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Bud Powell
Earl Rudolph "Bud" Powell (September 27, 1924 – July 31, 1966) was
Bud Powell
an American jazz pianist. Though Thelonious Monk was a close friend and
influence, his greatest piano influence was Art Tatum.

Along with Charlie Parker, Monk, and Dizzy Gillespie, Powell was a leading
figure in the development of modern jazz, or bebop. His virtuosity led
many to call him the Charlie Parker of the piano. Powell was also a
composer, and many jazz critics credit his works and his playing as having
"greatly extended the range of jazz harmony."[1]

Background information

Contents Birth name Earl Rudolph

Powell
Early life
Born September 27,
Later life and career
Early to mid-1940s 1924
Hospitalization (1947–1948) Harlem, New
Solo and trio recordings (1949–1958) York, U.S.
Paris (1959–1963) Died July 31, 1966
Last years (1964–1966)
(aged 41)
Musical style New York
Influence Genres Jazz, bebop
Legacy
Occupation(s) Musician
Discography
Studio recordings Instruments Piano
Live and home recordings Years active 1944–1965
Notable compilation
Labels Roost, Blue
As sideman
Note, Mercury,
Notable compositions
Norgran, Clef,
Notes Verve
References
Associated acts Art Blakey, Miles
External links Davis, Dexter
Gordon, Charles
Mingus, Sonny
Early life Rollins

Powell's father was a stride pianist.[2] Powell took to his father's instrument
at a very young age, starting on classical-piano lessons at the age of five.[3] His teacher, hired by his father, was a West
Indian man named Rawlins.[4]

But by the age of 10, Powell also showed interest in the swing-era jazz that could be heard all over the neighborhood.
He first appeared in public at a rent party,[5] where he mimicked Fats Waller's playing style. The first jazz composition
that he mastered was James P. Johnson's "Carolina Shout".[6]

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Bud's older brother, William, played the trumpet (and the violin), and by the age of 15 Bud was playing in William's
band.[7] By this time, Powell had heard on radio Art Tatum, whose overwhelmingly virtuosic piano technique Powell
then set out to equal.[6] Bud often sought out opportunities to hear Tatum in local venues.

Later life and career

Early to mid-1940s
Even as an underage youth, Bud often listened to the musically adventurous performances at the Uptown House, an
after-hours venue near where he lived. Here, the first stirrings of modernism (bebop) were heard nightly, and where
Charlie Parker first appeared as a solo act when he briefly lived in New York.[8]

Thelonious Monk had also played at the Uptown House. When he and Powell met (around 1942)[9] the elder
pianist/composer introduced Powell to the circle of bebop musicians that was forming at the venue known as Minton's
Playhouse. Monk was resident there, and he presented Powell as his protégé. Their mutual affection grew and Monk
became Powell's greatest mentor. For his part, Powell eagerly experimented with Monk's latest ideas on the piano.
Monk's composition "In Walked Bud" is an enduring tribute to their time together in Harlem.[10]

Powell was engaged in a series of dance bands, his incubation culminating in his being given the piano chair in the big-
time swing orchestra of Cootie Williams. In late 1943 he was offered the chance to appear at a midtown nightclub with
the modernist quintet of Oscar Pettiford and Dizzy Gillespie, but Powell's mother decided he would continue with the
more secure job, with the popular Williams.[11]

Powell was the pianist on a handful of Williams's recording dates in 1944, the last of which included the first-ever
recording of Monk's "'Round Midnight".[12] His tenure with Williams was terminated one night in Philadelphia, in
January 1945, when he got separated from the other band members once they had left the bandstand at the end of the
evening. Powell was wandering around Broad street station and was apprehended, drunk, by the private railroad
police. He was beaten by them, and then briefly incarcerated by the city police. Ten days after his release, his
headaches persisting, he was hospitalized—first in Bellevue, an observation ward, and then in a state psychiatric
hospital, sixty miles away. He stayed there for two and a half months.[13]

Powell resumed playing in Manhattan immediately upon his release, in demand by various small-group leaders for
nightclub engagements in the increasingly integrated midtown scene.[11] His 1945–46 recordings, many as the result
of his sudden visibility on the club scene, were for Frank Socolow, Sarah Vaughan, Dexter Gordon, J. J. Johnson,
Sonny Stitt, Fats Navarro, and Kenny Clarke.[14] Powell quickly gained a reputation as an excellent sight-reader, and
for his ability to play at fast tempos. His percussive punctuation of certain phrases, as well as his predilection for
speed, showed the influence of Parker and other modern horn soloists. "Bebop in Pastel" (soon to be known as
"Bouncing with Bud") was first recorded on August 23, 1946[14] and became a jazz standard.

Powell's career advanced again, when Parker chose him to be his pianist on a May 1947 quintet record date, with Miles
Davis, Tommy Potter, and Max Roach; this was to be the only studio session in which both Parker and Powell were to
play together.[15]

Hospitalization (1947–1948)
The Parker session aside, Powell performed on only two other records and seldom appeared at nightclubs in 1947. In
November, he had an altercation with another customer at a Harlem bar. In the ensuing fight, Powell was hit over his
eye with a bottle. When Harlem Hospital found him incoherent and rambunctious, it sent him to Bellevue, which had
the record of his previous confinement there and in another psychiatric hospital. It chose to institutionalize him again,
though this time at Creedmoor State Hospital, a facility much closer to Manhattan. He was kept there for eleven
months.[16]
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Powell eventually adjusted to the conditions in the institution, though in psychiatric interviews he expressed feelings
of persecution founded in racism.[17]

From February to April 1948, he received electroconvulsive therapy,[11] first administered after an outburst deemed to
be uncontrollable. It might have been prompted by his learning, after a visit by his girlfriend, that she was pregnant
with their child.[18] While the electroconvulsive therapy was said to have made no difference, the MDs gave Powell a
second series of treatments in May. He was eventually released, in October 1948[11] — though from these early and
subsequent hospitalizations, he was emotionally unstable for the rest of his career.

Solo and trio recordings (1949–1958)

After another (though brief) hospitalization in early 1949,[11] Powell made several recordings, most of which were for
Alfred Lion of Blue Note Records[19] and for Norman Granz of Mercury, Norgran and Clef.[20] The first Blue Note
session, in August 1949, features Fats Navarro, Sonny Rollins, Powell, Tommy Potter and Roy Haynes, and the
compositions "Bouncing with Bud" and "Dance of the Infidels". The second Blue Note session in 1951 was a trio with
Curley Russell and Max Roach, and includes "Parisian Thoroughfare" and "Un Poco Loco";[14] the latter was selected
by literary critic Harold Bloom for inclusion on his short list of the greatest works of twentieth-century American
art.[21] Sessions for Granz (more than a dozen) were all solo or trios, with a variety of bassists and drummers,
including Ray Brown, George Duvivier, Percy Heath, Russell, Lloyd Trotman, Art Blakey, Kenny Clarke, Osie Johnson,
Buddy Rich, Roach, and Art Taylor.[14]

Powell's continued rivalry with Parker was also the subject of disruptive feuding and bitterness on the bandstand,[22]
as a result of Powell's troubled mental and physical condition.[23]

Powell recorded for both Blue Note and Granz throughout the 1950s, interrupted by another long stay in a mental
hospital from late 1951 to early 1953, following arrest for possession of marijuana, after which he was released into the
guardianship of Oscar Goodstein, owner of the Birdland nightclub. A 1953 trio session for Blue Note (with Duvivier
and Taylor) included Powell's composition "Glass Enclosure", inspired by his near-imprisonment in Goodstein's
apartment.[24]

On May 15, 1953 he played at Massey Hall in Toronto with "The Quintet", including Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie,
Charles Mingus, and Max Roach, which resulted in the album Jazz at Massey Hall by Debut Records.[14]

His playing after his release from hospital began to be seriously affected by Largactil, taken for the treatment of
schizophrenia, and by the late 1950s his talent was in eclipse.[25] In 1956 his brother Richie Powell, a fellow pianist,
was killed in a car crash alongside Clifford Brown.[26] Three albums for Blue Note in the late fifties showcased Powell's
ability as a composer, but his playing was far removed from the standard set by his earlier recordings for the label.

Paris (1959–1963)
After several further spells in hospital, Powell moved to Paris in 1959, in the company of Altevia "Buttercup" Edwards,
whom he had met after an incarceration in 1954.[27] The couple moved permanently into the Hotel La Louisiane.[28]
She kept control of his finances and kept him dosed with Largactil, but Powell continued to perform and record. The
1960 live recording of the Essen jazz festival performance (with Clarke, Oscar Pettiford and, on some numbers,
Coleman Hawkins) is particularly notable.

In December 1961 he recorded two albums for Columbia Records under the aegis of Cannonball Adderley: A Portrait
of Thelonious (with Michelot and Clarke), and A Tribute to Cannonball (with the addition of Don Byas and Idrees
Sulieman—despite the title, Adderley only plays on one alternate take). The first album (with overdubbed audience
noise) was released shortly after Powell's death, and the second was released in the late 1970s. Eventually, Powell was
befriended by Francis Paudras, a commercial artist and amateur pianist, and Powell moved into Paudras's home in

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1962. There was a brief return to Blue Note in 1963, when Dexter Gordon recorded Our Man in Paris for the label.
Powell was a last-minute substitute for Kenny Drew, and the album of standards—Powell could not by then learn new
material—showed him to be still capable of playing with some proficiency.

Last years (1964–1966)

In 1963, Powell contracted tuberculosis, and the following year returned to New York with Paudras for a return
engagement at Birdland accompanied by drummer Horace Arnold and bassist John Ore. Arnold called it "the Ultimate
Performance experience of my life". The original agreement had been for the two men to go back to Paris, but Paudras
returned alone (although Powell did record in Paris, with Michel Gaudry and Art Taylor, in July 1964). In 1965, Powell
played only two concerts: one a disastrous performance at Carnegie Hall, the other a tribute to Charlie Parker on May
1 with other performers on the bill, including Albert Ayler. Little else was seen of him in public.

During these two years, Powell's life started to fall apart, and his reliance on alcohol led to performances that were
ruined after just one drink, his emotional state becoming significantly imbalanced.[15] Powell was hospitalized in New
York after months of increasingly erratic behavior and self-neglect. On July 31, 1966, he died of tuberculosis,
malnutrition, and alcoholism. Several thousand people viewed his Harlem funeral procession.[29]

Musical style
Jazz pianist Bill Cunliffe, whose music was influenced by Bud Powell, said in an interview with All About Jazz:

He was really the first guy; before Bud Powell, pianists were playing boom, chuck in the left hand and a
lot of melodic figures in the right hand that tended to be arpeggios. But with Bud Powell, Bud Powell was
imitating Charlie Parker. So Bud was the first pianist to take Charlie Parker's language and adapt it
successfully to the piano. That's why he is the most important pianist in music today because everybody
plays like that now.[30]

His playing of melodic lines owed greatly to Billy Kyle,[31] and his accompaniments to horn solos owed most to the
style of Earl Hines. At other times, Powell's accompanying recalled stride and, on occasion, the graceful approach of
pianist Teddy Wilson.[32] His comping often consisted of single bass notes outlining the root and fifth. He also used
voicings of the root and the tenth, or the root with the minor seventh.[33]

Powell was greatly influenced by Art Tatum early in his career and more so by Thelonious Monk later on.[34] Powell
often listened to Tatum's records and built upon Tatum's style, but with less stride in the left and without the
"arabesques" and "flourishes" favored by Tatum. It has been said that Powell is the linchpin between Tatum and the
bebop pianists.

Where his solos could be heard to emulate the horn players' attack—with the use of frequent arpeggios punctuated by
chromaticism[15]—this was, in part, because of his determination to see that the pianist get the adulation usually
reserved for the saxophonist or trumpeter.[35] Powell's progressive exploration, on nightclub bandstands, of the
harmonic series often produced brilliant, thrillingly unexpected solos. But his generally rough-edged execution was
the price that his music paid for his virtuosic striving. Many later pianists, nonetheless, copied his daring attack,
looking to attain that rarefied status, of the fearless improviser. They also emulated his lush melodicism on ballads.

Powell freed the right hand for continuous linear exploration at the expense of developing the left. Legend has it that
one night Art Tatum criticized him as he came off the bandstand after playing a set. Powell responded in his next set
by soloing on a piece exclusively with his left hand.[36] His favoring the treble was not to avoid integrating the hands,
which is essential to both a solo and accompanying technique. These formed the basic small ensembles that have
dominated jazz since the bebop era (after swing). Before Powell, Art Tatum and Earl Hines had also somewhat
explored independent homophony closely resembling later piano playing.
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The pianist's time was especially solid. So much so, that he was not dependent on his accompanists. Powell dictated
the time when he played, in particular throughout the strength of the eight-notes in his right hand, essentially
participating in the time-keeping with the bassist and drummer. This is reminiscent of recordings of Charlie Parker.[37]

Influence
Powell influenced countless younger musicians, especially pianists. These included Horace Silver,[38] Wynton Kelly,[39]
Andre Previn,[40] McCoy Tyner,[41] Cedar Walton,[42] and Chick Corea.[43]

Bill Evans, who described Powell as his single greatest influence,[44] paid the pianist a tribute in 1979: "If I had to
choose one single musician for his artistic integrity, for the incomparable originality of his creation and the grandeur
of his work, it would be Bud Powell. He was in a class by himself".[45]

Herbie Hancock said of Powell, in a Down Beat magazine interview in 1966: "He was the foundation out of which
stemmed the whole edifice of modern jazz piano".[46]

Legacy
In 1986 Paudras wrote a book about his friendship with Powell, translated into English in 1997 as Dance of the
Infidels: A Portrait of Bud Powell.[47] The book was the basis for Round Midnight, a film inspired by the lives of
Powell and Lester Young, in which Dexter Gordon played the lead role of an expatriate jazzman in Paris.[48] In
February 2012 a biography titled Wail: The Life of Bud Powell by Peter Pullman was released as an ebook.[11]

Discography
Years listed are years recorded (not years released).

Studio recordings
1947: Bud Powell Trio (Roost)[49]
1949–50: Bud Powell Piano Solos (Mercury / Clef) aka (½ of) Jazz Giant (Norgran / Verve)[50]
1949–51: The Amazing Bud Powell (Blue Note)[51]
1950: Bud Powell Piano Solos No. 2 (Mercury / Clef) aka (½ of) Jazz Giant (Norgran / Verve)[52]
1950–51: Bud Powell's Moods (Mercury / Clef) aka The Genius of Bud Powell (Verve)[53]
1953: The Amazing Bud Powell, Vol. 2 (Blue Note)[54]
1953: Bud Powell Trio, Volume 2 (Roost)[55]
1954–55: Bud Powell's Moods (Norgran / Verve)[56]
1954–55: Jazz Original (Norgran) aka Bud Powell '57 (Norgran / Verve)[57]
1955: The Lonely One... (Verve)[58]
1955: Piano Interpretations by Bud Powell (Norgran / Verve)[59]
1956: Blues in the Closet (Verve)[60]
1956: Strictly Powell (RCA Victor)[61]
1957: Swingin' with Bud (RCA Victor)[62]
1957: Bud! The Amazing Bud Powell (Blue Note)[63]
1957–58: Bud Plays Bird (Roulette / Blue Note)[64]
1958: Time Waits: The Amazing Bud Powell (Vol. 4) (Blue Note)[65]
1958: The Scene Changes: The Amazing Bud Powell (Vol. 5) (Blue Note)[66]
1961: A Tribute to Cannonball (Columbia)[67]
1961: A Portrait of Thelonious (Columbia)[67]
1963: Bud Powell in Paris (Reprise)[68]

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Live and home recordings

1944–48: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 1: Early Years of a Genius, 44-48 (Mythic Sound)
1953: Winter Broadcasts 1953 (ESP-Disk)
1953: Spring Broadcasts 1953 (ESP-Disk)
1953: Inner Fires (Elektra)
1953: Summer Broadcasts 1953 (ESP-Disk)
1953: Autumn Broadcasts 1953 (ESP-Disk)
1953: Live at Birdland (Queen Disc [Italy])
1953–55: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 2: Burnin' in U.S.A., 53–55 (Mythic Sound)
1957–59: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 3: Cookin' at Saint-Germain, 57–59 (Mythic Sound)
1959–60: Bud in Paris (Xanadu)
1959–61: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 5: Groovin' at the Blue Note, 59–61 (Mythic Sound)
1960: The Essen Jazz Festival Concert (Black Lion)
1960–64: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 11: Gift for the Friends, 60–64 (Mythic Sound)
1961: Pianology (Moon [Italy])[69]
1961–64: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 4: Relaxin' at Home, 61-64 (Mythic Sound)
1962: Bud Powell Live in Lausanne 1962 (Stretch Archives)
1962: Bud Powell Live in Geneva (Norma [Japan])
1962: Bud Powell Trio at the Golden Circle, Vols. 1–5 (Steeplechase)[70]
1962: Budism (SteepleChase)
1962: Bouncing with Bud (Sonet)
1962: 'Round About Midnight at the Blue Note (Dreyfus Jazz)
1962–64: Bud Powell at Home – Strictly Confidential (Fontana)
1963: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 6: Writin' for Duke, 63 (Mythic Sound)
1963: Americans in Europe (Impulse!)
1964: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 7: Tribute to Thelonious, 64 (Mythic Sound)
1964: Blues for Bouffemont (Fontana)
1964: Hot House (Fontana)
1964: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 8: Holidays in Edenville, 64 (Mythic Sound)
1964: The Return of Bud Powell (Roulette)
1964: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 9: Return to Birdland, 64 (Mythic Sound)
1964: Earl Bud Powell, Vol. 10: Award at Birdland, 64 (Mythic Sound)
1964: Ups'n Downs (Mainstream)

Notable compilation
Tempus Fugue-It (Proper) – Four disc set, from 1944 recordings with Cootie Williams to the first sessions for Blue
Note and Clef in 1949–50.
The Complete Bud Powell on Verve – Five discs, sessions from 1949 to 1956.
The Best of Bud Powell on Verve – Single disc compilation.
The Complete Blue Note and Roost Recordings – Four disc set containing all of the Amazing Bud Powell... Blue
Note sessions plus Roost sessions from 1947 and 1953. The Blue Note sessions have also been remastered and
reissued as individual CDs (though the Roost material is not included).
The Complete RCA Trio Sessions – Contains Swingin' with Bud and Strictly Powell.

As sideman
with Cootie Williams

1944: Cootie Williams and His Orchestra 1941–44

with Frank Socolow

1945: New York Journeyman – Complete Recordings

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with J. J. Johnson

1946: J. J. Johnson's Jazz Quintets

with Dexter Gordon

1947: Dexter Rides Again

1963: Our Man in Paris
with The Quintet (Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, Charles Mingus, Max Roach)

1953: Jazz at Massey Hall

with Art Blakey

1959: Paris Jam Session

with Charles Mingus

1960: Mingus at Antibes – sits in on one track, "I'll Remember April"

With Sonny Stitt

Sonny Stitt/Bud Powell/J. J. Johnson (Prestige, 1949–50 [1956])

Notable compositions
"Tempus Fugue-it" (aka "Tempus Fugit")
"Un Poco Loco"
"Bouncing with Bud"
"Dance of the Infidels"
"Parisian Thoroughfare"
"Hallucinations"
"Celia"
"The Fruit"
"Glass Enclosure"

Notes
1. Grove
2. Gitler, p. 112.
3. Perkins, Bob. "The Demons of Bud Powell" (http://wrti.org/post/demons-bud-powell). Retrieved 2017-04-22.
4. Siek, Stephen (2016-11-10). A Dictionary for the Modern Pianist (https://books.google.com/books?id=lXQ1DQAA
QBAJ&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=bud+powell+west+indian+rawlins+lessons&source=bl&ots=L1DfSDm6Dp&sig
=2bOG82TD3hMQ2YxSpJgq12rBvv4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAktbBkLfTAhXp34MKHeGcBA4Q6AEIODAF
#v=onepage&q=wikipedia&f=false). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810888807.
5. Crawford, p. 12.
6. Pullman, chapter 1.
7. Dicaire, David (2006-02-17). Jazz Musicians, 1945 to the Present (https://books.google.com/books?id=fSE00mkn
h0UC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=william+powell+trumpet+fifteen+band+%22bud+powell%22&source=bl&ots=-Xd
vvilh_R&sig=9f1mCet9JiX3J2qepanlpE0ULn8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIjKmipr3TAhUEQiYKHZbKCYwQ6A
EIRjAG#v=onepage&q=william%20powell%20trumpet%20fifteen%20band%20%22bud%20powell%22&f=false).
McFarland. ISBN 9780786485574.
8. Patrick, pp. 159–161.
9. Hentoff p. 16.
10. Jazz: The First 100 Years. Henry Martin and Keith Waters. Cengage Learning, 2005. ISBN 0-534-62804-4. p.
215.

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11. Pullman, Peter (2012-01-01). Wail: The Life of Bud Powell (https://books.google.com/books?id=RYy1NAEACAAJ
&dq=wail+the+life+of+bud+powell+peter+pullman&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPxZCGg7jTAhUHySYKHdKsDo
MQ6AEIIzAA). Peter Pullman LLC. ISBN 9780985141813.
12. "1941-1944 [Classics] - Cootie Williams & His Orchestra | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic" (http://www.allmusi
c.com/album/1941-1944-classics-mw0000177060). AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
13. Pullman, p. 50.
14. "Bud Powell Discography" (http://www.jazzdisco.org/bud-powell/discography/). www.jazzdisco.org. Retrieved
2017-04-22.
15. Ramsey, Guthrie P. (2013-05-28). The Amazing Bud Powell: Black Genius, Jazz History, and the Challenge of
Bebop (https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YYaqWNehUC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=%22Chasing+The+Bir
d%22+May+8,+1947&source=bl&ots=G2o3R7OjfE&sig=C_JjFChRqwAeyLUM0-9nJMH1uso&hl=en&sa=X&ved=
0ahUKEwiH96WUuL3TAhVm0oMKHSKxA3EQ6AEIUjAM#v=onepage&q=%22Chasing%20The%20Bird%22%20
May%208,%201947&f=false). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520243910.
16. Pullman, Peter. Wail: The Life of Bud Powell. Bop Changes. pp. 84–5.
17. Dyer, Geoff (2014-06-24). But Beautiful: A Book About Jazz (https://books.google.com/books?id=I_eyAwAAQBAJ
&pg=PA219&dq=but+beautiful+a+book+about+jazz&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimiOnkvr3TAhVIbiYKHVHvDhM
Q6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=but%20beautiful%20a%20book%20about%20jazz&f=false). Farrar, Straus and
Giroux. ISBN 9781466869851.
18. Pullman, chapters 4,5.
19. "ALFRED LION, 78, THE FOUNDER OF THE BLUE NOTE JAZZ LABEL" (https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/09/
obituaries/alfred-lion-78-the-founder-of-the-blue-note-jazz-label.html). The New York Times. 1987-02-09.
ISSN 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331).
20. Davis, Francis (2002-10-24). Like Young: Jazz, Pop, Youth And Middle Age (https://books.google.com/books?id=j
ZRcGx162ckC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=%22norman+granz%22+mercury+%22bud+powell%22&source=bl&ots
=iAFmHCw2C7&sig=8268mHT0t4dlUCWBLnMKdfUghkk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix16GvzL_TAhXKOCYKH
dwMDUQ4ChDoAQgoMAE#v=onepage&q=%22norman%20granz%22%20mercury%20%22bud%20powell%22&
f=false). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306811863.
21. Modern Critical Interpretations: Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea
House, 1986.
22. Martin, Henry; Waters, Keith (2015-01-01). Jazz: The First 100 Years, Enhanced Media Edition (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=2YnCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=%22bud+powell%22+%22charlie+parker%22+r
ivalry&source=bl&ots=kFAT2dvQmv&sig=WEeFNNoPzdoDZ-gihCHJN_tlzto&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp993b
zr_TAhVB6yYKHfLHAYI4ChDoAQg9MAg#v=onepage&q=%22bud%20powell%22%20%22charlie%20parker%2
2%20rivalry&f=false). Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305545038.
23. Reisner, Robert (1977-08-22). Bird: The Legend Of Charlie Parker (https://books.google.com/books?id=qwX3f_C
C2SUC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=%22bud+powell%22+%22charlie+parker%22+rivalry&source=bl&ots=HmKI95
T4Rb&sig=gmXdq9bJEufdDF0joAjQhqPmayM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ4r3Xz7_TAhXIMSYKHfmKDVcQ6
AEITDAH#v=onepage&q=%22bud%20powell%22%20%22charlie%20parker%22%20rivalry&f=false). Da Capo
Press. ISBN 0306800691.
24. Davis, Francis. "Bud's Bubble" (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1996/01/buds-bubble/376517/).
The Atlantic. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
25. Davis, Francis (January 1996). "Bud's Bubble" (https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/96jan/bud/bud.htm).
The Atlantic Monthly.
26. Catalano, Nick (2001-01-01). Clifford Brown: The Life and Art of the Legendary Jazz Trumpeter (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=yjUfAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Clifford+Brown:+The+Life+and+Art+of+the+Legenda
ry+Jazz+Trumpeter&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrm67l3L_TAhVF6iYKHW9UAb4Q6AEIIzAA#v=onepage&q=cra
sh&f=false). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195144000.
27. Pullman, chapter 10.
28. Wilmer, Val (1989). Mama Said There'd Be Days Like This: My Life in the Jazz World (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=Ay9LAAAAYAAJ). Womens PressLtd. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7043-5040-3.
29. "Powell, Earl 'Bud' (1924–1966)" (http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/powell-bud-1924-1966) at blackpast.org.

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30. Fred Jung (2010). "A Fireside Chat with Bill Cunliffe" (http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=1231). all-
about-jazz. Retrieved 2010-06-07. "When I was a kid, I was listening mostly to classical music because my dad
had a lot of it in the house. I listened to all the stuff that was on the radio in the Sixties and Seventies."
31. "Happy Birthday Billy Kyle!" (http://jazzmuseuminharlem.org/today-in-jazz/happy-birthday-billy-kyle/). National
Jazz Museum in Harlem. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
32. Gitler, Ira (2009-02-18). The Masters Of Bebop: A Listener's Guide (https://books.google.com/books?id=PYBVxJd
bpzIC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=%22bud+powell%22+stride+%22teddy+wilson%22&source=bl&ots=aNyHQhd
wJf&sig=_YUgYBbB8CJ9wP2qE423TAhe6qE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6sH94r_TAhUOfiYKHYAkAYs4ChD
oAQgqMAI#v=onepage&q=%22bud%20powell%22%20stride%20%22teddy%20wilson%22&f=false). Da Capo
Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9780786745241.
33. Owens, Thomas (1996-05-23). Bebop: The Music and Its Players (https://books.google.com/books?id=RYBZPO3
oe9UC&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=%22bud+powell%22+left+hand+bass+notes+root+fifth&source=bl&ots=2roG
hwLpQL&sig=e2Nhwjq0cSgO9xUISbWdoZNZuWM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-kYXH47_TAhVM44MKHRnNC
LoQ6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=%22bud%20powell%22%20left%20hand%20bass%20notes%20root%20fifth&f=f
alse). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195355536.
34. "NPR's Jazz Profiles: Bud Powell" (http://www.npr.org/programs/jazzprofiles/archive/powell.html). www.npr.org.
Retrieved 2017-04-25.
35. Bishop, p. 41.
36. Morrison, p. 69.
37. Harris, Barry; Weiss, Michael (1994). The Complete Bud Powell on Verve (Liner notes, booklet). Verve. pp. 105,
106.
38. Silver, Horace (1994). The Complete Bud Powell on Verve (Liner notes, booklet). Verve. p. 98-100.
39. Bogdonov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris (2002). All Music Guide to Jazz. Backbeat Books. p. 709. ISBN 978-0-
87930-717-2.
40. Bogdonov, p. 1364.
41. Turner, Richard Brent (2003). Islam in the African American Experience (https://books.google.com/books?id=CGS
5ryA7ow0C&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=mccoy+tyner+ahmadiyya&source=bl&ots=iBnoJLMYWh&sig=_fPsaDqP
xgO0SvldDe2hk9gFB4Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_6c5T8KsKMSW2AX2ybCaCg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=
mccoy%20tyner%20ahmadiyya&f=false). Indiana University Press. p. 140. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
42. Deardra Shuler, "Cedar Walton and Barry Harris to play Jazz at Lincoln Center", (http://www.amsterdamnews.co
m/arts_and_entertainment/cedar-walton-and-barry-harris-to-play-jazz-at-lincoln/article_4f906fe0-d9c1-11e2-b316-
0019bb2963f4.html) Archived (https://archive.is/20130624204539/http://www.amsterdamnews.com/arts_and_ente
rtainment/cedar-walton-and-barry-harris-to-play-jazz-at-lincoln/article_4f906fe0-d9c1-11e2-b316-0019bb2963f4.ht
ml) June 24, 2013, at Archive.is New York Amsterdam News, June 20, 2013.
43. Diliberto, John. "Jazz Profiles from NPR: Chick Corea" (http://www.npr.org/programs/jazzprofiles/archive/corea.ht
ml). npr.org. NPR. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
44. Evans
45. Paudras 1998, p. ix
46. Reed, Leonard (November 13, 1994). "Bud Powell Gets His Long Overdue Due" (http://articles.latimes.com/1994-
11-13/entertainment/ca-61998_1_bud-powell/2). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
47. Paudras, Francis (1998-03-22). Dance Of The Infidels: A Portrait Of Bud Powell (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=eJy4VuI3h-8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dance+of+the+Infidels:+A+Portrait+of+Bud+Powell.&hl=en&sa=X&
ved=0ahUKEwjSg5mQ4L_TAhUCWSYKHTeQBF8Q6AEIIzAA#v=onepage&q=Dance%20of%20the%20Infidels:%
20A%20Portrait%20of%20Bud%20Powell.&f=false). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306808161.
48. Jazz, All About. "Dance of the Infidels: A Portrait of Bud Powell" (https://www.allaboutjazz.com/dance-of-the-infide
ls-a-portrait-of-bud-powell-bud-powell-by-c-michael-bailey.php). All About Jazz. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
49. 10-inch LP release of January 1947 recording session. Roost RLP-401. Later re-issued together with Bud Powell
Trio, Volume 2 on a single 12-inch LP, Bud Powell Trio (Roost RLP 2224 / RST 2224).
50. 10-inch LP release of February 1949 and February 1950 sessions. Mercury MG 35012 (Clef MGC 102 / Clef
MGC 502 / Mercury MGC 502). Re-issued together with (most of) Piano Solos No. 2 as Jazz Giant (Norgran MGN
1063 / Verve MGV 8153).
51. 1951 release of August 1949 and May 1951 sessions. Blue Note BLP 5003, BLP 1503.

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52. 10-inch LP release of February & July 1950 sessions. Mercury MGC 507 (Clef MGC 507). All but the two July
tracks re-issued together with Piano Solos as Jazz Giant (Norgran MGN 1063 / Verve MGV 8153).
53. July 1950 session in trio; February 1951 session solo. Mercury MGC 610 (Clef MGC 610 / Clef MGC 739 and, as
The Genius of Bud Powell, Verve 8115) Not to be confused with the Norgran release Bud Powell's Moods.
54. 1954 release of August 1953 session. Blue Note BLP 5041, BLP 1504 / Blue Note BST 81504 (pseudo stereo).
55. 10-inch LP release of September 1953 recording session. Roost RLP-412. Later re-issued together with Bud
Powell Trio on a single 12-inch LP, Bud Powell Trio (Roost RLP 2224 / RST 2224).
56. June 1954, January 1955 sessions. Norgran MGN 1064 (Verve MGV 8154) Not to be confused with the Mercury /
Clef release Bud Powell's Moods.
57. 1955 release of December 1954 and January 1955 sessions. Norgran MGN 1017 (and, as Bud Powell '57,
Norgran MGN 1098 / Verve MGV 8185).
58. January and April 1955 sessions. Verve MGV 8301.
59. April 1955 sessions. Norgran MGN 1077 (Verve MGV 8167).
60. September 1956 session. Verve MGV 8218.
61. October 1956 session, RCA Victor LPM 1423.
62. February 1957 session, RCA Victor LPM 1507.
63. August 1957 session. Blue Note BLP 1571 (Blue Note BST 81571, CDP 7 81571-2).
64. October & December 1957 and January 1958 sessions only released in 1997.
65. May 1958 session. Blue Note BLP 1598 (Blue Note BST 81598, CDP 7 46820-2).
66. December 1958 session. Blue Note BLP 4009 (Blue Note BST 84009, CDP 7 46529-2).
67. December 1961 session in Paris, produced by Cannonball Adderley.
68. February 1963 session in Paris, produced by Duke Ellington.
69. April 1961 live recording in Milan, Italy (Moon MCD 055-2). The album is split between the Powell session and
unrelated 1966–70 European sessions by Thelonious Monk.
70. April 1962 live recordings at the Gyllene Cirkeln, Stockholm, Sweden. With Torbjörn Hultcrantz on bass, and Sune
Spångberg on drums. 5 volumes available as individual discs. Rare Powell vocals on "This Is No Laughin' Matter".

References
Bishop, Walter (1994), Complete Bud Powell on Verve, New York City: Polygram Records
Crawford, Marc (1966), Requiem for a Tortured Heavyweight, Chicago: Down Beat
Fichet, Jean-Baptiste (2017), La Beauté Bud Powell, Paris: Bartillat
Gitler, Ira (1966), Jazz Masters of the Forties, New York: Macmillan, ISBN 0-306-76155-6
Hentoff, Nat (1956), Just Call Him Thelonious, Chicago: Down Beat
Morrison, Allan (1953), Can a Musician Return from the Brink of Insanity?, Chicago: Ebony
Patrick, James (1983), Al Tinney, Monroe's Uptown House, and the Emergence of Modern Jazz in Harlem, New
Brunswick, NJ: Annual Review of Jazz Studies, IJS, ISBN 0-87855-906-X
Paudras, Francis; Monet, Rubye (trans.) (1998), Dance of the Infidels: A Portrait of Bud Powell, New York: Da
Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-80816-1
Pullman, Peter (2012), Wail: The Life of Bud Powell (http://wailthelifeofbudpowell.com/), Brooklyn, NY: Peter
Pullman, LLC, ISBN 978-0-9851418-0-6
Spellman, A B (1998), Four Jazz Lives, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08967-3
Eds. "Bud Powell" (https://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_powell_bud.htm). The New Grove Dictionary of
Jazz. Oxford University Press. Retrieved October 28, 2014.

External links
Bud Powell (https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p7356) at AllMusic
Bud Powell discography (http://www.jazzdisco.org/bud/)
"Bud Powell Anthology" – essays and transcriptions by Ethan Iverson (https://ethaniverson.com/rhythm-and-blue
s/burning-down-the-house/)

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