VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROJECT

REPORT
at
33KV/11KV MOHANPUR GIS SUBSTATION

BARRACKPORE 33/11 KV SUBSTATION

And

KMDA 33/11 KV SUBSTATION

under

BARRACKPORE DIVISION

of

WEST BENGAL STATE ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY LIMITED

(01/07/2019-15/07/2019)

Presented By:-

KRIPA NIDHI YADAV

B.P PODDAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

 DECLARATION

I here certify that the project work which is being presented is done at “BARRACKPORE
DIVISION” of “WEST BENGAL STATE ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY
LIMITED” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY with specialization in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
from “B.P PODDAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY” under
“MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY”(formerly
known as WBUT) is an authentic record of vocational training carried out for a training period
from 01/07/2019 to 15/07/2019.

RAUNAK DUTTA

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

B.P PODDAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

HALDIRAMS

137 VIP ROAD, KOLKATA 700052

(DIVISIONAL MANAGER, (ASSISTANT ENGINEER,

BARRACKPORE DIVISION) BARRACKPORE DIVISION)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report is an outcome of the contributions made by many people .Therefore it is my sole
responsibility to acknowledge them. We are greatly thankful to the sincere efforts made by Mr.
Bikash Kunar Dey(Asst. Engg, Barrackpore Division),without whom this project would be
abstract. I would also like to thank the staff of 33kv/11kv Barrackpore s/s, 33kv/11kv KMDA s/s
& 33kv/11kv GIS Distribution Substation, who took out their precious time to tell us about
various equipment. My special thanks is dedicated to Sumitabho Hazra (D.M ,Barrackpore
Division, W.B.S.E.D.C.L)

Along with the persons mentioned above, also I would like to thank every skilled and semi-
skilled technicians and others for being very supportive and hence instrumental in the successful
completion of the vocational training.

RAUNAK DUTTA
 CONTENTS
Page no
1.WBSEDCL at a glance...............................................................................4

2.Electrical Power Distribution.....................................................................5

3.BARRACKPORE 33/11 KV S/S…………………………………………6

4.KMDA 33/11 KV S/S …………………………………………….7

5.GIS Substation.....................................................................................8

6.Different Components of a Substation

a)Transformer....................................................................................9
I. Power Transformers.............................................................9
II. Station Service Transformer................................................10
III. Potential Transformers.........................................................11
IV. Current Transformers...........................................................11
b) Isolators..........................................................................................12
I. Types of Isolators................................................................12
II. Constructional Features of Double-Break Isolators........................................................13
c) Lightning Arresters........................................................................13
d) Circuit Breakers..............................................................................14
I. Vacuum Circuit Breakers.....................................................14
e) Conductors.....................................................................................15
I. Choices Depends Upon........................................................15
II. Types of Conductors............................................................16
f) Insulators........................................................................................16
I. Pin Insulators.......................................................................17
II. Post Insulators......................................................................17
III. Strain Insulators...................................................................17
IV. Shackle Insulators................................................................17
g) Capacitor Bank...............................................................................18
h) Battery Bank...................................................................................19
I. Need for the Battery bank....................................................19
i) Relay...............................................................................................20
I. Purpose of Relay.................................................................20
II. Types of Relay....................................................................20
j) Bus Coupler....................................................................................21
7. Probable Faults in a Distribution System.................................................22
8. Conclusion................................................................................................24
 WBSEDCL at a glance
The story of WBSEB began on the first of May, 1955. WBSEB from the very onset has set up a
glorious path of service, working day and night to bring power to each and every household,
locality, town and village in West Bengal. With its inception with a mere 755 employees and a
consumer strength of only1000 and a capacity of 4MW it has come a long way to the mammoth
giant it is today. WBSEB has taken giant strides to progress to a strength of 22,000people with a
consumer strength exceeding 50 lakhs . The Board is proud owner of transmission lines spanning
87,500 sq. km of area with a backbone comprising 5 zones, 17 circles, 47 distribution divisions
and 467 electric supply offices. The present capacity along with WBPDCL is 3165MW.

WBSEB, the first SEB in India, was constituted on 1stMay, 1955(under section 5 of Electric
Supply Act 1948), celebrated its Golden Jubilee Year in 2005.

WBSEB provides power to 96% of West Bengal, while meeting 80% of

the state’s peak power demand.

First SEB in India to record a commercial profit of Rs. 81.52 Crore in2005-2006

Achieved a cash surplus for last 3 years at an average of Rs. 293 Crore per year.

Ranked 5th in all India level in ICRA CRISIL rating(up from 13th in 2002).

[4]
ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION
An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it
carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations
connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage
ranging between 2 kVand35 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry
this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises.
Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage of household
appliances and typically feed several customers through secondary distribution lines at this
voltage. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines
through service drops. Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected
directly to the primary distribution level or the sub-transmissionlevel.AC became the dominant
form of transmission of power. Power transformers, installed at power stations, could be used to
raise the voltage from the generators, and transformers at local substations could reduce voltage
to supply loads. Increasing the voltage reduced the current in the transmission and distribution
lines and hence the size of conductors and distribution losses. This made it more economical to
distribute power over long distances.

[5]
BARRACKPORE 33/11 KV SUBSTATION:
Here in this s/s 33kv supply is fed from Titagarh & KMDA s/s and then stepped down to 11 kv and supplied to six
feeders which are as follows:

1.PTC

2.LALKUTHI

3.MONIRAMPUR

4.SUKANTA SADAN

5.GHUSIPARA

6.BARRACKPORE

And a SPARE feeder is there for any emergency of the fault on the other any feeder it is being connected with that

feeder. Two 33kv supplies are being fed with the substation. At first two supply connection is fed to the two

transformer then it is stepped down to 11kv and then is fed to the bus coupler. In bus coupler there is an advantage

that the two incomer line of 11kv is being connected in series or parallel. Then 11kv transformer is being connected

to the six feeders with the vacuum circuit breaker. There are also lightning arrestors to protect from surge voltage.

A station transformer of 33kv/440v is used to feed the equipment of the sub station itself . A D.C battery source

(each of 2v) is used to operate the protection equipments like relay ,circuit breaker etc. If there is any fault then

Over current relay is actuated and then it trips the circuit by circuit breaker.

[6]
KMDA 33/11 KV SUBSTATION:
Here in this s/s 33kv supply is fed from Titagarh &BARRACKPORE s/s and then stepped down to 11 kv and
supplied to six feeders which are as follows:

1.NCP

2.BABUNPUR

3.KALIYANIBASH

4.JAFFARPUR

And a SPARE feeder is there for any emergency of the fault on the other any feeder it is being connected with that

feeder. Two 33kv supplies are being fed with the substation. At first two supply connection is fed to the two

transformer then it is stepped down to 11kv and then is fed to the bus coupler. In bus coupler there is an advantage

that the two incomer line of 11kv is being connected in series or parallel. Then 11kv transformer is being connected

to the six feeders with the vacuum circuit breaker. There are also lightning arrestors to protect from surge voltage.

A station transformer of 33kv/440v is used to feed the equipment of the sub station itself . A D.C battery source

(each of 2v) is used to operate the protection equipments like relay ,circuit breaker etc. If there is any fault then

Over current relay is actuated and then it trips the circuit by circuit breaker.

[7]
MOHANPUR GIS SUBSTATION:

The GIS Substation is also located at Barrackpore in north 24 parganas. It is a33KV/11KV

substation. It receives power from two single feeders having rating of 33kv. It distributes
voltage at different voltages, 11 kv by stepping down the voltage from 33kv to 11kv . It has two
transformers, they are all of different power ratings. Other than these it has an station service
transformer which steps down the voltage from 33kv to 0.433kv for supplying power to station
premises.

FEEDERS:

1.NCP

2.JAFFARPUR

3.KMDA-2

[8]
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF A SUBSTATION
TRANSFORMERS:

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic
induction produces an electromotive force across a conductor which is exposed to timevarying
magnetic fields. Commonly, transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltages of
alternating current in electric power applications.

POWER TRANSFORMERS:

Generation of electrical power in low voltage level is very much cost effective. Hence electrical
power is generated in low voltage level. Theoretically, this low voltage level power can be
transmitted to the receiving end. But if the voltage level of a power is increased, the current of
the power is reduced which causes reduction in ohmic losses in the system, reduction in cross
sectional area of the conductor i.e. reduction in capital cost of the system and it also improves the
voltage regulation of the system. Because of these, low level power must be stepped up for
efficient electrical power transmission. This is done by step up transformer at the sending side of
the power system network. As this high voltage power may not be distributed to the consumers
directly, this must be stepped down to the desired level at the receiving end with the help of step
down transformer. These are the uses of electrical power transformer in the electrical power
system.

[9]
STATION SERVICE TRANSFORMER:

Station service transformers are intended to provide low voltage control power for substations,
cell tower installations, and at switching stations by tapping directly from the high voltage line.
They are used for running the auxiliary equipments of the substation.

[10]
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS:

Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical power system for stepping
down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays as
commercially available relays and meters, used for protection and metering, are designed for low
voltage. Primary of this transformer is connected across the phase and ground. Just like the
transformer used for stepping down purpose, potential transformer i.e. PT has lower turns
winding at its secondary.

The system voltage is applied across the terminals of primary winding of that transformer, and
then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the secondary terminals of thePT. The
secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110 V. In an ideal potential transformer or voltage
transformer, when rated burden gets connected across the secondary; the ratio of primary and
secondary voltages of transformer is equal to the turns ratio and furthermore, the two terminal
voltages are in precise phase opposite to each other. But in actual transformer, there must be an
error in the voltage ratio as well as in the phase angle between primary and secondary voltages.

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS:

A current transformer i.e. CT is an instrument transformer in which the secondary current is

substantially proportional to primary current and differs in phase from it by ideally zero degree.

A CT functions with the same basic working principle of electrical power transformer, as we discussed
earlier, but here is some difference. In a power transformer, if load is disconnected , there will be only
magnetizing current flows in the primary.

[11]
ISOLATORS:

Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical
power system normally at off load condition. Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open
contacts of breaker cannot be visible physically from outside of the breaker and that is why it is
recommended not to touch any electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So for
better safety there must be some arrangement so that one can see open condition of the section of
the circuit before touching it. Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from
system as when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe
maintenance works.

TYPES OF ISOLATORS:

There are different types of isolators available depending upon system requirement such as

1) Double Break Isolator

2) Single Break Isolator

3) Pantograph type Isolator.

Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be categorized as
1) Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus.
2) Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder.
3) Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with transfer bus.

[12]
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF DOUBLE BREAKISOLATORS:

These have three stacks of post insulators as shown in the figure. The
central post insulator carries a tubular or flat male contact which can be rotated horizontally with
rotation of central post insulator. This rod type contact is also called moving contact. The female
type contacts are fixed on the top of the other post insulators which fitted at both sides of the
central post insulator. The female contacts are generally in the form of spring loaded figure
contacts. The rotational movement of male contact causes to come itself into female contacts and
isolators becomes closed. The rotation of male contact in opposite direction make to it out from
female contacts and isolators becomes open. Rotation of the central post insulator is done by a
driving lever mechanism at the base of the post insulator and it connected to operating handle (in
case of hand operation) or motor (incase of motorized operation) of the isolator through a
mechanical tie rod.

LIGHTNING ARRESTER:

An electrical surge can be occurred in an electrical power transmission system due to various
reasons. Surge in electrical system originated mainly due to lightning impulses and switching
impulses. Electrical surge produces a large transient overvoltage in the electrical network and
system. This over voltage wave travels through the electrical network and causes over voltage
stresses on all the electrical insulators and equipment come under its travelling path. That is why
all electrical equipment and insulators of power system must be protected against electrical
surges. The main equipment commonly used for this purpose is lightning arrester or surge
arrester.

[13]
CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually as well as
automatically for controlling and protection of electrical power system respectively. As the
modern power system deals with huge currents, the special attention should be given during
designing of circuit breaker to safe interruption of arc produced during the operation of circuit
breaker. According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as-

1. Oil circuit breaker.

2. Air circuit breaker.
3. SF6 circuit breaker.
4. Vacuum circuit breaker.

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER:

A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place in
vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher voltage
vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of opening
and closing of current carrying contact sand associated arc interruption take place in a vacuum
chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum interrupter. The vacuum interrupter consists of a
steel arc chamber in the centre symmetrically arranged ceramic insulators. The vacuum pressure
inside a vacuum interrupter is normally maintained at 10- 6 bar.

The material used for current carrying contacts plays an important role
inthe performance of the vacuum circuit breaker. CuCr is the most ideal material tomake VCB
contacts.

[14]
OPERATION:-

The main aim of any circuit breaker is to quench arc during current zero crossing, by establishing
high dielectric strength in between the contacts so that reestablishment of arc after current zero
becomes impossible. The dielectric strength of vacuum is eight times greater than that of air and
four times greater than that ofSF6 gas. This high dielectric strength makes it possible to quench a
vacuum arc within very small contact gap. For short contact gap, low contact mass and no
compression of medium the drive energy required in vacuum circuit breaker is minimum. When
two face to face contact areas are just being separated to each other, they do not be separated
instantly, contact area on the contact face is being reduced and ultimately comes to a point and
then they are finally de-touched. Although this happens in a fraction of micro second but it is the
fact. At this instant of de-touching of contacts in a vacuum, the current through the contacts
concentrated on that last contact point on the contact surface and makes a hot spot. As it is
vacuum, the metal on the contact surface is easily vaporized due to that hot spot and create a
conducting media for arc path. Then the arc will be initiated and continued until the next current
zero. At current zero this vacuum arc is extinguished and the conducting metal vapour is re-
condensed on the contact surface. At this point, the contacts are already separated hence there is
no question of re-vaporization of contact surface, for next cycle of current. That means, the arc
cannot be re-established again. In this way vacuum circuit breaker prevents the reestablishment
of arc by producing high dielectric strength in the contact gap after current zero.

CONDUCTORS:
The selection of the optimum conductor type and size for a given distribution line design requires a complete
understanding of the characteristics of all the available conductor types. This under standing must encompass more
than just the current carrying capability or thermal performance of a conductor.

CHOICES OF OVREHEAD DEPEND UPON:

Power Delivery Requirements

Current Carrying Capacity
Electrical Losses

Line Design Requirements

Distances to be spanned
Sag and Clearance Requirements

Environmental Considerations
Ice and Wind Loading
Ambient Temperatures

[15]
TYPES OF CONDUCTORS:

There are various types of overhead conductors used for electrical transmission and distribution.

AAC – All Aluminium Conductors

AAAC – All Aluminium Alloy Conductors

ACSR – Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced

ACAR –Aluminium Conductor Aluminium Alloy Reinforced

AACSR – Aluminium Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced

ACSS – Aluminium Conductors Steel Supported

ACCC – Aluminium Conductor Composite Core.

The various combinations and modifications of these conductor types provide awide variety of
possible conductor designs.

INSULATORS:

There are various types of insulator used as overhead insulator likewise

1. Pin Insulator

2. Post Insulator

3. Strain Insulator

4. Suspension Insulator

In addition to that there are other two types of electrical insulator available mainly for low
voltage application - Stay Insulator and Shackle Insulator.

[16]
PIN INSULATORS:

A pin insulator consists of a non conducting material such as porcelain,

glass, plastic, polymer, or wood that is formed into a shape that will isolate a wirefrom a physical
support (or "pin") on a telegraph, utility pole or other structure, provide a means to hold
the insulator to the pin, and provide a means to secure the conductor to the insulator.

POST INSULATORS:

Post insulator is more or less similar to pin insulator but former is suitable for higher voltage
application. Post insulator has higher numbers of petticoats and has greater height. This type of
insulator can be mounted on supporting structure horizontally as well as vertically. The insulator
is made of one piece of porcelain but has fixing clamp arrangement are in both top and bottom
end.

STRAIN INSULATORS:

When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary tensile load of conductor it is referred as
string insulator. When there is a dead end or there is a sharp corner in transmission line, the line
has to sustain a great tensile load of conductor or strain. A strain insulator must have
considerable mechanical strength as well as the necessary electrical insulating properties.

SHACKLE INSULATORS:

The shackle insulator is usually used in low voltage distribution network. It

can be used both in horizontal and vertical position. The use of such insulator hasdecreased
recently after increasing the using of underground cable for distribution purpose. The tapered
hole of the shackle insulator distributes the load more evenly and minimizes the possibility of
breakage when heavily loaded. The conductor in the groove of shackle insulator is fixed with the
help of soft binding wire.

[17]
CAPACITOR BANK:

A capacitor bank is a grouping of several identical capacitors interconnected

in parallel or in series with one another. These groups of capacitors are typically used to correct
or counteract undesirable characteristics, such as power factor lag or phase shifts inherent in
alternating current(AC) electrical power supplies. The use of a capacitor bank to correct AC
power supply anomalies is typically found in heavy industrial environments that feature working
loads made up of electric motors and transformers. This type of working load is problematic
from a power supply perspective as electric motors and transformers represent inductive loads,
which cause a phenomenon known as phase shift or power factor lag in the power supply.The
presence of this undesirable phenomenon can cause serious losses in terms of overall system
efficiency with an associated increase in the cost of supplying the power. The use of a
capacitor bank in the power supply system effectively cancels out or counteracts these phase
shift issues, making the power supply far more efficient and cost effective. The installation of a
capacitor bank is also one of the cheapest methods of correcting power lag problems and
maintaining a power factor capacitor bank is simple and cost effective.

[18]
BATTERY BANK:

The heart of a substation is the battery bank. A battery bank is a primary component of a
substation or switchyard DC control system. The function of the control system is to supply
control power to operate critical devices such as protective relays, alarms and status indicators,
supervisory and communications equipment, and switchgear operating circuits. Battery bank for
switchgear and control applications are made up of many cells. These cells are typically wired in
series to achieve a desired voltage and may also be wired in parallel to achieve additional ampere
capacity.

NEED FOR THE BATTERY BANK:

If this were to fail, an electric utility could expose all feeders associated with the station to a
condition where they could not ever trip in a fault. Not only that, but any backup devices, such as
the main breaker on the low-voltage side or the high-voltage side protection of the power
transformer, would all be inoperative, leaving the transmission grid protection as the only
possible back up. This could then cause such catastrophic consequences as burning wire down
across town and eventually destroying the substation transformer. This is not to mention the
hazard it would cause to the public. The capacity of each of the battery bank is 30 volts which is
feed to the control panel components of the substation. One of the applications of battery bank
here is to operate the Vacuum Control breakers.

The motor of the VCB although is charged by AC current, but the operation of the VCB requires
DC current which is supplied by the battery room provided at the substation.[19]

[19]
RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electro magnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by
one signal. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating
coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power
systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called" protective relays".

PURPOSE OF RELAY:

A protective relay is a relay, the principal function of which is to protect service from
interruption or to prevent or limit damage to apparatus. A protective relay is a device designed to
trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected.

The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on coils operating onmoving
parts to provide detection of abnormal operating conditions such as over-current, over-voltage,
reverse power flow, over- and under- frequency. Microprocessor-based digital protection relays
now emulate the original devices, as well as providing types of protection and supervision
impractical with electromechanical relays.

TYPES OF RELAY: