General Social Survey 2010

SECTION D
Quality of Worklife Module
NIOSH
5.2
How would you describe your work arrangement in your main job?

1 I work as an independent contractor, independent consultant, or freelance worker

2 I am on-call, and work only when called to work
3 I am paid by a temporary agency
4 I work for a contractor who provides workers and services to others under contract
5 I am a regular, permanent employee (standard work arrangement)

5.3
How long have you worked in your present job for your current employer?

1 Less than 6 months

2 6-12 months
3 Enter years: ______

5.5
In your main job, are you salaried, paid by the hour, or what?

1 Salaried
2 Paid by the hour
3 Other (SPECIFY): _______________________________________

5.7
Which of the following best describes your usual work schedule?

1 Day shift
2 Afternoon shift
3 Night shift
4 Split shift
5 Irregular shift/on-call
6 Rotating shifts

5.8
How many days per month do you work extra hours beyond your usual schedule?

Enter days ______

5.9
When you work extra hours on your main job, is it mandatory (required by your employer)?

1 Yes
2 No

5.10
How often are you allowed to change your starting and quitting times on a daily basis?

1 Often
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never
5.11
How often do you work at home as part of your job?

1 Never
2 A few times a year
3 About once a month
4 About once a week
5 More than once a week
6 Worker works mainly at home

5.12 (This question applies only to people who indicate that they work at home as part of their job.)
When you work at home, is it part of your primary job at another location, are you taking work home
to catch up, or do you have a home-based business?

1 Worker is working at home as part of his/her primary job at another location

2 Worker is taking work home to catch up
3 Worker is operating a home-based business
4 Other reasons or combination of these reasons

5.13
How hard is it to take time off during your work to take care of personal or family matters?

1 Not at all hard

2 Not too hard
3 Somewhat hard
4 Very hard

5.14
How often do the demands of your job interfere with your family life?

1 Often
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never

5.15
How often do the demands of your family interfere with your work on the job?

1 Often
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never

5.16
After an average work day, about how many hours do you have to relax or pursue activities that you
enjoy?

Number of hours: ______

5.17
Do you have any jobs besides your main job or do any other work for pay?

1 Yes
2 No

2
5.18
Do you supervise others at work as a part of your job?

1 Yes
2 No

5.19
Now I'm going to read you a list of statements that might or might not describe your main job. Please tell
me whether you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with each of these statements.

My job requires that I keep learning new things

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.20
My job requires that I work very fast

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.21
I get to do a number of different things on my job

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.22
I have too much work to do everything well

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.23
On my job, I know exactly what is expected of me

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

3
5.24
My job lets me use my skills and abilities

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.25
At the place where I work, I am treated with respect

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.26
I trust the management at the place where I work

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.27
The safety of workers is a high priority with management where I work

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.28
There are no significant compromises or shortcuts taken when worker safety is at stake

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.29
Where I work, employees and management work together to ensure the safest possible working
conditions

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

4
5.30
The safety and health conditions where I work are good

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.31
I am proud to be working for my employer

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.32
Conditions on my job allow me to be about as productive as I could be

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.33
The place where I work is run in a smooth and effective manner

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.34

Workers need strong trade unions to protect their interests

1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree
3 Disagree
4 Strongly Disagree

5.35
In your job, do you normally work as part of a team, or do you work mostly on your own?

1 Yes, I work as part of a team

2 No, I work mostly on my own

5.36
In your job, how often do you take part with others in making decisions that affect you?

1 Often
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never

5
5.37
How often are there not enough people or staff to get all the work done?
1 Often
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never

5.38
Now I'm going to read you another list of statements about your main job.
For each, please tell me if the statement is very true, somewhat true, not too true, or not at all true
with respect to the work you do.

The chances for promotion are good

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.39
I have an opportunity to develop my own special abilities
1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.40
I receive enough help and equipment to get the job done

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.41
I have enough information to get the job done

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.42

I am given a lot of freedom to decide how to do my own work

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

6
5.43
My fringe benefits are good

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.44
My supervisor is concerned about the welfare of those under him or her
1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.45
I am free from the conflicting demands that other people make of me

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.46
Promotions are handled fairly

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.47
The people I work with take a personal interest in me

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.48
My supervisor treats me fairly.

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true
5 Does not apply/No supervisor

7
5.49
The job security is good

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.50
My supervisor is helpful to me in getting the job done

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.51
I have enough time to get the job done

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.52
The people I work with can be relied on when I need help

1 Very true
2 Somewhat true
3 Not too true
4 Not at all true

5.53
Do you have access to stress management or stress reduction programs at your current workplace?

1 Yes
2 No

5.54
In general, how would you describe relations in your work place between management and employees?

1 Very good
2 Quite good
3 Neither good nor bad
4 Quite bad
5 Very bad

5.55
Does your job require you to do repeated lifting, pushing, pulling or bending?

1 Yes
2 No

8
5.56
Does your job regularly require you to perform repetitive or forceful hand movements or involve awkward
postures?

1 Yes
2 No

5.57
Please rate the overall physical effort at the job you normally do.

1 Very hard
2 Hard
3 Somewhat hard
4 Fairly light
5 Very light

5.58
When you do your job well, are you likely to be praised by your supervisor or employer?

1 Yes
2 Maybe
3 No

5.59
How fair is what you earn on your job in comparison to others doing the same type of work you do?

1 Much less than you deserve

2 Somewhat less than you deserve
3 About as much as you deserve
4 Somewhat more than you deserve
5 Much more than you deserve

5.60
Do you feel that the income from your job alone is enough to meet your family's usual monthly
expenses and bills?

1 Yes
2 No

5.61
Were you laid off your main job at any time in the last year?

1 Yes
2 No

5.62
How easy would it be for you to find a job with another employer with approximately the same income
and fringe benefits as you have now?

1 Very easy to find similar job

2 Somewhat easy to find similar job
3 Not easy at all to find similar job

9
5.63
Taking everything into consideration, how likely is it you will make a genuine effort to find a new job with
another employer within the next year

1 Very likely
2 Somewhat likely
3 Not at all likely

5.64
Do you feel in any way discriminated against on your job because of your age?

1 Yes
2 No

5.65
Do you feel in any way discriminated against on your job because of your race or ethnic origin?

1 Yes
2 No

5.66
Do you feel in any way discriminated against on your job because of your gender?

1 Yes
2 No

5.67
In the last 12 months, were you sexually harassed by anyone while you were on the job?

1 Yes
2 No

5.68
In the last 12 months, were you threatened or harassed in any other way by anyone while you were
on the job?

1 Yes
2 No

5.69
Would you say that in general your health is Excellent, Very good, Good, Fair, or Poor?

1 Excellent
2 Very good
3 Good
4 Fair
5 Poor

10
5.70
During the past 12 months, how often have you had trouble going to sleep or staying asleep?

1 Often
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never

5.71
Now thinking about your physical health, which includes physical illness and injury, for how many days
during the past 30 days was your physical health not good?

Number of days: ______

5.72
Now thinking about your mental health, which includes stress, depression, and problems with
emotions, for how many days during the past 30 days was your mental health not good.

Number of days: ______

5.73
During the past 30 days, for about how many days did your poor physical or mental health keep you
from doing your usual activities, such as self-care, work, or recreation?

Number of days: ______

5.74
How often do you find your work stressful?

1 Always
2 Often
3 Sometimes
4 Hardly ever
5 Never

5.75
How often during the past month have you felt used up at the end of the day?

1 Very often
2 Often
3 Sometimes
4 Rarely
5 Never

5.76
In the past 12 months, have you had back pain every day for a week or more?

1 Yes
2 No

11
5.77
In the past 12 months, have you had pain in the hands, wrists, arms, or shoulders every day for a
week or more?

1 Yes
2 No

5.78
In the past 12 months, how many times have you been injured on the job?

Number of times: ______

5.79
All in all, how satisfied would you say you are with your job?

1 Very satisfied
2 Somewhat satisfied
3 Not too satisfied
4 Not at all satisfied
 NIOSH pada tahun 2010 mengembangkan alat ukur untuk menilai
QWL secara subyektif meliputi apsek tuntutan kerja, kepuasan kerja, faktor
diluar pekerjaan seperti keluarga, rutinitas kerja, hubungan dengan rekan kerja
dan perusahaan, termasuk didalamnya faktor anatomi dalam bekerja

Deskripsi pekerjaan Reguler, pekerja tetap 96%

Bekerja berdasarkan kebutuhan/panggilan 4%

perusahaan

Lama bekerja Kurang dari 6 bulan 4%

6-12 bulan 6%

> 1 tahun 90%

Gaji dibayarkan per jam ? Ya 97%

Tidak 3%

Jadwal kerja Shift kerja 46%

Shift siang 1%

Shift malam 1%

Rotasi shift 52%

Lamanya jam kerja di luar jam Rata-rata jam 6.4

kerja rata-rata per minggu

Apakah bekerja di luar jam kerja Ya 79%

sering dilakukan dan bersifat
wajib? Tidak 21%

Frekuensi perubahan jam kerja Sering 2%

di luar jam kerja yang
dijadwalkan Kadang-kadang 17%

Jarang 81%

Tidak pernah 0%
Frekuensi masih bekerja di Sering 43%
rumah menyelesaian pekerjaan
dari perusahaan Jarang 17%

Tidak pernah 38%

Apakah mempunyai pekerjaan Ya 6%

lain selain pekerjaan utama
Tidak 94%
saat ini?
Waktu yang dibutuhkan dalam jam Rata-rata (jam) 6
kerja untuk mengurus keluarga

Seberapa sering tuntutan Sering 14%

keluarga mengganggu
pekerjaan Jarang 41%

Tidak pernah 45%

Frekuensi tuntutan keluarga Sering 8%

terganggu oleh tuntutan pekerjaan
Jarang 36%

Tidak pernah 50%

Jam untuk bersantai/melakukan Raya-rata (jam) 5

hobi

Pekerjaan membutuhkan kegiatan Ya 51%

mengangkat, mendorong, bending,
dll yang mengadalkan kekuatan Tidak 49%
fisik
Merasa ada diskriminasi Ya 23%
dalam pekerjaan
Tidak 77%

Selama 12 bulan terakhir Ya 31%

apakah mengalami kesulitan
tidur Tidak 69%

Dalam 12 bulan terakhir pernah Ya 53%

mengalami keluhan sakit di Tidak 47%

bagian belakang tubuh

Kepuasan terhadap pekerjaan Sangat puas 3%

Agak puas 46%

 Tidak terlalu puas 51%

Penilaian QWL yang dibuat oleh NIOSH ini didasarkan pada penilaiaan
dengan mempertimbangkan aspek ergonomi pada pekerja, sehingga hal-hal
yang berhubungan dengan aspek fisik dan kognitif yang mempengaruhi
pekerjaan yang banyak digunakan sebagai faktor untuk mengukur QWL
pekerja. Faktor yang digunakan dalam NIOSH ini sesuai untuk digunakan
pada pengukuran QWL pekerja operasional seperti halnya operator produksi,
hal ini sejalan dengan penjelasan pada pemilihan alat ukur yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini, dimana alat/metode pengukuran QWL yang lain lebih
cocok digunakan untuk mengukur QWL pekerja pada bagian yang lain
(pekerja white collar), sayangnya alat ukur QWL yang dikembangkan oleh
NIOSH ini belum dapat menyimpulkan secara keselurahan mengenai
bagaimana tingkat QWL responden yang diukur, alat ini dikembangkan untuk
menilai QWLdari beberapaaspek yang dilihat secara pararel. Hasil peniliaian
ini oleh NIOSH direkomendasikan untuk melakukan tindakan perbaikan guna
peningkatan penilaian QWL pekerja.

Hasil pada tabel V.1 menunjukkan bahwa 95% responden melakukan

pekerjaan tetap setiap harinya. Tugas yang dilakukan sama setuap hari dan
berulang (repetitif dan kontinyu), hal ini mengindikasikan alokasi waktu dan
tuntutan pekerjaan yang relatif sama setiap harinya. Pekerjaan sepagai
operator di lantai produksi menuntut para responden ini untuk bisa
menyelesaikn pekerjaannya dalam jam kerja atau sesuai dengan target harian
perusahaan, sehingga hampir tidak pernah membawa pekerjaanya ke rumah.
Aktivitas untuk keluarga juga tidak pernah mengganggu pekerjaan dan
sebaliknya, walaupun ada jadwal shift
kerja yang harus dipenuhi termasuk pekerjaan lembur sekitar 6 jam per minggu,
hal ini bisa terjadi karena sebagian besar responden berstatus single.
Diskriminasi dalam pekerjaan juga hanya dirasakan oleh 23% pekerja, yang
sebagian besar diskriminasi ini terkait dengan pembagian kerja untuk memenuhi
target.

Jika pada lemen-elemen yang berkaitan dengan hubungan pekerjaan dan

tuntutan peran pada keluarga, responden memberikan penilaian kualitas yang
baik, namun pada kegiatan pekerjaan dan kepuasan kerja, reponden memberikan
penilaian yang tidak terlalu baik. Kepuasan terhadap pekerjaan saat ini hanya
menunjukkan 3% repsonden yang puas, selebihnya menunjukkan tidak puas dan
agal puas. Aspek lain adalah pada tuntutan pekerjaan yang mengerahkan
kekuatan fisik dan keluhan sakit di bagian belakang tubuh perlu diperhatikan dan
diupayan untuk diperbaiki.
Penilaian terhadap QWL yang didasarkan pada tugas dalam pekerjaan terlihat
pada Tabel V.2

Sangat Tidak Ragu- Setuju Sangat

tidak setuju ragu setuju
setuju
Pekerjaan saya membuat saya harus belajar 0% 2% 3% 75% 20%
hal-hal baru

Pekerjaan saya menuntut saya 0% 0% 0% 70% 31%

untuk bekerja dengan sangat
cepat
Saya mempunyai jenis tugas yang berbeda- 4% 13% 7% 56% 16%
beda di pekerjaan saya
Saya harus sangat berusaha keras agar 0% 0% 0% 56% 45%
bisa
menghasilkan yang baik
Dalam pekerjaan saya, saya tahu secara 0% 0% 3% 74% 23%
pasti apa yang diharapkan
atasan/perusahaan terhadap saya
Pekerjaan saya memungkinkan saya 0% 15% 21% 55% 6%
menunjukkan kemampuan saya yang
berbeda dari rekan kerja yang lain

Di tempat kerja, saya diperlakukan 0% 0% 11% 61% 29%

dengan
baik
Saya mempercayai atasan dalam pekerjaan 1% 0% 4% 65% 30%
saya
Keselamatan pekerja sangat diperhatikan 0% 1% 3% 57% 40%
dalam pekerjaan saya
Tidak ada kompromi dalam perusahaan jika 4% 22% 9% 43% 21%
menyangkut keselamatan di tempat kerja
Di perusahaan saya, manajemen dan 0% 0% 4% 62% 35%
pekerja berkerjasama untuk mengupayakan
keselamatan karyawan
Keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja di 0% 1% 5% 65% 29%
lokasi
saya bekerja baik
Saya mempunyai kebanggaan bisa bekerja 0% 1% 12% 75% 12%
di perusahaan ini
Kondisi di tempat kerja saya memungkin 0% 0% 10% 62% 28%
saya untuk produktif bekerja
Categories and Constructs Measured

Job level (41 items):

 Workload
 Skill utilization
 Participation
 Job future
 Repetitive work
 Resource adequacy
 Reward/recognition
 Skill utilization
 Supervisory behavior
 Promotions
 Variety
 Occupation
 Job tenure
 Training
 Layoffs
 Teamwork
 Role clarity
 Role conflict
 Staffing
 Safety & health
 Fairness
 Stress Management
 Physical effort
 Other

Culture/climate (11 items):

 Safety climate
 Discrimination
 Harassment
 Respect
 Trust
 Mgt. relationship

Health Outcomes (9 items):

 Physical health
 Mental health
 Injuries
 Sleep problems

Other Outcomes (7 items):

 Performance
 Satisfaction
 Intent to leave
 Job commitment
 Overtime
 Flexibility

Hours of work (2 items):

Work/family (4 items)
Supervision (3 items)
Benefits (1 item)
Union (1 item)