311 Lec 2 Conduction
311 Lec 2 Conduction
311 Lec 2 Conduction
Nature of Heat
Heat is a Measure of the warmness or coldness of an object or substance with
reference to some standard value.
The degree of hotness; is known as temperature : i.e. Measure of average
value of kinetic energy.
• A form of energy associated with the movement ( Kinetic energy )
of atoms and molecules in any material.
• Heat always flow from higher to lower temperature of
a material, i.e. source to receiver
• Greater the temp. difference faster the flow of heat to
establish thermal equilibrium
Heat flows or heat transfer
transfer
transfer
transfer
transfer
Transfer processes
transfer
transfer
transfer
Transfer processes
For many simple applications, Fourier's law is used in its one-dimensional form. In
the x-direction,
Qx = −k A (dT/dx)
(dqx/dA) = −k (dT/dx)
Qx = rate of heat flow in direction normal to surface in the direction of x
A=Surface Area
T= Temperature
K= thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity(material transport property):
“The rate of H.T. through an solid of
unit thickness per unit area per unit
temperature difference.”
Heat Storage capacity differs with materials,
because of variation of specific heat “C” i.e.
ability to store thermal energy.
“Thermal conductivity “K” is the materials
ability to conduct heat.
WATER IRON
C (KJ/kg. degree C) 4.18 0.45
K (W/m.K) 0.607 80.2
Thermal conductivity:
Thermal conductivity(Gasses and liquids):
Thermal conductivities for Gasses:
Thermal conductivity is normally highest in solids and lowest in
gases.
For gases, (Increase in temperature, increases average kinetic
energy of gases, which increases the chances of collisions and
energy transfer).
According to kinetic theory of gases, “thermal conductivity of
gases is proportional to the square root of the thermodynamic
temperature T, and inversely proportional to the square root of
molar mass M”
K = (0.0832/σ) ( T /M ) 0.5 where
T = Temperature , K M = molecular weight
σ= effective collision diameter , Angston (A)
Thermal conductivities for liquids:
T T T • T
k k z k z q c p Change in thermal
x x y y t
energy storage
Net transfer of thermal energy into the
control volume (inflow-outflow) Thermal energy
generation
Mathematical correlations depend upon
i. ) The type of coordinate system:
ii. ) The point & angles the location in different coordinate systems
iii. ) Type of process conditions
◦ Cartesian Coordinates
system
◦ Cylindrical Coordinates
◦ Spherical Coordinates
Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer
Assumptions:
1. Solid conduction thermal resistance
only.
2. Constant density, thermal conductivity
and specific heat.
Derivation Of a General Conduction Equation
_________ (1)
Measure of how
Recall the definition of quickly a material
thermal diffusivity: can carry heat away
from a source.
Dividing everything by k:
Differential Equation
for Heat Conduction
Thermal diffusivity:
It is defined as the ratio of “heat conduction to the
heat storage”.
1. What are the mechanisms of heat transfer applied in chemical industries? Why the heat transfer operations are
so important in industrial processes?
2. (a)Write down the expressions for the physical laws that govern each mode of heat transfer, and identify the
variables involved in each relation.
2. (b) Derive a General Conduction Equation for a cubical object in Cartesian coordinate system, if heat transfer
occurs under unsteady state conditions. Also simplify the derived equation for steady state conduction.
3.Consider heat transfer through a windowless wall of a house in a winter day. Discuss the parameters that affect the
rate of heat conduction through the wall. Identify the direction of heat transfer in extreme winter & summer seasons.
4. Differentiate between Homogeneous and Isotropic conducting material for heat transfer? How do real bodies differ from
ideal surfaces, support your answer with examples?
5.Write down the one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation for a long cylinder with constant thermal
conductivity and heat generation, and indicate what each variable represents.
6.Starting with an energy balance on a spherical shell volume element, derive the one-dimensional transient heat
conduction equation for a sphere with constant thermal conductivity and no heat generation.
7.Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its simplest form as(a) Is heat transfer
steady or transient? (b) Is heat transfer one-, two-, or three-dimensional? (c) Is there heat generation or heat
removal in the medium? (d) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable? (e) simplify the given
equation, if heat transfer occurs only in radial direction.
Numerical
Problems 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.15