REVTEX 4.

1 Author’s Guide

American Physical Society∗

1 Research Road, Ridge, NY 11961
(Dated: March 2010)

CONTENTS VI.1. Math in text 10

VI.2. Text in math 11
I. Introduction 2 VI.3. Displayed equations 11
I.1. Changes in REVTEX 4.1 2 VI.4. Numbering displayed equations 11
I.2. REVTEX 4 Backwards Compatibility 3 VI.5. Cross-referencing displayed equations 11
I.3. Submitting to APS Journals 3 VI.6. Using the AMS packages amsfonts,
I.4. Submitting to AIP Journals 3 amssymb, and amsmath 12
I.5. Contact Information 3 VI.7. Bold symbols in math 12

II. Some LATEX 2ε Basics 3 VII. Footnotes 13

II.1. Useful LATEX 2ε Markup 3
Fonts 3 VIII. Citations and References 13
User-defined macros 4 VIII.1. Citing a reference 13
Symbols 4 VIII.2. Author/Year (Non-numeric) Citations 14
II.2. Using LATEX 2ε packages with VIII.3. Combined Author/Year and Numeric
REVTEX 4 Citations 14
VIII.4. Using BibTEX 14
III. The Document Preamble 5 arXiv.org support in BibTEX 15
III.1. The documentclass line 5 VIII.5. Multiple references in a single
III.2. Loading other packages 6 bibliography entry 15
VIII.6. Prepending and/or appending text to a
IV. The Front Matter 6 citation 15
IV.1. Setting the title 6
IV.2. Specifying a date 6 IX. Figures and Artwork 15
IV.3. Specifying authors and affiliations 6 IX.1. figure environment 15
Collaborations 7 IX.2. video environment 16
Footnotes for authors, collaborations,
affiliations or title 7 X. Tables 16
Specifying first names and surnames 8 X.1. Aligning on a decimal point 16
IV.4. The abstract 8 X.2. Footnotes in Tables 17
Structured abstracts 8 X.3. Dealing with Long Tables 17
IV.5. PACS codes 8
XI. Placement of Figures, Tables, and Other
IV.6. Keywords 8
Floats 17
IV.7. Institutional report numbers 8
IV.8. maketitle 9 XII. Rotating Floats 18
V. The body of the paper 9 XIII. REVTEX 4.1 symbols and the revsymb4-1
V.1. Section headings 9 package 18
V.2. Paragraphs and General Text 9
V.3. One-column vs. two-column layouts 9 XIV. Other REVTEX 4.1 Features 18
V.4. Cross-referencing 10 XIV.1. Job-specific Override Files 18
V.5. Acknowledgments 10
V.6. Appendices 10 References 19
V.7. Line numbering 10

VI. Math and equations 10

∗ [email protected]
 2

I. INTRODUCTION • Free form text can be prepended and ap-

pended to a bibliographic entry using the spe-
This is the author’s guide to REVTEX 4.1, the pre- cial starred (*) argument to the \cite com-
ferred submission format for all APS and AIP journals. mand. Often a citation in the bibliography will have
This guide is intended to be a concise introduction to explanatory text such as See also or and references
REVTEX 4.1. The documentation has been separated therein before and after the actual citation. The new
out into smaller units to make it easier to locate essen- REVTEX 4.1 \cite command allows the specification
tial information. of both text to precede and follow a citation.
The following documentation is also part of the
• Structured Abstracts. Use of the description en-
REVTEX 4.1 distribution. Updated versions of these will
vironment in abstracts now provides for “structured”
be maintained at the REVTEX 4.1 homepage located at
abstracts.
http://authors.aps.org/revtex4/.

• APS Author Guide for REVTEX 4.1 • Figures referring to videos now supported. A
“figure” may now be labeled as a Video by using the
• Author’s Guide to AIP Substyles for REVTEX 4.1 video environment. A frame from the video may be
included in the figure and a URL to link the caption’s
• REVTEX 4.1 Command and Options Summary label to the online video also may be included. There
is also a \listofvideos command.
• What’s New in REVTEX 4.1
• Better support for arXiv.org in BibTEX Three
This guide assumes a working REVTEX 4.1 installation.
more BibTEX fields have been added: SLACcitation,
Please see the installation instructions included with the
archivePrefix, and primaryClass in addition to the
distribution.
existing field eprint.

• Improved BibTEX bst files. In addition to the

I.1. Changes in REVTEX 4.1 new features above, numerous other improvements to
the APS bst files have been made, including sup-
The REVTEX system for LATEX began its development port for displaying journal article titles (using the new
in 1986 and has gone through three major revisions since longbibliography option) and many fixes for Reviews
then. REVTEX 4 was released in August, 2001. Since of Modern Physics. Also, long author lists are no
that time, many user requests for new features were re- longer automatically truncated.
ceived. The main goals for REVTEX 4.1 are to incor-
porate this user feedback and provide support for the • \footnote in \widetext and table* environments
journals of the American Institute of Physics (AIP) . It improved. \footnotes in the \widetext or table*
incorporates the following changes: environments are now correctly placed and formatted.

• Added support for APS journal Physical Re- • Email addresses no longer print twice on papers
view Special Topics – Physics Education Re- less than one page long.
search.
• eqnarray alignment improved.
• Added support for AIP journals. There is now
an explicit aip society option along with support for • \collaboration can be used with the
AIP journals. Please see the Author’s Guide to AIP groupedaddress option now.
Substyles for REVTEX 4.1. In addition, REVTEX 4.1 • letterpaper now ensured as default paper size.
provides an extensible system for the easy addition of
new collections of journals. • Table of Contents formatting improved.
• Endnotes now ordered correctly. Endnotes in the • Support for the longtable package improved.
bibliography now appear in the correct order, inter-
leaved with citations. • reftest restored.

• Multiple references in a single citation sup- • Compatibility with the geometry, lineno,
ported using a special starred (*) argument to lscape and colortbl packages improved. For line
the \cite command. One of the major new features numbering, rather than using lineno.sty directly,
in 4.1 made possible by the joint work on natbib 8.3. the linenumbers class option should be used (this
Multiple BibTEX entries can be combined into a single will call in lineno.sty with a proper set of default
\bibitem command. parameters).
 3

• hyperref fixes. Improvements were to make footnotes I.4. Submitting to AIP Journals
work better with the hyperref package. In particular,
table footnotes were fixed. More anchors for hyperref REVTEX 4.1 includes support for the journals of the
were also added (titlepage, abstract, and acknowledge- American Institute of Physics. The style files and au-
ments). thoring guides for these journals are distributed as part
REVTEX 4.1 distribution. The distribution includes both
• Documents can have more than 256 \cite com- a template (aiptemplate.tex) and a sample document
mands now. (aipsamp.tex). The template is a good starting point
for a manuscript. In the following sections are instruc-
• \listoffigures and \listoftables fixed. tions that should be sufficient for creating a paper using
REVTEX 4.1.
• Figure and table labels in captions now reflect More information may be found at http://www.aip.
proper APS style. org/pubservs/compuscript.html. Please consult the
Author’s Guide to AIP Substyles for REVTEX 4.1 for
more information about submissions to AIP journals,
• RMP style files conform better to RMP style
AIP styles files, and other AIP-specific information.
guidelines.

• Section heading upper-casing improved.

I.5. Contact Information

• Repeated characters at start of affiliation no

longer disappear when using groupedaddress op- Any bugs, problems, or inconsistencies with REVTEX
tion. or the APS journal style files should be reported to
REVTEX support at [email protected]. Reports should
include information on the error and a small sample
• There have been many other bug fixes and im-
document that manifests the problem if possible (please
provements to the internal ltxgrid package as
don’t send large files!). Issues related to the AIP journal
well.
styles should be sent directly to [email protected].

I.2. REVTEX 4 Backwards Compatibility II. SOME LATEX 2ε BASICS

Documents prepared under REVTEX 4 should process REVTEX 4.1 must sometimes patch the underlying
correctly under REVTEX 4.1. However, the formatting LATEX kernel. This means that REVTEX 4.1 requires
of the pages and, if using BibTEX, the references may a fairly recent version of LATEX 2ε . Versions prior to
change. 2005/12/01 may not work correctly. REVTEX 4.1 will
be maintained to be compatible with future versions of
LATEX 2ε .
I.3. Submitting to APS Journals

II.1. Useful LATEX 2ε Markup

Authors using REVTEX 4.1 to prepare a manuscript
for submission to Physical Review Letters, Physical Re-
view, Reviews of Modern Physics, or other APS journals LATEX 2ε markup is the preferred way to accomplish
must also read the companion document APS Author many basic tasks.
Guide for REVTEX 4.1 distributed with REVTEX and
follow the guidelines detailed there.
The REVTEX 4.1 distribution includes both a tem- Fonts
plate (apstemplate.tex) and a sample document
(apssamp.tex). The template is a good starting point Because REVTEX 4.1 is based upon LATEX 2ε , it in-
for a manuscript. In the following sections are instruc- herits all of the macros used for controlling fonts. Of
tions that should be sufficient for creating a paper using particular importance are the LATEX 2ε macros \textit,
REVTEX 4.1. \textbf, \texttt for changing to an italic, bold, or type-
Further information about submissions to the Ameri- writer font respectively. One should always use these
can Physical Society may be found at http://publish. macros rather than the lower-level TEX macros \it, \bf,
aps.org/. and \tt. The LATEX 2ε macros offer improvements such
 4

TABLE I. LATEX 2ε font commands TABLE II. LATEX 2ε commands for special symbols and effects

Text Fonts Command Symbol/Effect

Font command Explanation \textemdash —
\textit{htexti} Italics \textendash –
\textbf{htexti} Boldface \textexclamdown ¡
\texttt{htexti} Typewriter \textquestiondown ¿
\textrm{htexti} Roman \textquotedblleft “
\textsl{htexti} Slanted \textquotedblright ”
\textsf{htexti} Sans Serif \textquoteleft ‘
\textsc{htexti} Small Caps \textquoteright ’
\textmd{htexti} Medium Series \textbullet •
\textnormal{htexti} Normal Series \textperiodcentered ·
\textup{htexti} Upright Series \textvisiblespace
\textcompworkmark Break a ligature
Math Fonts \textcircled{hchar i} Circle a character
\mathit{htexti} Math Italics
\mathbf{htexti} Math Boldface
\mathtt{htexti} Math Typewriter only if it hasn’t been defined previously. The *-ed ver-
\mathsf{htexti} Math Sans Serif sions are an optimization that indicates that the macro
\mathcal{htexti} Calligraphic arguments will always be “short” arguments. This is al-
\mathnormal{htexti} Math Normal most always the case, so the *-ed versions should be used
\bm{htexti} Bold math for Greek letters whenver possible.
and other symbols The use of these macros is preferred over using plain
\mathfrak{htexti}a Fraktur TEX’s low-level macros such as \def,\edef, and \gdef.
\mathbb{htexti}a Blackboard Bold APS authors must follow the APS Author Guide for
REVTEX 4.1 when defining macros.
a Requires amsfonts or amssymb class option

Symbols
as better italic correction and scaling in super- and sub-
scripts for example. Table I summarizes the font selection
commands in LATEX 2ε . LATEX 2ε has added some convenient commands for
some special symbols and effects. These are summarized
in Table II. See [3] for details.
User-defined macros LATEX 2ε provides additional symbols in a separate
package called latexsym. To use these symbols, include
LATEX 2ε provides several macros that enable users to the package using:
easily create new macros for use in their manuscripts:
\usepackage{latexsym}
• \newcommand{hcommandi}[hnargi][hopti]{hdef i}

• \newcommand*{hcommandi}[hnargi][hopti]{hdef i}
II.2. Using LATEX 2ε packages with REVTEX
• \renewcommand{hcommandi}[hnargi][hopti]{hdef i}

• \renewcommand*{hcommandi}[hnargi][hopti]{hdef i} Many LATEX 2ε packages are available, for instance,

on CTAN at http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/
• \providecommand{hcommandi}[hnargi][hopti]{hdef i} macros/latex/required/ and at http://www.ctan.
• \providecommand*{hcommandi}[hnargi][hopti]{hdef i} org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ or may be
available on other distribution media, such as the
Here hcommand i is the name of the macro being defined, TEX Live CD-ROM http://www.tug.org/texlive/.
hnargi is the number of arguments the macro takes, hopti Some of these packages are automatically loaded by
are optional default values for the arguments, and hdef i REVTEX 4.1 when certain class options are invoked and
is the actually macro definiton. \newcommand creates a are, thus, “required.” They will either be distributed
new macro, \renewcommand redefines a previously de- with REVTEX or are already included with a standard
fined macro, and \providecommand will define a macro LATEX 2ε distribution.
 5

Required packages are automatically loaded by multicol multicol.sty is a package by Frank Mittel-
REVTEX on an as-needed basis. Other packages should bach that adds support for multiple columns. In fact,
be loaded using the \usepackage command. To load the early versions of REVTEX 4.1 used multicol.sty for
hyperref package, the document preamble might look precisely this. REVTEX 4.1 incorporates its own sup-
like: port for multiple-column typesetting.
\documentclass{revtex} cite Donald Arseneau’s cite.sty is often used to pro-
\usepackage{hyperref} vide support for sorting a \cite command’s arguments
into numerical order and to collapse consecutive runs
Some common (and very useful) LATEX 2ε packages are
of reference numbers. REVTEX 4.1 has this function-
a priori important enough that REVTEX 4.1 has been
ality built-in already via the natbib package.
designed to be specifically compatible with them. A bug
stemming from the use of one of these packages in con- mcite REVTEX 4.1 already contains a lot of this func-
junction with any of the APS journals may be reported tionality through its updated syntax for the \cite
by contacting REVTEX support. command and the latest natbib package.

AMS packages REVTEX 4.1 is compatible with and endfloat The same functionality can be accomplished
depends upon the AMS packages amsfonts, amssymb, using the endfloats class option.
and amsmath. In fact, REVTEX 4.1 requires use of
these packages to accomplish some common tasks. See float float.sty provides a mechanism for creating new
Section VI for more. REVTEX 4.1 requires version 2.0 float classes with just a few commands. REVTEX 4.1
or higher of the AMS-LATEX package. has limited compatible with float.sty. If attempting to
use this package, be sure to put any \newfloat com-
array and dcolumn The array and dcolumn packages mands after the \begin{document} line.
are part of LATEX’s required suite of packages. dcolumn
is required to align table columns on decimal points
III. THE DOCUMENT PREAMBLE
(and it in turn depends upon the array package).

longtable longtable.sty may be used for large tables The preamble of a LATEX document is the set of com-
that will span more than one page. REVTEX 4.1 dy- mands that precede the \begin{document} line. It con-
namically applies patches to longtable.sty so that it tains a \documentclass line to load the REVTEX 4.1
will work in two-column mode. class (i.e., all of the REVTEX 4.1 macro definitions),
\usepackage macros to load other macro packages, and
hyperref hyperref.sty is a package by Sebastian other macro definitions.
Rahtz that is used for putting hypertext links into
LATEX 2ε documents. REVTEX 4.1 has hooks to al-
low e-mail addresses and URL’s to become hyperlinks III.1. The documentclass line
if hyperref is loaded.
The basic formatting of the manuscript
lineno REVTEX 4.1 improves compatibility with is controlled by setting class options using
lineno.sty. This package should only be loaded via \documentclass[hoptionsi]{revtex4-1}. The op-
the new linenumbers class option. See Section V.7 tional arguments that appear in the square brackets
for more information. control the layout of the document. At this point, one
only needs to choose:
lscape REVTEX 4.1 improves compatibility with
lscape.sty. • Either the aps (default) or aip society option
• One of the chosen society’s journal styles such as prl
geometry REVTEX 4.1 improves compatibility with
or apl
geometry.sty.
• A layout option such as preprint (single-column for-
colortbl REVTEX 4.1 improves compatibility with matting), reprint (an approximation to the selected
colortbl.sty. journal’s actual layout which may be one- or two-
column depending on the journal), or twocolumn
Other packages will conflict with REVTEX 4.1 and
should be avoided. Usually such a conflict arises because Usually, one would want to use preprint for draft pa-
the package adds enhancements that REVTEX 4.1 al- pers. Paper size options are also available as well. In
ready includes. Here are some common packages that particular, a4paper is available as well as the rest of the
clash with REVTEX 4.1: standard LATEX paper sizes. A full list of class options is
 6

given in the REVTEX 4.1 Command and Options Sum- For example, if Bugs Bunny and Roger Rabbit are both
mary. at Looney Tune Studios, while Mickey Mouse is at Disney
World, the markup would be:

III.2. Loading other packages \author{Bugs Bunny}

\author{Roger Rabbit}
\affiliation{Looney Tune Studios}
Other packages may be loaded into a REVTEX 4.1 doc-
\author{Mickey Mouse}
ument by using the standard LATEX 2ε \usepackage com-
\affiliation{Disney World}
mand. For instance, to load the graphics package, one
would use \usepackage{graphics}. The default is to display this as

Bugs Bunny and Roger Rabbit

IV. THE FRONT MATTER Looney Tune Studios
Mickey Mouse
After choosing the basic look and feel of the document Disney World
by selecting the appropriate class options and loading in
This layout style for displaying authors and their
whatever other macros are needed, one is ready to move
affiliations is chosen by selecting the class option
on to creating a new manuscript. After the preamble,
groupedaddress. Journal styles usually default this
be sure to put in a \begin{document} line (and put in
option, so it need not be specified explicitly. The
an \end{document} as well). This section describes the
other major way of displaying this information is to
macros REVTEX 4.1 provides for formatting the front
use superscripts on the authors and affiliations. This
matter of the article. The behavior and usage of these
can be accomplished by selecting the class option
macros can be quite different from those provided in the
superscriptaddress. To achieve the display
LATEX 2ε article class.
Bugs Bunny,1 Roger Rabbit,1,2 and Mickey Mouse2
1
Looney Tune Studios
IV.1. Setting the title 2
Disney World

The title of the manuscript is simply specified by using one would use the markup
the \title{title} macro. A \\ may be used to put a line
break in a long title. \author{Bugs Bunny}
\affiliation{Looney Tune Studios}
\author{Roger Rabbit}
IV.2. Specifying a date \affiliation{Looney Tune Studios}
\affiliation{Disney World}
\author{Mickey Mouse}
The \date{hdatei} command outputs the date on the
\affiliation{Disney World}
manuscript. Using \today will cause LATEX to insert the
current date whenever the file is run: Note that REVTEX 4.1 takes care of any commas and
and ’s that join the author names together and font se-
\date{\today}
lection, as well as any superscript numbering. Only the
author names and affiliations should be given within their
respective macros. See below for further information re-
IV.3. Specifying authors and affiliations
garding the proper way to add footnotes to author names
and affiliations.
The REVTEX 4.1 macros for specifying authors and There is a third class option, unsortedaddress,
their affiliations are designed to save labor for authors for controlling author/affiliation display. The default
and during production. Authors and affiliations are ar- groupedaddress will actually sort authors into the ap-
ranged into groupings called, appropriately enough, au- proriate author groups if one chooses to specify an affili-
thor groups. Each author group is a set of authors who ation for each author. The markup:
share the same set of affiliations. Author names are spec-
ified with the \author macro while affiliations (or ad- \author{Bugs Bunny}
dresses) are specified with the \affiliation macro. Au- \affiliation{Looney Tune Studios}
thor groups are specified by sequences of \author macros \author{Mickey Mouse}
followed by \affiliation macros. An \affiliation \affiliation{Disney World}
macro applies to all previously specified \author macros \author{Roger Rabbit}
which don’t already have an affiliation supplied. \affiliation{Looney Tune Studios}
 7

will result in the same display as for the first case the AIP styles, each have a default text for their op-
given above even though Roger Rabbit is specified af- tional arguments (‘Electronic address:’ and ‘URL:’ re-
ter Mickey Mouse. To avoid Roger Rabbit being moved spectively). The \thanks macro should only be used
into the same author group as Bugs Bunny, use the if one of the other three do not apply. Any author
unsortedaddress option instead. In general, it is safest name can have multiple occurences of these four macros.
to list authors in the order they should appear and spec- Note that unlike the \affiliation macro, these macros
ify affiliations for multiple authors rather than one at a only apply to the \author that directly precedes it.
time. This will afford the most independence for choos- Any \affiliation must follow the other author-specific
ing the display option. Finally, it should be mentioned macros. A typical usage might be as follows:
that the affiliations for the superscriptaddress are pre-
\author{Bugs Bunny}
sented and numbered in the order that they are encoun-
\email[E-mail me at: ]{[email protected]}
tered. These means that the order will usually follow
\homepage[Visit: ]{http://looney.com/}
the order of the authors. An alternative ordering can
\altaffiliation[Permanent address: ]
be forced by including a list of \affiliation commands
{Warner Brothers}
before the first \author in the desired order. Then use
\affiliation{Looney Tunes}
the exact same text for each affilation when specifying
them for each author. This would result in the footnote “E-mail me at:
If an author doesn’t have an affiliation, the [email protected], Visit: http://looney.com/, Perma-
\noaffiliation macro may be used in the place of an nent address: Warner Brothers” being attached to Bugs
\affiliation macro. Bunny. Note that:

• Only an e-mail address, URL, or affiliation should go

Collaborations in the required argument in the curly braces.

• The font is automatically taken care of.

A collaboration name can be specified with the
\collaboration command. This is very similar to the • An explicit space is needed at the end of the optional
\author command. In REVTEX 4.1, it can be used with text if one is desired in the output.
both the superscriptaddress and groupedaddress
class options. The \collaboration command should ap- • Use the optional arguments to provide customized text
pear at the end of the list of authors. The collaboration only if there is a good reason to.
name will be appear centered in parentheses between the
list of authors and the list of affiliations. Because col- The \collaboration , \affiliation , or even \title
laborations don’t normally have affiliations, one needs to can also have footnotes attached via these commands.
follow the \collaboration with \noaffiliation. If any ancillary data (\thanks, \email, \homepage,
or \altaffiliation) are given in the wrong context
(e.g., before any \title, \author, \collaboration, or
\affiliation command has been given), then a warning
Footnotes for authors, collaborations, affiliations or title
is given in the TEX log, and the command is ignored.
Duplicate sets of ancillary data are merged, giving rise
Often one wants to specify additional information asso- to a single shared footnote. However, this only applies
ciated with an author, collaboration, or affiliation such as if the ancillary data are identical: even the order of the
an e-mail address, an alternate affiliation, or some other commands specifying the data must be identical. Thus,
ancillary information. REVTEX 4.1 introduces several for example, two authors can share a single footnote in-
new macros just for this purpose. They are: dicating a group e-mail address.
Duplicate \affiliation commands may be given in
• \email[hoptional texti]{e-mail address}
the course of the front matter, without the danger of pro-
• \homepage[hoptional texti]{URL} ducing extraneous affiliations on the title page. However,
ancillary data should be specified for only the first in-
• \altaffiliation[hoptional texti]{affiliation} stance of any particular institution’s \affiliation com-
mand; a later instance with different ancillary data will
• \thanks{miscellaneous text} result in a warning in the TEX log.
It is preferable to arrange authors into sets. Within
In the first three, the optional text will be prepended each set all the authors share the same group of affilia-
before the actual information specified in the required tions. For each author, give the \author (and appropri-
argument. In the APS journal style files, \email and ate ancillary data), then follow this author group with
\homepage no longer have a default value. However, in the needed group of \affiliation commands.
 8

If affiliations have been listed before the first \author be accomplished by using the description environment
macro to ensure a particular ordering, be sure that any within the abstract environment. For example:
later \affiliation command for the given institution
\begin{abstract}
is an exact copy of the first, and also ensure that no
\begin{description}
ancillary data is given in these later instances.
\item[Background] This part would describe the
Each journal class option has a default behavior for
context needed to understand what the paper
the placement of these ancillary information footnotes.
is about.
For instance, the prb option puts all such footnotes at
\item[Purpose] This part would state the purpose
the start of the bibliography while the prl journal styles
of the present paper.
displays them on the first page. One can override a jour-
\item[Method] This part describe the methods
nal style’s default behavior by specifying explicitly the
used in the paper.
class option bibnotes (puts the footnotes at the start of
\item[Results] This part would summarize the
the bibliography) or nobibnotes (puts them on the first
results.
page). Please consult the documentation for the various
\item[Conclusions] This part would state the
journal style files for further information.
conclusions of the paper.
\end{description}
Specifying first names and surnames
\end{abstract}

Many authors have names in which either the surname IV.5. PACS codes
appears first or in which the surname is made up of more
than one name. To ensure that such names are accurately
APS and AIP authors are asked to supply suggested
captured for indexing and other purposes, the \surname
PACS codes with their submissions. The \pacs macro is
macro should be used to indicate which portion of a name
provided as a way to do this:
is the surname. Similarly, there is a \firstname macro
as well, although usage of \surname should be sufficient. \pacs{23.23.+x, 56.65.Dy}
If an author’s surname is a single name and written last,
it is not necessary to use these macros. These macros The actual display of the PACS numbers below the ab-
do nothing but indicate how a name should be indexed. stract is controlled by two class options: showpacs and
Here are some examples: noshowpacs. In particular, this is now independent of the
preprint option. showpacs must be explicitly included
\author{Andrew \surname{Lloyd Weber}} in the class options to display the PACS codes.
\author{\surname{Mao} Tse-Tung}

IV.6. Keywords
IV.4. The abstract
A \keywords macro may also be used to indicate key-
An abstract for a paper is specified by using the words for the article.
abstract environment:
\keywords{nuclear form; yrast level}
\begin{abstract}
This will be displayed below the abstract and PACS (if
Text of abstract
supplied). Like PACS codes, the actual display of the the
\end{abstract}
keywords is controlled by two classoptions: showkeys and
Note that in REVTEX 4.1 the abstract must be specified noshowkeys. An explicit showkeys must be included in
before the \maketitle command and there is no need to the \documentclass line to display the keywords.
embed it in an explicit minipage environment.

IV.7. Institutional report numbers

Structured abstracts
Institutional report numbers can be specified using the
A new feature in REVTEX 4.1 is support for struc- \preprint macro. If the preprintnumbers class option
tured abstracts. A “structured” abstract is an abstract is specified, these will be displayed in the upper right cor-
divided into labeled sections. For instance, Physical Re- ner of the first page. Multiple \preprint macros maybe
view C would like authors to provide abstracts with supplied (space is limited though, so only three or less
sections summarizing the paper’s Background, Pur- may actually fit). Please note that the preprint class
pose, Method, Results, and Conclusions. This can option does not automatically invoke preprintnumbers.
 9

IV.8. maketitle V.2. Paragraphs and General Text

After specifying the title, authors, affiliations, ab- Paragraphs always end with a blank input line. Be-
stract, PACS codes, and report numbers, the final step cause TEX automatically calculates linebreaks and word
for formatting the front matter of the manuscript is to hyphenation in a paragraph, it is not necessary to
execute the \maketitle macro by simply including it: force linebreaks or hyphenation. Of course, compound
words should still be explicitly hyphenated, e.g., “author-
\maketitle prepared copy.”
The \maketitle macro must follow all of the macros Use directional quotes for quotation marks around
listed above. The macro will format the front matter quoted text (‘‘xxx’’), not straight double quotes
in accordance with the various class options that were ("xxx"). For opening quotes, use one or two backquotes;
specified in the \documentclass line (either implicitly for closing quotes, use one or two forward quotes (apos-
through defaults or explicitly). trophes).

V.3. One-column vs. two-column layouts

V. THE BODY OF THE PAPER
One of the hallmarks of Physical Review and many
For typesetting the body of a paper, REVTEX 4.1 relies of the AIP journals is their two-column formatting.
heavily on standard LATEX 2ε and other packages (partic- REVTEX 4.1 provides the reprint class option that
ulary those that are part of AMS-LATEX). Users unfamil- provides for each journal class option a close approx-
iar with these packages should read the following sections imation to the journal’s actual production formatting.
carefully. Note that the reprint option will give either one or
two-column formatting as appropriate for the particular
journal. For most APS and AIP journals, the reprint
V.1. Section headings option will take care of formatting the front matter (in-
cluding the abstract) as a single column and will type-
set the body in two columns. REVTEX 4.1 has its own
Section headings are input as in LATEX. The output is
built-in two-column formatting macros to provide well-
similar, with a few extra features.
balanced columns as well as reasonable control over the
Four levels of headings are available in REVTEX:
placement of floats in either one- or two-column modes.
When drafting papers, it is common to use a one-column
\section{htitle texti}
format. This is best achieved by using the preprint class
\subsection{htitle texti}
option. Authors may override a particular journal’s for-
\subsubsection{htitle texti}
matting by using the lower level options onecolumn and
\paragraph{htitle texti}
twocolum, but best practice is to stick with the preprint
Use the starred form of the command to suppress the and reprint options.
automatic numbering; e.g., Please note that the reprint class option is only an ap-
proximation of a journal’s final layout. Because of font
\section*{Introduction} differences, figure rescaling, and other factors, authors
should not expect the reprint option to give fully accu-
To label a section heading for cross referencing, best rate estimates of an article’s ultimate length after being
practice is to place the \label{hkeyi} within the argu- typeset for the journal.
ment specifying the heading: Occasionally it is necessary to change the formatting
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction} from two-column to one-column to better accommodate
very long equations that are more easily read when type-
In some journal substyles, such as those of the APS, set to the full width of the page. This is accomplished
all text in the \section command is automatically using the widetext environment:
set uppercase. If a lowercase letter is needed, use
\lowercase{x}. For example, to use “He” for helium in a \begin{widetext}
\section{htitle texti} command, type H\lowercase{e} long equation goes here
in {htitle texti}. \end{widetext}
Use \protect\\ to force a line break in a section head- In two-column mode, this will temporarily return to one-
ing. (Fragile commands must be protected in section column mode, balancing the text before the environment
headings, captions, and footnotes and \\ is a fragile com- into two short columns, and returning to two-column
mand.) mode after the environment has finished. REVTEX 4.1
 10

will also add horizontal rules to guide the reader’s eye Note that with footnotes appearing in the bibliogra-
through what may otherwise be a confusing break in the phy, extra passes of LATEX may be needed to resolve all
flow of text. The widetext environment has no effect on cross-references. For instance, putting a \cite inside a
the output under the preprint class option because this \footnote will require at least three passes.
already uses one-column formatting. Using the hyperref package to create hyperlinked
Use of the widetext environment should be restricted PDF files will cause reference ranges to be expanded to
to the bare minimum of text that needs to be typeset list every reference in the range. This behavior can be
this way. However, short pieces of paragraph text and/or avoided by using the hypernat package available from
math between nearly contiguous wide equations should www.ctan.org.
be incorporated into the surrounding wide sections.
Low-level control over the column grid can be accom-
plished with the \onecolumngrid and \twocolumngrid V.5. Acknowledgments
commands. Using these, one can avoid the horizontal
rules added by widetext. These commands should only Use the acknowledgments environment for an ac-
be used if absolutely necessary. Wide figures and ta- knowledgments section. Depending on the journal sub-
bles should be accommodated using the proper * envi- style, this element may be formatted as an unnumbered
ronments. section title Acknowledgments or simply as a paragraph.
Please note the spelling of “acknowledgments.”
\begin{acknowledgments}
V.4. Cross-referencing
The authors would like to thank...
\end{acknowledgments}
REVTEX inherits the LATEX 2ε features for labeling
and cross-referencing section headings, equations, tables,
and figures. This section contains a simplified explana- V.6. Appendices
tion of these cross-referencing features. The proper usage
in the context of section headings, equations, tables, and
figures is discussed in the appropriate sections. The \appendix command signals that all following
sections are appendices, so \section{htitle texti} af-
Cross-referencing depends upon the use of “tags,”
ter \appendix will set {htitle texti} as an appendix
which are defined by the user. The \label{hkeyi} com-
heading (an empty {htitle texti} is permitted). For
mand is used to identify tags for REVTEX. Tags are
a single appendix, use a \appendix* followed by
strings of characters that serve to label section headings,
\section{htitle texti} command to suppress the ap-
equations, tables, and figures that replace explicit, by-
pendix letter in the section heading.
hand numbering.
Files that use cross-referencing (and almost all
manuscripts do) need to be processed through REVTEX
V.7. Line numbering
at least twice to ensure that the tags have been prop-
erly linked to appropriate numbers. If any tags are
added in subsequent editing sessions, LATEX will display REVTEX 4.1 provides the linenumbers class option to
a warning message in the log file that ends with ... enable line numbering. While it is possible to directly call
Rerun to get cross-references right. Running the in the lineno.sty, using the class option ensures that
file through REVTEX again (possibly more than once) the default parameters needed to properly typeset the
will resolve the cross-references. If the error message per- line numbers are set up correctly. It is still possible for
sists, check the labels; the same {hkeyi} may have been authors to override parameters such as \linenumbersep
used to label more than one object. as usual, however.
Another LATEX warning is There were undefined
references, which indicates the use of a key in a \ref
without ever using it in a \label statement. VI. MATH AND EQUATIONS
REVTEX performs autonumbering exactly as in stan-
dard LATEX. When the file is processed for the first time, VI.1. Math in text
LATEX creates an auxiliary file (with the .aux extension)
that records the value of each hkeyi. Each subsequent run Not surprisingly, REVTEX uses the TEX math $ delim-
retrieves the proper number from the auxiliary file and iters for math embedded in text. For example, $a^{z}$
updates the auxiliary file. At the end of each run, any give az . Within math mode, use ^{hmathi} for super-
change in the value of a hkeyi produces a LATEX warning scripts and _{hmathi} for subscripts. If the braces after
message. the ^ are omitted, TEX will superscript the next token
 11

(generally a single character or command). Thus it is For a continued equation, align each row on the rela-
safest to use explicit braces {}. tion operator just as with multiple equations, and use
As with text, math should not require extensive ex- the \nonumber command to suppress auto-numbering on
plicit vertical or horzontal motion commands, because broken lines. Also, use the starred form of the row end
TEX calculates math spacing itself automatically. In (\\*) to prevent a pagebreak at that juncture.
particular, explicit spacing around relations (e.g., =) Short displayed equations that can appear together on
or operators (e.g., +) should be unnecessary. These a single line separated by \qquad space may be placed in
suggestions notwithstanding, some fine-tuning of math a single equation environment.
is required in specific cases, see Chapter 18 in the As explained in Section V.3, occasionally in two-
TEXbook[1]. column mode a long equation, in order to fit it in the
narrow column width, would need to be broken into so
many lines that it would affect readibility. Set it in a wide
VI.2. Text in math column using the widetext environment. Then return to
the normal text width as soon as possible.
There are times when normal, non-italic text needs to The sample file apssamp.tex illustrates how to obtain
be inserted into a math expression. The \text{htexti} each of the above effects.
command is the preferred method of accomplishing
this. It produces regular text and scales correctly
in superscripts: $y=x \text{ for } x_{\text{e-p}}$ VI.4. Numbering displayed equations
gives “y = x for xe-p ”. To use the \text com-
mand, the amsmath package must be loaded: include REVTEX 4.1 automatically numbers equations. For
a \usepackage{amsmath} command in the document single-line and multi-line equations, use the equation
preamble or use the class option amsmath. Please note and eqnarray environments as described above. For
that REVTEX 4.1 requires version 2.0 or higher of unnumbered single-line equations, use the \[. . . \] con-
amsmath. struction. The command \nonumber will suppress the
Other common alternatives may be less desirable. Us- numbering on a single line of an eqnarray. For a multi-
ing the standard LATEX 2ε \mbox{htexti} will give nor- line equation with no equation numbers at all, use the
mal text, including a hyphen, but will not scale correctly eqnarray* environment.
in superscripts: $x_{\mbox{e-p}}$ gives “xe-p ”. The A series of equations can be a labeled with a lettered
\rm command only switches to Roman font for math let- sequence, e.g., (3a), (3b), and (3c), by putting the re-
ters. It does not, for example, handle hyphens correctly: spective equation or eqnarray environment within a
$$x_{\rm{e-p}}$ gives “xe−p ”. But note that \textrm, subequations environment. The amsmath package (can
it does work: $x_{\textrm{e-p}}$ gives “xe-p ”. be loaded with the amsmath class option) is required for
this.
Use the command \tag{hnumber i} to produce an id-
VI.3. Displayed equations iosyncratic equation number: (10 ), for example. Num-
bers assigned by \tag are completely independent of
Equations are set centered in the column width or flush REVTEX’s automatic numbering. The package amsmath
left depending on the selected journal substyle. is required for using the \tag command. Please note that
For the simplest type of displayed equation, a num- the use of the tag command may conflict with the use
bered, one-line equation, use the equation environment. of the hyperref package due an incompatibility between
REVTEX takes care of the equation number—the number amsmath and hyperref.
will be set below the equation if necessary. Use \[. . . \] To have REVTEX reset the equation numbers at the
for a single, one-line unnumbered display equation. start of each section, use the eqsecnum class option in
Use the eqnarray environment when more than one the document preamble.
consecutive equation occurs, putting each equation in a See the sample file apssamp.tex for some examples.
separate row of the environment, and using \nonumber
before the row end (\\) to suppress the equation number
where necessary. If the equations are related to each VI.5. Cross-referencing displayed equations
other, align each on the respective relation operator (such
as =). To refer to a numbered equation, use the
When an equation is broken over lines or is continued \label{hkeyi} and \ref{hkeyi} commands. The
over multiple relation operators, it is called a multi-line \label{hkeyi} command is used within the referenced
or continued equation, respectively; here, too, use the equation (on the desired line of the eqnarray, if a
eqnarray environment. multi-line equation):
 12

\begin{equation} markup that are quite convenient. REVTEX 4.1 sup-

A=B \label{pauli} ports the use of these packages directly. To use the
\end{equation} amsfonts, amssymb, and amsmath class options, AMS-
... It follows from Eq.~(\ref{pauli}) LATEX (and perhaps the additional AMS fonts) will need
that this is the case ... to be installed. Please note that REVTEX 4.1 requires
\begin{eqnarray} version 2.0 or higher of AMS-LATEX. These packages can
A & = &B,\label{pauli2}\\ be downloaded from http://www.ams.org/tex/.
A’& = &B’ There are two class options for accessing the AMS
\end{eqnarray} fonts: amsfonts and amssymb. The amsfonts option de-
gives fines the \mathfrak and \mathbb commands to switch
to the Fraktur and Blackboard Bold fonts, respectively.
A=B (1) These fonts are selected with the \mathfrak and \mathbb
font-switching commands: ${\mathfrak{G}}$ gives a
... It follows from Eq. (1) that this is the case ... Fraktur “G” and ${\mathbb{Z}}$ gives a Blackboard
Bold “Z”. REVTEX does not currently support the use
A = B, (2) of the extra Euler fonts (the AMS fonts starting with eur
0 0
A =B (3) or eus) or the Cyrillic fonts (the AMS fonts starting with
w).
Please note the parentheses surrounding the \ref com-
mand. These are not provided automatically and, thus, The amssymb class option gives all the font capabil-
must be explicitly incorporated. ities of the amsfonts class option and further defines
Numbers produced with \tag can also be cross- the commands for many commonly used math symbols.
referenced by adding a \label command after the \tag These symbols will scale correctly in superscripts and
command. other places. See the AMS-LATEX documentation for the
Using a \label after \begin{subequations} to ref- complete list of symbols available.
erence the general number of the equations in the
subequations environment. For example, if
VI.7. Bold symbols in math
\begin{subequations}
\label{allequations} % notice location
\begin{eqnarray} REVTEX 4.1 uses the standard LATEX 2ε Bold Math
E&=&mc^2,\label{equationa} (bm) package as the basis for creating bold symbols
\\ in math mode. As usual, this requires an explicit
E&=&mc^2,\label{equationb} \usepackage{bm} in the document preamble. The com-
\\ mand \bm{hsymbol i} makes {hsymbol i} bold in math
E&=&mc^2,\label{equationc} mode, ensuring that it is the correct size, even in super-
\end{eqnarray} scripts. If the correct font in the correct size is not avail-
\end{subequations} able then result is the {hsymbol i} set at the correct size in
lightface and a LATEX 2ε warning that says “No boldmath
gives the output typeface in this size. . . ”. Most bold special charac-
E = mc2 , (4a) ters will require that the AMS fonts be installed and the
2 amsfonts class option be invoked.
E = mc , (4b)
2
\bm is the proper means to get bold Greek characters—
E = mc , (4c) upper- and lowercase—and other symbols. The following
then Eq.~(\ref{allequations}) gives “Eq. (4)”. will come out bold with \bm: normal math italic let-
Note: incorrect cross-referencing will result if \label ters, numbers, Greek letters (uppercase and lowercase),
is used in an unnumbered single-line equation (i.e., within small bracketing and operators, and \mathcal. Frak-
the \[ and \] commands), or if \label is used on a line tur characters will come out bold in a \bm; however,
of an eqnarray that is not being numbered (i.e., a line Blackboard Bold requires using the \mathbb command
that has a \nonumber). rather than \bm. The amsfonts option adds support for
bold math letters and symbols in smaller sizes and in
superscripts when a \bm{hsymbol i} is used. For exam-
VI.6. Using the AMS packages amsfonts, amssymb, ple, $\pi^{\bm{\pi}}$ gives a bold lowercase pi in the
and amsmath superscript position: ππ .
Note that \bm{hmathi} is a fragile command and, thus,
The American Mathematical Society’s AMS-LATEX should be preceded by \protect in commands with mov-
packages provided extra fonts, symbols, and math ing arguments.
 13

VII. FOOTNOTES Proper formatting of references requires Patrick Daly’s

natbib citation package. BibTEX style files for APS
LATEX’s standard \footnote command is available in and AIP journals are created using his custom-bib tool
REVTEX 4.1. The footnote text can either appear at kit. From an author’s point of view, all this means is
the bottom of a page or as part of the bibliography. This that a proper REVTEX 4.1 installation requires having
choice can be controlled by two class options: footinbib natbib (version 8.31a or higher) installed. It also means
and nofootinbib. REVTEX 4.1 defaults to the former. that the full set of natbib functionality is available from
Specific journal options may select a different value than within REVTEX 4.1 (but see the APS Author Guide for
the default. REVTEX 4.1 and Author’s Guide to AIP Substyles for
Please note that even if BibTEX is not being used for REVTEX 4.1 for restrictions if submitting to an APS
the references, you may have to run BibTEX if you are or AIP journal). The natbib documentation contains
using footnotes without the nofootinbib option. The many examples; see in particular the natnotes.tex file
log file will contain errors about missing references such for a convenient summary. Please also note that natbib
as Note1 in this case and a file ending in Notes.bib will 8.3 and later now gives an error (rather than merely a
have been produced during the processing of the TEX file. warning as in earlier versions) if you try to use a BibTEX
Note that in the latter case, the argument of the file that isn’t compatible with author-year style citations
\footnote command is a moving argument in the sense with a journal style that requires author-year citations
of the LATEX User’s Guide & Reference Manual, Ap- (such as Reviews of Modern Physics).
pendix C.1.3: any fragile command within that argument
must be preceded by a \protect command.
The \footnote macro should not be used in the front VIII.1. Citing a reference
matter for indicating author/affiliation relationships or
to provide additional information about authors (such as As in standard LATEX, references are cited in text using
an e-mail address). See Section IV.3 for the proper way the \cite{hkeyi} command and are listed in the bibliog-
to do this. raphy using the \bibitem{hkeyi} command. The \cite
Finally, footnotes that appear in tables behave differ- macro enables REVTEX 4.1 to automatically number the
ently. They will be typeset as part of the table itself. See references in the manuscript.
Section X.2 for details. A typical example might be:
String theory\cite{GSW} attempts to
VIII. CITATIONS AND REFERENCES
provide a theory of everything.
The corresponding \bibitem would be:
REVTEX 4.1 adds significant new functionality to
\bibitem{GSW} M.~Greene, J.~Schwarz, and
REVTEX 4’s typesetting of citations and references. The
E.~Witten, \textit{Superstring Theory:
new functionality is designed to make it easier to use
Introduction}, (Cambridge University
BibTEX and produce the desired output in the reference
Press, London, 1985).
section without having to edit BibTEX’s output. The
new features include: Journals differ in how the \cite will be displayed.
Most APS journals display the citation in-line, as a num-
• Endnotes created with the \footnote command are ber, enclosed in square brackets, e.g., “String theory[1]
automatically interleaved with the bibliographic refer- attempts. . . .” Other journals (most notably Physical Re-
ences. REVTEX 4 would typeset all endnotes at the view B ) instead use a number in a superscript: “String
end of the bibliography. theory1 attempts. . . .” Selecting the journal substyle us-
• Combining multiple references automatically into a ing a class option (such as prb) will invoke the appro-
single entry in the bibliography. REVTEX 4 required priate style. In journal substyles using superscripts, the
by-hand editing of BibTEX output. This is achieved by macro the \onlinecite{hkeyi} is necessary to get the
prepending an asterisk (*) to the reference’s key in the number to appear on the baseline. For example, “String
\cite command. \cite{{key1,*key2} would make a theory (see, for example, Ref.~\onlinecite{GSW})” will
single entry in the bibliography by combining into one give the output “String theory (see, for example, Ref. 1).”
\bibitem the entries from the .bib file with keys key1 The \onlinecite command has the same semantics
and key2. See Section VIII.5 for more details. as natbib’s \citealp command.
A \cite command with multiple keys is format-
• Text can be prepended or appended to an entry in the ted with consecutive reference numbers collapsed; e.g.,
bibliography. REVTEX 4 required by-hand editing of [1,2,3,5] will be output as [1–3,5]. To split the list over
the BibTEX output. See Section VIII.6 for an example more than one line, use a % character immediately fol-
of how to do this. lowing a comma:
 14

. . . \cite{a,b,c,d,e,f,% BibTEX will automatically generate the appropriate op-

g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z} tional arguments for the \bibitem commands.
BibTEX is an adjunct to LATEX that aids in the prepa-
The % avoids unwanted spaces.
ration of bibliographies. BibTEX allows authors to build
up a database or collection of bibliography entries that
VIII.2. Author/Year (Non-numeric) Citations may be used for many manuscripts. A BibTEX style file
then specifies how to transform the entries into a proper
Reviews of Modern Physics uses a citation style based \bibitem for a particular journal. Here we give a brief
on the first author’s last name and the year of the refer- summary of how to get started with BibTEX. More de-
ence rather than a simple number. Support for this style tails can be found in the LaTeX books listed in the ref-
of citing references is the primary reason REVTEX 4.1 erences.
uses the natbib package. natbib uses an optional argu- Selecting a journal style by using an appropriate class
ment to the \bibitem macro to specify what text to use option will automatically select the correct BibTEX style
for the \cite text: file from those included in REVTEX 4.1. Four ba-
sic BibTEX style files are included: apsrev4-1.bst
\bibitem[hshort-namei(hyear i)hlong-namei] (APS journals using a numeric citation style, i.e., all
where hshort-namei is the author name used in a par- but RMP), apsrmp4-1.bst (author/year style citations
enthetical citation, hlong-namei that used in a textual for RMP), aipauth4-1.bst (AIP journal using an au-
citation, and hyear i is the year. More concretely, the thor/year citation style), and aipnum4-1.bst (AIP jour-
\bibitem example above would appear as nals using a numeric citation style). In addition, there
are “long” versions for each of these that add the ti-
\bibitem[Greene et al.(1985)Green, tles of cited articles to the bibliography. The selec-
Schwarz, and Witten]{GSW} tion can be overridden by specifying an alternative .bst
M.~Greene, J.~Schwarz, and E.~Witten, file using the standard LATEX 2ε \bibliographystyle
\textit{Superstring Theory}, macro. This must appear in the preamble before the
(Cambridge Press, London, 1985). \begin{document} line in REVTEX 4.1 (this differs from
When the citation constitutes part of the grammar of standard LATEX).
the sentence, the \textcite{hkeyi} command may be The BibTEX database files will contain entries such as:
used (analogous to the \onlinecite command above). @Book{GSW,
Both \textcite and \onlinecite are built upon author=‘‘M. Greene, J. Schwarz,
natbib’s rich repertoire of macros (\citep, \citet, E. Witten’’,
etc.). These macros are available in REVTEX 4.1; how- title=‘‘Superstring theory:
ever, APS authors must follow the APS Author Guide Introduction’’,
for REVTEX 4.1 guidelines regarding natbib’s macros. publisher=‘‘Cambridge University
Press’’,
address=‘‘London’’,
VIII.3. Combined Author/Year and Numeric
year=‘‘1985’’
Citations
}
AIP’s Journal of Mathematical Physics uses a There are entry formats for articles, technical reports, e-
combined author/year and numerical citation style. prints, theses, books, proceedings, and articles that ap-
REVTEX 4.1 supports this referencing style. Please see pear in books or proceedings. The styles provided with
the Author’s Guide to AIP Substyles for REVTEX 4.1 REVTEX 4.1 also allows URL’s and e-print identifiers to
for more information about this style. be specified for any of the different entry types. There is
also an additional “collaboration” field that can be used
in addition to “author’.’
VIII.4. Using BibTEX To actually create the bibliography in the manuscript,
the \bibliography{hbib filesi} macro is used. Here
The \bibitem entries can be coded by hand as above, hbib filesi is a comma-separated list of BibTEX bibliog-
of course, but the use of BibTEX with the new style files raphy database files, each with the .bib extension. The
provided with REVTEX 4.1 makes it particularly simple \bibliography macro should be placed at the location
to generate marked-up references that can, for instance, where the references are to appear (usually after the main
take advantage of packages like hyperref for linking. body of the paper). When the manuscript is processed
They also save the trouble of having to specify format- with LATEX for the first time, the keys corresponding for
ting like the italics for the book title in the above exam- the \cite macros used in the manuscript are written out
ple. And, for those wishing to use author/year citations, to the .aux file. Then BibTEX should be run (if the
 15

manuscript is called paper.tex, the command would be (*). For example \cite{bethe, *feynman, *bohr} will
bibtex paper. This will produce a .bbl file contain- combine the \bibitems with keys bethe, feynman, and
ing all of the \bibitem’s for the manuscript. Subsequent bohr into a single entry in the bibliography separated by
runs of LATEX 2ε will call this file in to resolve the refer- semicolons.
ences. LATEX 2ε should be run repeatedly until all refer-
ences are resolved.
The BibTEX-produced \bibitem’s created using the VIII.6. Prepending and/or appending text to a
REVTEX style files appear considerably more complex citation
than the example given above. This is because the style
files add in \bibinfo, \bibnamefont, \eprint, and \url The expanded syntax for the \cite command argu-
macros for specifying additional formatting and tagging. ment can also be used to specify text before and/or after
The \bibinfo macro is mostly a do-nothing macro that a citation. For instance, a citation such as:
serves merely to tag the information with the field infor-
mation from the original entry in the BibTEX database. [19] A similar expression was derived in
The \eprint and \url macros can be used to create the A. V. Andreev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 247204
appropriate hyperlinks in target formats such as PDF. (2007) in the context of carbon nanotube
For more information on using BibTEX with LATEX, see p-n junctions. The only difference is that no
Sections 4.3.1 and C.11.3 of the LATEX User’s Guide & integration over ky is present there.
Reference Manual [2], Section 13.2 of [4], or the online may be created by the following \cite command:
BibTEX manual btxdoc.tex from http://www.ctan.
org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/. \cite{*[{A similar expression was derived
in }] [{ in the context of carbon nanotube
p-n junctions. The only difference is that
arXiv.org support in BibTEX no integration over ky is present
there.}]andreev2007]
REVTEX 4.1 has better support for citing e-prints from Please note the use of curly braces to enclose the text
arXiv.org For instance, the .bib entry within the square brackets.
@Unpublished{Ginsparg:1988ui,
author = "Ginsparg, Paul H.",
IX. FIGURES AND ARTWORK
title = "{Applied Conformal Field Theory}",
year = "1988",
eprint = "hep-th/9108028", IX.1. figure environment
archivePrefix = "arXiv",
SLACcitation = "%%CITATION=HEP-TH/9108028;%%" Figures may be included into a REVTEX 4.1
} manuscript by using the standard LATEX 2ε macros.
It should be noted that LATEX 2ε includes sev-
will include the arXiv.org e-print identifier as eral powerful packages for including the files in
arXiv:hep-th/9108028 and hyperlink it (if using various formats. The two main packages are
hyperref). The newer format for arXiv identifiers with graphics and graphicx. Both offer a macro called
primary classificiations will produce output such as \includegraphics[hargsi]{hfilenamei}; they mainly
arXiv:0905.1949 [hep-ph]. differ in how arguments for controlling figure scal-
ing, translation, and orientation are specified. For
more information on the enhancements of the graphicx
VIII.5. Multiple references in a single bibliography
entry
package, see [5] or the guide grfguide.pdf avail-
able at http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/
latex/required/graphics/. REVTEX 4.1 no longer
One of the most frequently requested features since the has the epsf class option, though the epsfig package
release of REVTEX 4 has been to allow more than one provides a similar interface.
reference to appear in a single bibliography entry when
The figure environment should be used to add a cap-
using BibTEX. This can now be done in REVTEX 4.1
tion to the figure and to allow LATEX to number and place
by using a starred (*) argument to the \cite command.
the figures where they fit best. LATEX will label and au-
This requires the latest version of natbib, developed in
tomatically number the captions FIG. 1, FIG. 2, etc. For
conjunction with REVTEX 4.1, and the new bst files
example:
that come with REVTEX 4.1. To combine multiple refer-
ences into a single \bibitem, precede the second, third, \begin{figure}
etc. citation keys in the \cite command with an asterisk \includegraphics{fig1.eps}
 16

\caption{\label{fig1}Text of first caption.} the width of the figure. To refer to the table via cross-
\end{figure} referencing, a \label{hkeyi} command should appear
within the \caption. Use the \ref{hkeyi} command to
Note how the \label{hkeyi} command is used to cross- cite tables in text. The table environment will set the
reference figures in text. The \label{hkeyi} command table to the width of the column. Thus, in two-column
should be inserted inside the figure caption. As usual, mode, the table will be confined to a single column. To
the \ref{hkeyi} macro can then by used to refer to the set a table to the full width of the page, rather than the
label: “As depicted in FIG.~\ref{fig1}. . . ”. column, use the table* environment.
Figures are normally set to the width of the column in The heart of the table is the tabular environment.
which they are placed. This means that in two-column This will behave for the most part as in standard LATEX 2ε
mode, the figure will be placed in a single, narrow col- (please refer to Section 3.6.3 and Appendix C.10.2
umn. For wide figures, the \figure* environment should of the LATEX User’s Guide & Reference Manual for
be used instead. This will place the figure across both more details about the tabular environment). Note
columns (the figure usually will appear either at the top that REVTEX 4.1 no longer automatically adds double
or the bottom of the following page). (Scotch) rules around tables. Nor does the tabular en-
Captions less than one line long are centered under the vironment set various table parameters for column spac-
figure, otherwise they span the width of the figure. ing as before. Instead, a new environment ruledtabular
Note that is unnecessary (and undesirable) to use ex- provides this functionality. This environment should sur-
plicit centering commands inside the float environments. round the tabular environment:
\begin{table}
\caption{\label{<key>}....}
IX.2. video environment
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}
Papers often refer to multimedia material such as ...
videos. The video environment is identical to the figure \end{tabular}
environment, but the caption will be labeled as a Video \end{ruledtabular}
(with its own counter independent of figures). A URL \end{table}
can also be specified so that the caption label can be
linked to the online video (if using the hyperref pack- A basic table looks as follows:
age). The included graphic (using \includegraphics \begin{table}
from the graphics or graphicx package) would be a rep- \caption{\label{tab:example}Text of table caption.}
resentation frame from the video. A \listofvideos is \begin{ruledtabular}
also provided. For example: \begin{tabular}{ll}
Heading 1 & Heading 2\\
\begin{video}
Cell 1 & Cell 2\\
\includegraphics{videoframe.jpg}
\end{tabular}
\setfloatlink{http://some.video.com/fun.mov}
\end{ruledtabular}
\caption{\label{vid:interest}This is a video
\end{table}
of something fun.}
\end{video} The quasitable environment is no longer in
REVTEX 4.1. The standard tabular environment can
There is also a corresponding \listofvideos command.
be used instead because it no longer puts in the double
rules.

X. TABLES
X.1. Aligning on a decimal point
Tables are very similar to figures. They should be in-
put using the table environment as detailed below, and Numerical columns should align on the decimal point
LATEX will label and number the captions TABLE 1, TA- (or decimal points if more than one is is present). This is
BLE 2, etc. (or in whatever format required by the cho- accomplished by again using a standard LATEX 2ε pack-
sen journal substyle). Tables without captions won’t be age, dcolumn which must be loaded in the manuscript’s
numbered. preamble:
Each table must begin with \begin{table}, end with
\usepackage{dcolumn}
\end{table}. A caption can be specified using the
\caption{htexti} command. Captions less than one line Once this package is loaded, the column specifier ‘d’ can
long are centered under the figure, otherwise they span be used in the table’s tabular{hpreamblei} enviroment
 17

preamble. The ‘d’ should be used for simple numeric \\* and \samepage can be used to control where the page
data with a single decimal point. The entry of a d col- breaks occur (these are the same as for the eqnarray en-
umn is typeset in math mode; do not insert any $ math vironment).
delimiters into a ‘d’ column. Items without a decimal Long tables are more robustly handled by using the
point are simply set in math mode, centered. If text is longtable.sty package included with the standard
required in the column, use \text or \mbox as appropri- LATEX 2ε distribution (put \usepackage{longtable} in
ate. If multiple decimal points are present then the last the preamble). This package gives precise control over
is used for alignment. To escape from the ‘d’ column use the layout of the table. The REVTEX 4.1 package
\multicolumn as usual. See the sample file apssamp.tex contains patches that enable the longtable package
for examples. to work in two-column mode. Of course, a table set
in two-column mode needs to be narrow enough to
fit within the column. Otherwise, the columns may
X.2. Footnotes in Tables overlap. REVTEX 4.1 provides an additional environ-
ment longtable* which allows a longtable to span the
Footnotes in a table are labeled a, b, c, etc. They can whole page width. Currently, the longtable* and
be specified by using the LATEX \footnote command. ruledtabular environments are incompatible. In order
Furthermore, \footnotemark and \footnotetext can to get the double (Scotch) rule, it is necessary to add
be used so that multiple entries can to refer to the same the \hline\hline manually (or define \endfirsthead
footnote. The footnotes for a table are typeset at the and \endlastfoot appropriately). For more documen-
bottom of the table, rather than at the bottom of the tation on the longtable environment and on the package
page or at the end of the references. The arguments for options of the longtable package, please see the docu-
\footnotemark and \footnotetext should be numbers mentation available at http://www.ctan.org/macros/
1, 2, . . . . The journal style will convert these to letters. latex/required/tools/longtable.dtx or refer to [4].
See sample file apssamp.tex for examples and explana-
tions of use.
XI. PLACEMENT OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND
OTHER FLOATS
X.3. Dealing with Long Tables
By default, figures and tables (and any other “floating”
By default, tables are set in a smaller size than the text environments defined by other packages) float to the top
body (\small). The \squeezetable declaration makes or bottom of the page using the standard LATEX float
the table font smaller still (\scriptsize). Thus, putting placement mechanism. Initially, each figure or table
the \squeezetable command before the \begin{table} environment should be put immediately following its first
line in a table will reduce the font size. If this isn’t suffi- reference in the text; this will usually result in satisfac-
cient to fit the table on a page, the standard LATEX 2ε tory placement on the page. An optional argument for
longtable package may be used. The scope of the either environment adjusts the float placement. For ex-
\squeezetable command must be limited by enclosing ample:
it with a group:
\begingroup \begin{figure}[hplacementi]
\squeezetable ...
\begin{table} \end{figure}
[...]
where hplacementi can be any combination of htbp!, sig-
\end{table}
nifying “here”, “top”, “bottom”, “page”, and “as soon as
\endgroup
possible”, respectively. The same placement argument
Tables are normally set to the width of the column in may be added to a \begin{table}. For more details
which they are placed. This means that in two-column about float placement, see the instructions in the LATEX
mode, the table will be placed in a single, narrow column. User’s Guide & Reference Manual, Appendix C.9.1.
For wide tables, the \table* environment should be used In two-column mode, a page may contain both a
instead. This will place the table across both columns widetext environment and a float. REVTEX 4.1 may
(the table usually will appear either at the top or the not always be able to automatically put the float in the
bottom of the following page). optimal place. For instance, a float may be placed at
To break tables across pages, REVTEX 4.1requires the bottom of a column just before the widetext begins.
adding to the table a float placement option of [H] (mean- To workaround this, try moving the float environment be-
ing put the table “here” and effectively “unfloating” the low the widetext environment. Alternative hplacementsi
table) to the \begin{table} command. The commands may also alleviate the problem.
 18

figure and table environments should not be en- XII. ROTATING FLOATS
closed in a widetext environment to make them span
the page to accommodate wide figures or tables. Rather, Often a figure or table is too wide to be typeset in
the figure* or table* environments should be used in- the standard orientation and it is necessary to rotate
stead. the float 90 degrees. REVTEX 4.1 provides a new en-
vironment turnpage as an easy means to accomplish
Sometimes in LATEX the float placement mechanism
this. The turnpage environment depends on one of the
breaks down and a float can’t be placed. Such a “stuck”
packages graphics or graphicx being loaded. To use
float may mean that it and all floats that follow are moved
the turnpage environment, simply enclose the figure or
to the end of the job (and if there are too many of floats,
table environment with the turnpage environment:
the fatal error Too many unprocessed floats will oc-
cur). REVTEX 4.1 provides the class option floatfix \documentclass[...]{revtex4}
which attempts to invoke emergency float processing to \usepackage{graphicx}
avoid creating a “stuck” float. REVTEX 4.1 will provide [...]
a message suggesting the use of floatfix. If floatfix \begin{turnpage}
doesn’t work or if the resulting positioning of the float is \begin{figure} or \begin{table}
poor, the float should be repositioned by hand. [...]
\end{figure} or \end{table}
REVTEX 4.1 offers an additional possibility for plac- \end{turnpage}
ing the floats. By using the either the endfloats or
the endfloats* class option all floats may be held back A turnpage float will be typeset on a page by itself. Cur-
(using an external file) and then set elsewhere in the rently, there is no mechanism for breaking such a float
document using the the commands \printtables and across multiple pages.
\printfigures, placed where the tables and figures are
to be printed (usually at the end of the document). (This
XIII. REVTEX 4.1 SYMBOLS AND THE
is similar to the standard \printindex command). Us-
REVSYMB4-1 PACKAGE
ing a *-form of the commands (\printfigures* and
\printtables*) will begin the figures or tables on a new
page. Alternatively, the option endfloats* may be used Symbols made available in earlier versions of REVTEX
to change the behavior of the non-*-forms so that every are defined in a separate package, revsymb4-1, so that
float will appear on a separate page at the end. they may be used with other classes. This might be use-
ful if, say, copying text from a REVTEX document to a
Without one of the endfloats class options, these float non-REVTEX document. REVTEX 4.1 automatically in-
placement commands are silently ignored, so it is always cludes these symbols so it is not necessary to explicitly
safe to use them. If one of the endfloats class options is call them in with a \usepackage statement.
given, but the \printtables command is missing, the ta- Table III summarizes the symbols defined in this
bles will be printed at the end of the document. Likewise, package. Note that \overcirc, \overdots, and
if \printfigures is missing, the figures will be printed at \corresponds are no longer in REVTEX 4.1. Use
the end of the document. Therefore it is also safe to omit \mathring (standard in LATEX 2ε ), \dddot (with the
these commands as long as REVTEX’s default choices for amsmath package loaded), and \triangleq (with the
ordering figures and tables are satisfactory. amssymb class option) respectively. \succsim, \precsim,
\lesssim, and \gtrsim are also defined either in
The endfloats option (or perhaps some journal sub- amsmath or amssymb. The AMS versions of these com-
style that invokes it), requires explicit \begin{figure}, mands will be used if the appropriate AMS package is
\end{figure}, \begin{table}, and \end{table} lines. loaded.
In particular, do not define typing shortcuts for table and
figure environments, such as
XIV. OTHER REVTEX 4.1 FEATURES

\def\bt{\begin{table}}% Incompatible! XIV.1. Job-specific Override Files

\def\et{\end{table}}%
REVTEX 4.1 allows manuscript-specific macro defini-
Please note that it is generally undesirable to have all tions to be put in a file separate from the main TEX file.
floats moved to the end of the manuscript. APS no longer One merely creates a file with the same basename as the
requires this for submissions. In fact, the editors and TEX file, but with the extension ‘.rty’. Thus, if the TEX
referees will have an easier time reading the paper if the file is names man.tex, the macro definitions would go in
floats are set in their normal positions. man.rty. Note that the .rty file should be in the same
 19

when submitting. Similarly, AIP authors should refer to

TABLE III. Special REVTEX 4.1 symbols, accents, and bold-
faced parentheses defined in revsymb.sty
the Author’s Guide to AIP Substyles for REVTEX 4.1

\lambdabar λ \openone 11
\altsuccsim 
∼ \altprecsim ≺
∼
\alt . \agt &
↔ ∗ [1] D.E. Knuth, The TEXbook, (Addison-Wesley, Reading,
\tensor x x \overstar x x MA, 1986).
← →
\loarrow x x \roarrow x “x” [2] L. Lamport, LATEX, a Document Preparation System,
(Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1996).
`´
\biglb ( \bigrb) \Biglb ( \Bigrb)
[3] H. Kopka and P. Daly, A Guide to LATEX 2ε , (Addison-
„« ! Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995).
[4] M. Goossens, F. Mittelbach, and A. Samarin, The LATEX
\bigglb ( \biggrb) \Bigglb ( \Biggrb )
Companion, (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1994).
[5] M. Goossens, S. Rahtz, and F. Mittelbach, The LATEX
Graphics Companion, (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA,
1997).
[6] S. Rahtz, M. Goossens, et al.,The LATEX Web Companion,
directory as the TEX file. APS authors should follow the (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1999).
guidelines in the APS Author Guide for REVTEX 4.1