLDS

Use of Scaffolding
Working Platform
Loading Platform
Lifting Frames (Material)
Lifting Frames (Persons)
Supporting Structures
Access Tower
Storage Purpose
Bridges
Cable Crossing over (Roads etc)
Types of Scaffold

By Material
(Steel, Aluminium, Wood)
By Weight
(Light, Medium, Heavy, Special )
Basic Erection Design
(Supported, Independent,
Suspended / Hanging)
Manufacturer Design
Types of Scaffold

Types of Scaffolding (Manufacturer Design Name)

There are many types but some of them mostly in common use are;
 Tube and Coupler System Scaffold
 Tube and Cup lock System Scaffold
 H Type Frame (Readymade Scaffold)
 Kwick Type System Scaffold
Tube and Cup lock System Scaffold
Tube and Cup lock System Scaffold
Tube and Coupler System Scaffold
Kwick Stage System Scaffold
H Type of Readymade System Scaffold
H Type Frame System Scaffold (Readymade Scaffold)
 Types of Scaffolding
Types of Scaffold by Weight as per BSI 5973

Light duty - 150kg/m²

Medium duty - 200kg/m²

Heavy duty - 250kg/m²

Special purpose - ____kg/m²

Scaffolding Tag
 Scaffolding Manager

Scaffolding Eng

Scaffolding Inspector Supervisor Supervisor Scaffolding Inspector

Charge Hand Charge Hand

Team Leader Team Leader

Workers 20 (A) Workers 20 (A) Workers 20 (B) Workers 20 (B)

 Personal Protective Equipment Cont.

Safety gloves, leather

Safety climbing helmet

Safety boots/shoes with steel toe-cap

Coveralls, 100% cotton, long sleeve

 Personal Protective Equipment Cont.

Ear protection, when required

Safety spectacles (clear/shaded)

Tool pouch with appropriate tools

Fall protection, safety harness or/and

fall arrestor
 Tools

Spanner
Leveller
Hammer
Saw (Wood Cutter )
Rope
Measuring Tape
Nails
Wire Cutter
 Tools

Spanner
Normally 21 mm and 22 mm
spanner is used.
 Tools

• Leveller

• Wire Cutter
Tower scaffolds

Uses of Scaffolding Towers

Electric Wiring
AC Ducting
Interior Decoration
Painting
Ceiling works
Storage Purpose
Supporting Structure
Tower scaffolds
ERECTION AND DISMANTLING

User manuals
Which include
Sequence of erection and
dismantling
Bracing
Stabilizing requirements
Ratio 1:4
PFAS (Life Line, Fall arrestor )
Raker System
ERECTION AND DISMANTLING

User manuals
Which include
Sequence of erection and
dismantling
Bracing
Stabilizing requirements
Ratio 1:4
PFAS (Life Line, Fall arrestor )
Raker System
HAZARDS IN SCAFFOLDING TOWERS

Overturn
Material Fall
Planks breakage
Personal Fall
Electrocution
Incompatible
Components
Fabricated Frame Scaffold
 Fabricated Frame Scaffold

Rakers 4 sides
ladder to be
opposite sides
 Inside Building

4 Meter

Stationary Internal
independent
Tower 10.8 Meter

Ratio : 1: 4
1 Meter
Outside Building

Stationary External
independent Tower
9.45 Meter

Ratio : 1: 3.5
 Tube and Fitting Scaffolding
Consists of 6 Parts:
1. Tubes:
To make the framework of the scaffolding

2. Couplings / Couplers
To connect the tubes together
Load bearing and non load bearing

3. Floor boards/ Scaffolding Boards

Make the work-platform/sole-boards/toe board

4. Foundation:
A safe footing for the scaffolding

5. Access : Ladder / Staircase etc.

6. Working Surface(s) / Working Platform

From which the workers will carry out their work

Fixed / Right Angle / Double Coupler

Component Weight : 1025 grams

Scaffolding Components
 Swivel Couplers
Capacities of Components

MTDS
MANUFACTURER TECHNICAL DATA
SHEET
MPDS
Material Property Data Sheet
References
BS 1139 (Tubes)
BS EN 74 (Couplers)
BS 2482 (Scaffolding Boards)
 BS 5973 1991
BS 1139 Type of fitting Type of load Class Safe working load

Part 2:1982 Right angle coupler Slip along a tube 6.3 kN or 630 Kg
Double Coupler

Section 2.1:1991 Right angle coupler Slip along a tube B 9.4 kN or 940 Kg
Double Coupler
Part 2:1982 Swivel coupler Slip along a tube 6.3 kN or 630 Kg

Section 2.1:1991 Swivel coupler Slip along a tube A 5.3 kN or 530 Kg

Part 2:1982 Sleeve coupler Tension 3.0 kN or 300 Kg

Section 2.1:1991 Sleeve coupler Tension A 1.5 kN or 150 Kg

Part 2:1982 Sleeve coupler Bending 0.79 kN ma

Section 2.1:1991 Sleeve coupler Bending B 0.59 kN ma

 Sleeve Coupler
 Used to connect two tubes in horizontal or vertical also
making a fence or guardrails.
 Weight : 1150 Grams
 Joint Pin Coupler

 Used to connect two tubes in horizontal or vertical also making a

fence or guardrails.
 Weight : 900 Grams
 Putlog Coupler / Single

 Used to connect two Scaffold tubes at 90º

 Used to connect toe boards with standard (as shown in picture)
 Weight : 700 Grams
Toe boards Connected with standard
 Putlog Coupler

• Used to connect intermediate transom to ledger at right

angle
Ladder Clamp

• Used to connect ladder to the support tube in scaffolding

Scaffolding Couplings

Girder Coupler:

For connecting scaffold

tubes to “H” girders
(RSJ’s)

Units must fixed to

girders in pairs

Refer to manufacturers
recommendations for
loading

SWL when used in pairs,

is 1.25 tons
 Gin Wheel

Used to raise and lower components

and materials to a scaffold structure
SWL 100kg, or otherwise stamped
on the frame,

Secured in-place with two single

couplers

Use only approved ropes for hauling

purposes
 Board Retaining Coupler (BRC)

 Used to connect two Scaffold Boards with the Tubes

 Weight : 600 grams
 Castor Wheel

 The diameter of the wheel

of the castor shall be not
less than 127 mm.
 The castor shall have a
wheel brake.
 The Minimum resistance to
vertical load of not less
than 7.2 kN.
Scaffolding Tubes

Three main types of tubes are in common use.

 Black steel tubes
Outer Diameter
 Galvanized steel tubes.
 Aluminum alloy tubes.

Note: All Tubes have same diameter

Outer diameter : 48.3 mm

Walls thickness : 4.0 mm
Weight : 4.4 kg / Meter.

Wall Thickness
Scaffolding Tubes

 Galvanized steel tubes. Outer Diameter

Outer diameter : 48.3 mm

Walls thickness : 3.2 mm

Weight : 3.56 kg / Meter.

Reference : BS 6323

Wall Thickness
Scaffolding Tubes

 Aluminum alloy tubes. Outer Diameter

Outer diameter : 48.3 mm

Walls thickness : 4.5 mm

Weight : 1.7 kg / Meter.

Wall Thickness
 Scaffolding Components

Free from:
Splits
 Scaffolding Components

Bad dents
 Scaffolding Components

Mushroomed head
 Scaffolding Components

Sharp Point/Edges
 Scaffolding Components

Excessive corrosion
 Scaffolding Components (Boards)
 Usually the boards are made
up of wood called “ TIMBER”
that is why it is called “Timber Boards”

Length: 3.90 M
Width : 225 mm ( 22.5 Cm )
Thickness : 38 - 50 & 63mm

Note: Scaffolding Boards should Comply

BS 2482 : 2009
Scaffolding Components (Boards)
What is wrong here?
Common faults in Scaffolding boards
Common faults in Scaffolding boards
Common faults in Scaffolding boards
Storage of Scaffolding boards
 Scaffolding Sole Boards
What is Wrong here ?
 Sequence of Erection
Level the foundation
 Sequence of Erection

Base Jack

Sole Board

Base Plate
 Sequence of Erection

Shank

Base Jack
 Sequence of Erection
Scaffolding Standards
Carry the entire weight of the
scaffold, and should be very
carefully spaced

This dimension should be

measured and maintained, in
accordance with the
requirements of the design

Subject to a maximum total

deviation of 50mm
Sequence of Erection
 Sequence of Erection

Ledger
Sequence of Erection
 Sequence of Erection
Main transom should be installed above the ledger.
 Sequence of Erection
Putting the main transom on fixed one, for correct matching
 Sequence of Erection

Foot Tie

Kicker Lift

Height:

15 to 20 Cm

Nod Point
 Sequence of Erection
Fix the ledger over earlier fixed to match the correct position
Making Square
Sequence of Erection

Kicker Lift
 Sequence of Erection
Maintain the foot tie height
 Sequence of Erection
 Check the level at foot tie
 Sequence of Erection
Check the level at corners (Tube & Cup lock System)
 Sequence of Erection
Check if the standard if it is straight at 90 Degree angle
Sequence of Erection
Sequence of Erection
Alignment of Standards
Basic Definitions of Scaffold Components
Sequence of Erection
Sequence of Erection
Basic Definitions of Scaffold Component

Foot tie or lift height or

Kicker lift or ledger spacing
 Distributed
Commonly used
load on Maximum Number of Max. bay
Duty Use of platform platforms
widths
platforms using 225 m boards length m
KN / m2

Inspection Inspection, painting,

and very stone cleaning, light 1 working
0.75 3 boards 2.7
light cleaning, cleaning and platform
duty access

Plastering, painting,
2 working
Light duty stone cleaning, glazing 1.50 4 boards 2.4
platforms
and pointing

General building work

including brickwork, 2 working 5 boards or 4 boards
General
window and mullion 2.00 platforms + 1 at + 2.1
purposes
fixing, rendering, very light duty 1 inside
plastering

5 boards or 5 boards
2 working
Block work, brickwork, + 1 inside or 4
Heavy duty 2.50 platforms + 1 at 2.0
heavy cladding boards
very light duty
+ 1 inside

Masonry or Masonry work, concrete 1 working

special block work, and very 3.00 platforms + 1 at very light. 6 to 8 boards 1.8
duty heavy cladding duty
Distance between the
foot tie and first lift
should be 2M.
PREVENTING UNATHORIZED ACCESS

 If the scaffold is
incomplete use warning
notice.
 Guard Rail (Approx 1.0 m high)
Scaffolding Ties Brick Guard
Intermediate guard rail (Max gap of 470 mm)
Toe Board
Scaffolding Planks
(Deck area min of 600 mm wide)

Transom

Sway Brace
Positive
Through Tie
Ledger Brace

Reveal Tie Couplers at joints

Ledger

Standard

Base Plates
Sole Board
Scaffolding Ties Cont.

Box Tie:

Around a pillar/column etc.

Strength is125kg, inwards and

outwards

Lip Tie:

Around a Lip

Strength is 62.5kg, inwards and

outwards
Scaffolding Ties Cont.

Proprietary Tie Bolt, or Ring/ Hilti Tie

Large Eye Bolt
May be of two sizes:

Rings between 50-55mm internal

diameter, through which scaffold tubes
are passed

Smaller rings, for use with wire or steel

banding ties

Eye Bolt
and Strap
Scaffolding Bracing

Sway Brace:
A diagonal tube
Tied-off on the vertical or
horizontal members
From left to right and
right to left and so on
Fit a guard rail on the
bottom lift’s
Risk Assessment
Hazards Identification
Structure Collapse
Personal Falls
Object Falling / Material Falling
Electrocution
Struck by
Fire Broke out (Cutting Welding / Planks with
Grease, Oil etc)
Scaffolding Bracing Systems

Dog leg or zig- Cross braces fixed Alternative

Zag bracing with swivel couplers Method
to the standards
Scaffolding Bracing Systems

Sway Brace / Facade Brace

Knee Brace / Section Brace / Spur

1. Knee Brace
2. Section Brace
3. Spur
Scaffolding Bracing Systems

Plane Brace
Raker System
Proper Installation of Raker
Installation of Raker
WORKING PLATFORM
 Distributed
Commonly used
load on Maximum Number of Max. bay
Duty Use of platform platforms
widths
platforms using 225 m boards length m
KN / m2

Inspection
Inspection, painting,
and very 1 working
stone cleaning, light 0.75 3 boards 2.7
light platform
cleaning, cleaning and access
duty

Plastering, painting,
2 working
Light duty stone cleaning, glazing 1.50 4 boards 2.4
platforms
and pointing

General building work

including brickwork, 2 working
General 5 boards or 4 boards +
window and mullion 2.00 platforms + 1 at 2.1
purposes 1 inside
fixing, rendering, very light duty
plastering

2 working 5 boards or 5 boards

Block work, brickwork,
Heavy duty 2.50 platforms + 1 at + 1 inside or 4 boards 2.0
heavy cladding
very light duty + 1 inside

Masonry work, concrete block 1 working

Masonry or
work, and very 3.00 platforms + 1 at very light. 6 to 8 boards 1.8
special duty
heavy cladding duty
 HSE Warning

Twin-tailed energy absorbing

lanyards specifically comprise
two lanyards that are attached to
a single energy absorber in such
a way that either lanyard can
transmit a load to the energy
absorber.
Cantilever loading bays
Solution Special PFAS System

Full body harness with

extended lanyard or
Fall Arrestor.
 Protection Of Workers

Fall arrestor
INSTALLATION OF LADDERS

There are three ways to install

the ladder in scaffolding;

Right Angle
Side Wise / Along side
Inside the Scaffold
 Gangways and working platform should be horizontal ideally
but may go up to 20 Degree without cleats and more steeper
should be cleats and guard rails to be installed.

Maximum Allowed gap 10 cm

WORKING PLATEFORM
 Installation of Ladder

Angle Should be 75 Degree

Ratio 1:4

BS 2037: 1994 4 Meters

Portable Aluminum Ladders
Max safe working load - 175kg
Installation of top rail in
ladder for access.
Readymade Gate can be
used if available
BS 2037
 LADDER SAFETY
LEDDERS

 Always put against width side

and inside if possible.
 Angle 75 degree.
 Ladders must be lashed
@ 2 points at least.
 Projection of ladder should be
1Meter.
 If more ladders are required
in the same scaffold put in the
opposite transoms.
 LADDER SAFETY

Gap between
planks for ladder
3 planks to remove
LADDER SAFETY

Maintain Suitable Distance / Angle

 LADDER SAFETY
Base of the ladder should be strong, rigid and level also to stop the
ladder from slipping there should be stopper to install.
 Ladder Clamp
Used to connect ladder to the support tube in scaffolding
Securing Ladder
 LADDER SAFETY
Secure the ladder from proper place without making obstruction

Wrongly secured,
Tie should be fixed at rung
level
Ladder to be installed opposite direction in a Multiplatform scaffold
Handrail in Ladder
 LADDER SAFETY

Bracing in support tube

Fabricated Frame Scaffold
 Suspended Scaffold Cont.

Buts should be fixed to

supplement with the load
bearing couplers

Vertical tubes should be in

one length

Where not possible, then

overlapped at least 62cm
vertically.

Using at least two load

bearing couplers
 Pre-fabricated Beams
Various types are available, to simplify the construction of beams and
trusses, in scaffolding

Beams can be welded lattice structures, or assembled on site

Manufacturers recommendations must be strictly observed

When splices are used to join units,

The bolts are used, the following should be specified by the

manufacturer of the beam:

Size

Type, and

Grade of steel
 Gin Wheel
Two types:
Ring type, and
Hook type Ring Type

Maximum of 750mm diameter

Rope 18mm diameter, with

Figure of 8 knot tied to end of
rope, or above the load
Maximum load of 50kg
Load tested frequently.

Ring Type
What Are Your New Observations ?