Bab 3

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CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Location and Time
This research was conducted at Muhammadiyah University of Sumatera
Utara at Jalan Kapten Mukhtar Basri No. 3 Medan. The research was conducted
during the academic year 2014/2015. The reason for choosing this location
because the fourth semester students had previously learned Pronunciation in the
second semester and it would be practical for collecting the data and a similar
research has never been conducted in this location.
B. Population and Sample

1. Population
Arikunto (2006: 130) stated that “ The population is the whole subject of
research ”. A population is a set or collection of all elements processing one or
more attributes of interest. The population of this research was the students from
the fourth semester of English department of FKIP UMSU. There were 9 parallel
classes in the fourth semester. They are IV A Morning was consist of 44 students,
IV A Afternoon was consist of 36 students, IV A Night was consist of 45 students,
IV B Morning was consist of 42 students, IV B Afternoon was consist of 33
students, IV C Morning was consist of 41 students, IV C Afternoon was consist of
33 students, IV D Morning was consist of 40 students and IV E Morning was
consist of 43 students. So the total numbers of population in the fourth semester
are 357 students.

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2. Sample
Arikunto (2006:123) stated that if the population of the research less than
100, it is better to include all of them as the sample. However, if they are more
than 100, they are taken out 10% - 15% and 20% - 25%. From the Arikunto’s
theory above, the researcher decided to take 20% of the population as the sample.
So the samples in this research were 72 students. In this study, the researcher used
purposive sampling technique to decide the sample. According to Arikunto
(2006:153), Purposive sampling is a technique of sampling based on some
consideration. Some consideration to take the sample that the researcher used as
follow:
a. The subject was taken as the sample in this research was the fourth semester
students. The researcher chose this qualification because those students had
been taught about Pronunciation Practice in the second semester.
b. The researcher chose this two classes which is IV E morning and IV A
Afternoon as a sample, because both of this classes have a highest average
achievement among other classes when they studied Pronunciation in the
second semester. The researcher wanted to analyzed how far their ability in
identifying consonant especially the fricative sound.
From consideration above, the researcher was taken 36 students from class
IV E morning and 36 students from class IV A Afternoon as the sample. It means
that there were 72 students in those two classes that was taken as the sample of
this research.
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C. Research Design
In this research, the researcher was investigated the students’ ability and
difficulties in identifying the fricative sound. To explain the purpose of this
research, the researcher was applied the descriptive qualitative and quantitative
research. The descriptive qualitative research was identified the students’ ability
and difficulties in identifying the fricative sound. In addition, this research was
applied the descriptive quantitative research to count the percentage of the
students’ ability score in identifying the fricative sound.
D. Instrument of the Research
The instrument of this research was an objective test. The students were given
a list of words and asking them to underline the words that contain one of the
fricative sound which is in the test. There were 60 words that was taken from the
dictionary. Each correct answer was given score 1.66 and the wrong answer didn’t
affect the score. The source of the words was taken from The Oxford Pocket
Dictionary.
E. Technique of Collecting the Data
In collecting the data, the researcher conducted some steps as follows:

1. Explaining material of the research, the objective of the research and the
instructions in answering the test to the students.

2. Giving test papers to the students.
3. The researcher read the words from the test paper three times loudly in
front of the class.

4. Giving 30 minutes to the students in answering the test.
5. Collecting the students’ test papers.
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F. Technique of Analyzing the Data
After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data as follows:
1. Scoring the students’ answer sheet.
2. Listing their score in score table after getting the total sample score.
3. Calculating the students’ correct and incorrect answer by using Sudijono’s
formula:
Q= x 100%
where: Q = percentage of the correct item
N = the correct item
K = the number of item
4. Calculating the average score. In getting the average score, the researcher
was used the following formula:
where: average of score
= total of score
= total of sample
5. Calculating the percentage of the students’ score by the following formula:
P= x 100%
where: P = percentage of the students’ score

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N = the students’ score
M = the maximal score (100)
6. The researcher was used Hamalik’s formula to determine the students’
ability. Hamalik (2003:99) stated that a student can be said able when
he/she gets 70% or more from percentage of the students’ score. Otherwise,
a student can be said unable when he/she gets less than 70% from the
percentage of the students’ score. The table of criteria ability is as follows:
Table 3.1
Criteria of Ability
Percentage Point Qualitative Ability
(Quantitative)
90% - 100% A Excellent Able
80% - 89% B Very Good Able
70% - 79% C Good Able
55% - 69% D Poor Unable
0 - 55% E Very Poor Unable

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24

A. Location and Time

This research was conducted at Muhammadiyah University of Sumatera

research has never been conducted in this location.

B. Population and Sample

research ”. A population is a set or collection of all elements processing one or

IV A Afternoon was consist of 36 students, IV A Night was consist of 45 students,

IV B Morning was consist of 42 students, IV B Afternoon was consist of 33

students, IV C Morning was consist of 41 students, IV C Afternoon was consist of

33 students, IV D Morning was consist of 40 students and IV E Morning was

consist of 43 students. So the total numbers of population in the fourth semester

are 357 students.

purposive sampling technique to decide the sample. According to Arikunto

(2006:153), Purposive sampling is a technique of sampling based on some

been taught about Pronunciation Practice in the second semester.

b. The researcher chose this two classes which is IV E morning and IV A

Afternoon as a sample, because both of this classes have a highest average

achievement among other classes when they studied Pronunciation in the

identifying consonant especially the fricative sound.

IV E morning and 36 students from class IV A Afternoon as the sample. It means

difficulties in identifying the fricative sound. To explain the purpose of this

applied the descriptive quantitative research to count the percentage of the

students’ ability score in identifying the fricative sound.

D. Instrument of the Research

E. Technique of Collecting the Data

In collecting the data, the researcher conducted some steps as follows:

instructions in answering the test to the students.

front of the class.

F. Technique of Analyzing the Data

1. Scoring the students’ answer sheet.

3. Calculating the students’ correct and incorrect answer by using Sudijono’s

where: Q = percentage of the correct item

N = the correct item

K = the number of item

was used the following formula:

where: average of score

5. Calculating the percentage of the students’ score by the following formula:

where: P = percentage of the students’ score

N = the students’ score

M = the maximal score (100)

6. The researcher was used Hamalik’s formula to determine the students’

percentage of the students’ score. The table of criteria ability is as follows:

Percentage Point Qualitative Ability

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