DLR - Basic Knowledge
DLR - Basic Knowledge
DLR - Basic Knowledge
Aviation and Space Psychology
Basic
Hamburg, Germany Knowledge
Introduction
All around the world people starting their careers as pilots or pilot trainees meet certain
requirements regarding basic knowledge in various subjects. Only persons with a minimum
proficiency in English language and certain knowledge of scientific basics will be able to
complete their training successfully within reasonable time. Lacking those basics will not only
lead to delay, but also to an unreliable and superficial understanding of essential aeronautical
principles. You don’t need to be a rocket scientist with a university degree and an Oxford
accent to have success in flight school or in the cockpit of an aircraft, but a solid High School
level in the mentioned subjects is a must to meet the DLR standard.
For each of the relevant subjects we have outlined requirements and recommendations for an
effective training as preparation for the DLR test, but also for flight training or type rating.
Science
Everybody engaging in pilot training encounters phenomena and aspects that have a scientific
background. Especially physics and mathematics but even a good share of geography,
chemistry and biology are therefore the basis for a full comprehension of all principles in
aerodynamics, navigation, weather, aircraft systems, weight and balance, physiology, etc. If
you have not had these subjects in school it is recommended to brush up your skills before
attending the DLR assessment, but even more important: before you enter the flight school! If
you have not been interested in natural science until today, please ask yourself seriously
whether working as a pilot really suites your talents and interests most.
From a licence holder we expect an even more profound knowledge and understanding not
only of the aeronautical basics but also of the underlying scientific laws and phenomena –
regardless of the time period since his/her High School days or flight training.
Physics
When preparing for flight training (as an Ab Initio) or for a job as a pilot (as a Ready Entry),
make sure you understand the keywords listed below.
Inertia, motion Pressure, suction, vacuum, density
Force, pressure Temperature, Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit
Velocity, angular velocity Atmosphere, air pressure
Acceleration Buoyancy
Weight vs. Mass Pumps, Hydraulic systems
Newton’s Laws Bernoulli’s law
Energy, Work Viscosity
‘Systéme International d’Unités’ (also Laminar / turbulent flow, vortex
known as ‘SI units’) Thermal energy, thermal conduction,
Torque, lever arm, pivot convection
friction, traction Phases (solid, liquid, gaseous), phase
Fluids (liquids & gases) transition
Atoms, molecules humidity (absolute, relative)
English
English is the language in commercial aviation all over the world. Therefore your English
language skills (understanding, reading, speaking, and writing) have to be quite good, even
before you start your flight training.
Here is what the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has to say about the
importance of a certain proficiency level in English language:
‘In three accidents (one collision on the ground, one accident involving fuel exhaustion and
one controlled flight into terrain), over 800 people lost their lives. What these seemingly
different types of accidents had in common was that, in each one, accident investigators found
that insufficient English language proficiency on the part of the flight crew or a controller had
played a contributing role in the chain of events leading to the accident. In addition to these
high-profile accidents, multiple incidents and near misses as a result of language problems are
reported annually, instigating a review of communication procedures and standards
worldwide.’ […] ‘To meet the language proficiency requirements contained in Chapter 1,
Section 1.2.9 (Annex 1), an applicant for a licence or a licence holder shall demonstrate, in a
manner acceptable to the licensing authority, compliance with the holistic descriptors at
Section 2 and with the ICAO Operational Level (Level 4) of the ICAO Language Proficiency
Rating Scale.
Proficient speakers shall:
a) communicate effectively in voice-only (telephone/radiotelephone) and in face-to face
situations;
b) communicate on common, concrete and work-related topics with accuracy and clarity;
c) use appropriate communicative strategies to exchange messages and to recognize and
resolve misunderstandings (e.g. to check, confirm, or clarify information) in a general or work-
related context;
d) handle successfully and with relative ease the linguistic challenges presented by a
complication or unexpected turn of events that occurs within the context of a routine work
situation or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar; and
e) use a dialect or accent which is intelligible to the aeronautical community.’
Training English
Please check yourself before you attend a DLR assessment:
You are able to follow movies, news broadcast and documentaries in English language.
Additionally you are able to summarize clearly and comprehensively what you have heard,
both in your native language and in English.
You are able to and actually do read English newspapers, magazines, and books (fictional
or non fictional). You are able to summarize the contents clearly and comprehensively,
both in your native language and in English.
You are able to discuss fluently everyday issues with other people in English. Do they
understand everything you mean? If you have a strong accent, train your pronunciation!
Other people are able to read and comprehend texts you have (hand-) written. Even an
expert in English rarely finds any spelling or grammar mistakes in your texts.
If you hold a commercial pilot licence you know the English translation of all terms and
key words relevant in aviation. Your pronunciation over the microphone is especially good
and you easily understand oral and written information from instructors, ATC,
passengers, or other crew members – just as easily as they understand you.
There are many ways to improve your English language skills. The best results in a short period
of time are probably achieved if you attend a course in an English speaking country. Having to
speak English not only inside but also outside the classroom and solving everyday problems by
communicating in English will have a huge effect on your English language proficiency!
Another idea is to check for institutes and schools who offer English classes in your home
town. The fewer students there are in a class the better for you. Prefer courses with English
native speakers as teachers. Try to meet native speakers in your vicinity for a regular chat.
Watch English movies and documentaries. Read English books, newspapers and magazines.
Consider subscribing to an English newspaper or magazine. When buying or borrowing books
choose titles and subjects that you would also like to deal with in your own language; if you
enjoy the contents you will learn much faster.
If you are a licence holder and suspect that your English language proficiency might not be
sufficient, consider attending an English course specific for pilots. Such courses have been
numerously developed with respect to the implementation of the ICAO English Language
Proficiency Requirements by March 2008.