Radiohead - Wikipedia

9/12/2018 Radiohead - Wikipedia
Radiohead
Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire,
Radiohead
formed in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke (vocals, guitar,
piano, keyboards), brothers Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar,
keyboards, other instruments) and Colin Greenwood (bass), Ed
O'Brien (guitar, backing vocals) and Philip Selway (drums,
percussion). They have worked with producer Nigel Godrich and
cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994. Radiohead in 2006; from left to right: Thom
Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Colin
After signing to EMI in 1991, Radiohead released their debut single
Greenwood, Ed O'Brien and Philip Selway
"Creep" in 1992. It became a worldwide hit after the release of their
Background information
debut album, Pablo Honey (1993). Their popularity and critical
standing rose in the United Kingdom with the release of their Also known as On a Friday (1985-
second album, The Bends (1995). Radiohead's third album, OK 1992)
Computer (1997), propelled them to international fame; noted for Origin Abingdon, Oxfordshire,
its complex production and themes of modern alienation, it is often England
acclaimed as a landmark record of the 1990s[1] and one of the best
Genres Art rock · alternative
albums in popular music.[2][3] The group's next albums Kid A
rock · electronica ·
(2000) and Amnesiac (2001), recorded simultaneously, marked a
experimental rock
dramatic change in style, incorporating influences from
Years active 1985–present
experimental electronic music, 20th-century classical music,
krautrock, and jazz. Kid A divided listeners but was named the best Labels XL · Ticker Tape Ltd. ·
album of the decade by Rolling Stone, Pitchfork and the Times. Hostess · TBD ·
Parlophone · Capitol
Radiohead's sixth album, Hail to the Thief (2003), mixed rock and
Associated acts Atoms for Peace · 7
electronic music with lyrics inspired by the War on Terror, and was
Worlds Collide
the band's final album for EMI. Their subsequent releases have
pioneered alternative release platforms such as pay-what-you-want
Website radiohead.com (http://ra
and BitTorrent; Radiohead self-released their seventh album, In
diohead.com)
Rainbows (2007), as a download for which customers could set Members Thom Yorke
their own price, to critical and chart success. Their eighth album,
Jonny Greenwood
The King of Limbs (2011), an exploration of rhythm, was developed
Colin Greenwood
using extensive looping and sampling. A Moon Shaped Pool (2016)
prominently featured Jonny Greenwood's orchestral arrangements. Ed O'Brien
Philip Selway
Radiohead had sold more than 30 million albums worldwide by
2011.[4] Their work places highly in both listener polls and critics' lists of the best music of the 1990s and 2000s.[5] In
2005, they were ranked 73rd in Rolling Stone's list of "The Greatest Artists of All Time"; Jonny Greenwood[6] and
O'Brien[7] were both included in Rolling Stone's list of greatest guitarists, and Yorke in their list of greatest singers.[8]
In 2009, Rolling Stone readers voted Radiohead the second-best artist of the 2000s.[9] In 2017, they were nominated
for the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, in their first year of eligibility.
Contents
History
1985–1992: Formation and first years
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead 1/26
1992–1994: "Creep", Pablo Honey and early success

1994–1995: The Bends, critical recognition and growing fanbase
1995–1998: OK Computer and critical acclaim
1998–2002: Kid A, Amnesiac and change in sound
2002–2004: Hail to the Thief, departure from EMI, and solo work
2004–2009: In Rainbows and "pay what you want"
2009–2012: Singles, side projects, and The King of Limbs
2012–2014: Hiatus, further solo work, and move to XL
2014–present: A Moon Shaped Pool and OKNOTOK 1997 2017
Style and songwriting
Collaborators
Band members
Additional live members
Awards and nominations
Discography
See also
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
History
1985–1992: Formation and first years

The members of Radiohead met while attending Abingdon School,
an independent school for boys in Abingdon, Oxfordshire.[10]
Guitarist and singer Thom Yorke and bassist Colin Greenwood were
in the same year, guitarist Ed O'Brien and drummer Philip Selway
the year above, and multi-instrumentalist Jonny Greenwood,
brother of Colin, two years below. In 1985, they formed On a Friday,
the name referring to the band's usual rehearsal day in the school's
music room.[11] Jonny was the last to join, first on harmonica and
then keyboards, but soon became the lead guitarist;[11] he had
previously been in another band, Illiterate Hands, with musician
Nigel Powell and Yorke's brother Andy Yorke.[12] According to Colin, Abingdon School, where the band formed
the band members picked their instruments because they wanted to

play music together, rather than through an interest in the
particular instrument: "It was more of a collective angle, and if you could contribute by having someone else play your
instrument, then that was really cool."[13] At one point, On a Friday featured a saxophone section.[14]
The band disliked the school's strict atmosphere—the headmaster once charged them for using a rehearsal room on a
Sunday—and found solace in the school's music department. They credited their music teacher for introducing them to
jazz, film scores, postwar avant-garde music, and 20th-century classical music.[15] Oxfordshire and the Thames Valley
had an active independent music scene in the late 1980s, but it centred on shoegazing bands such as Ride and
Slowdive.[16]
Although all but Jonny had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend

university, On a Friday continued to rehearse on weekends and
holidays.[18] At the University of Exeter, Yorke played with the band
Headless Chickens, performing songs including future Radiohead
material,[19] and met artist Stanley Donwood, who would later create
artwork for the band.[20] In 1991, On a Friday regrouped, sharing a
house on the corner of Magdalen Road and Ridgefield Road,
Oxford.[21]
Advertisement placed in Oxford music
magazine Curfew (now Nightshift)
As On a Friday continued to perform in Oxford, including more
announcing On a Friday's change of
performances at the Jericho Tavern,[4] record labels and producers
name[17]
became interested. Chris Hufford, Slowdive's producer and co-owner
of Oxford's Courtyard Studios, attended an early On a Friday concert
at the Jericho Tavern. Impressed, he and his partner Bryce Edge produced a demo tape and became On a Friday's
managers;[18] they remain Radiohead's managers today.[22] In late 1991, after a chance meeting between Colin and
EMI A&R representative Keith Wozencroft at Our Price, the record shop where Colin worked,[17] On a Friday band
signed a six-album recording contract with EMI.[18] At the label's request, the band changed their name; "Radiohead"
was taken from the song "Radio Head" on the Talking Heads album True Stories (1986).[18]
1992–1994: "Creep", Pablo Honey and early success

Radiohead recorded their debut release, the Drill EP, with Chris Hufford and Bryce Edge at Courtyard Studios.
Released in May 1992, its chart performance was poor. The band enlisted Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade, who had
worked with US indie bands Pixies and Dinosaur Jr., to produce their debut album, recorded quickly in an Oxford
studio in 1992.[11] With the release of the "Creep" single later that year, Radiohead began to receive attention in the
British music press, not all of it favourable; NME described them as "a lily-livered excuse for a rock band",[23] and
"Creep" was blacklisted by BBC Radio 1 because it was deemed "too depressing".[24]
Radiohead released their debut album, Pablo Honey, in February 1993. It stalled at number 22 in the UK charts, as
"Creep" and its follow-up singles "Anyone Can Play Guitar" and "Stop Whispering" failed to become hits. "Pop Is
Dead", a non-album single, also sold poorly; O'Brien later called the track "a hideous mistake".[25] Some critics
compared the band's early style to the wave of grunge music popular in the early 1990s, dubbing them "Nirvana-
lite",[26] and Pablo Honey failed to make a critical or a commercial impact upon its initial release.[23] Despite shared
influences with popular guitar acts, and some notice for Yorke's falsetto, Radiohead toured only British universities
and clubs.[27]
In early 1993, Radiohead began to attract listeners elsewhere.

"Creep"
"Creep" had been played frequently on Israeli radio by
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influential DJ Yoav Kutner, and in March, after the song
"Creep" was Radiohead's first hit.
became a hit in that country, Radiohead were invited to Tel This sample features Jonny
Aviv for their first gig overseas.[29] Around the same time, the Greenwood's guitar distortion
before the chorus. According to
San Francisco alternative radio station KITS added "Creep" to
legend, the effects were an attempt
its playlist. Soon other radio stations along the west coast of to sabotage a song Greenwood
the United States followed suit. By the time Radiohead began initially disliked.[28]
their first North American tour in June 1993, the music video
for "Creep" was in heavy rotation on MTV.[18] The song rose Problems playing this file? See media help.
to number two on the US modern rock chart, entered the
lower reaches of the top 40 pop chart, and hit number seven in the UK Singles Chart when EMI rereleased it in the UK
in September.[30]
Unexpected attention for the single in the US prompted EMI to improvise new promotional plans, and the band
shuttled back and forth between continents, playing more than 150 concerts in 1993.[27] Radiohead nearly broke up
due to the pressure of sudden success as the Pablo Honey supporting tour extended into its second year.[31] The band
members described the tour as difficult to adjust to, saying that towards its end they were "still playing the same songs
that [they had] recorded two years previously ... like being held in a time warp", when they were eager to work on new
songs.[32]
1994–1995: The Bends, critical recognition and growing fanbase

Radiohead began work on their second album in 1994 with veteran Abbey Road Studios producer John Leckie.
Tensions were high, with mounting expectations to match the success of "Creep".[33] Recording felt unnatural in the
studio, with the band having over-rehearsed the material.[34] Seeking a change of scenery, they toured the Far East,
Australasia and Mexico and found greater confidence performing their new music live.[34] However, troubled by his
new fame, Yorke became disillusioned with being "at the sharp end of the sexy, sassy, MTV eye-candy lifestyle" he felt
he was helping to sell to the world.[35]
The My Iron Lung EP and single, released in 1994, was Radiohead's reaction, marking a transition towards the greater
depth they aimed for on their second album.[36] It was their first time working with their future producer Nigel
Godrich, then working under Leckie as an audio engineer.[37] It was also Radiohead's first collaboration with artist
Stanley Donwood, who has produced all of their artwork since.[20] Promoted through alternative radio stations, My
Iron Lung's sales were better than expected, and suggested for the first time that the band had found a loyal fanbase
and were not one-hit wonders.[38]
Having introduced more new songs on tour, Radiohead finished recording their second album by year's end, and
released The Bends in March 1995. The album was driven by dense riffs and ethereal atmospheres from the band's
three guitarists, with greater use of keyboards than their debut.[11] It received stronger reviews for its songwriting and
performances.[23] While Radiohead were seen as outsiders to the Britpop scene that dominated music media at the
time, they were finally successful in their home country with The Bends,[16] as singles "Fake Plastic Trees", "High and
Dry", "Just", and "Street Spirit (Fade Out)" made their way to chart success; "Street Spirit" placed Radiohead in the
top five for the first time.
In 1995, Radiohead again toured North America and Europe, this time in support of R.E.M., one of their formative
influences and at the time one of the biggest rock bands in the world.[32] The buzz generated by such famous fans as
R.E.M. singer Michael Stipe, along with distinctive music videos for "Just" and "Street Spirit", helped to sustain
Radiohead's popularity outside the UK.[39] The night before a scheduled performance in Denver, Colorado,
Radiohead's tour van was stolen, and with it their musical equipment. Yorke and Jonny Greenwood performed a
stripped-down acoustic set with rented instruments, and several shows were canceled. In 2015, Greenwood was
reunited with one of the stolen guitars after a fan recognised it as one they had purchased in Denver in the 1990s.[40]
"High and Dry" became a modest hit, but Radiohead's growing fanbase was insufficient to repeat the worldwide
success of "Creep". The Bends peaked at No. 88 on the US album charts, which remains Radiohead's lowest showing
there.[41] Nonetheless, Radiohead were satisfied with the album's reception. Jonny Greenwood said: "I think the
turning point for us came about nine or twelve months after The Bends was released and it started appearing in
people's [best of] polls for the end of the year. That's when it started to feel like we made the right choice about being a
band."[42] In later years, The Bends appeared in many publications' lists of the best albums of all time,[43] including
Rolling Stone's 2012 edition of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" at No. 111.[44]
1995–1998: OK Computer and critical acclaim
By late 1995, Radiohead had already recorded one song that would appear on their next record. "Lucky", released as a
single to promote the War Child charity's The Help Album,[45] was recorded in a brief session with Nigel Godrich, the
young audio engineer who had assisted on The Bends and produced a 1996 B-side, "Talk Show Host". The band
decided to self-produce their next album with Godrich, and began work in early 1996. By July they had recorded four
songs at their rehearsal studio, Canned Applause, a converted apple shed in the countryside near Didcot,
Oxfordshire.[46]
In August 1996, Radiohead toured as the opening act for Alanis

Morissette.[47] They resumed recording not at a studio but at St.
Catherine's Court, a 15th-century mansion near Bath.[48] The sessions were
relaxed, with the band playing at all hours of the day, recording in different
rooms, and listening to the Beatles, DJ Shadow, Ennio Morricone and
Miles Davis for inspiration.[11][42]
Radiohead released their third album, OK Computer, in June 1997. The

album found the band experimenting with song structures and
St. Catherine's Court, Bath, where
incorporating ambient, avant garde and electronic influences, prompting
Radiohead recorded OK Computer.
Rolling Stone to call the album a "stunning art-rock tour de force".[49]
Radiohead denied being part of the progressive rock genre, but critics
began to compare their work to Pink Floyd, a band whose early 1970s work influenced Greenwood's guitar parts at the
time. Some compared OK Computer thematically to Floyd's bestseller The Dark Side of the Moon (1973),[50] although
Yorke said the album's lyrics were inspired by observing the "speed" of the world in the 1990s. Yorke's lyrics,
embodying different characters, had expressed what one magazine called "end-of-the-millennium blues"[51] in
contrast to the more personal songs of The Bends. According to journalist Alex Ross, the band had become "the poster
boys for a certain kind of knowing alienation—as the Talking Heads and R.E.M. had been before".[52] OK Computer
met with critical acclaim. Yorke said he was "amazed it got the reaction it did. None of us fucking knew any more
whether it was good or bad. What really blew my head off was the fact that people got all the things, all the textures
and the sounds and the atmospheres we were trying to create."[53]
OK Computer was Radiohead's first number-one UK chart

"Paranoid Android"
debut, propelling them to commercial success around the
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world. Despite peaking at number 21 in the US charts, the
"Paranoid Android" is a three-part
album eventually met with mainstream recognition there, song, mixing acoustic guitars,
earning Radiohead their first Grammy Awards recognition, abrasive electric solos and layered
choirs. The first single from OK
winning Best Alternative Album and a nomination for Album
Computer, it marks Radiohead's
of the Year.[54] "Paranoid Android", "Karma Police" and "No UK singles chart peak (number
Surprises" were released as singles from the album, of which three).
"Karma Police" was most successful internationally.[30] OK
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Computer went on to become a staple of "best-of" British
album lists.[55][56] In the same year, Radiohead became one of the first bands in the world to have a website, and
developed a devoted online following; within a few years, there were dozens of fansites devoted to the band.[57]
OK Computer was followed by the year-long "Against Demons" world tour, including Radiohead's first headline
Glastonbury Festival performance in 1997.[58] Despite technical problems that almost caused Yorke to abandon the
stage, the performance was acclaimed and cemented Radiohead as a major live act.[59] Grant Gee, the director of the
"No Surprises" video, filmed the band on tour for the 1999 documentary Meeting People Is Easy.[60] The film portrays
the band's disaffection with the music industry and press, showing their burnout over the course of the tour.[11]
1998–2002: Kid A, Amnesiac and change in sound
Radiohead's only public performance in 1998 was at an Amnesty

International concert in Paris.[61] In March that year, they and Godrich
entered Abbey Road Studios to record a song for the 1998 film The
Avengers, "Man of War", but were unsatisfied with the results and the song
went unreleased.[62] Yorke described the period as a "real low point";[63] he
developed depression, and the band came close to splitting up.[64]
Jonny Greenwood has used a In early 1999, Radiohead began work on their next album. Although the
variety of instruments, such as this success of OK Computer meant there was no longer any pressure or a
glockenspiel, in live concerts and
deadline from their record label,[52] tension was high. Band members had
recordings.
different visions for Radiohead's future, and Yorke experienced writer's
block, influencing him toward more abstract, fragmented songwriting.[64]
Radiohead secluded themselves with Godrich in studios in Paris, Copenhagen, and Gloucester, and in their newly
completed studio in Oxford. Eventually, the members agreed on a new musical direction, redefining their instrumental
roles.[26] After nearly 18 months, Radiohead's recording sessions were completed in April 2000.[64]
In October 2000 Radiohead released their fourth album, Kid A, the first of two albums from these recording sessions.
A departure from OK Computer, Kid A featured a minimalist and textured style with more diverse instrumentation,
including the ondes Martenot, programmed electronic beats, strings, and jazz horns.[64] It debuted at number one in
many countries, including the US, where it became the first Radiohead album to debut atop the Billboard chart and
the first US number-one album by any UK act since the Spice Girls in 1996.[65] This success was attributed variously to
marketing, to the album's leak on the file-sharing network Napster a few months before its release, and to advance
anticipation based, in part, on the success of OK Computer.[66] Although Radiohead released no singles from Kid A,
promos of "Optimistic" and "Idioteque" received radio play, and a series of "blips", short videos set to portions of
tracks, were played on music channels and released free online.[67] Inspired by Naomi Klein's anti-globalisation book
No Logo, Radiohead continued a 2000 tour of Europe in a custom-built tent free of advertising; they also promoted
Kid A with three sold-out North American theatre concerts.[67]
Kid A received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album

"Everything in Its Right Place"
and a nomination for Album of the Year in early 2001. It won
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both praise and criticism in independent music circles for
The opening track from
appropriating underground styles of music; some mainstream Radiohead's fourth album, this
British critics saw Kid A as a "commercial suicide note", song emphasises the band's
increasing use of electronic music
labelling it "intentionally difficult" and longing for a return to
and distortions of Thom Yorke's
the band's earlier style.[16][23] Radiohead's fans were similarly vocals.
divided; along with those who were appalled or mystified,
many saw it as the band's best work.[35][68] Yorke denied that Problems playing this file? See media help.
Radiohead had set out to eschew commercial expectations,
saying: "We're not trying to be difficult ... We're actually trying to communicate but somewhere along the line, we just
seemed to piss off a lot of people ... What we're doing isn't that radical."[16] The album has since been ranked one of the
best of all time by publications including Time and Rolling Stone;[69] Pitchfork, the Times and Rolling Stone named it
the best album of the decade.[70][71]
Radiohead's fifth album, Amnesiac, was released in June 2001. It comprised additional tracks from the Kid A sessions,
plus one track recorded after Kid A's release, "Life in a Glasshouse", featuring the Humphrey Lyttelton Band.[72]
Radiohead stressed that they saw Amnesiac not as a collection of B-sides or "leftovers" from Kid A but an album in its
own right.[73] It topped the UK Albums Chart and reached number two in the US, and was nominated for a Grammy
Award and the Mercury Music Prize.[23][65] Radiohead embarked on a world tour, visiting North America, Europe and
Japan. "Pyramid Song" and "Knives Out", Radiohead's first singles since 1998, were modestly successful. I Might Be
Wrong: Live Recordings, released in November 2001, features performances of seven songs from Kid A and
Amnesiac, and the previously unreleased acoustic track "True Love Waits".[74]
2002–2004: Hail to the Thief, departure from EMI, and solo work
In July and August 2002, Radiohead toured Portugal and "2 + 2 = 5"
Spain, playing a number of new songs. For their next album, 0:00 MENU
the band sought to explore the tension between human and An up-tempo, guitar-driven album
machine-generated music[75] and capture a more immediate, opener, "2 + 2 = 5" heralded
live sound.[76][77] They and Godrich recorded most of the
Radiohead's return to a more
straightforward alternative rock
material in two weeks at Ocean Way Recording in Los style that still included electronic
Angeles, with the rest of the album recorded in Oxford into elements.
the next year. The band described the recording process as
relaxed, in contrast to the tense sessions for Kid A and
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Amnesiac.[10]
Radiohead's sixth album, Hail to the Thief, was released in June 2003.[78] Its lyrics were influenced by what Yorke
called "the general sense of ignorance and intolerance and panic and stupidity" following the 2000 election of US
President George W. Bush.[79] The album was promoted with a website, radiohead.tv, where short films, music videos
and live webcasts from the studio were streamed at scheduled times.[80] Hail to the Thief debuted at number one in the
UK and number three on the Billboard chart, and was eventually certified platinum in the UK and gold in the US. The
singles "There There", "Go to Sleep" and "2 + 2 = 5" achieved heavy circulation on modern rock radio. At the 2003
Grammy Awards, Radiohead were again nominated for Best Alternative Album, and producer Godrich and engineer
Darrell Thorp received the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album.[81] In May 2003, Radiohead embarked on a
world tour and headlined Glastonbury Festival for the second time. The tour finished in May 2004 with a performance
at the Coachella Festival in California.[82] A compilation of Hail to the Thief B-sides, remixes and live performances,
Com Lag (2plus2isfive), was released in April 2004.[83]
Radiohead's six-album record contract with EMI ended with

the release of Hail to the Thief. In 2006, the New York Times
described Radiohead as "by far the world's most popular
unsigned band".[82] In 2007, EMI was acquired by the private
equity firm Terra Firma in a US$6.4 billion (£4.7 billion)
public-to-private buyout.[84][85] Radiohead were critical of the
new management and no new record deal was agreed.[86] The
Independent reported that EMI had offered Radiohead a Radiohead at the 2004 Coachella Music Festival
£3m advance, but had refused to relinquish rights to the
band's back catalogue; an EMI spokesman stated that
Radiohead had demanded "an extraordinary amount of money".[87] Yorke and Radiohead's management released
statements denying that the band had asked for a large advance, but instead wanted control over their back
catalogue.[87][88]
Following the Hail to the Thief tour, Radiohead went on hiatus to spend time with their families and work on side
projects. Yorke and Jonny Greenwood contributed to the Band Aid 20 single "Do They Know It's Christmas?",
produced by Godrich.[89] Greenwood composed soundtracks for the films Bodysong (2004) and There Will Be Blood
(2007); the latter was the first of several collaborations between Greenwood and director Paul Thomas
Anderson.[90][91] In July 2006, Yorke released his debut solo album, The Eraser, comprising mainly electronic
music.[92] He told Pitchfork: "I've been in the band since we left school and never dared do anything on my own ... It
was like, 'Man, I've got to find out what it feels like,' you know?"[93]
2004–2009: In Rainbows and "pay what you want"
Radiohead began work on their seventh album in February 2005 with no record deal.[91] In an effort to "get out of the
comfort zone", they decided against involving Godrich and hired producer Spike Stent.[94] The collaboration with Stent
was unsuccessful and ended in April 2006.[95] In September 2005, Radiohead contributed "I Want None of This", a
piano dirge,[96] for the War Child charity album Help: A Day in the Life. The album was sold online, with "I Want
None of This" the most downloaded track, though it was not released as a single.[97] In late 2006, after touring Europe
and North America with new material, the band re-enlisted Godrich and resumed work in London, Oxford and rural
Somerset, England.[98] Recording ended in June 2007 and the recordings were mastered the following month.[99]
Radiohead's seventh album, In Rainbows, was released through the

band's website in October 2007 as a download for any amount users
wanted, including £0. The landmark pay-what-you-want release, the
first for a major act, made headlines worldwide and sparked debate
about the implications for the music industry.[100] According to Mojo,
the release was "hailed as a revolution in the way major bands sell their
music", and the media's reaction was "almost overwhelmingly
positive";[101] Time called it "easily the most important release in the
Yorke with Radiohead in Arras, France recent history of the music business".[102] However, it drew criticism
(2008) from some musicians, such as Lily Allen[103] and Kim Gordon,[104] who
felt it undercut less successful acts.
In Rainbows was downloaded an estimated 1.2 million times on the day of release,[105] but Radiohead's management
did not release sales figures, claiming that the distribution was intended to boost later retail sales.[106] Colin
Greenwood explained the internet release as a way of avoiding the "regulated playlists" and "straitened formats" of
radio and TV, ensuring fans around the world could all experience the music at the same time, and preventing leaks in
advance of a physical release.[107] O'Brien said the self-release strategy sold fewer records, but made more money for
the band as there was no middleman.[108] A special "discbox" edition of In Rainbows, containing the record on vinyl, a
book of artwork, and a CD of extra songs, was also sold from Radiohead's website and shipped in late 2007.[109]
In Rainbows was released physically in the UK in late December 2007 on XL Recordings and in North America in
January 2008 on TBD Records,[109] charting at number one both in the UK and in the US.[110] The record's retail
success in the US – after having been legally available for months as a free download – was Radiohead's highest chart
success in that country since Kid A. It became their fifth UK number-one album and sold more than three million
copies in one year.[111] The album received critical acclaim for its more accessible sound and personal lyrics.[112] It was
nominated for the short list of the Mercury Music Prize[113] and went on to win the 2009 Grammy Award for Best
Alternative Music Album. Their production team won the Grammy for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package,
while Radiohead received their third nomination for Album of the Year. Along with three other nominations for the
band, Godrich's production and the "House of Cards" music video also received nominations.[114] Yorke and Jonny
Greenwood performed "15 Step" with the University of Southern California Marching Band at the televised award
show.[115]
Radiohead released a number of singles from In Rainbows: "Jigsaw Falling into Place" in January 2008,[116] followed
by "Nude", which debuted at number 37 in the Billboard Hot 100, Radiohead's first song to make that chart since
1995's "High and Dry" and their first top 40 hit in the US since "Creep".[30] In July they released a digitally shot video
for "House of Cards".[117] "House of Cards", along with "Bodysnatchers", also received a single release on radio. In
September the band announced a fourth single, "Reckoner", and a remix competition similar to one organised for
"Nude".[118] In April 2008, Radiohead launched W.A.S.T.E. Central, a social networking service for Radiohead
fans.[119] In May, VH1 broadcast In Rainbows – From the Basement, a special episode of the music television show
From the Basement in which Radiohead performed songs from In Rainbows. It was released on iTunes in June.[120]
In June 2008, EMI released a greatest hits album, Radiohead: The Best Of.[121] It was made without Radiohead's
input and only contains songs released under their recording contract with EMI. Yorke was critical of the release,
saying: "There's nothing we can do about it. The work is really public property now anyway, in my head at least. It's a
wasted opportunity in that if we'd been behind it, and we wanted to do it, then it might have been good."[122] In August
2008, EMI reissued "special editions" of Radiohead's back catalogue as part of its "From the Capitol Vaults" series.[123]
From mid-2008 to early 2009, Radiohead toured North America, Europe, Japan and South America to promote In
Rainbows, and headlined the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2009.[105][124][125]
2009–2012: Singles, side projects, and The King of Limbs

As social media began to expand around the turn of the decade, Radiohead gradually withdrew their public presence,
with no promotional interviews or tours to promote new releases. Pitchfork wrote that around this time Radiohead's
"popularity became increasingly untethered from the typical formalities of record promotion, placing them on the
same level as Beyoncé and Kanye West".[57] In May 2009, Radiohead began new recording sessions with Godrich.[126]
In August, they released "Harry Patch (In Memory Of)", a tribute song to Harry Patch, the last surviving British soldier
to have fought in World War I, with proceeds donated to the British Legion.[127][128] The song has no conventional
rock instrumentation, and instead comprises Yorke's vocals and a string arrangement composed by Jonny
Greenwood.[129] Later that month, another new song, "These Are My Twisted Words", featuring krautrock-like
drumming and guitars,[130] was leaked via torrent, possibly by Radiohead themselves.[131][132] It was released as a free
download on the Radiohead website the following week.[133] Commentators saw the releases as part of Radiohead's
new unpredictable release strategy, without the need for traditional marketing campaigns.[134]
That year, Yorke formed a new band to perform The Eraser live, Atoms for Peace, with musicians including Godrich
and Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea; the band played eight North American shows in 2010.[135] In January 2010,
Radiohead played their only full concert of the year in the Los Angeles Henry Fonda Theater as a benefit for Oxfam.
Tickets were auctioned, raising over half a million US dollars for the NGO's 2010 Haiti earthquake relief.[136] In
September 2010, Radiohead released the soundboard recording of their 2009 Prague performance for use in a fan-
made concert video, Live in Praha.[137][138] In December, a fan-made video of Radiohead's Oxfam benefit
performance, Radiohead for Haiti, was released via YouTube and torrent with Radiohead's support and a "pay-what-
you-want" link to donate to Oxfam.[139] The videos were described as examples of the band's openness to fans and
positivity toward non-commercial internet distribution.[140][141] In June 2010, Yorke and Jonny Greenwood
performed a surprise set at Glastonbury Festival, performing Eraser and Radiohead songs.[142] On 30 August, Selway
released his debut solo album, Familial.[143]
Radiohead finished recording their eighth album, The King of Limbs, in January 2011.[107] Following the protracted
recording and more conventional rock instrumentation of In Rainbows (2007), Radiohead developed The King of
Limbs by sampling and looping their recordings with turntables.[144][145][146] Radiohead announced the album on
Valentine's Day and released it as a download on 18 February 2011 through their website.[147] It was followed by a
retail release on CD and vinyl formats in March on XL, and a special "newspaper album" edition in May.[148] The King
of Limbs sold an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 copies through Radiohead's website;[149] the retail edition debuted at
number six on the US Billboard 200[150] and number seven on the UK Albums Chart.[151] It was nominated for five
categories in the 54th Grammy Awards.[152] Two tracks not included on The King of Limbs, "Supercollider" and "The
Butcher", were released as a double A-side single for Record Store Day on 16 April 2011.[153] A compilation of King of
Limbs remixes by various artists, TKOL RMX 1234567, was released in September 2011.[154]
To perform the rhythmically complex King of Limbs material live, Radiohead enlisted a second drummer, Clive
Deamer, who had worked with Portishead and Get the Blessing.[155] With Deamer, Radiohead recorded The King of
Limbs: Live from the Basement, released online in August 2011.[156] It was also broadcast by international BBC
channels and released on DVD and Blu-ray in January 2012.[157] The performance included two new songs, "The Daily
Mail" and "Staircase", released as a double A-side download single on 19 December 2011.[158] Deamer has joined
Radiohead on subsequent tours.[155][159] On 24 June, Radiohead played a surprise performance on the Park stage at
the 2011 Glastonbury Festival, performing songs from The King of Limbs for the
first time.[160] In September, they played two dates at New York City's Roseland
Ballroom[161] and made American TV appearances including a one-hour special
episode of The Colbert Report[162] and the season première of Saturday Night
Live.[163] In February 2012, they began their first extended North American tour
in four years, including dates in the United States, Canada and Mexico.[164] On
tour, they recorded material at Jack White's studio Third Man Records,[165] but
discarded the recordings.[166]
On 16 June 2012, an hour before gates were due to open at Toronto's

Downsview Park for the final concert of Radiohead's North American tour, the
roof of the venue's temporary stage collapsed, killing drum technician Scott
Johnson and injuring three other members of Radiohead's road crew.[167] After
Drummer Clive Deamer has rescheduling the tour, Radiohead paid tribute to Johnson at their next concert,
joined Radiohead on tour since in Nîmes, France, in July.[168] In June 2013, Live Nation Canada Inc, two other
2012. He also performed on organisations and an engineer were charged with 13 charges under Ontario
the "Staircase / The Daily Mail"
health and safety laws.[169][170] In September 2017, after several delays, the case
single and A Moon Shaped
was dropped under the Jordan ruling, which sets strict timelines on trials.[169]
Pool.
Radiohead released a statement condemning the decision.[171]
2012–2014: Hiatus, further solo work, and move to XL

In September 2012, EMI, Radiohead's record label until 2003, was bought by Universal Music. The European
Commission approved the deal on the condition that Universal Music divest EMI's Parlophone label, which controlled
the Radiohead albums recorded under their contract with EMI.[172] In February 2013, Parlophone, along with
Radiohead's back catalogue, was bought by Warner Music Group (WMG).[173] As a condition of the purchase, WMG
made an agreement with the Merlin Network and trade group Impala to divest 30% of the Parlophone catalogues to
independent labels, with artist approval.[174] In October 2015, Radiohead sued Parlophone for deductions made from
downloads of their back catalogue.[175] In April 2016, as a result of the Impala agreement, WMG transferred
Radiohead's back catalogue to XL Recordings, who had released the physical editions of In Rainbows and The King of
Limbs and most of Yorke's solo work.[174] Radiohead: The Best Of and the "special editions" of Radiohead albums,
issued by EMI in 2008 without Radiohead's approval, were removed from streaming services.[174][176] In May 2016,
XL reissued Radiohead's back catalogue on vinyl.[177]
After the King of Limbs tour, during which Radiohead performed several
new songs,[178] the band entered hiatus again and the members worked on
side projects. In February 2013, Yorke and Godrich's band Atoms for Peace
released a studio album, Amok.[179] The pair made headlines that year for
their criticism of the free music streaming service Spotify; Yorke accused
Spotify of only benefiting major labels with large back catalogues, and
encouraged artists to build their own "direct connections" with audiences
instead.[180][181] In February 2014, Radiohead released the Polyfauna app
for Android and iOS phones, an "experimental collaboration" with the
Radiohead performing on the 2012
British digital arts studio Universal Everything, using music and imagery
King of Limbs tour
from The King of Limbs.[182]
Yorke and Selway released their respective second solo albums,

Tomorrow's Modern Boxes and Weatherhouse in September and October 2014,[183][184] while Jonny Greenwood
scored his third film for Paul Thomas Anderson, Inherent Vice; it features a new version of an unreleased Radiohead
song, "Spooks", performed by Greenwood and members of Supergrass.[185] In 2015, Yorke contributed a soundtrack,
Subterranea, to The Panic Office, an installation of Radiohead artwork in Sydney, Australia.[186] In the same year,
Junun, a collaboration between Greenwood, Godrich, Israeli composer Shye Ben Tzur and Indian musicians, was
released.[187] It was accompanied by a documentary of the same name directed by Anderson.[188]
2014–present: A Moon Shaped Pool and OKNOTOK 1997 2017

Radiohead began work on their ninth studio album in September 2014, joined again by Godrich.[189] In 2015 they
resumed work in the La Fabrique studio near Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France.[190] The sessions were marred by the
death of Godrich's father,[191] and Yorke's separation from his wife, Rachel Owen, who died of cancer several months
after the album's completion.[192] On Christmas Day 2015, Radiohead released a new song, "Spectre", on the audio
streaming site SoundCloud;[193] it had been commissioned for the 2015 James Bond film Spectre, but was rejected by
the film producers as "too dark".[191][194]
On 1 May 2016, Radiohead deleted all content from their website and social media profiles and replaced them with
blank images.[195] Two days later, they released "Burn the Witch", the lead single from their forthcoming album,
accompanied by a stop-motion animated music video.[196] It was followed by "Daydreaming", accompanied by a music
video directed by Paul Thomas Anderson.[197] Radiohead's ninth studio album, A Moon Shaped Pool, was released on
8 May 2016 on Radiohead's website and online music stores, followed by physical versions on 17 June via XL
Recordings.[197] It includes several songs written some years earlier, including "True Love Waits",[198] along with
strings and choral vocals, and additional percussion from Deamer.[199] The album was not released on Spotify, a free
service, until six weeks later;[200] In Rainbows, the only other Radiohead album not previously available on Spotify,
was added on 10 June.[201]
A Moon Shaped Pool was Radiohead's sixth UK number-one album[202]

and reached number 3 in the US.[203] It was the fifth Radiohead album to
be nominated for the Mercury Prize, making Radiohead the most
shortlisted act in the award's history,[204] and was nominated for Best
Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Song (for "Burn the Witch") at the
59th Annual Grammy Awards.[205] It appeared on several publications' lists
of the best albums of the year.[206][207][208][209][210]
In 2016, 2017, and 2018, Radiohead toured Europe, Japan, and North and
Radiohead performing on the 2016 South America in support of A Moon Shaped Pool,[159][211][212] including
Moon Shaped Pool tour headline shows at the Coachella and Glastonbury festivals.[58] The tour
included a performance in Tel Aviv on 19 July 2017, disregarding the
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign for an international cultural
boycott of Israel. The performance was criticised by artists including musician Roger Waters and filmmaker Ken
Loach, and a petition urging Radiohead to cancel the performance was signed by more than 50 prominent figures.[213]
Yorke responded in a statement: "Playing in a country isn't the same as endorsing the government. Music, art and
academia is about crossing borders not building them, about open minds not closed ones, about shared humanity,
dialogue and freedom of expression."[214]
In June 2017, Radiohead announced a 20th-anniversary OK Computer reissue, OKNOTOK 1997 2017, comprising a
remastered version of the album, B-sides, and three previously unreleased tracks: "I Promise", "Man of War" and
"Lift".[215] Radiohead promoted the reissue with music videos for the three new tracks.[216][217][218] OKNOTOK
debuted at number two on the UK Album Chart,[219] boosted by Radiohead's televised Glastonbury performance that
week,[220] and reached number 23 in the US Billboard 200.[221]
On 20 August 2017, Yorke and Jonny Greenwood performed a benefit concert in Le Marche, Italy, following the
August 2016 Central Italy earthquake.[222] In September, the nature documentary series Blue Planet II premiered,
featuring a new version of the King of Limbs track "Bloom" created with composer Hans Zimmer.[223] In October,
Radiohead were nominated for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the first time they had been eligible.[224] In the same
month, Selway released his third solo work, the soundtrack to the film Let Me Go.[225] In 2018, Jonny Greenwood
scored his second film by Lynne Ramsay, You Were Never Really Here,[226] and was nominated for an Academy
Award for Best Original Score for his fifth collaboration with Anderson, Phantom Thread.[227] Yorke will release his
first feature film soundtrack, Suspiria, in October 2018.[228]
Style and songwriting

Among Radiohead's earliest influences were Queen, Pink
"Pyramid Song"
Floyd and Elvis Costello, post-punk acts such as Joy Division,
0:00 MENU
Siouxsie and the Banshees and Magazine, and significantly
"Pyramid Song" was influenced by
1980s alternative rock bands such as U2, R.E.M., the Pixies, jazz musician Charles Mingus'
the Smiths and Sonic Youth.[11][18][35][229] 1963 piece "Freedom".[16] This
sample shows the Radiohead
By the mid-1990s, Radiohead began to adopt recording track's string arrangement and
irregular timing on the piano and
methods from hip hop, inspired by the sampling work of DJ drums.
Shadow,[11] and became interested in using computers to
generate sounds.[230] Other influences include the jazz of Problems playing this file? See media help.
Miles Davis,[231] Charles Mingus[231] and Alice Coltrane,[232]
the soundtracks of Ennio Morricone, 1960s rock groups such as the Beatles and the Beach Boys, and Phil Spector's
"wall of sound" production technique.[11][42]
The electronic music of Kid A and Amnesiac was inspired by Yorke's admiration for electronic music exemplified by
Warp Records artists such as Aphex Twin;[233] in 2013, Yorke named Aphex Twin as his biggest influence.[234] The
album also samples early computer music.[26] The jazz of Charles Mingus,[235] Alice Coltrane[232] and Miles Davis, and
1970s krautrock bands such as Can and Neu!, were other major influences during this period.[236] Jonny Greenwood's
interest in 20th century classical music also had a role, as the influence of composers Krzysztof Penderecki[42] and
Olivier Messiaen was apparent; since the recording of Kid A, Greenwood has played the ondes Martenot, an early
electronic instrument popularised by Messiaen.[18]
Recording In Rainbows, Radiohead mentioned rock, electronic, hip-hop and experimental musicians as influences,
including Björk, M.I.A, Liars, Modeselektor and Spank Rock.[237][238] In 2011, Yorke denied that Radiohead had set
out deliberately to change musical styles or to make "experimental music", saying the band was "constantly absorbing
music" and that a variety of musicians are always influencing their work.[239] Drummer Clive Deamer, who has
recorded and performed with Radiohead since 2011, said that Radiohead did not see themselves as a rock band and
felt their methodology had closer parallels with jazz: “They deliberately try to avoid cliché and standard forms for the
sake of the song ... Rock bands don't do that. It's far more like a jazz mentality."[240]
Yorke is Radiohead's principal songwriter and lyricist; songs usually begin with a sketch by Yorke, which is
harmonically developed by Jonny Greenwood before the others develop their parts.[52] Arrangement is a collaborative
effort, with all the band members having roles in the process;[64] all songs are credited to "Radiohead". The band often
try several approaches to songs; for example, "Nude" was first performed in the 1990s, but was not released until 2007
in a radically different arrangement.[241] Similarly, the band took over two decades to settle on the arrangement for
"True Love Waits", released in 2016.[242] In 2017, Jonny Greenwood said he saw Radiohead as "just a kind of an
arrangement to form songs using whatever technology suits the song. And that technology can be a cello or it can be a
laptop. It's all sort of machinery when looked at in the right way."[192]
The Kid A and Amnesiac sessions brought a change in Radiohead's music and working methods.[64][243] Since their
shift from conventional rock music instrumentation toward an emphasis on electronic sound, the members have
gained flexibility and now regularly switch instruments depending on the particular song requirements.[64] On Kid A
and Amnesiac, Yorke played keyboard and bass, while Jonny Greenwood often played ondes Martenot, bassist Colin
Greenwood worked on sampling, and O'Brien and Selway branched out to drum machines and digital manipulation,
also finding ways to incorporate their primary instruments – guitar and percussion, respectively – into the new
sound.[64] The relaxed 2003 sessions for Hail to the Thief led to a different dynamic, with Yorke admitting that his
power in the band had been "absolutely unbalanced" and that he would "subvert everybody else's power at all costs.
But ... it's actually a lot more healthy now, democracy-wise."[244]
Collaborators
Producer Nigel Godrich made his name with Radiohead, working as an audio engineer
on The Bends and as their producer on every studio album since.[245] He has been
dubbed the band's "sixth member", an allusion to George Martin being called the "Fifth
Beatle".[245] In 2016, Godrich said of the collaboration: "I can only ever have one band
like Radiohead who I've worked with for this many years. That's a very deep and
profound relationship. The Beatles could only have ever had one George Martin; they
couldn't have switched producers halfway through their career. All that work, trust, and
knowledge of each other would have been thrown out of the window and they'd have to
"Modified bear" logo
start again."[246] for Kid A by artists
Stanley Donwood and
Graphic artist Stanley Donwood met Yorke when both were art students, and with Yorke
Tchock (Thom Yorke)
has produced all of Radiohead's album covers and visual artwork since 1994.[20]
Donwood works in the studio with the band as they record, allowing the music to
influence the artwork.[247] He and Yorke won a Grammy in 2002 for the special edition of Amnesiac packaged as a
library book.[20]
Dilly Gent has commissioned all Radiohead music videos since OK Computer, working with the band to find
directors.[248] Since Radiohead's formation, Andi Watson has been their lighting and stage director, designing the
visuals of live concerts, such as the carbon-neutral "LED forest" of the In Rainbows tour.[249] Technician Peter "Plank"
Clements has worked with Radiohead since before The Bends, overseeing the setup of their instruments for studio
recordings and live performances.[11] Drummer Clive Deamer was enlisted in 2011 to help perform the complex
rhythms of The King of Limbs, and has performed and recorded with Radiohead since.[155][159][199]
Band members
Thom Yorke – lead vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards
Jonny Greenwood – guitar, keyboards, programming, ondes Martenot, analogue synthesisers, orchestral
arrangements
Colin Greenwood – bass guitar
Ed O'Brien – guitar, effects, backing vocals
Philip Selway – drums, percussion
Additional live members

Clive Deamer – drums, percussion (2011–present)
Awards and nominations
Discography
Pablo Honey (1993)
The Bends (1995)
OK Computer (1997)
Kid A (2000)
Amnesiac (2001)
Hail to the Thief (2003)
In Rainbows (2007)
The King of Limbs (2011)
A Moon Shaped Pool (2016)
See also
The Music and Art of Radiohead (2005 book)
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Sources
Buckley, Peter (2003), The Rough Guide to Rock (https://books.google.com/?id=haEfq-nKqjgC), Rough Guides,
ISBN 1-84353-105-4
Clarke, Martin. Radiohead: Hysterical and Useless. 2000. ISBN 0-85965-332-3
Griffiths, Dai (2004), OK Computer (https://books.google.com/?id=QuZF1PP0AKkC), Continuum International

Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1663-2
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Reising, Russell (2005), Speak to Me (https://books.google.com/?id=x_0oXORl4dIC), Ashgate Publishing, Ltd,
ISBN 0-7546-4019-1
Further reading
Doheny, James. Radiohead: Back to Save the Universe. 2002. ISBN 0-8264-1663-2
Forbes, Brandon W. and Reisch, George A. (eds). Radiohead and Philosophy: Fitter Happier More Deductive.
2009. ISBN 0-8126-9664-6
Hale, Jonathan. Radiohead: From a Great Height. 1999. ISBN 1-55022-373-9
Johnstone, Nick. Radiohead: An Illustrated Biography. 1997. ISBN 0-7119-6581-1
Letts, Marianne Tatom. Radiohead and the Resistant Concept Album. 2010. ISBN 978-0-253-22272-5
Paytress, Mark. Radiohead: The Complete Guide to their Music. 2005. ISBN 1-84449-507-8
Tate, Joseph (ed). The Music and Art of Radiohead. 2005. ISBN 0-7546-3979-7.
External links
Official website (http://www.radiohead.com/)
Radiohead (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a74b1b7f-71a5-4011-9441-d0b5e4122711) discography at MusicBrainz
Radiohead (https://curlie.org/Arts/Music/Bands_and_Artists/R/Radiohead/) at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiohead&oldid=858717045"
This page was last edited on 9 September 2018, at 04:19 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
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1992–1994: "Creep", Pablo Honey and early success

1985–1992: Formation and first years

the band members picked their instruments because they wanted to

Although all but Jonny had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend

1992–1994: "Creep", Pablo Honey and early success

In early 1993, Radiohead began to attract listeners elsewhere.

1994–1995: The Bends, critical recognition and growing fanbase

1995–1998: OK Computer and critical acclaim

In August 1996, Radiohead toured as the opening act for Alanis

Radiohead released their third album, OK Computer, in June 1997. The

OK Computer was Radiohead's first number-one UK chart

1998–2002: Kid A, Amnesiac and change in sound

Radiohead's only public performance in 1998 was at an Amnesty

Kid A received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album

Radiohead's six-album record contract with EMI ended with

2004–2009: In Rainbows and "pay what you want"

Radiohead's seventh album, In Rainbows, was released through the

2009–2012: Singles, side projects, and The King of Limbs

On 16 June 2012, an hour before gates were due to open at Toronto's

2012–2014: Hiatus, further solo work, and move to XL

Yorke and Selway released their respective second solo albums,

2014–present: A Moon Shaped Pool and OKNOTOK 1997 2017

A Moon Shaped Pool was Radiohead's sixth UK number-one album[202]

Style and songwriting

Additional live members

Awards and nominations

127. "Harry Patch (In Memory Of)" (http://www.radiohead.com/deadairspace/?a=495). Radiohead.com. Retrieved

211. "Radiohead Announce World Tour" (http://pitchfork.com/news/63069-radiohead-announce-world-tour/). Pitchfork.

Griffiths, Dai (2004), OK Computer (https://books.google.com/?id=QuZF1PP0AKkC), Continuum International

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This page was last edited on 9 September 2018, at 04:19 (UTC).

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