GATE 2018 ECE Questions With Solutions

EC-GATE 2018
Section-I: General Ability
1. “By giving him the last ______of the cake, you will ensure lasting ____in our house today.”
The words that best fill the blanks in the above sentence are
(A) peas, piece (B) piece, peace (C) peace, piece (D) peace, peas
Key: (B)
2. “Even though there is a vast scope for its _____, tourism has remained a/an____ area.”
The words that best fill the blanks in the above sentence are
(A) improvement, neglected (B) rejection, approved
(C) fame, glum (D) interest, disinterested
Key: (A)
1 1 1 1
3. What is the value of 1      ....?
4 16 64 256
7 3 4
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D)
4 2 3
Key: (D)
4. If the number 715 ? 423 is divisible by 3 (? Denotes the missing digit in the thousands place), then
the smallest whole number in the place of ? is ______.
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 6
Key: (B)
5. A 1.5 m tall person is standing at a distance of 3 m from a lamp post. The light from the lamp at the
top of the post casts her shadow. The length of the shadow is twice the height. What is the height of
the lamp post in meters?
(A) 1.5 (B) 3 (C) 4.5 (D) 6
Key: (B)
6. A coastal region with unparalleled beauty is home to many species of animals. It is dotted with
coral reefs and unspoilt white sandy beaches. It has remained inaccessible to tourists due to poor
connectivity and lack of accommodation. A company has spotted the opportunity and is planning to
develop a luxury resort with helicopter service to the nearest major city airport. Environmentalists
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EC-GATE 2018
are upset that this would lead to the region becoming crowded and polluted like any other major
beach resorts.
Which one of the following statements can be logically inferred from the information given in the
above paragraph?
(A) The culture and tradition of the local people will be influenced by the tourists.
(B) The region will become crowded and polluted due to tourism.
(C) The coral reefs are on the decline and could soon vanish.
(D) Helicopter connectivity would lead to an increase in tourists coming to the region.
Key: (B)
7. A cab was involved in a hit and run accident at night. You are given the following data about the
cabs in the city and the accident.
(i) 85% of cabs in the city are green and the remaining cabs are blue.
(ii) A witness indentified the cab involved in the accident as blue.
(iii) It is known that a witness can correctly identify the cab colour only 80% of the time.
Which of the following is closest to the probability that the accident was caused by a blue cab?
(A) 12% (B) 15% (C) 41% (D) 80%
Key: (A)
8. Leila aspires to buy a car Rs. 10,00,000 after 5 years. What is the minimum amount in Rupees that
she should deposit now in a bank which offers 10% annual rate of interest, if the interest was
compounded annually?
(A) 5,00,000 (B) 6,21,000
(C) 6,66,667 (D) 7,50,000
Key: (B)
9. Two alloys A and B contain gold and copper in the ratios of 2:3 and 3:7 by mass, respectively.
Equal masses of alloys A and B are melted to make an alloy C. The ratio of gold to copper in alloy
C is _____.
(A) 5:10 (B) 7:13 (C) 6:11 (D) 9:13
Key: (B)
10. The Cricket Board has long recognized John‟s potential as a leader of the team. However, his on-
field temper has always been a matter of concern for them since his junior days. While this
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EC-GATE 2018
aggression has filled stadia with die-hard fans, it has taken a toll on his own batting. Until recently,
it appeared that he found it difficult to convert his aggression into big scores. Over the past three
seasons though, that picture of John has been replaced by a cerebral, calculative and successful
batsman-captain. After many years, it appears that the team has finally found a complete captain.
Which of the following statements can be logically inferred from the above paragraph?
(i) Even as a junior cricketer, John was considered a good captain.
(ii) Finding a complete captain is challenge.
(iii) Fans and the Cricket Board have differing views on what they want in a captain.
(iv) Over the past three seasons John has accumulated big scores.
(A) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (B) (iii) and (iv) only
(C) (ii) and (iv) only (D) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Key: (C)
Section-II: Electronics & Communication Engineering
1. A binary source generates symbols X {1,1} which are transmitted over a noisy channel. The
probability of transmitting X = 1 is 0.5. Input to the threshold detector is R = X + N. The probability
density function fN(n) of the noise N is shown below.
f N (n)
0.5
2 2 n
If the detection threshold is zero, then the probability of error (correct to two decimal places)
is____.
Key: (0.125)
Exp: Given
Px  1  Px  1  0.5, threshold is 0V
When x =1 is transmitted, error is going to take place if received voltage is less than 0V.
When x= -1 is transmitted, error is going is take place if received voltage is greater than 0V.
 Perror  PR  0 x 1 .Px  1  PR  0 x 1 .Px  0
Given that R= X+M, where M is a Random noise
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EC-GATE 2018
 Perror  Px  N  0 x 1 Px  1  PR  0 x 1 P x  1

 PM  1.Px  1  P M  1 P x  1
Using pdf figure,
fM  x 
0.5
PM  1
0.25 0.25 PM  1
2 1 1 2 n
Shaded portion represent the PM  1 and PM  1

1 1 1 
 Pe   1 0.25    1 0.25   0.125
2 2 2 2
2. In the circuit shown below, the op-amp is ideal and Zener voltage of the diode is 2.5 volts. At the
input, unit step voltage is applied, i.e.,  IN (t)  u(t) volts. Also, at t = 0, the voltage across each of
the capacitors is zero. 1F
1k 1F

v1N  t  
1V vOUT (t)
0V
t 0
The time t, in milliseconds, at which the output voltage OUT crosses  10V is
(A) 2.5 (B) 5 (C) 7.5 (D) 10
Key: (C)
Exp: Given VIN  t   u  t  , also, t = 0 voltage across each capacitor is zero.
1F
Vz  2.5V
C.VC 1m t 1F
iC  ; VC  1k
t 1 
v1N  t   vOUT (t)
Voltage across at second capacitor is 2.5,
By K.V.L, VC1  2.5  V0  0, given V0  10V
VC1  7.5
1
t  7.5  7.5msec
1m
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EC-GATE 2018
3. Consider the following amplitude modulated signal:

s(t)  cos(2000 t)  4cos(2400 t)  cos(2800 t)
The ratio (accurate to three decimal places) of the power of the message signal to the power of the
carrier signal is____.
Key: (*)
Exp: Given,
cos  2000 t  4cos  2400t  cos  2800t 
st   
side band carrier side band
 4cos  2400t   2cos  400  t  cos  2400  t 
 1 
 4 1  cos  400 t   cos  2400t 
 2 
Now at this point, some data is missing,
if we compare this with standard AM signal equation
s  t   A c 1  k a m  t   cos  2400 t 
if k a  1 2, m  t   cos  400t  , PM  1 2
1
if k a  1, m  t   cos  400t  , PM  1 8
2
1
if k a  2, m  t   cos  400t  , PM  1 32
4
Like this infinite possibilities exist
Hence many answers are possible.
4. A p-n step junction diode with a contact potential of 0.65 V has a depletion width of 1m at
equilibrium. The forward voltage (in volts, correct to two decimal places) at which this width
reduces to 0.6 m is____.
Key: (0.416)
Exp: We know that in pn-junction W  Vbi  Vf
Given, W1  1m , Vf  0
W2  0.6m, Vf  ?
W1 5 0.65
 
W2 3 0.65  x
25 25
 0.65  x  0.65
9 9
x  0.416
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EC-GATE 2018
5. The points P, Q, and R shown on the Smith chart (normalized impedance chart) in the following
figure represent:
(A) P: Open Circuit, Q: Short Circuit, R: Matched Load
(B) P: Open Circuit, Q: Matched Load, R: Short Circuit

P Q R
(C) P: Short Circuit, Q: Matched Load, R: Open Circuit
(D) P: Short Circuit, Q: Open Circuit, R: Matched Load
Key: (C)
Exp: Constant resistance circle are given by
2 2
 r   1 
x   y 
2

 1 r  1 r 
 r  1
center  ,0  , radius  , r is normalized resistance constant reactance circle are given by
1 r  1 r
2
 x  1   y    2 , x in normalized reactance
2 1 1
 x x
y
r0 r 1
r 5
P Q R x
r
 P is short circuit R in open circuit, Q is matched load.

At point P, normalized reactance is zero
At point Q, normalized reactance is zero
At point R, normalized reactance is zero
6. A lossy transmission line has resistance per unit length R = 0.05  / m. The line is distortionless and
characteristic impedance of 50 . The attenuation constant (in Np/m, correct to three decimal
places) of the line is_____.
Key: (0.001)
Exp: Given R  0.05  m.
Condition for distortion less transmission line
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EC-GATE 2018
R L
RC LG  
G C
R
  50  50  R  G
G
L L
 z o  50   502
C C
Alternation constant  RG
0.05  0.05 0.05
   0.001
50  50 50
7. Three are two photolithography systems: one with light source of wavelength 1  156nm (System 1)
and another with light source of wavelength  2  325 nm(System 2). Both photolithography system
are otherwise identical. If the minimum feature sizes that can be realized System 1 and System 2 are
Lmin1 and Lmin 2 respectively, the ratio Lmin 1 / Lmin 2 (correct to two decimal places) is ____.
Key: (0.48)

Exp: CD  K1  L min 
NA
CD is the minimum feature size
NA=Numerical aperture
Lmin1 1 156
  k1  k 2 and NA1  NA2    0.48
Lmin 2 2 325
8. Let x(t) be a periodic function with period T = 10. The Fourier series coefficients for this series are
denoted by ak, that is
 2
a e
jk t
x(t)  k
T
k  
The same function x(t) can also be considered as periodic function with period T  40. Let b k be
 
 
the Fourier series coefficients when period is taken as T . If k 
a k  16, then k
b k is
equal to
(A) 256 (B) 64 (C) 16 (D) 4
Key: (C)
Exp: Only for case study let us consider the periodic waveform x(t) as a square wave.
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EC-GATE 2018
x(t)
A
    
t
T  10
 2
T '  40
xt  a e
jk t
T
k
k 
We know ak is the exponential Fourier series coefficient and is given by

T
1
ak   x  t  e jk0 t dt
T0
Since the waveform repeat itself, we can say if we evaluate ak using the period, as any integer
multiple of To like 2To, 3To…… the coefficient will not change, we can notice this in the above
integration.
So we can say,
if T=10, the E.F.S coefficient is a k , then
if T=40, the E.F.S coefficient is b k  a k

 
Since, a k  bk  a
k 
k  
k 
bk  16
For further more clarity, if we find the D.C. component (k=0) of x(t), then if we consider
T  10, T  20, T  40, etc, the value of a o remains same.
9. Let M be a real 4 × 4 matrix. Consider the following statements:

S1: M has 4 linearly independent eigenvectors
S2: M has 4 distinct eigenvalues.
S3: M is non-singular (invertible)
Which one among the following is TRUE?
(A) S1 implies S2 (B) S1 implies S3
(C) S2 implies S1 (D) S3 implies S2
Key: (C)
Exp: We know that if a matrix A has „n‟ distinct eigen values then A has „n‟ linearly independent
eigenvectors.
S2 implies S1.
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EC-GATE 2018
10. A discrete-time all-pass system has two of its poles at 0.25 0 and 230. Which one of the
following statements about the system is TRUE?
(A) It has two more poles at 0.530 and 40.
(B) It is stable only when the impulse response is two-sided.
(C) It has constant phase response over all frequencies.
(D) It has constant phase response over the entire z-plane.
Key: (B)
Exp: For the given all pass system the 2 poles are located at z  0.250 and z  230
P  230
x
x
P  0.250
If we are interested for stability of the given system, then the associated ROC must include the unit
circle as shown in the figure.
For the above highlighted ROC, with respect to the pole z  0.250 , the ROC is outside the circle.
So its impulse response will be right sided.
Similarly for the pole z  230 , the ROC is inside the circle of radius 2, so its impulse response is
left sided, will contain u  n  1 term. So, overally the impulse response should be both sided for
the given stability.
So Option B is Correct.
By observing the pole pattern of an All Pass System, we can comment the location of zeros. But we
never can comment regarding rest of the poles, if present. Hence option A is wrong.
We know for an All Pass System, the magnitude response is constant for all frequency or in entire
z-plane but the phase response changes, Hence option C and option D are wrong.
11. A traffic signal cycles from GREEN to YELLOW. YELLOW to RED and RED to GREEN. In each
cycle, GREEN is turned on for 70 seconds. YELLOW is turned on for 5 seconds and the RED is
turned on for 75 seconds. This traffic light has to be implemented using a finite state machine
(FSM). The only input to this FSM is a clock of 5 second period. The minimum number of flip-
flops required to implement this FSM is____.
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EC-GATE 2018
Key: (5)
Exp:  Green  70 seconds
Yellow  5 seconds
Red  75 seconds
So to complete one cycle i.e.,
Green  yellow Red Green yellow  red…….
Then required time is 70+5+75=150 sec.
Since clock period is 5 sec; the number of clock needed for one cycle of 150 sec is 30, so we
can regard the FSM as MOD 30 counter.
2n  30  n min  5
so, minimum 5 flip flops are required.
12. Two identical nMOS transistor M1 and M 2 are connected as shown below. The circuit is used as
amplifier with the input connected between G and S terminals and the output taken between D and
S terminals. Vbias and VD are so adjusted that both transistors are in saturation. The
i
transconductance of this combination is defined as g m  D while the output resistance is
vGS
 v DS
r0  , where iD is the current flowing into the drain of M2. Let g m1 , gm2 be transconductances
i D
and r01 , r02 be the output resistance of transistor M1 and M2, respectively.
Which of the following statements about estimates for gm and r0 is correct?
(A) g m  g m1g m2 .r02 and r0  r01  r02 . VD D
(B) g m  g m1  g m2 and r0  r01  r02 . Vbias
M2
(C) g m  g m1 and r0  r01.g m2 .r02 .
(D) g m  g m1 and r0  r02 G M1

Key: (C)
S
i v
Exp: g m  D  ro  DS
 rms I D
The given circuit is MOS cascode
i
gm  o
vi
AC equivalent circuit of MOS cascade is
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EC-GATE 2018
d2 iD

Vgs2
 g m2 vgs2 ro2
d1s 2

Vgs1  vi ro1
g m1vi
Writing a node equation for the node, we have

Vgs2 Vgs2
gm2 Vgs2    g m1vi ...1
ro1 ro2
Observe that the voltage  d1,s 2    v gs2
Equation (1) can be simplified as
 1 1 
 g m2    vgs2  g m vi ...  2 
 ro1 ro2 
1 1
Since g m2  ,
ro1 ro2
g m vgs2  g m1vi ...(3)
Node equation at node d2 is
vgs2  1 
i0  g m2 vgs2    g m2   vgs2
ro2  ro2 
i0 g m2 vgs2 ...  4 
From equation (3) and (4)
i I
gm  0  D gm1
vi vgs
vx vgs
Similarly R 0  
Ix ID
ix

Vgs2 g m2 vgs2 ro2  v2
s2

ix
ro1
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EC-GATE 2018
Voltage at the source node, which is vgs2 can expressed in terms of i x is

vgs2  i x ro1 and ...1
vx   i x  g m2 vgs2  ro2  i x ro1 ...  2 
Substituting (1) in (2)

v x  i x  ro1  ro2  g m2 ro2 ro1 
R o  ro1  ro2  ro1ro2 g m2
In above expression the last term will dominate, thus R o  gm2 .ro2  ro1
 k 2k  x 
13. Consider matrix A   2 2
and vector x   1  . The number of distinct real values of k for
k  k k  x2 
which the equation Ax = 0 has infinitely many solutions is____.
Key: (2)
Exp: Given that AX=0 has infinitely many solutions.
Then A  0
K 2K
 0
K  K K2
2
 K 3  2K  K 2  K   0
 K 3  2K 3  2K 2  0
 K 3  2K 2  0
 K 2   K  2  0
 K  0,0, 2
 Number of distinct values of K = 2. [i.e., 0 and 2].
14. Considered a binary channel code in which each codeword has a fixed length of 5 bits. The
Hamming distance between any pair of distance codewords in this code is at least 2. The maximum
number of codewords such a code can contain is ____.
Key: (22)
Exp: Hamming distance „d‟ implies that two code words differ in „d‟ bits.
Total no. of code formed using 5 bits  25  32.
Total no. of code with unit hamming distance  2  5c1  10
 Total no. of code words with at least two hamming Distance =32-10=22.
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EC-GATE 2018
 t2 
 
Taylor series expansion of f(x)   e
x
2
15. dt around x = 0 has the form
0
f (x)  a 0  a1x  a 2 x 2  .....

The coefficient a2 (correct to two decimal places) is equal to _____.
Key: (0)
 dt
x
 t2 2
Exp: f x   e
0
 f '  x   e x
2
2
 2x 
 f ''  x   e x      x.e
 x2 2
 f ''  0   0
2
2
 2 
By Taylor‟s series, of f(x) around x=0, we have
x 2 '' f ''  0 
f  x   f  0  x f '  0  f  0   ........ ; where the coefficient of x 2 
2! 2!
But given the coefficient of x 2 in f  x   a 2
f ''  0 
a 2 
2!
0
 a 2   0  f ''  0   0
2!
 a 2  0.
16. A good transimpedance amplifier has

(A) low input impedance and high output impedance
(B) high input impedance and high output impedance
(C) high input impedance and low output impedance
(D) low input impedance and low output impedance
Key: (D)
Exp: Trans impedance amplifier contain, input of Norton's circuit and output of Thevenin circuit
Ro
I1
Rs Ri  R m I1 RL
Is 
A good transimpedance amplifier has low input impedance

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EC-GATE 2018
17. Consider p(s)  s3  a 2s 2  a1s  a 0 with all real coefficients. It is known that its derivative p'(s) has
no real roots. The number of real roots of p(s) is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Key: (B)
Exp: Given p'(s) has no real roots.
 Discriminant of p'(s) < 0.

 p(s) will have exactly one real root.
18. Let X1 ,X2 , X3 and X4 be independent normal random variables with zero mean and unit variance.
The probability that X4 is the smallest among the four is _____.
Key: (0.25)
Exp: Since X1 , X2 , X3 and X4 are independent normal random variables with zero mean and unit
variance, then
P  X1is the smallest   P  X 2is the smallest   P  X3 is the smallest 
1
 P  X 4 is the smallest    0.25.
4
19. The ABCD matrix for a two-port network I1 2 2 I2

is defined by:  
 V1   A B   V2 
 I    C D   I  V1 5 V2
 1   2
 
The parameter B for the given two-port network (in ohms, correct to two decimal places) is ____.
Key: (4.8)
Exp: The ABCD matrix equation is
V1  AV2  BI2
I1  CV2  DI2
If we make output port short i.e. V2  0, then
V1
B
I2
Making the output short, the network becomes
15
EC-GATE 2018
I1
2 X 2


  2I2  
V1  2I2  5 I 2
 2
I2
 5
Writing KVL on the input loop

V1  2I1   2I2   0
 V1  2I1  2I2 ...1
Writing KCL at node X
 2 
I1   I2    I2   0
 5 
 I1  0.4I2  I2
 I1  1.4I2 ... 2 
Putting equation (2) in equation (1)

V1  2  1.4I2   2I2
 2.8I2  2I2
V1
  B  4.8
I 2
20. In a p-n junction diode at equilibrium, which one of the following statements is NOT TRURE?
(A) The hole and electron diffusion current components are in the same direction.
(B) The hole and electron drift current components are in the same direction.
(C) ON an average, holes and electrons drift in opposite direction.
(D) ON an average, electrons drift and diffuse in the same direction.
Key: (D)
Exp: Since the concentration of holes on the p side is much greater than that in the n side, a very large
hole diffusion current tends to flow across the junction from the p to the n material. Hence an
electric field must build up across the junction in such a direction that a hole drift current will tend
to flow across the junction from n to p side in order to counterbalance the diffusion current.
16
EC-GATE 2018
21. The logic function f(X,Y) realized by the given circuit is

VDD
X   X
Y   Y
f (X,Y)
(A) NOR (B) AND (C) NAND (D) XOR
Key: (D)
Exp: If we focus the N-MOS section
f  X,Y 
X X
Y Y
XY XY
f  X.Y   X Y  XY  X Y
XY
22. The Nyquist stability criterion and the Routh criterion both are powerful analysis tools for
determining the stability of feedback controllers. Identify which of the following statements is
FALSE:
(A) Both the criteria provide information relative to the stable gain range of the system.
(B) The general shape of the Nyquist plot is readily obtained from the Bode magnitude plot for all
minimum-phase systems.
17
EC-GATE 2018
(C) The Routh criterion is not applicable in the condition of transport lag, which can be readily
handled by the Nyquist criterion.
(D) The closed-loop frequency response for a unity feedback system cannot be obtained from the
Nyquist plot.
Key: (B)
Exp:  Analysis of option A
By observing the encirclement about the point -1+j0 in Nyquist plot we find the range of k for
which system will be stable similarly in Routh criterion by observing the sign change we find the
range of k for which system will be stable
Hence option A represents a correct statement.
Analysis of option B
Shape of Nyquist plot can‟t be commented readily form bode plot, first we have to find the
transfer function and by using this we have to draw the Nyquist plot, so readily we can‟t comment.
Hence option B represents a false statement.
Analysis of option C
For transportation log e  s Nyquist plot is suitable as its magnitude is 1 for all frequency and
phase is , so no approximation required but in Routh criterion we need to do approximation
first, so its not suitable.
Hence option C represents a correct statement.
Analysis of option D
With the help of Nyquist plot we cannot comment closed loop frequency response for this we need
M, N circles, Nichols chart etc.
Hence option D represents a correct statement.
23. A function F(A, B, C) defined by three Boolean variables A, B and C when expressed as sum of
products is given by
F  A.B.C A.B.C A.B.C
Where, A, B, and C and the complements of the respective variables. The product of sums (POS)
form of the function F is
(A) F  (A B C). A  B  C. A  B  C  

 
(B) F A  B  C . A  B  C . A  B  C  
(C) F  (A B C).(A B C).(A B C). A  B  C .(A B C)  
  
(D) f  A  B  C . A  B  C .(A  B  C).(A B C).(A B C)
Key: (C)
18
EC-GATE 2018
Exp: F  A.B.C   ABC  A B C  A B C

 m  0,2,4 
 M 1,3,5,6,7 
  A  B  C  A  B  C  A  B  C  A  B  C  A  B  C 
24. Let the input be u and the output be y of a system, and the other parameters are real constants.
Identify which among the following systems is not a linear system:
d3 y d2 y dy du d2u
(A)  a1  a 2  a 3 y  b3 u  b 2  b1 (with initial rest conditions)
dt 3 dt 2 dt dt dt 2
(B) y(t)   a  (t )u()d

t
(C) y = au + b, b  0
(D) y = au
Key: (C)
Exp: If we observe all the 4 options carefully, we can notice option C (i.e., y  au  b, b  0 ) is non
linear system due to the addition of non-zero constant b, since it does not satisfy homogeneity and
additivity as follows
au1  b  au 2  b   a  u1  u 2   b
a  ku   b  k au  b
Option A is linear differential equation with constant co-efficient, so it is linear.

Integrator system is generally linear, so option B represents a linear system.
y  au, is a perfect linear system.
ax 2  by2 f f
25. Let f(x,y)  , where a and b are constants. If  at x = 1 and y = 2, then the relation
xy x y
between a and b is
b b
(A) a  (B) a  (C) a  2b (D) a = 4b
4 2
Key: (D)
ax 2  by 2
Exp: Let f  x, y  
xy
ax 2 by 2
 
xy xy
19
EC-GATE 2018
ax by
 f  x, y  

y x
f a by f ax b
   2&  
x y x y y 2 x
f f
Given 
x y x 1,y  2
a by ax b
   2 
y x2 y x x 1,y  2
a a
  2b    b
2 4
a a
   2b  b
2 4
 2a  a  4  3b 
 3a  12b
 a  4b.
26. In the circuit shown below, the (W/L) value for M2 is twice that for M1. The two nMOS transistors
are otherwise identical. The threshold voltage VT for both transistors is 1.0 V.
Note that VGS for M2 must be > 1.0 V.
Current through the nMOS transistors can be modeled as
 W  1 2 
IDS  Cox    VGS  VT  VDS  VDS  for VDS  VGS  VT
 L  2 
W
IDS  Cox    VGS  VT  / 2
2
for VDS  VGS  VT
 
L
3.3V
2.0V
M2
Vx
M1
The voltage (in volts, accurate to two decimal places) at Vx is ________.
20
EC-GATE 2018
Key: (0.4266)
 n Cox W
Exp: Let K n   
2 L
W W
Given that    2  
 L 2  L 1
So, K n 2  2K n1
For M1 , VGS1  VT  2  1  1V
For M s , VGS2  VT  2  Vx  1  1V  Vx  1V
VDS2   3.3  Vx    VGS2  VT 
So, M1 will be in linear region and M2 will be in saturation region.

ID1  ID2
K n1  2  VGS1  VT  VDS1  VDS1   K n 2  VGS2  VT 
2 2
K n1  2  2  1 Vx  Vx2   2K n1  2  Vx  1
2
2Vx  Vx2  2 1  Vx2  2Vx   2Vx2  4Vx  2

2
3Vx2  6Vx  2  0; Vx2  2V  0
3
8
4
Vx  1  3  1  1V
4 3
VGS2   2  Vx   VT  1  Vx 
1
Vx  1   0.4226V
3
27. A junction is made between p- Si with doping density N A1  1015 cm 3 and p Si with doping density
N A 2  1017 cm 3 .
Given: Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J.K–1, electronic charge q = 1.6 × 10–19 C.
Assign 100% acceptor ionization.
At room temperature (T = 300 K), the magnitude of the built-in potential (in volts, correct to two
decimal places) across this junction will be_____.
V1 V2
Key: (0.1192)
Exp: Setting JP = 0
VT dP P1   P2
E
P dx
21
EC-GATE 2018
 dP dV 
dV  VT  E   dx 
dx
P 
V21  V2  V1  VT ln  1 
 P2 
Built in potential,
kT  N A2  1.38  3
Vbi  n  n 100  V  0.1192V
q  N A1  1.6 100
28. In the circuit shown below, a positive edge-triggered D Flip-Flop is used for sampling input data Din
using clock CK. The XOR gate output 3.3 volts for logic HIGH and 0 volts for logic LOW levels.
The data bit and clock periods are equal and the value of T / TCK  0.15, where the parameters
T and TCK are shown in the figure. Assume that the Flip-Flop and the XOR gate are ideal.
TCK
X
Din D Q
DFlip-Flop CK
CLK Din
CK
T T T
If the probability of input data bit (Din) transition in each clock period is 0.3, the average value (in
volts, accurate to two decimal places) of the voltage at node X, is_____.
Key: (0.8415)
Exp: If
P1: Probability of Output Vx  1 ON state 
P0: Probability of Output Vx  0  OFF state 

VX1: Voltages corresponding to logic 1 i.e. 3.3V
VX0: Voltage corresponding to logic i.e. 0 V
TON:The period when Output Vx  1
TOFF: The period when Output Vx  0
Then we can say the average value of Vx is
 Vx avg  P1  Vx 1
 
 TON  P0 Vx 0  TOFF 
The above relation is somewhat similar to the average probability of error calculation in digital
modulation Schemes.
Let us draw the wave form of Vx and find the unknown parameter of the above equation.
22
EC-GATE 2018
Form the given logic circuit we can say that the Output of the ex or D in and previous state of
the D flip flop, because the elements are given as ideal.
TCLK
Din
 T   T   T   T 
3.3V
 When there 
 T   T  Vx is a transition 
  1   of Din 
 TCLK   TCLK 
  
  Vx avg   P1 Vx1  TON    P1 Vxo  TOFF 
 
   T     T  
 0.3 3.3  1     0.7  0  
   TCLK     TCLK  
 0.3  3.3  1  0.15    0.7  0 
 0.3  3.3  0.85  0.8415 V.
29. The circuit shown in the figure is used to provide regulated voltage (5V) across the 1k resistor.
Assume that the Zener diode has a constant reverse breakdown voltage for a current range, starting
from a minimum required Zener current, IZmin  2mA to its maximum allowable current. The input
voltage VI may vary by 5% from its nominal value of 6V. The resistance of the diode in the
breakdown region is negligible.
R
1k
VI 5V
23
EC-GATE 2018
The value of R and the minimum required power dissipation rating of the diode, respectively, are
(A) 186  and 10 mW (B) 100  and 40 mW
(C) 100  and10mW (D) 186  and 40mW
Key: (C)
5
Exp: Given Iz min   2mA; I L   5mA I R I2
1
V1  6  5% of 6V  6  0.3
Iz
I  Iz  IL  I  2  5  7mA V1
5.7  5 5V 1k
R  100
7 103
Pmin  Vz I z min   5 2  103
Pmin  10mW
1V
30. For the circuit given in the figure, the magnitude of the   1
loop current (in amperes, correct to three decimal

places) 0.5 second after closing the switch is _____. 1
1H
Key: (0.316)
Exp: t 0
1V
  1
1H
assume switching 
1 is happening at t  0 
We can redraw the above circuit as

t 0
2
 1H
1V
 iL  t 
i L  t   i L     i L  0   i L     e  t /  ; t  0
At t  0 , switch is in open state, so the loop is not closed hence, i L 0  0A  

24
EC-GATE 2018
At t   switch is closed and inductor is short Circuited

2
1V
 1
iL     A
 2
L
Time constant  
R tn 2
R1n  2
L 1
 , 
R tn 2
 
So we have i L 0  0  i L    
1
2
 
1
2
 i L  t   i L     i L  0   i L     e  t /  ; t  0
1  1  2t
  0  e ; t  0
2  2
 1  e2t  ; t  0
1
2
1 1
 i L  t  0.5  1  e20.5   1  e 1 
2 2
1
 1  0.368  0.5  0.632  0.316amp
2
31. Consider a white Gaussian noise process N(t) with two-sided power spectral density SN(f) = 0.5
W/Hz as input to a filter with impulse response 0.5 e  t
2
/2
(where t is in seconds) resulting in output
Y(t). The power in Y(t) in watts is
(A) 0.11 (B) 0.22 (C) 0.33 (D) 0.44
Key: (B)
Exp: Given
SM  t   0.5 w / Hz.
25
EC-GATE 2018
Nt h  t   0.5.e
 t  2 2
yt
PSD PSD
SM  f  Sy  f 
Sy  t   H  jt  .SM  t 
2
Sy  t   0.5 H  t 
2
Power in y  t   area under s y  t 




 s  t  dt
y
 0.5 H  t 
2
 dt


 0.5  H  t  dt
2

Applying parsevals theorem,

 
 H  t  dt   ht
2 2
dt
 
 2
 Power in y  t   0.5   0.5e  dt
2
t

2
  

 0.5  0.25  e t dt
2

t2

 1
1 1 2
 0.5  0.25  2 . 
2  1
e 2
dt
2a.
2
 0.22
Gaussian function
Area  1
32. The position of a particle y(t) is described by the differential equation:

d2 y dy 5y
2
  .
dt dt 4
dy
The initial conditions are y(0) = 1 and  0. The position (accurate to two decimal places) of
dt t  0
the particle at t   is _____.
Key: (-0.21)
d 2 y dy 5y
Exp: Given,   ;
dt 2 dt 4
26
EC-GATE 2018
where y(t) represents the position of a particle

d2 y dy 5
   y  0  1
dt 2 dt 4
 The auxiliary equation of the D.E is
m2  m  5 4  0
1  1  4 1 5 4  1  i  2  1
m    i  complex 
2 1 2 2
 Roots are complex
 The required solution of equation (1) is
1
 t
yt  e 2
C1cost +C2sint    2 
dy
Given y  0   1& 0
dt t 0
From  2  ;if y  0   1; then C1  1
dy dy  1 
if  0at t  0; then  e t 2  C1 sin t  C2cos t   C1 cos t  C2 sin t   e  t 2 
dt dt 2 
 1 
 0  C2  C1  
 2
C 1
 C2  1   C1  1
2 2
 The position of the particle at t   is
 1 
y     e t 2 cos t  sin t 
 2  t 
 e 2  1  e 2  0.21
1 3
33. A random variable X takes value –0.5 and 0.5 with probabilities and , respectively. The noisy
4 4
observation of X is Y = X + Z, where Z has uniform probability density over the interval (–1, 1). X
and Z are independent. If the MAP rule based detector outputs X̂ as
0.5, Y  
X̂  
 0.5, Y  ,
Then the value of  (accurate to two decimal places) is _____.
Key: (-0.75)
1
Exp: Given, P x  0.5  , T x  0.3  3 4 , y  x  m
4
Noise is with uniform density function as shown
27
EC-GATE 2018
fz  g 
12
z
1 1
pdf of y when x  0.5 is transmitted
 0.5 px  0.5  1 4

y
12 f y/x 0.5
y
1.5 x1 0.5
pdf of y when x  0.5 is transmitted
12 fy x0.5  y px  0.5  3 4
y
0.5xg 1.5
In a general rule, threshold shift towards that side where probability is less
Using MAP rule,
x 0.5
P y  x T 0.5  P x  0.5 

x  0.5

P y  xT x T  0.5  Px  0.5
Equality can be used to find threshold
1 1 1 3
1  5  X t  x  1.5  x T   
2 4 2 4
1.5  x T  4.5  3x T
3  4x T  x T  3 4  0.75
34. The state equation and the output equation of a control system are given below:
 4 1.5  2
x  x    u,
4 0  0
y  1.5 0.625 x.
The transfer function representation of the system is
28
EC-GATE 2018
3s  5 3s  1.875
(A) (B)
s  4s  6
2
s 2  4s  6
4s  1.5 6s  5
(C) (D)
s  4s  6
2
s  4s  6
2
Key: (A)
 4 1.5
Exp:  A  
4 0  22
2
B 
0  21
C  1.5 0.62512
 T F  C  sI  A  B
1
 
s  4 1.5
 sI  A   
 4 s 
1  s 1.5
sI  A
1

s  s  4   6  4 s  4 
 s 1.5 
 s 2  4s  6 s  4s  6 
2
 
 4 s4 
 s 2  4s  6 s 2  4s  6  22
 2
  s I  A  B   s I  A    
1 1
  22 0 
21
 2s 
 s 2  4s  6 
 
 8 
 s 2  4s  6  21
 C  s I  A   B
1
 
 2s 
 s 2  4s  6 
 1.5 0.62512  
 8 
 s 2  4s  6  21
 3s 5 
 2  2 
 s  4s  6 s  4s  6 11
3s  5
 2
s  4s  6
3s  5
 So the closed loop transfer function is T  s  
s  4s  6
2
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EC-GATE 2018
35. The figure below shows the Bode magnitude and phase plots of a stable transfer function
n0
G(s)  3
s  d 2s  d1s  d 0
2
G  j
36 dB  k G s

20 dB 
0 dB 
G  j
0
180
270
Consider the negative unity feedback configuration with gain k in the feedforward path. The closed
loop is stable for k < k0. The maximum value of k0 is _____.
Key: (0.1)
Exp: Basically here we are supposed to find the value of K  K 0 for which system will be marginally
stable.
We know for marginal stable, pc  gc , if we notice both the magnitude and phase plot
carefully we can say, the frequency of which the phase is –180° in the phase plot the
corresponding gain is 20dB in the magnitude plot.
So for marginal stable, at this frequency, the gain plot should touch 0 db line, so this to
happens, if we select K  0.1  20dB, then each point in the gain plot will be subtracted by +
20dB, including the point where gain is + 20dB, it becomes 0 dB & the system becomes marginal
stable.
Since K=0.1, it is positive phase plot remains unaffected so no change in pc but gc changed
so that we have pc  gc .
So if K  0.1, pc  gc which is the condition for marginal stable.
 if K  0.1, system stable
K  0.1, unstable
K  0.1, marginal stable
30
EC-GATE 2018
36. The contour C given blow is on the complex plane z  x  jy, where j  1.
y
C
x
1 1
1 dz
The value of the integral 
 j C z 1
2
is ____.
Key: (2)
1 1
Exp: Let f  z   
z  1  z  1 z  1
2 C1 C2
 The singular points of f(z) are z = -1,1 both lies inside „C‟.
By Cauchy‟s integral formula, 1 11
1 dz 1 dz
  
 j C z  1 j C  z  1 z  1
2
1 1 1 1 1 
   dz   dz 
j  2 C1 z  1 2 C2 z  1 
1 1 1 
    2j  1   2j  1 
j  2 2 
1 2j
(Since the closed curve „C1‟ is clock wise & 'C2 ' is anti clock wise)   j  j   2
j j
37. A band limited low –pass signal x(t) of bandwidth 5 kHz is sampled at a sampling rate fs. The signal
x(t) is reconstructed using the reconstruction filter H(f) whose magnitude response is shown below:
H(f )
8  6 0 6 8 f (kHz)
The minimum sampling rate fs( in kHz) for perfect reconstruction of x(t) is ____.
Key: (13)
Exp: It is given that x  t  is a low pass signal, and is band limited to 5 kHz, let its spectrum X  f  is as
follows:
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EC-GATE 2018
Xf 
5 5 f (kHz)

If we sample x  t  ideally, the sampled signal is Xs  f    X  f  nfs , where fs is the sampling
n 
frequency.
If we think to sample it on critical sampling rate
fs  2f m  10kHz, Then the spectrum of the sampled signal will be
Xs (f )
fs  13kHz
f (kHz)
15 10 8 6 5 0 5 6 8 10 15
If we pass now Xs  f  through the non ideal filter (shown in dotted line), at the output of the filter
along with the original signal, we get some undesired frequency of 5 to 8 kHz.
However, if we select fs  13kHz, then the filter will capture only the desired part, as follows, (this
idea we can get by observing the spectrum when we have selected fs = 10 kHz).
xs  f 
fs  13kHz
f (kHz)
18 13 8 6 5 0 5 6 8 13 18
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EC-GATE 2018
38. Consider the network shown below with R1  1, R 2  2 and R 3  3 . The network is connected
to a constant voltage source of 11V.
R1 R1
R2
R1 R1  11V
R3 R3 
R2
R1 R1
The magnitude of the current (in amperes, accurate to two decimal places) through the source is
____.
Key: (8)
I
Exp: By observing the network we can say, it holds a symmetry
and hence we can say Node A and Node B are R1 R1
equipotential. Similarly Node C and Node D are also R2
A B
equipotential.
R3
When 2 nodes are equipotential, the element connected R1 R1  11V
R3 R3 
across these 2 nodes (R2 in this case) can be replaced by
either short circuit, or open circuit or any other value of C D
R2
resistor without affecting the network. R1
R1
If we replace the R2 by short circuit, then the network can
be redrawn as
R eq   R1 R1    R1 R 3 R1 R 3    R1 R1 
I R eq
R1  R1 R 3  R1  R R3 
R1      R1   1 
R1 2 2 2  2 2 2 
1 3
 1    R1 , R 2 , R 3 values are given 
2 2
R3 R3 R1  11V
R1  3/4 3 11
 1 1   
4/2 8 8
11 11
I   8A
R1 R1 R eq 11 / 8
33
EC-GATE 2018
39. A dc current of 26 A flows through the circuit shown. The diode in the circuit is forward biased
and it has an ideality factor of one. At the quiescent point, the diode has a junction capacitance of
0.5 nF. Its neutral region resistances can be neglected. Assume that the room temperature thermal
equivalent voltage is 26 mV.
5sin(t)mV
100 
For   2 106 rad/s, the amplitude of the small-signal component of diode current (in A, correct
to one decimal place) is _____.
Key: (6.4)
nVT 1 26m
Exp: rd   6
 103  1k
ID 26 10
Cd  0.5109 F
rd
A.C equivalent
j
Xd    j103 Cd
C
r .X  j106 103
Z  rd X d  d d  3 
rd  Xd 10  103 j 1  j
5m 5 106 5106
I 
103 0.1 1 0.6  0.5j
0.1103 
1 j 1 j
 6.4 106   39.8  I  6.4A
40. Let X[K]  k  1,0  k  7 be 8-point DFT of a sequence x[n],
Where X[k]  n 0 x[n] e j2nk/ N.

N 1

3
The value (correct to two decimal places) of n 0
x[2n] is _______.
34
EC-GATE 2018
Key: (3)
Exp: It is given that
X  k   k  1, 0  k  7 for 8 point DFT of x  n 
So X  k    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
  
We are asked to find
3
 x  2n   x  0  x  2  x  4  x  6
n 0
For N-point DFT we know that

N 1

X  0   x  n   Centralordinate
n 0 
N 1 
  n Property of DFT
X     x  n  1 
N
 2  n 0 
If we put N=8 in the above 2 equations
8 1
X  0    x  n   x  0   x 1  x  2   ....x  7 
n 0
8 1
X  4    x  n  1  x  0   x 1  x  2   x  3  ....x  6   x  7 
n
n 0
 X  0   X  4   2  x  0   x  2   x  3  x  6 
1
  x  0   x  2   x  4   x  6    X  0   X  4 
2
3
1
  x  2n   1  5  3
n 0 2
41. For the circuit given in the figure, the voltage VC (in volts) across the capacitor is
100 k


5sin(5t)V 1F VC
 
100 k
(A) 1.25 2 sin(5t  0.25) (B) 1.25 2 sin(5t  0.125)
(C) 2.5 2 sin(5t  0.25) (D) 2.5 5 sin(5t  0.125)

Key: (C)
Exp: Using sine function as reference phasor, if we transform the given time domain network into its
equivalent phasor domain, it will be as follows
35
EC-GATE 2018
 
1
50 VC
 j C

Here R  100k, C  1F and   5rad / sec

Using the voltage division rule for VC we have
 1 / jC   1 
VC    50    50
 2R 1 / jC  1 j2RC 
 1 
6  
 50
1  j 2  5100  10  1 10 
3
 1 
  50
1  j 
 1  5
   45 50    45
 2  2
5 2
   45  2.5 2  0.25
2 2
VC  t   2.5 2 sin 5t  0.25
42. An op-amp based circuit is implemented as shown below.

31k
15V
1k

A 

1V  o

15V 
In the above circuit, assume the op-amp to be ideal. The voltage (in volts, correct to one decimal
place) at node A, connected to the negative input of the op-amp as indicated in the figure is____.
Key: (0.5)
R f 31k
Exp: Given V0    31
R 1k
Vsat  15V and Vsat  15V
As V0   Vsat  V0  15V
36
EC-GATE 2018
Applying KVL at point A R f  31k

VA  1 VA  15
 0
1 31 15V
31VA  31  VA  15  0 R  1k
16 
32VA  16  VA   0.5V VA Vo
32

1V
15V
43. A solar cell of area 1.0 cm2, operating at 1.0 sun intensity, has a short circuit current of 20 mA, and
an open circuit voltage of 0.65 V. Assuming room temperature operation and thermal equivalent
voltage of 26 mV, the open circuit voltage (in volts, correct to two decimal places) at 0.2 sun
intensity is ____.
Key: (0.608)
Exp: A  1.0cm 2 ; I L  20mA; Voc  0.65; VT  26mV
JL 
IL
A
 J  Voc
 20m A/cm2  Voc  VT n 1  L  ; J L  JS VT
 Js  e 1  
J L'  0.2  20mA/cm 2  4mA/cm 2
 Voc1

JL
 eV  1 ;  n  1  VT2    
VT Voc
5  26m  7.2 1010
0.65
J L'

oc2
e VT  1  e 1 e  1
Voc2
 23.39  Voc2  26m  23.39  0.608
VT
44. The cutoff frequency of TE01 mode of an air filled rectangular waveguide having inner dimensions
a cm × b cm (a > b) is twice that of the dominant TE 10 mode. When the waveguide is operated at
frequency which is 25% higher than the cutoff frequency of the dominant mode, the guide
wavelength is found to be 4 cm. The value of b (in cm, correct to two decimal places) is ____.
Key: (0.6)
C
Exp: Cut off frequency for TE 01 
2b
C
Cut off frequency for TE10 
2a
C C a
It is given that 2  2
2b 2a b
37
EC-GATE 2018
5 C 
Given waveguide frequency f   
4  2a 
(25% higher than the cut off frequency of dominant mode)
5
f  fc
4
 01
 guide 
2
f 
1  c 
f 
 01 5
 guide   01  4cm
4
2 3
1  
5
3 4
  01   2.4cm
5
 10  2.4  1.25  3
10
a   1.5cm
2
 b  0.75cm
45. The distance (in meters) a wave has to propagate in a medium having a skin depth of 0.1m so that
the amplitude of the wave attenuates by 20 dB, is
(A) 0.12 (B) 0.23 (C) 0.46 (D) 2.3
Key: (C)
1
Exp: Skin depth   0.1m
f
1
Attenuation constant f   10
0.1
Amplitude of wave varies as e z
1
 e z 
100
 1 
 z  n    10 z  4605
 100 
4.605
 z  0.46m
10
46. The logic gates shown in the digital circuit below use strong pull-down nMOS transistors for LOW
logic levels at the outputs. When the pull-downs are off, high-value resistors set the output logic
levels to HIGH (i.e., the pull-ups are weak). Note that some nodes are intentionally shorted to
38
EC-GATE 2018
implement “wired logic”. Such shorted nodes will be HIGH only if the outputs of all the gates
whose outputs are shorted are HIGH.
X0
X1
X2
Y
X3
The numbers of distinct values of X3 X 2 X1X 0 (out of the 16 possible values) that give Y = 1 ____ .
Key: (8)
Exp:
X0 X0
X0
X0 G
G F
0  fixed 
X1 X1  X2
Y 1
X2
G   X1  X2 .X3 1
X3 X3
If we evaluate F by referring the above logic circuit

F  X0  X0 G   0
So the node F is always 0. Irrespective any possible combinations of X0 , X1 , X 2 , X3
Since already one of the input to the OR gate is logic 0 (fixed) and we are expecting Y=1, so
we must need the other input of the or gate is logic 1 for which X3  1.
So for Y=1. We need the fixed value of X3  1, with this X0 , X1 , X 2 can take any possible
combinations,
So the number of possible combination of X0 , X1 , X 2 is 23  8, for each of the combination
X3  1.
Hence there are 8 combinations of X0 , X1 , X 2 , X3 for which output Y=1
47. A 2 × 2 ROM array is built with the help of diodes as shown in the circuit below. Here W0 and W1
are signals that select the word lines and B0 and B1 are signals that are output of the sense amps
based on the stored data corresponding to the bit lines during the read operation. During the read
operation, the selected word line goes high and the other word line is in a high impedance state.
39
EC-GATE 2018
B0 B1
Sense amps
W0
B0 B1
W0  D00 D01 
W1  D10 D11 
W1 Bits stored in the ROM Array
VDD
As per the implementation shown in the circuit diagram above, what are the bits corresponding to
Dij (where i = 0 or 1 and j = 0 or 1) stored in the ROM?
1 0  0 1  1 0 1 1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 1  1 0  1 0 0 0
Key: (A)
Exp: Form the given statement; it is clear that, if we want to read the stored information in the ROM
word line value should be logic 1.
So in all the 4 options, the top row of matrix indicate if W0  1, what are the value of
B0 and B1 similarly the bottom row indicates if W1  1. what are the value of B0 & B1 .
If we make W0  1, it‟s corresponding diode will be ON. And VDD will be available on B0 ,
since the diode corresponding to W1 is in off state  W1  1 now  , by default B1  0.
So when W0  1, then B0  1and B1  0.
Similarly when W1  1, then B0  0 and B1  1
So the matrix is
B0 B1 B0 B1
W0  1 1 0 or W0 1 0
W1  1 0 1  W1 0 1 
48. A curve passed through the point (x = 1, y = 0) and satisfies the differential equation
dy x 2  y2 y
  . The equation that describes the curve is
dx 2y x
 y2  1  y2 
(A) ln 1  2   x  1 (B) ln 1    x  1
 x  2  x2 
 y 1  y
(C) ln 1    x  1 (D) ln 1    x  1
 x 2  x
40
EC-GATE 2018
Key: (A)
Exp: Given D.E is
dy x 2  y 2 y
 
dx 2y x
dy  1 1  x2
   y 
dx  x 2  2y
dy  1 1  2 x 2
y   y   1
dx  x 2  2
dy dt dy 1 dt
Let y 2  t  2y  y 
dx dx dx 2 dx
1 dt  1 1  x2
From 1    t 
2 dx  x 2  2
dt 1 1
  2    t  x 2   2  ; which is linear D.E.
dx  x 2
1 1

2    dx  1 1 2
I.F  e  x 2
 P  2  x  2  & Q  x 
   
e x
 I.F 
x2
 The solution of eq  2  is
e x 2 e
x
x2  x2
t.  x dx
e x
 t. 2  e x  c
x
e x
 y 2 2  e  x  c   3 
x
Given that eq(3) passes through the point (1,0).
 C  e 1  from  3 
From  3 ;
y2 e x
 e x  e1
x2
 y2  1 y2  y2 
  2  1 e x   2  1  e x 1  n  2  1  x  1.
x  e x x 
49. A uniform plane wave traveling in free space and having the electric field
E  
2aˆ x  aˆ z cos 6 3  108 t  2(x  2 z)  V / m E
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EC-GATE 2018
is incident on a dielectric medium (relative permittivity > 1, relative permeability = 1) as shown in

the figure and there is no reflected wave.
z
Dielectric
Free space
Medium( r  1)
The relative permittivity (correct to two decimal places of the dielectric medium is ____.
Key: (2)
Exp: Given E    
2 a11  a z cos  3 108 t  2 x  2z V m  
The wave is parallel to the x, z plane
z
Since, there is no reflection,
Angle of incidence in Brewster angle is
Free space
2
i  B  tan 1  tan 1  2 i x
1 2
i
tan i  2 1
 2  2  2  2
50. For a unity feedback control system with the forward path transfer function
K
G(s) 
s(s 2)
The peak resonant magnitude Mr of the closed-loop frequency response is 2. The corresponding
value of the gain K (correct to two decimal places) is _____.
Key: (15.02)
Exp: The O.L.T.F of the unity –ve feed back system is
K
G s 
s  s  2
The C.L.T.F is
G s K
T s   2
1  G  s  s  2s  K
By comparing with standard 2nd order equation
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EC-GATE 2018
s 2  2ns  n2 , we have

n  K and
2n  2  n  1  2 2n  1
1
K
2
Let us obtain  for the resonant peak
1
Mr 
2 1  2
1 1
2  4 
2 1   2
1  2
1
 162 
1  2
 162 1  2   1
let 2  x  16x 1  x   1
 16x  16x 2  1  0
 16x 2  16x  1  0, by solving this we get
 x  0.067  2
1 1
K 2   15.02
 0.067
51. A four-variable Boolean function is realized using 4 × 1 multiplexers as shown in the figure.
I0 I0 F(U,V, W,X)
I1 I1
4 1 4 1
VCC
MUX MUX
I2 I2
I3 S1 S0 I3 S1 S0
U V W X
The minimized expression for F(U,V,W,X) is
(A)  UV  UV  W (B)  UV  UV  WX  WX 
(C)  UV  UV  W (D)  UV  UV  WX  WX 
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EC-GATE 2018
Key: (C)
Exp:
0 I Y Y
0 I0
1 Y
I1 4 1 I1 4 1
Vcc MUX MUX F  U,V, W,X 
I2 0 I
2
1 0
I3 S S2 I3
0 1
U V W X
Output of the first MUX

Y  UV.0  UV.1  U V.1  UV.0  UV U V
Output of second MUX
F  W X Y  WXY  WX.0  WX.0
 W Y X  X   WY  YW
  U V U V  W
Although option C and option D are representing same function, but we can say the minimized
expression is option C.
52. Let c(t)  Ac cos(2f c t)and m(t)  cos(2f m t). It is given that f c  5 f m . The signal c(t) + m (t) is
applied to the input of a non-linear device, whose output v0 (t) is related to the input
vi (t) as v0 (t)  avi (t)  bvi2 (t), where a and b are positive constants. The output of the non-linear
device is passed through an ideal band-pass filter with center frequency fc and bandwidth 3fm, to
produce an amplitude modulated (AM) wave. If it is desired to have the sideband power of the AM
wave to the half of the carrier power, then a/b is
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.5 (C) 1 (D) 2
Key: (D)
Exp: Given
c  t   AC cos  2fc t  , m  t   cos  2f m t 
fc  5f m1
m t  vi  t 
 avi  t   b vi2  t  v0  t 
ct „a‟ and „b‟ are constants
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EC-GATE 2018
v0  t   a  A c cos  2f c t   cos  2fmt    b A c cos  2 f c t   cos  2 f m t 

2
bA2c bA c2 b b
 a cos  2f m t   a A c cos  2f c t    cos  4 f c t    cos  4 f m t 
2 2 2 2
 2b A c cos  2 f m t  cos  2f c t .
After passing through BPF of center frequency fc and bandwidth 3f m ,
a Ac cos  2f c t  2b Ac cos  2f m t  cos  2 f c t 
yt  
carrier side bands
a 2 Ac2
Carrier power  , side band power = b 2 A c2
2
side band power 1
It is given that 
carrier power 2
b2 Ac2 1 b2 1 a
 2 2
  2
  2
a Ac 2 a 4 b
2
53. The input 4 sinc (2t) is fed to a Hilbert transformer to obtain y(t), as shown in the figure below:
Hilbert
4sinc(2t) y(t)
Transform
sin(x) 

2
Here sinc(x) = . The value (accurate to two decimal places) of y(t) dt is____.
x 
Key: (8)
Exp: By Parseval‟s theorem we can say
 
1
 y  t  dt   Y   d
2 2
 2 
1
The impulse response of the Hilbert transform is h  t   , and Fourier transform
t
H     jsgn()  j

j
X  
If x  t   k sinc(at)
k    k/a
then X    rect  
a  2a 

-a a
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EC-GATE 2018
 4sin c  2t 
2
1
4sin c2t h  t2  yt
t
-2 2
1  
y  t    4sin c 2t      Y    2rect   .   jsgn  x  t  * h  t   X  .H  
 t   4 
Y  
 Y     j2
2 j
*

 2
2

j
-2 2   j2
4
 Y   
2

-2 2
 Finally,
 
1 1  1
 y  t  dt   Y   d  area of Y      4   4  8
2 2 2

2  2   2
54. Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) were fabricated using p-n junctions
of three different inorganic semiconductors having different band-gaps. The built-in voltage of red,
green and blue diodes are VR , VG and VB , respectively. Assume donor and acceptor doping to be
the same (NA and ND, respectively) in the p and n sides of all the three diodes. Which one of the
following relationships about the built-in voltages in TRUE?
(A) VR  VG  VB (B) VR  VG  VB
(C) VR  VG  VB (D) VR  VG  VB
Key: (B)
Exp: Built in potential of pn diode
 N .N 
Vbi  kT n  A D 
 n2 
 i 
Vbi  kT n N A N D  2kT n n i2 ... 1
Where n i can be defined as
46
EC-GATE 2018
Eg

n  N C .N V e
2
i
kT
Eg

ni  k ' e 2kT
...  2 
So substitute equation (2) in (1)
Vbi  kT n NA ND  2kT n k '  Eg
Vbi  M  Eg ;where Eg is band gap
All diodes N A and N D are same, so that M same
hc
Vbi  E g ; E g 

We know that Eg Red   Eg green   Eg blue  because
 Red  green   blue
 VR  VG  VB
55. Let r  x 2  y  z and z3  xy  yz  y3  1. Assume that x and y are independent variables. At

r
(x,y,z) = (2, –1, 1 ), the value (correct to two decimal places) of is ____.
x
Key: (4.50)
Exp: Given, r  x 2  y  z...  i 
and z3  xy  yz  y3  1...  ii 
r z
  2x  ...1  x, y are independent 
x x
 from  i  
z z
3z 2  y  y  0  form  ii  
x x
z
 3z 2  y   y
x
z y
  2   2
x 3z  y
r  y 
form 1 &  2  ;  2x   2 
x  3z  y 
r  1 
  2  2   
x  2, 1,1  3 1   1 
1
4  4.50
2
47
EC-GATE 2018
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EC-GATE 2018

Section-I: General Ability

Section-II: Electronics & Communication Engineering

 Perror  Px  N  0 x 1 Px  1  PR  0 x 1 P x  1

Shaded portion represent the PM  1 and PM  1

3. Consider the following amplitude modulated signal:

(B) P: Open Circuit, Q: Matched Load, R: Short Circuit

(D) P: Short Circuit, Q: Open Circuit, R: Matched Load

 P is short circuit R in open circuit, Q is matched load.

We know ak is the exponential Fourier series coefficient and is given by

if T=40, the E.F.S coefficient is b k  a k

9. Let M be a real 4 × 4 matrix. Consider the following statements:

(D) g m  g m1 and r0  r02 G M1

Writing a node equation for the node, we have

Vgs2 g m2 vgs2 ro2  v2

Voltage at the source node, which is vgs2 can expressed in terms of i x is

Substituting (1) in (2)

f (x)  a 0  a1x  a 2 x 2  .....

16. A good transimpedance amplifier has

A good transimpedance amplifier has low input impedance

 Discriminant of p'(s) < 0.

19. The ABCD matrix for a two-port network I1 2 2 I2

Writing KVL on the input loop

Putting equation (2) in equation (1)

21. The logic function f(X,Y) realized by the given circuit is

(A) NOR (B) AND (C) NAND (D) XOR

(A) F  (A B C). A  B  C. A  B  C  

Exp: F  A.B.C   ABC  A B C  A B C

(B) y(t)   a  (t )u()d

Option A is linear differential equation with constant co-efficient, so it is linear.

The voltage (in volts, accurate to two decimal places) at Vx is ________.

So, M1 will be in linear region and M2 will be in saturation region.

2Vx  Vx2  2 1  Vx2  2Vx   2Vx2  4Vx  2

P0: Probability of Output Vx  0  OFF state 

loop current (in amperes, correct to three decimal

We can redraw the above circuit as

At t  0 , switch is in open state, so the loop is not closed hence, i L 0  0A  

At t   switch is closed and inductor is short Circuited

Power in y  t   area under s y  t 

Applying parsevals theorem,

32. The position of a particle y(t) is described by the differential equation:

where y(t) represents the position of a particle

 0.5 px  0.5  1 4

12 fy x0.5  y px  0.5  3 4

The transfer function representation of the system is

40. Let X[K]  k  1,0  k  7 be 8-point DFT of a sequence x[n],

Where X[k]  n 0 x[n] e j2nk/ N.

For N-point DFT we know that

(A) 1.25 2 sin(5t  0.25) (B) 1.25 2 sin(5t  0.125)

(C) 2.5 2 sin(5t  0.25) (D) 2.5 5 sin(5t  0.125)

Here R  100k, C  1F and   5rad / sec

42. An op-amp based circuit is implemented as shown below.

Applying KVL at point A R f  31k

If we evaluate F by referring the above logic circuit

is incident on a dielectric medium (relative permittivity > 1, relative permeability = 1) as shown in

s 2  2ns  n2 , we have

The minimized expression for F(U,V,W,X) is

Output of the first MUX

ct „a‟ and „b‟ are constants