Scaffolding Safety

[DO 128]

Level 1

Engr. Alexander B. Trillana

1
OSH Consultant
 Course Outline
 Definitions
 Objective  Mudsills
 Motivation Of  Base Plates
Participants  Adjustable Jacks
 Outrigger Stabilizers
 Introduction  Bracing
 Worker Must Be Trained On  Tie Backs
 Worker Must Be Retrained  Guardrail
When  Platform
 Fall Arrest System
 What Is A “Competent  Plumbness
Person”?  Foundations
 What Is Scaffolding?  Coupling Devices
 Working Platforms  Joint Pin
 Construction Top 10 Killers  Standard [Post]
 The Five Most Serious  Ledger [Runner]
Scaffold Hazards  Transom [Bearer]
 Board Overhang and Overlap
 OSHA Fatality Study  Toe Board
 Various Scaffolding Accidents  Engineering Design
 Accessories
2
 Course Outline
 Responsibilities/Design  Scaffold Types and
Approvals [DO 128] Selection [Continuation]
 Management/Employer  Tower Scaffold
 Workers  Mobile Scaffold
 Design Approval  Shoring Scaffold
 Erectors and Dismantlers  Scaffold Public Protection
 Competent Person  “Stick-Built” Pole Scaffold
 Inspection  Pump Jack Scaffold
 Scaffold Types and  Ladder Jack Scaffold
Selection  Trestle Ladder Scaffold
 Basic Consideration  Carpenters Bracket Scaffold
 Scaffold Capacity  Hanging Scaffold System [The
Wall Walker]
 Scaffold Load Rating  Rustgo Manual Work Platform
 Tube and Coupler  Horse Scaffolds
 System Scaffold  Adjustable Scaffolds
 Combination System Scaffold  Scissor Lifts
and Tube and Coupler
 Cantilever Scaffold  Aerial Lifts
 Hanging Scaffold  Two-Point Suspended
Scaffolds
3
 Course Outline
 Scaffold Foundation and Support
 Scaffold Erection and Bracing
 Scaffold Access
 Scaffold Working Platforms
 Scaffold Guardrails
 Scaffold Stability
 Scaffold Use and Maintenance
 Scaffold Inspection
 Bad Practices
 Best Practices
 Scaffold Erection Process
 Actual Scaffold Erection Techniques
 FBH Donning and Doffing
 Scaffolding Written Examination
 Scaffold Erection [Scaffold Design To Be Provided By The Facilitator]
 Scaffold Highlights 4
 OBJECTIVES
This training will further enhance the knowledge
and skills of the participants on Scaffolds Safety
including erection/installation and inspection of
Scaffolds, Working safety on heights including
rescue and basic standard safety procedures on
handling ladders and eventual certification from
TESDA NC II as Scaffold Erector and competent
person in compliance to Department Order No.
128-13 of the Department of Labor and
Employment. 5
D.O. 128-13
 House Rules

• Mobile Phones set to Silent Mode

• Food & Drinks
• Active Participation The facilitator may be
• Punctuality interrupted at anytime for
questions and clarifications.
• Attendance Sheet
• Availability of Materials
• Evaluation [Written and Actual]
Introduction
 Introduction

Worker Must Be Trained On:

• Recognizing hazards of the type of scaffold they’ll be using.

• Understanding the procedures to control or minimize hazards.

• Hazards including: electrical, falling off the scaffold, and falling objects.

• How to erect, maintain and disassemble the fall protection and falling object
protection systems.

• Using the scaffold and handling materials on the scaffold.

• Maximum intended load and capacity.

• Other information as needed.

Employees need training so they don’t misuse the scaffold or do things that will cause it to lose
its integrity, such as removing cross bracing so they can do their work. Training needs to be
specific to the scaffold the workers will be using. Job-specific issues would include power line
clearances, surface conditions.
 Introduction
Worker Must Be Retrained When:
• You believe an employee lacks the skill or understanding
to safety erect, use or dismantle a scaffold,

• If an employee's work is inadequate,

• If there is a change in any of the following that presents

new hazards:
– Worksite
– Type of scaffold
– Fall protection
– Falling object protection
– Other equipment
 Introduction
What is a “Competent Person”?
A competent person is able to:
• Identify existing and predictable hazards,
• Identify working conditions that are
unsanitary, hazardous or dangerous and:
• Has authority to eliminate hazards.

A competent person must:

Have knowledge of what the scaffolding standard requires for workplace safety
training and experience in erecting and inspecting scaffolds,
know about the kinds of hazards that can exist around scaffolds,
be designated by management as the competent person,
have authority to take action to stop unsafe activities and eliminate hazards
identified.
 Introduction
Scaffold is a temporary
structure usually made of
metal frames and tubing,
which provides temporary
support and access for
workers and materials used
in construction, demolition,
repair and maintenance
work. Scaffolding, when not
constructed and used
properly, can result in
serious injury, and
sometimes death.

12
Operation, Maintenance and Construction
Top 10 Killers

13
 The Five Most Serious Scaffold Hazards

Falls
Unsafe Access

Scaffold Collapse

Falling Objects Electrocution

Terminologies and Definition
 Scaffold Terminologies
TOP RAIL
MID RAIL
DROP BAR

42”+/- 3” FALSE UPRIGHT

36” [DO 128] 36” in.

SCAFFOLD PLANKS LADDER CLAMP

BEARER (TRANSOM) TOEBOARD
LONGITUDINAL
BRACING
STANDARD
SWIVEL COUPLER

FIXED COUPLER (90º)

RUNNER (LEDGER)
TRANSVERSE BRACING
BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
6"
BASE PLATE
SILL (SOLE BOARD)

16
 Scaffold Terminologies
BEARERS RUNNERS
(TRANSOMS) (LEDGERS)
BAY LENGTH

BAY SCAFFOLD
WIDTH

LIFT
6” HEIGHT

POST
(STANDARD)

BASE LIFT
(Foot Tie or Kicker Lift)

17
 Definition

• Mudsills - A minimum 50 mm
x 250 mm (2" x 10") wood
plank or other device used to
support the scaffold frame
base plates or other support
devices.
• Base Plates - A device used to
support and distribute the leg
load of a scaffold system sized
according to the
manufacturer’s specification.
18
 Adjustable Base Jack

Used on system scaffolds i.e. cuplock on uneven grounds so that the scaffold can be
erected level.

Base jacks should not be extended more than 2/3rds of its length.
Kicker Lift
 Definition

Outrigger Stabilizers - A device

used to extend the support length
at the base of the scaffolding in
order to provide stability against
overturning.

21
 Definition

Bracing - A system of members

connecting frames or sections of
scaffolding to make the scaffold
structure and add strength and
rigidity between members.

22
 Definition

• Tie-Backs - A
reinforcing connection
device which secures a
scaffold to a fixed
structure.
• Guardrail - A rail
secured to uprights
and erected along the
exposed sides and ends
of platforms.

23
 Definition
Platform - A working surface provided on
a scaffold to support the weight of
workers, tools and materials.

24
Platforms
 Scaffold Wood Planks
12” width x 2 “ thickness x variable length
10” [min.] width x 2 “ thickness x variable length
 Wood Plank Inspection

Damaged wood planks include:

Rot, "squishy" feel, or powdery appearance from termite damage
Cupping of 3/8" or more on a 10" wide or 1/2" or more on 12" wide plank.
Crook of more than 5/16”, bow of more than 7/16” or twist of more than ¾” on a
10’ long 10” board.
Wane of more than ¼ the width and ¼ the thickness for more than ¼ the length
of the plank.
A split that has a length of 1 ½ times the board width or more.
Knots that are more than 1 ½” diameter if loose or 2” diameter if tight on a 10”
plank.
A notch cut into a plank more than 1/3 the plank width.
Any saw kerf cut across the plank weakens the plank by the depth of the cut.
The problem may not be noticed if the plank is later laid with the cut side down.
 Scaffold Wooden Plank Capacity
• 4 times the intended load + scaffold weight

• Planks must not deflect more than 1/60 of span when

loaded

6”-12” Overlap 10’ total plank length 6”-12” Overlap

6” overlap 6” overlap

Downward deflection must be no more than 1.8”

Example Of Overloaded Scaffold
 Definition

Fall Arrest Systems - A fall protection

system that prevents serious injury or
death of a worker due to a fall, usually
consisting of a full body harness secured
to a lanyard and lifeline.

30
 Definition
Plumbness

It is absolutely essential
that the scaffold is erected
plumb, to ensure
maximum structural
capability of the system.
When the first level of
scaffold is erected, check
for plumbness and
continue doing so as the
scaffold is built.

31
 Definition

• Plumbness - Ensuring
that the scaffold is
balanced and erected at
a 90 degree angle
straight up from a level
surface.

• Foundations - The
surface upon which the
scaffold is erected.

32
 Definition
Coupling Devices - A connective device
used to secure scaffold frames together.

Swivel Coupler
A load bearing fitting
which rotates so that
tubes can be joined at
any angle. Mainly used to
connect braces to
standards.
33
 Definition
Swivel Coupler

34
 Definition
Coupling Devices - A connective device used to
secure scaffold frames together.
Double Coupler
Also referred to as right angle
or 90? Couplers. Used to join
tubes at right angles where
maximum load carrying
capacity is required. Double
couplers must always be used
to join ledgers and standards
together.
35
 Definition
Coupling Devices - A connective device used to
secure scaffold frames together.
Putlog Coupler
A fitting used for fixing
putlogs to ledgers.
The fitting must not be used
to join ledgers and standards
together or in any load
bearing situations.

36
Single Coupler (Putlog)

37
 Definition
Coupling Devices - A
connective device used to
secure scaffold frames
together.

End to End Coupler

(a) Sleeve coupler
(b) Expanding joint pin.

Used to join tubes together

end to end.
 Joint Pin (Spigots)

KS type

BS type

39
 Alternate Joints
 Runners (ledger) or bearers (transoms) shall not have more than one
joint between adjacent posts, joints shall be staggered (adjacent joints
shall not occur on the same bay).
 End-to-end couplers may be used may be used for joints in runners
(ledgers) or bearers (transoms), the joint shall not be located more than
300mm. (12”) from a post (standard).
)
 Alternatively, joints in runners M
O ER )
or bearers may be made by S
R AN DG
abutting the runner or bearer E L) (4)
(T (L E
ends together and overlapping R ER ER W
IV ur
N o
this ends with a separate E A N
U (S of f
B R
R B LE in. .
parallel tube. This parallel tube m .
O
S TA - M m n
0 Mi
shall be coupled to each U RS 0
3 2")
J E
abutted runner or bearer end A D PL (1
U
with at least two equally C O
spaced adjustable swivel
couplers. In this case, the joint EL
m
.
LL
shall not be located in the m in. A E
0 M R B
middle third of the runner or 30 2") A U
bearer span. (1 P T
 Definition
Standards [Post]
Make sure the standards are sitting on a base plate and where the ground
dictates a sole board .

A vertical or near vertical tube based on the ground or a structure.

Used to carry the ledgers.

Cuplock Standards [Posts]
 Ledgers [Runners]
A longitudinal tube fixed parallel to the face of the building.

It also act as a support for the transoms.

It can also be use to form part of the ties in the scaffold.

Ledgers should be fixed to the standard using load bearing fittings (double)

Definition
Cuplock Ledger [Runner]
 Transoms [Bearer]
POSTS (STANDARD)

1.5
m
(5 f
t.) M
A X.
BEARER VA R
IES
(TRANSOM)
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
38 mm.
BOARD BEARER (1.5") THK.
(INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM) BEARER
(TRANSOM)
SUPPORT SPACING FOR PLANKS
38mm (1-½") THICK

POSTS (STANDARD)

2.4
m
(8 f
t.) M
A X.
BEARER VA R
IES
(TRANSOM)
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
50 mm.
BOARD BEARER (2") THK.
(INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM) BEARER
(TRANSOM)
SUPPORT SPACING FOR PLANKS
50mm (2") THICK
 Definition
Intermediate Transoms [Bearer]
Transoms [Bearers]
 Cuplock Transoms [Bearers]
Intermediate transom Standard transom
 Board Overhang and Overlap
DO 128

 All platforms must be fully decked or planked.

 Each abutted end of a plank shall rest on a separate support surface.
 Overlap platforms not less than 12” only over supports, unless restrained
to prevent movement, i.e. ”Cleating”.
 The working deck should never be more than 14” away from the working
surface.

OVERLAP OVERHANG
300 mm. 150 mm. (6") MIN.
(12") MIN. (UNLESS CLEATED)
300 mm. (12") MAX.

RUNNER
(LEDGER)

BOARD BEARER BEARER POST

(INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM) (TRANSOM) (STANDARD)
 Board Overhang
Min over hang 50mm, Max over hang 150mm for 38 mm thick board
 Common Faults
Lapping on to unsecured boards
 Definition

• Toeboard - A barrier
secured along the sides and
ends of a platform to guard
against the falling of
materials or tools.

• Engineering Design - The

design of a scaffold system
by a registered professional
engineer, drawings of a
scaffolding system should
includes all appropriate
information on loading
capacities and, detailing on
tie-backs, foundations, etc.
These drawings must be
kept on site.
52
Tools and Accessories
 17mm – 21mm RATCHET WRENCH

THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOL OF A

SCAFFOLDER. IT IS BECAUSE IT IS USED TO
TIGHTEN THE LOCK OR BOLT OF THE
COUPLER WHICH IS A FITTING OF A
SCAFFOLD.
 COMBINATION WRENCHES

The combination wrench combines the best features of the open

end and box wrench into a single wrench. The size opening on
the wrench is the same on both ends, but one end has a box head
and the other end has an open end head.
The length of the wrench varies with the size of the head. The
most common opening is offset from the shank by 15 degrees.
They are used to remove common-size nuts and bolts.
 STEEL SQUARE

Measuring tools are used for marking

and measuring work.
 STEEL TAPE

Steel tapes are made from 6 to about300 feet in length. The shorter
tapes are made with a curved, but rigid, cross section flexible enough
to be rolled up.
 BALL PIN HAMMER

IT IS USED TO HAMMER IN NAILS

TO THE TOE BOARD CONNECTING
IT TO THE WOODPLANKS
 PULLEY

IT IS AN EQUIPMENT TIED TO THE SCAFFOLDING WHICH EASES UP

CARRYING MATERIALS TO THE WORKING PLATFORM.
 MAGNETIC LEVEL

Measuring tools are used for

marking and measuring work.
Deceleration Devices
GIN WHEELS
Responsibilities/
Design Approval
 Responsibilities/Design Approvals

Management/Employers

• Ensure that proper scaffolding

material and equipment is provided
at the project site.
• all workers must be trained in
proper scaffold use, erection, and
maintenance.
• provide all necessary personal
protective equipment, (i.e. safety
headwear, footwear, fall protection
systems, etc.) to workers erecting
and using the scaffold.

64
 Responsibilities/Design Approvals

Workers
Workers must ensure that
they follow safe work
procedures and use all
necessary equipment and
any necessary personal
protective devices when
erecting and using scaffold
systems. Workers must also
take care to protect other
workers when working on
scaffolding.
65
 Responsibilities/Design Approvals
Design Approvals

66
Responsibilities/Design Approvals
Responsibilities/Design Approvals

Scaffold Competent Person

No Competent Person Here!
Responsibilities/Design Approvals

Scaffold Competent Person

Responsibilities/Design Approvals

Scaffold Competent Person

Competent Personnel
Job well done

Scaffolding Team

72
 Responsibilities/Design Approvals

Inspection

Because of severe
weather conditions, the
scaffold system shall be
inspected on a regular
schedule and a record of
the inspections
maintained at the job
site.

73
 FIXED SCAFFOLDING
PARTS
PLANKING
(BOARDS)
GUARDRAIL SYSTEM
INCLUDING TOEBOARDS

TOEBOARD
CLIPS

RUNNER
(LEDGER)

BEARER
(TRANSOM)

RIGHT-ANGLE
(DOUBLE) COUPLER POST
(STANDARD)

1/4” THK. (Min.)

BASE PLATE
SILL
LONGITUDINAL
TRANSVERSE (FAÇADE) BRACING
ADJUSTABLE CROSS (“X”) 150 mm. 150 mm.
(SWIVEL) COUPLER BRACING (6”) Min. (6”) Min.
74
 1 metre extension
past the support
point

Fall Prevention Positioning and securing

ladders Scaffold clamped
to prevent
movement

4m

Scaffold posts resting on a firm

and level surface
Ladder set at a 4 to 1 ratio 1m
The standard height and width of
scaffold is 1.8m x 1.5m
 Scaffold Type And Selection

Basic Consideration
• The weight of workers, tools,
materials and equipment to be
carried by the scaffold system
(safe work load)
• Site conditions (interior,
exterior, backfill, concrete
floors, type and condition of
walls, access for the
equipment, variations in
elevation, anchorage points,
etc)
• Height to which the scaffold
may be erected (overhead
power lines, tie-backs)
77
 Safe Work
Practices
Strict Implementation
of Safe Approach
Distance
Scaffold Type and
Selection
 Scaffold Type And Selection

Basic Consideration
Type of work that
will be done from the
scaffold (masonry
work, sandblasting,
painting, metal
siding, mechanical
installation,
suspended ceiling
installation)

80
 Scaffold Type And Selection

Basic Consideration
• Duration of work
• weather conditions,
including wind
• requirements for pedestrian
traffic through and under
the scaffold area
• means of access to the
scaffold
• configuration of the building
or structure being worked
on

81
SCAFFOLDING SWL
 Scaffold Capacity

• Scaffolds must be capable of supporting its

own weight and at least 4x the expected load.
• Expected load includes:

= 4xLive Load + Dead Load

 Scaffold Capacity

• Scaffolds must be capable of supporting its

own weight and at least 4x the expected load.
• Expected live load includes:
• Workers
• Equipment
• Tools
• Materials
• Environmental [wind + earthquake]
 Scaffold Capacity

• Scaffolds must be capable of supporting its

own weight and at least 4x the expected load.
• Dead loads includes:
• Pipes
• Couplings
• Planks
• Etc.
Scaffold Load Ratings 1 KN=101.9716 Kg
 Scaffold Load Ratings

Scaffolds are Designed to Meet Specific Load Ratings.

Standard Load Ratings

Light Duty 25 lbs. per square foot
Medium Duty 50 lbs. per square foot
Heavy Duty 75 lbs. per square foot

The allowable working load of scaffolding is 3,450kg per leg [TESDA]

The allowable working load of scaffolding is 150 kg per sq. m [DO 128]
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
Tube And Coupler

90
 System Scaffold

Ring Scaffold Node Or Connection Point

Rapid Scaffold Node Or Connection Point

Kwikstage Or System Scaffold Node Cuplock scaffold node or connection point

 System Scaffold
 System Scaffolds
 All system scaffolds shall be erected per manufacturer’s published
instructions and the requirements of G.I. 8.001.

TYPICAL SYSTEM SCAFFOLD BASE IN THE PROCESS OF TYPICAL SYSTEM SCAFFOLD BEING ASSEMBLED
BEING ASSEMBLED AND LEVELED

SYSTEM SCAFFOLD ERECTION

 System Scaffold

Working at Heights (WAH)

System Scaffold/Tube And Coupler
Frame Scaffolds
Frame Scaffolds
Frame Scaffolds
 Cantilever Scaffold
STD.
SUPPORT

10 00
GU 18
00

505
MI ARD
D
RA &
500 IL

ANTI SKID
PLANK

STEEL GIRDER

KNIFE BRACE
TRANSOM

BOX TIE

TYPICAL DOUBLE CANTILIVER SCAFFOLDS

Cantilever Scaffold

99
Cantilever Scaffold
Cantilevers
Cantilever Scaffold
 Building
Cantilever
Scaffold
 Building
Cantilever
Scaffold
 Hanging Scaffold
E C TION
WF S

1000
AIL 10
M ID. R 00
RD &
GUA
PP ORT
A RD SU
ND
STA

AN KS
L
-S KID P
I
ANT 1000
Hanging Scaffold
 Hanging Scaffold

c.c. c.c. PAIR OF GIRDER

COUPLERS (TYP.)
GIRDER
RIGHT ANGLE B c.c. A
COUPLER
c.c.
HANGER
TUBES

PUNCHEON
TOPRAIL
TUBE
TOPRAIL
TOEBOARD

MIDRAIL
PREFERRED A c.c. c.c.
PLAN
c.c. c.c. METHOD OF HANGER LADDER BRACE SECTION
LOWER TUBE FIXING BEAM
PLATFORM A-A

c.c. c.c.
B
c.c. c.c.
TRAPEZE
SECTION TUBE
B-B c.c.
c.c.
UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLD
Tower Scaffold

DEAD END

LIVE END

107
Mobile Scaffolding Tower
486 Kg, 10.55 M
Shoring Scaffold

109
Scaffold Public Protection
110
Scaffold Public Protection
 “Stick-Built” Pole Scaffold
 2” x 4” poles free of knots, splits or other defects.
 1” x 4” cross-bracing for each section.
 2” x 6” or 2” x 8” block under pole if soft ground.
 Walk board a minimum 2” x 10” free of knots or other defects.
 Walk boards must hang over bearer a minimum of 6”.Walk boards must overlap
each other a minimum of 12”.
 2” x 4” top rail, mid rail, and toe board
Stick Built Scaffolds

• Proper overlap
on deck planking
• Top rail and mid
rail established
after deck height
reaches ten feet
• Adequate
support between
stanchions
• Proper mud sills
under poles
• Is this scaffold
complete?
 Pump Jack Scaffolds
 Pump Jack brackets, braces, and
accessories must be fabricated
from metal.
 Each pump jack bracket must
have two positive gripping
mechanisms.
 Poles should be secured to the
structure with triangular
bracing.
 Work benches should not be
used as a working deck.
 If 2x4’s are spliced to make a
pole, mending plates must be
installed to maintain strength.
Ladder Jack Scaffolds
 Platforms must not exceed 20’
in height.
 Job made ladders cannot be
used to support ladder jack
scaffolds.
 Ladders that support ladder
jacks must be placed, fastened,
or equipped with devices to
prevent slipping.
 Scaffold platforms must not be
bridged to one another.
 Werner and Louisville produce
handrail systems for ladder jack
working decks.
 Trestle Ladder Scaffold
 Scaffold platforms must be
placed no higher than the
second-highest rung of the
ladder
 A conventional step ladder is
not to be used for this scaffold
configuration
 Work platforms must be
secure
 All general scaffold and ladder
standards apply
 Carpenters Bracket Scaffold
 Typically constructed of wood
 Each piece must be properly fitted and
securely joined
 Brackets must be no more than 8 ft. apart
 The platform can be no less than two 2’ x
10’ size planks
 Attachment must occur in one of
following ways:
– Hook over a well secured and strong
supporting member
– A bolt of no less than 5/8” diameter
extended through the inside of the
building wall
– Unit attaches via metal stud or welding if
possible
 Bracket Scaffold
 Brackets and Straps
 Bracket scaffolds shall only be used to support a Light-duty loading of 120
kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb./ft2).

TANK SHELL
TOPRAIL
MIDRAIL (STEEL TUBING OR
(STEEL TUBING OR 3/8" DIA. WIRE ROPE)
3/8" DIA. WIRE ROPE)

PLANKS TOEBOARD
(BOARDS)

S
BRACKET A X. A N K
L
STRAP ft.) M K. P
m (5 ) TH X. KS
BRACKET .5 -½ " A A N
1 M
m (1
8 ft.) K. PL
SPACER 38
m
.4 m ( ") TH
FO
R 2 m (2
5 0m
BRACKET (TANK BUILDER’S) SCAFFOLD FO
R

BRACKET SCAFFOLD
 Bracket Scaffold
 Brackets and Straps
 Brackets shall be installed vertically.
 Prior to welding on any tank, approval of welding procedures and
verification of tank integrity is required from the Proponent’s
Engineering Unit. Only welders certified by TECNIMONT shall weld
bracket straps.
 Prior to attaching the bracket, completed bracket straps shall be
inspected and approved by a welding inspector (Aramco certified).
 Brackets scaffold shall be inspected prior to installation by scaffold
craftsmen and prior to each used by scaffold users.

m m . (3")
DEPTH 75
5 mm (3/16") FILLET D
WEL
WELD TO TANK SHELL
25 mm MAX. SIDE
WELDS

75 mm
(3') MIN. )
m (10"
m
250 n.)
(mi

10 mm (3/8") BRACKET STRAP DETAIL

THK. (min.)
STEEL PLATE
 Bracket Scaffold
 GUARDRAILS AND PLATFORMS FOR BRACKET SCAFFOLDS
 A continuous guardrail system shall be provided along the outside
platform edge. If the gap on the inside platform edge to the platform
exceeds 360 mm (14”) a guardrail system shall be provide.
 Guardrails shall be constructed using either wire rope [10mm (3/8”)
diameter min.] or steel tubing [can withstand a force of at least 90
kg. (200 lbs.)].
 All working levels shall be fully planked (at least 2 but not more
than 3 planks wide).
 Planks shall be overlap in GUARDRAIL SUPPORT
UPRIGHT
1 direction only, 230 3 - BO
ARDS 38" - 45" HIGH
mm (9”) min. 675 mm
MAX. (27")

 The area below the PERMANENTLY WELDED

OR SECURED TO
bracket scaffolds shall be 150 mm (6") HIGH SLEEVE
barricaded and warning WIRE ROPE
FILLING HOLE
OR INTERNAL SPIGOT/PIN

signs posted.
ANCHOR
PLATE

SPACER ANGLE STEEL

Hanging Scaffold System
The Wall Walker
 Device meets OSHA standards
 It can be hung on the inside or
outside of the wall
 Fall protection attachments
are available
 The horizontal beam
positional is adjustable
The Wall Walker
General Framing, exterior
face hanging on top plate
Handrail System in place

Setting pre-fab trusses

Aluminum walk deck locked
into place
 Rustgo Manual Work Platform
 All-terrain motorless work
platform with rear steering
capabilities
 Can be towed to jobsite location
on a standard hitch
 Winch system on each upright
raises and lowers work platform
 Front handrail system is
completely removable
 Employees cannot stay on work
platform during movement
 All general scaffold standards
apply
 Horse Scaffolds
Members Dimensions  Horses must be spaced not more
Horizontal 3 x 4” than 5 ft. for medium duty, not
Bearer
more than 8 ft. for light duty
Legs 11/4” x 41/2”  For stacking applications, must
not exceed two tiers or ten feet
Braces between 1 x 6” in height
Legs
 Horses must be inspected for
Gusset Brace at
top of Legs
1 x 8” defects prior to use
 All general scaffold standards
Half Diagonal 11/4 x 41/2”
Braces apply
Adjustable Scaffolds
 Use is more common to
commercial projects
 Pre-shift inspection of all
components is critical
 Hoist Motors
 Outriggers
 All Fastening Points
 All general scaffold standards
apply
 Scissor Lifts
 Scissor lifts are not addressed by the
aerial lift provisions of Subpart L.
 There are no OSHA provisions that
address scissor lifts, however, employers
must comply with the applicable
provisions of Subpart L, both general and
specific.
 Example:
– Scissor lifts are mobile, the specific requirements for
mobile scaffolds standard (§1926.452 (w) - mobile
scaffolds) shall be used.
 Scissor lifts do not require a personal fall
arrest system for occupants.
 Aerial Lifts
 Occupants of an aerial lift
must use a personal fall arrest
system.
 Occupants are required to
stay on the floor of the basket
at all times.
 Pre-shift inspection is critical
to insure safe operation.
 The lift may not be field
modified without the
manufacturers consent.
 Two-Point Suspended Scaffolds
Two-Point Suspended
Scaffold Consist of Three
Separate Systems
• The Support System
• The Suspension
System
• The Safety System
 Two-Point Suspended Scaffolds

• Will be properly designed

• Installed & tested by a competent person
• Handed over to the users
• Checked by the user before each use
• Users will not alter or interfere with any part of
the suspended working platform, control or
safety devices.
• Inspected every week by the competent person
Scaffold Foundation
and Support
 Scaffold Foundation And Support

 Foundations shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the scaffold

self-weight plus the maximum intended load without settling or
displacement.
 Scaffolds shall not be hung from or supported by guardrails or handrails.

Components Requirements

• At least 225 mm. (9”) wide by 38 mm. (1-

1/2”) thick
Timber Sills • Shall extend under at least two posts
(sole boards) (standard), if not applicable sills under
individual posts shall be at least 765 mm. (30”)
long

• At least 150 x 150mm. & 6mm. thick

Steel Base Plates (6 x 6 inches & 1/4 inch thick)
• For special scaffolds base shall be designed

• Shall not be adjusted to more than two-thirds

Screw Jacks (2/3) of the total length of the threaded
section
 Scaffold Foundation And Support

Scaffolds must be erected on

surfaces which can adequately
support all loads applied by the
scaffold. To support scaffolds,
backfilled soils must be well
compacted and leveled. Mud
and soft soil should be replaced
with compacted gravel or
crushed stone. Embankments
that appear unstable or
susceptible to erosion must be
contained.

132
 Scaffold Foundation And Support

For frame scaffolds, there must

be proper base plates with
adjustable screw jacks under
each post support, when the
frames are supported on a
smooth concrete surface. A
proper base plate is required
under all circumstances.
Mudsills should be placed along
the length of the frames, in
preference to the width, for
better overall support.

133
Foundations
 Erecting and
Dismantling Scaffolds
 Erecting and Dismantling Scaffolds
While scaffolding is being erected
or dismantled:
A “competent person” determines
feasibility of fall protection, and

the employer must provide the maximum

feasible fall protection.
Questions to ask are:
• Is there a nearby structure from which a lifeline can be dropped that the
worker can tie off to?
• Can we install guardrails immediately after installing the fabricated
frames and before moving to the next level?
• Can we sequence disassembly to keep the worker protected for the
maximum feasible time?
Whatever is feasible to do must be done during the assembly/
disassembly stages.
Scaffold Erection and
Bracing
 Scaffold Erection And Bracing

Fittings and Accessories

It is absolutely essential
to install all the parts,
fittings and accessories
required for a scaffold,
so that it is erected in
accordance with
manufacturers’
instructions.

138
 Scaffold Erection And Bracing

Base Plates and Screw Jacks

Base plates must be used on all non-

mobile scaffolding of a size and
capacity as specified by the
manufacturer. Combination base
plates with screw jacks must not be
over-extended. A good rule of thumb
is to use the 2:1 ratio, the outside
(visible) length of exposed screw can
only be a maximum of twice the
inside screw length.

139
 Scaffold Erection And Bracing

Plumbness

It is absolutely essential
that the scaffold is erected
plumb, to ensure
maximum structural
capability of the system.
When the first level of
scaffold is erected, check
for plumbness and
continue doing so as the
scaffold is built.

140
 Scaffold Erection And Bracing

Bracing
Bracing helps keep the
scaffold frame plumb
and square in both
vertical and horizontal
planes.

141
 Scaffold Erection And Bracing

Wheels or Castors
If wheels or castors are
used, they must be
securely attached to the
scaffold and equipped
with brakes.

142
 Scaffold Access

Fall Protection
In most cases, a proper system of
fall protection can be instituted
for workers erecting and
dismantling scaffolding. Often the
scaffold is being erected on the
side of a building or structure. In
this case, a lifeline can be secured
to a suitable anchor on the
building and a fall arrestor (rope
grab) attachment to a full body
harness will protect the worker
erecting the scaffolding.
143
Good Practice
 Scaffold Access
 Entry And Exit
 A safe means of access shall be provided whenever the scaffold platform
is 0.6 m (2 feet) above or below a point of access.
 If horizontal travel distance exceeds 15 m (50 feet) each elevated work
area shall have at least 2 means of exit. A means of exit shall be
provided at least every 30 m (100 feet).
 Minimum clear headroom above scaffold platforms shall be 1.8 meters
(6 feet).

 Temporary Stairways

PARTS OF STAIRWAY REQUIREMENTS

LANDING • At least 560 mm. (22”) wide & 760 mm. (30”) long.
• Shall have landing not more than every 3.7 m. (12’) of vertical
distance.

RISER • 150 mm. (6”) to 215 mm. (8”) depth.

• Shall be uniform with each flight of stairs.
TREAD • 220 mm. (9”) to 280 mm. (11”) wide.
STAIR SLOPE • Between 30 to 35 degrees
HANDRAIL • 860 mm. (34”) to 940 mm. (37”) in height.
• 80 mm. (3”) clearance between wall or other object.
• Can withstand a force of at least 90 kg. (200 lbs.)
 Scaffold Access

Ladders
Whether built into scaffold
frames, attached as a
separate component or
portable, ladders are an
important means of access to
scaffold platforms

146
 Scaffold Access
1 metre extension
past the support
point

Scaffold clamped
to prevent
movement
Fall Prevention Positioning and securing
ladders

4m

Stile feet resting on a firm

and level surface
Ladder set at a 4 to 1 1m
ratio
 Scaffold Access

Internal Ladder Hatch

Scaffold Access

Swivel Fitting Ladder Gate

[Drop bar]
Scaffold Access
Ladder Lashing
Ladder Lashing

152
Ladder Lashing

153
 Scaffold Access
There are three primary means of ladder access to a scaffold:

Climbing Frames
Only scaffold frames
having built-in ladders,
as designed by the
manufacturer for
worker access, may be
utilized.
154
 Scaffold Access

Portable ladders
Portable extension ladders
may be used on the inside of
frames or on the exterior of
the scaffold, but they must
be secured at the top and
bottom. The ladder must be
set-up in accordance with
standard safe ladder
practice.
155
 Scaffold Access

Scaffold Stairway Systems

The best method for
scaffold access is a stairway
built into the scaffold
structure.

156
Scaffold Access
 Work Platforms

The choice of a scaffold

platform depends on the
type of work being
performed and the task
being undertaken. Before
a platform material is
selected, an assessment
must be made of the
weight of workers, tools
and materials to be
supported by the decking.

158
 Guardrails

• Failure to provide guardrails is one

of the main reasons for falls from
scaffold platforms.
• A midrail should be provided
where necessary, especially if
workers are kneeling or bending
over often to do work. The midrail
should have the same design
capacity as the top rail.
• Toeboards should be provided
where there is a possibility of
materials falling from the working
level to a site below. The toeboard
must be a minimum of 125 mm (5
") in height.
159
 Guardrails

Dimensions of a Guardrail System?

200 lbs Top Rail

150 lbs Mid Rail

36” [DO 128]

150 lbs Toe Board

Toe Board
 Scaffold Stability

• Be Capable of supporting
twice the maximum load
to which it may be
subjected without
exceeding the allowable
units stresses of the
materials used.
• Have all standard
diagonally and
horizontally braced to
prevent lateral
movement
162
Scaffold Stability
 Guying, Tying or Bracing

If the ratio of height to base is more than 4:1, then:

Install guys every 26’ above this tie point for scaffolds more than 3’ wide.
Install these guys at each end of the scaffold and space additional middle
guys no more than 30’ apart.
If you use a cantilevered work platform (outside the framework of the
scaffold), then you must use some type of bracing such as tying or
outriggers to prevent the scaffold from tipping.
Guying

DEAD END

LIVE END

165
 Guying

 USE OF WIRE ROPE CLIPS

 There shall be minimum of 3 clips installed at the load end and 3

clips installed at the attachment end of each rope.

 Clips installation and retightening after initial loading shall be

according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.
 When wire rope clips are used,
the U-bolt shall be placed
over the dead end of the
rope, and saddle (bridge) DEAD END
shall be placed over the
live (loaded) end of the
rope.

“ DON’T SADDLE A
DEAD HORSE”
LIVE END
 Scaffold Ties

To counteract
forces which could
overturn the
scaffold, ties are
used to restrain
the structure.
 Through Ties
Through Ties
• A tie assembly through
a window or other
opening
• Safe working capacity
6.25 KN
Through Ties
 Reveal Ties
Reveal Ties
• Assembly of a reveal tube
with wedges or a screw
fitting between opposing
faces of an opening
• Safe working load 3.25KN
(friction)
• Safe working load 6.25KN
(behind a load bearing
feature)
 Box Tie
Box Tie
• Assembly of tubes and
couplers usually around
columns or other
elements of the building
• Safe working capacity
6.25KN
• Double tied safe working
capacity 12.5KN (two
tubes and couplers)
 Lip Tie
Lip Tie
• L shaped arrangement to
hook scaffolding behind
building elements such as
sills or lintels
• Inward movement resisted
by a butting transom
• Safe working capacity
6.25KN
 Cast In and Drilled Anchorages
• Cast In and Drilled Anchorages
• Provided by casting in or drilling
and subsequently fixing a
threaded anchor into the
structure
• Attachment of the scaffold is by
means of a ring bolt
• Dependent on the structural
condition of the material
• Safe working capacity 6.25KN
• Pull out tests should be
undertaken
• Useful at the design stage if
further scaffolding is required
during the life of the structure.
Cast In and Drilled Anchorages
Cast In and Drilled
Anchorages
Combination of Ties
Bracing
 Bracing
ONLY ONE ADDITIONAL
LIFT ALLOWED ABOVE
RAKER TIE-IN POINT

RAKER TIE-IN POINT

SINGLE RAKER TUBE 6.4m (21ft.)

MAX. LENGTH (NO SPLICES)

LONGITUDINAL
STRUT TUBE

BASE PLATE
SOLE BOARD

SHORT BUTT
TUBE

BASE PLATE
DETAIL
GROUND LEVEL

1.25 m
45 APPROX.
APPROX.
ALTERNATIVE ON
HORIZONTAL TIE
TUBES (REQUIRED)
HARD GROUND
CROSS TUBE
RAKER
Scaffold Use and
Maintenance
 Use And Maintenance

Scaffold Location
Checking the scaffold location
thoroughly beforehand will eliminate
many of the problems that develop
during construction and will allow
erection to proceed smoothly,
efficiently and safely.
Before erecting a scaffold, check the
location for:
1. ground conditions
2. overhead electrical wires
3. obstructions
4. variation in surface elevation
5. tie-in locations and methods
6. potential wind loading conditions
180
 Safe Work
Practices
Strict Implementation
of Safe Approach
Distance
 Use And Maintenance
Overloading
scaffold platforms is one of
the most frequent
violations of good scaffold
practice.
Housekeeping
Scaffold decks are usually
small, narrow and
confined. Tools and
materials to be used
should be stored in an
orderly fashion. Debris and
waste materials should not
be allowed to collect on
the platform.
182
 Use And Maintenance

Safe Scaffold Use

 DO NOT use damaged parts that affect the strength of the
scaffold.
 DO NOT allow employees to work on scaffolds when they are
feeling weak, sick, or dizzy.
 DO NOT work from any part of the scaffold other than the
platform.
 DO NOT alter the scaffold.
 DO NOT move a scaffold horizontally while workers are on it,
unless it is a mobile scaffold and the proper procedures are
followed.
 DO NOT allow employees to work on scaffolds covered with
snow, ice, or other slippery materials.

183
 Use And Maintenance

Safe Scaffold Use

 DO NOT erect, use, alter, or move scaffolds within 10 feet of
overhead power lines.
 DO NOT use shore or lean-to scaffolds.
 DO NOT swing loads near or on scaffolds unless you use a tag
line.
 DO NOT work on scaffolds in bad weather or high winds
unless the competent person decides that doing so is safe.
 DO NOT use ladders, boxes, barrels, or other makeshift
contraptions to raise your work height.
 DO NOT let extra material build up on the platforms.
 DO NOT put more weight on a scaffold than it is designed to
hold.

184
 Scaffolding Inspection

Scaffold systems and components should be inspected

before each use to ensure structural stability. Some
main areas to check for include
1. damage to frames, braces and other structural
components
2. damage to hooks on manufactured platforms
3. splits, knots and dry rot in planks
4. de-lamination in laminated veneer lumber planks
5. compatibility of components
6. sufficient and proper components for the job
7. scaffolding that has been in place for long periods
of time
185
 Scaffold Checklist
Stability of the ground or work surface, All components from the same
proper mud sills when needed manufacturer

Adjustable screw jacks with base pads in External ladder access for steel scaffold
every post bucks not designed for climbing

Erection, dismantle, alteration done under Complete decking from front to back on
supervision of a competent person all working levels

Fall protection in place once work deck Daily inspection performed by a

reaches or exceeds 10 ft. for conventional competent person before and during the
scaffolds shift

Scaffold must be designed to hold four Tie-ins set once the height of the scaffold
times the intended working load (safety exceeds four times the minimum base
factor of “4”) dimension

Scaffold grade planking or better for all Planks overlapped over horizontal support
work surfaces no less than 12”

Overhead protection for other trades or Pre-shift inspection of all motorized

personnel below components, proper PPE in use
 Sample
Bad Practices

187
Unsafe Act or Unsafe
Condition
Unsafe Act or Unsafe
Condition
Unsafe Act or Unsafe - 190
Condition
Unsafe Act or Unsafe
Condition
Unsafe Act or Unsafe
Condition

192
 Sample
Best Practices

193
 Administration
Scafftag System 1
Tagging Red & Green
• Red Scafftag: Indicates that the scaffold has not
been inspected or is not safe for use by anyone
other than Scaffolder (for scaffold
completion/rectification work only)
• Green Scafftag: Indicates that the scaffold is
complete and is safe for use at the time of
inspection. A green scafftag is valid for a
maximum of two weeks.
 Administration
Scafftag System 1
 Administration
Scafftag System 2
The scafftag comes in two main parts with three
different functions.
• RED – Do not use.
• Yellow – Under inspection.
• Green – Safe to use.
SCAFFTAG System

197
Administration
Scafftag System 2
Red Scafftag
This means that the
scaffold is unsafe and
must not be used.
Administration
Scafftag System 2
Yellow Scafftag
•When this scafftag is
showing it means that the
scaffold is under
inspection.
•It is recommended that
the scaffold should not be
use when this is showing.
Administration
Scafftag System 2
Green Scafftag
•When this scafftag is
shown it means that the
scaffold is safe on date
of inspection
•If the scaffold is found
to be in an unsafe
condition report it to
your
supervisor/foreman and
remove tag.
 Administration

Color Coding Of Scaffold Material

Contractor annually checks scaffolding material for
wear / rusting etc. & certifies the material for
usability by changing colour
– 1st year --Red
– 2nd year-- Yellow
– 3rd year-- Blue
– 4th year-- Red
 Engineering and
202
Administration Controls
 Engineering and “NOBODY GETS HURT”
Administration Controls
Debris Netting

Green Netting

All scaffolding higher that 1.8m , used as a working platform should have debris
netting fitted

“ EVERY ONE , EVERY DAY , EVERY TASK “

 Engineering and
Administration Controls
 Engineering and
Administration Controls
 Engineering and
Administration Controls

Life Lines
Administration Control-
Training
 Sample
Scaffold Erection Process

208
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

1. Lay down all

standards on the
ground opposite the
base plate. Measure
300mm from the
bottom of the
standard and mark the
position of the first
ledger. FIGURE 4

209
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

2. Measure 1500mm
from the position of
the first ledger to the
position of the 2nd &
3rd ledger. These
represent the first and
second lift,
respectively.
FIGURE 5

210
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

3. Lay the first,

second, and
third ledger
across the
standards and
fixed it with
double coupler.

FIGURE 7 FIGURE 6
211
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

4. Repeat steps 1 & 2 for another set of standards

5. Insert the base plate to the base of every
standards.

FIGURE 8

212
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

6. Position yourself
at each of the
scaffold. Hold the
standard and bring
it up on vertical
position.

FIGURE 9

213
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

7. Fix a temporary
bracing so that the
scaffold will remain on
a vertical position.

8. Stand the next

scaffold, Repeat
steps 6 & 7. FIGURE 10

NOTE: All standards must be plumbed & ledgers must be level

214
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

9. Fixed the transom on the first lift.

a. Fixed transom across the ledger near the
outer standards.

FIGURE 11A

215
STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

b. Fixed transom on the ledger near the

center of the standard. Measure 225 mm center
line of the standard to the center line of the
transom. Use double coupler.

FIGURE 11B

216
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

10. Put additional

transom between
two standard for
heavy loading.

FIGURE 12

217
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

11. Fixed raker using swivel

coupler. Fixed a raker from
the first ledger to the
second ledger across the
scaffold.
12. Fixed the transom for
the second lift, Follow
steps 12 & 13.
FIGURE 13
218
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

13. Fixed transverse

bracing. Use swivel
coupler from the second
ledger to the third ledger
across the scaffold in the
opposite direction with the
raker.
FIGURE 14
219
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

14. Fixed a diagonal

brace across the
face of the scaffold.
Use swivel coupler

FIGURE 15
220
STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

15. Carefully lay down

the scaffold plank
leaving no gaps
between planks and
fixed the too board.

FIGURE 16
221
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

16. Fixed guard rail

around working
platform. Measure
910 mm from
platform to the
position of the guard
rail and fixed it with
double coupler.
FIGURE 17
222
STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

17. See your instructor for evaluation.

NOTE: Make sure all standards are

plumbed, all ledgers are level and
all fitting are tighten securely and
correctly.

223
 STEPS IN ERECTING INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)

18. Dismantle the scaffold after the work is

evaluated by your instructor. The following are the
pointers to be considered in dismantling the
scaffold.
On completion of every construction works. The
Scaffolding must be removed.
Safety practice must be followed in dismantling the
scaffolding.

224
 STEPS IN ERECTING
INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
(TUBULAR SCAFFOLD)
• Care must be taken to prevent damage to
scaffolding materials.
• Planks should be lowered with a rope from high
scaffold.
• Scaffold soles and transoms should be lowered
carefully prevent possible bending or burning of
ends.
• Scaffolding fitting should be lowered in buckets or
bags.
• Scaffolding should not be left partially dismantling.

225
Actual Scaffolding Erection
Techniques
[SYSTEM SCAFFOLD]

226
Now For The Fun Part
The Erection Process
Required Tools, PPE, Materials & Documents
• Magnetic Level Meter • Fluorescent Vest
• Scaffold • Whistle
Spanner/Wrench • Signage
• Scaffolder's Holster • Barricade Cones/Tapes
• Marker/Pegs • Scaffold Inspection Tag
• Measuring Tape • Complete Scaffold Set
• Fullbody Harness • Scaffolding Permit
• Scaffold Gloves
• Coverall
• Safety Glasses
• Helmet With Chin Strap
 Completed scaffold
• On completion of scaffold tell your supervisor
that the work is complete.
• The supervisor will in turn inform the
inspector and he will inspect the scaffold.
• If the scaffold is satisfactory the inspector will
the insert the green scafftag.
• Scaffold is not complete until the working
platform is cleared and all spare material
stacked in separate in sizes a safe manner
HOUSEKEEPING
Remove all fittings
form tubes and
stack in sizes.
Stack all fittings
in like for like piles.
NOT AS SHOWN
Job Well Done
HAULING OF SCAFFOLD TUBES

CLOVE HITCH
 HAULING OF SCAFFOLD TUBES

1. Pass the short end of the rope around

the load and over and under itself, as
shown.

2. Pass the short end of the rope around

the load and over and under the first
lood made round the load.

3. Continue passing the short end of the

rope over and under the first loop made
round the load minimum of 3 times.

TIMBER HITCH
CARE AND MAINTENANCE
FBH Donning And
Doffing

235
Fall Protection Exercise

236
Fall Protection Exercise

237
 Fall Protection

What is a Lanyard?
A flexible line made of
nylon rope, wire or nylon
strap with a locking type
small hooks at each end
for connecting the body Photo
harness to a lifeline or
anchorage point to stop
the employee in the
event of a fall.
Moving – 100% Tie off
Moving – 100% Tie off

1 lanyard Attach 2nd

attached Lanyard

Disconnect 1 Move on
lanyard
 Self-Retracting Lifelines and Lanyards

A Lanyard that:
 Automatically limits free-fall
distance to less than two feet.
 Must be designed, constructed
and tested according to the
American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) or other approve
testing agencies
 Be capable of sustaining a
minimum tensile load of 3,000
lbs when fully extended
242
243
PERSON READY TO PUSH BODY
Fall Protection
FBH And Climbing249Training Required
 Nov. 2, 2003TRAINING
FBH AND CLIMBING Rig Floor REQUIRED 250
 FBH AND CLIMBING TRAINING

Required PPE
for Working
at Height

Double
Lanyard

251
Best Practice – 3 Points Contact/ 100% Tied-Off
Fall Protection
WRITTEN EXAMINATION

254
 Written Examination

Identify all basic parts of

this scaffolding as shown
on left side.
ACTUAL SCAFFOLDING ERECTION
[Afternoon Session]

256
Required Tools, PPE, Materials & Documents

• Magnetic Level Meter • Fluorescent Vest

• Scaffold • Whistle
Spanner/Wrench • Signage
• Scaffolder's Holster • Barricade Cones/Tapes
• Marker/Pegs • Scaffold Inspection Tag
• Measuring Tape • Complete Scaffold Set
• Fullbody Harness • Scaffolding Permit
• Scaffold Gloves
• Coverall
• Safety Glasses
• Helmet With Chin Strap
DIVIDE THE PARTICIPANTS
INTO 2 GROUPS THEN
ERECT AND DISMANTLE
IN 3 HOURS.
Scaffold Highlight
 Scaffold Highlights
• All requirements now in effect as per DO 128
 Special scaffolds include:
 Higher than 125 ft tube and coupler scaffold
 Cantilevered by more than 3 meters (10 ft)
 Suspended scaffolds of more than
 30 m2 (320 ft2) platform area Scaffolds
supporting loads greater than
 240 kg/sq.mtr (50 psf)
 Scaffolds supported by or hung from one or more
outrigger beams
 Scaffolds supported by or hung from wind girders
or roofs of floating tanks
 Scaffold Highlights
• Company wide Scaffold Tagging (red, green, yellow tags)
 2 week-signing interval (maximum), tags to be
revalidated as needs arise
 Less than 20 ft high, only Certified Scaffold Supv will
sign
 Over 20 ft. high, both Certified Scaffold Supv and
Inspector will sign
 20 ft. high scaffold, Certified Inspector will sign
 Tagging now in effect. Non-certified scaffold supvs are
acceptable to sign off scaff tags until July 2003, but have
to fill up (tedious) checklist. Once certified, these
checklists are not required, Blue Book guide can be used
instead.
 Yellow tag – will be used rarely. Full body harness
required for scaffolds yellow tagged.
 Scaff tag has 2 sections. (upper) for scaffold supv
signature; (lower section) – for scaffold inspector
 Scaffold Highlights
• Certification, similar to riggers’ / crane operators’
certification
 English knowledge a must to take the test
 80 % – written test passing score (consists 50 items)
 100% - performance (actual) test passing score
 10 % current passing rate recorded (certification on
going)
 Over 60 % of examinees scored less than 60% (to date)
 English knowledge a must to take the test
 Below 50% obtained score, employee to wait for 6
months to retake the test
 Above 50% obtained score, employee can retest after 3
weeks / months
 Arrangement for TESDA NC II certification
 Certification cards good for five (5) years
 Scaffold Highlights

 Certified Scaffold Supervisor

 Multiple certifications acceptable i.e. “certified scaffold supv”
and at the same time as “certified inspector” but, one person
with such dual certifications cannot sign off a scaff tag for
both categories (supv and inspector) at the same time.
 3 times failure, banned for life from taking the test
 Certified Scaffold Supervisor
 Level I - Qualified on all scaffolds.
 Level II T - Qualified on Tube and coupler scaffold only;
Less than 40 ft high.
 Level II S - Qualified on System Scaffold only; Less than
40 ft high.
 Certified Scaffold Inspector : Qualified on All scaffolds
 Candidates must undergo rigid training (class and
performance) and study on:
 New GI 8.001
 Scaffold Safety Handbook (SSH)
263
 Scaffold Highlights
• Specialized Scaffold Erector
 For Scaffold design / erection (this is an organization, not
individual)
 Must be on “Contracting General Bid Slate” for scaffold services
 Contractors not recognized for special scaffold services, should
sub-contract
 Contracting companies (for above 40 ft high and special
scaffolds) to be approved by Company. (Note: Criteria maybe
increased in the future e.g. for above 20 feet)
 Contractors still can have their own scaffold crew for scaffolds up
to 40 feet high
 Contractors in bid slate, in-house training possible, number of
certified scaffolders will be considered in the qualification
assessment
• Scaffolders or craftsmen – must be competent and qualified. No
certification test required
• Tubing
 Non-embossed tubing (existing tubing In-Kingdom) – okay up to 4
ft (transverse) x 6 ft (post spacing) platform only.
 Embossed tubing marked “ASTM A500 Gr. B3.76T Yr 2001”
 Scaffold Highlights
• Couplers
 Riveted type prohibited
 BS 1139, EN74 acceptable
 Scaffold Highlights
USE OF SHOCK ABSORBING LANYARDS
• Calculating Your Potential Fall Distance
• When using a 6 ft. shock-absorbing lanyard and a full-body
harness
• Add the length of the lanyard (6 ft.) to the maximum
elongation of the shock absorber during deceleration (3 1/2
ft.) to the average height of a worker (6 ft.).
• Then add a safety factor of 3 ft.
• The total, 18 1/2 ft., (5.6m) is the suggested safe fall
clearance distance.

(The height at which you must attach to an anchorage to

minimize the risk of contact with a lower level.)
 Scaffold Highlights
DO’S AND DON’TS TO ENSURE SAFETY WHEN WORKING WITH
SCAFFOLDING
Maintain 3-point contact USE a ladder to gain access to the
(2 hands & 1 foot or 2 scaffold platform & ALWAYS face the
feet & 1 hand) at ALL ladder when climbing or ascending
times when climbing or
descending a ladder
 Scaffold Highlights
NEVER “ride” on ALWAYS use
a mobile (wheeled)
a rope or
scaffold
“bolt bucket”
to raise and
ALWAYS work lower small
within the
tools and
guardrail system
equipment.

Tools and
equipment
must
NEVER be
“bombed”
from a
scaffold.
 Scaffold Highlights
NEVER cut components from a scaffold –
contact the scaffold crew to modify the
scaffold.

Always use a fire blanket to

protect scaffold planks and
practice proper spark
containment procedures
when doing hot work on a
scaffold working platform.
 Scaffold Highlights
Maintain good housekeeping and
avoid this

DO NOT use
scaffolding to support
piping
or lifting tackle

270
Scaffolding Safety
[DO 128]

Thank you for taking

the time interest to
learn about safety
and health and how
to prevent injuries
and illnesses.
Engr. Alexander B. Trillana
OSH Consultant