1.

True of free energy

A. Portion of the amount of heat placed into a system
B. Fraction of Q available for doing work
C. Chemical potential of a chemical reaction
D. Equal to Gi -Gf
2. What is the meaning of W in the equation H = Q – W?
A. Enthalpy
B. Work done
C. Amount of energy placed into system
D. Randomness
3. True of exergonic reactions. Except?
A. Free energy is negative
B. Thermodynamically favorable reactions
C. Spontaneous reaction
D. Thermodynamically unfavorable reactions
4. A feature of thermodynamically favorable reactions
A. Substrates energy level is equal to that of product
B. Products energy level is higher than that of substrate
C. Substrates energy level is greater than that of product
D. Rate of formation of the product is equal to the rate of backward reaction
5. Nervous excitation to proceed, it needs:
A. To be coupled to a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction
B. An exergonic reaction that will liberate energy
C. An endergonic reaction whose free energy is positive
D. A supply of energy from a reaction proceeding unfavorably
6. A feature of thermodynamically Unfavorable reaction
A. Substrates energy level is equal to that of the product
B. Products energy level is higher than that of the substrate
C. Substrates energy level is greater than that of the product
D. Rate of the formation of the product is equal to the rate of backward reaction
7. What is the meaning when value of free energy is zero?
A. Work can be accomplished
B. Proceeds with hydrolysis of high energy phosphatic bond
C. Reaction rate is constant
D. No work done
8. True of coupled reactions:
A. Thermodynamically favored reaction drives a thermodynamically unfavored reaction
B. Output of chemical energy from endergonic reaction serve as input of exergonic
reaction
C. Half endergonic reaction paired with another half endergonic reaction
D. ATP synthesis drives that phosphorylation of glucose
9. A hypothesis explaining the mechanism of coupling involved in reduction of an aceptor
A. Dehydrogenase reaction
B. Synthesis of a high energy phosphate compound
C. Common obligatory intermediate
D. Chemical coupling
10. True of respiration in biologic oxidation
A. Oxidation of products
B. Hydrolysis of high energy phosphate
C. Oxidation of substrates
D. Synthesis of high energy phosphate
11. A feature of high energy compound:
A. Liberate -3 to -6.6 kcal/mole of free energy
B. Liberate +7.3 to +14.8 kcal/mole of free energy
C. Needs free energy to hydrolyze
D. Has one or more phosphoanhydride bonds
12. A characteristic feature of ATP:
A. Common intermediate between energy bet high energy delivering and energy
requiring reactions
B. Carrier of chemical energy bet high energy phosphate acceptors and low energy
phosphate donors
C. Has 3 phosphoanhydride bond
D. Free energy is -7300 cal/mole from the bond between C5’ of ribose and alpha
phosphate
13. The ATP/ADP cycle involves:
A. Reduction of ingested macromolecules
B. Synthesis of ATP with oxidation fuels
C. Synthesis of ADP from oxidation of fuels
D. Energy from hydrolysis of ATP utilized for oxidation of fuels
14. Of the pathways that participate in energy capture, this one generates the most energy.
A. TCA cycle
B. Glycolysis
C. HMP pathway
D. Oxidative Phosphorylation
15. Involving substrate level phosphorylation, this pathway generates the least amount of high
energy phosphate
A. TCA
B. Glycolysis
C. HMP Pathway
D. Oxidative Phosphorylation
16. The type of phosphorylation wherein through the direct oxidation of substrates then
synthesis of ATP:
A. Substrate phosphorylation
B. Reductive dephosphorylation
C. Oxidative phosphorylation
D. Oxidative dephosphorylation
17. Oxidative phosphorylation involves one of the following:
A. Formation of NADH + H by hydrogenation of reduced substrates
B. Generation of reduced coenzymes by dehydrogenation of reduced substrate
C. Reduction of NADH + H by ETC with oxygen as the final electron acceptor
D. Regeneration of ADP
18. Enzymes of these pathways are found inside the mitochondria EXCEPT
A. Ketogenesis
B. Beta oxidation of FA
C. Krebs cycle
D. Synthesis of fatty acids
19. The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly selective but it allows entry and some
molecules because of
A. Translocases present in the inner mitochondrial membrane
B. The presence of complexes of the ETC
C. The proton channel of the F0F1 ATP synthase complex
D. The concentration gradient difference between the matrix and the
intramembranous space
20. The ATP synthase activity of the complex V is found in what subunit
A. Gamma subunits
B. Beta subunits
C. Alpha subunits
D. C subunits
21. Significance of electrons entering NAD+
A. Gives a P:O ration 2:1
B. 2 protons and 2 electrons are accepted
C. 3 moles of ATP a generated
D. 2 protons and an electron are accepted
22. An antibiotic that inhibits the reduction of cytochrome C1
A. Oligomycin
B. Antimycin A
C. Dimercapol
D. Amytal
23. Compounds that allows respiration but does not result to production of energy heat is
generated:
A. Dinotrocresol and CCCCP
B. Nigericin and phenformin
C. TTFA and CO
D. Na azide and BAL
24. A site specific inhibitor of ETC that binds strongly with the Fe+3 of cytochrome
A. Carbon monoxide
B. Malonate
C. Cyanide
D. Carboxin
25. Effect of an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation
A. Energy generated is not conserved but lost as heat
B. Marked decrease uptake of oxygen
C. Results to controlled respiration
D. Inhibits electron transport with establishment of proton gradient
26. A hormone which upon secretion by an organ affects a distant target cell:
A. Endocrine
B. Parahormone
C. Autocrine
D. Exocrine
27. A group of hormones derived from lipids
A. Cathecholamines
B. Eicosanoids
C. Thyroxines
D. Nitric oxide
28. A hormone with hydrophilic properties
A. Glucagon
B. Cortisol
C. Calcitriol
D. Vitamin A
29. A hormone with lipophilic properties:
A. ADH
B. Adrenaline
C. T3
D. AOTA
30. The receptor of steroid hormone, like 1,25 diHydoxycholecalciferol, is found where:
A. Inside the nucleus
B. Found intracellular
C. In the cytosol
D. Plasma membrane
31. The second messenger utilized by the steroid hormone
A. cAMP
B. 1,2 DAG
C. cGMP
D. Hormone receptor comple
32. The second messenger utilized by the steroid hormone
A. cAMP
B. cGMP
C. Inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate
D. Kinase cascade
33. The second messengers, like cAMP and cGMP, this downstream signaling in turn activated:
A. Protein kinase
B. Phospholipase C
C. Adenylate kinase
D. Calmodulin
34. The effect of the activation of the signaling molecule by 2nd messengers
A. Dephosphorylation of enzymes
B. Proteolytic activation of enzymes
C. Degradation of enzymes
D. Phosphorylation of enzymes
35. A hormone that utilizes the 2nd messenger cGMP:
A. ACTH
B. Atrial natriuretic peptide
C. Insulin
D. Corticosterone
36. The following hormones stimulate the receptor tyrosine kinase, EXCEPT.
a. insulin-like growth factor-1
b. epidermal growth factor
c. gonadotropin releasing hormone
d. angiotensin

37. An important feature ofreceptors:

a. great number exist on each cell’s surface
b. all cells possess the same set of receptors
c. binding is characterized by high affinity
d. binding of ligand is trhough covalent bonds

38. The nucleotide bound to the inactive G protein

a. GTP b. ATP c. GDP d. ADP

39. The alpha and gamma subunits of the G-protein are bound to the inner leaflet of the plasma
membrane through what kind of molecules
a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d. nucleic acid

40. Mechanism of the cholera toxin, choleragen is explained by this reaction

a. Gs + Nicotinamide ------ Gs ADP + Niacin
b. Gs + NAD+ -------------- Gs Nicotinamide + ribose ADP
c. Gs + NAD+ ------------- Gs Ribose-ADP + Nicotinamide
d. Gs + ADP -------------- Gs Adenosine + Niacin

41. The mucopolysaccharide serves as the receptor of the cholera toxin on the plasma membrane of
gastrointestinal cells
a. GM1 b. GM2 c. GM3 d. GM4

42. The amino acid residue of the alpha subunit of G-protein that is covalently modified by cholera
toxin:
a. Glutamine b. Arginine c. Tyrosine d. serine

43. The R group of the amino acid of the alpha subunit of G-protein that is covalently modified by
the cholera toxin
a. Epsilon amino c. gamma carboxylic
b. beta carboxylic d. guanido group

44. The G-protein modified by the pertussis toxin

a. Gs-protein b. Gq-protein c. Gi-protein d. Gt-protein

45. True of the fates of the Calcium ions extruded into the cytoplasm from the reticulum
a. activates PKC with 1,2 DAG
b. the only on the activates PKC
c. binds with 1,2DAG and activates CaMkinase
d. converts IP3 to IP3 and IP

46. These inactive receptor tyrosine kinases have similar confgurations, EXCEPT:
a. epidermal growth factor receptor c. IGF-I receptor
b. platelet-derived growth factor receptor d. nerve growth factor receptor
47. The residue of the cytosolic domain that accepts the phosphate group when activated
a. serine b. tyrosine c. threonine d. lysine

48. The G-protein whose activation causes the activation of the kinase cascade
a. Gt-protein b. Golf-protein c. Ras protein d. Gi-protein

49. The soluble guanylate cyclase receptor serves as the receptor for nitric oxide
a. atrial natriuretic peptide c. endotoxins
b. nitric oxide d. vasopressin

50. True of the hypothalamus – pituitary – target organ cascade

a. the ultimate hormone affects only a single cell
b. hormones are secreted in pulses
c. regulated by positive feedback inhibition
d. presence of only the short loop type of inhibition

51. A chemical transformation in glycolysis

a. use of carbon skeletons of amino acids to synthesize glucose
b. hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PPi
c. reduction of NAD+ forming NADH + H+

52. An intermediate of glycolysis that stimulates the translocation of glucokinase into the
nucleoplasm whereby it is transformed to the inactive state:
a. glucose c. fructose 1-PO4
b. fructose 6-PO4 d. glucose 6-PO4

53. In the liver, how does insulin and glucagon affect glycolysis
a. insulin inhibits, glucagon activates
b. insulin activates, glucagon inhibits
c. both insulin and glucagon activates
d. both insulin and glucagon inhibits

54. An enzyme that catalyzes one of the two steps in the energy investment phase of glycolysis
wherein there is hydrolysis of ATP
a. phosphoglycerate kinase c. glucokinase
b. phosphofructokinase 2 d. glyceraldehyde 3 PO4 dehydrogenase

55. Number of ATP synthesized from oxidation of one mole of glucose to pyruvate using the malate-
aspartate shuttle system
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

56. The subunit of PDH complex that actually generates acetyl CoA molecule
a. pyruvate decarboxylase c. pyruvate dehydrogenase
b. dihydrolipoyl transacetylase d. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

57. The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of TCA cycle wherein there is liberal first CO2 and
synthesis of the first NADH + H+
a. isocitrate dehydrogenase c. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
b. succinate dehydrogenase d. malate dehydrogenase
58. True of the isocitrate dehydrogenase step of TCA
a. generates 2nd mole of NADH + H+, 2nd mole of CO2, 1st reduction step
b. generates 1st mole of NADH + H+, 1st mole of CO2, 1st oxidation step
c. generates 3rd mole of NADH + H+, 3rd reduction step
d. generates 1st high energy PO4 compound, substrate level phosphorylation

59. The only enzyme of the TCA cycle not found inside the matrix but attached to inner leaflet of
inner mitochondrial membrane
a. succinate dehydrogenase c. citrate synthase
b. succinate thiokinase d. fumerase

60. The following are steps of TCA cycle which generates P:O ration of 3:1, EXCEPT
a. isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate step
b. succinate to fumarate step
c. malate to oxaloacetate step
d. alpha ketoglutarate step to succinyl CoA step

61. The major anaplerotic reaction found inside the mitochondrion catalysed carboxylase requires
the following
a. biotin, ATP, HCO3 c. NADH, GTP, CO2
b. tetrahydrofolate, ATP, CO2 d. lipoate, GTP, HCO3

62. The first stage of HMP involves:

a. Conversion of 2 molecules of Xu5P and a molecule of R5P to 2 molecules of F6P & a molecule of
G3P
b. transformation of RU5P either to Ribose 5-PO4 (R5P) or to Xylulose 5-PO4 (Xu5P)
c. Oxidation of G6P to Ribulose 5-PO4 (Ru5P) and generating NADPH
d. transformation of Ribose 5-PO4 (R5P) either to Xylulose 5-PO4(Xu5P) or to ribulose 5-PO4 (Ru5P)

63. True of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway:

a. allows conversion of trioses only
b. supplies ribulose phosphates for nucleic acid synthesis
c. generates considerable amounts of NADPH + H+ for reductive biosynthesis
d. primarily a catabolic pathway

64. The rate-limiting step in the formation of ribose 5-phosphate occurs at

a. transketolase catalysed reaction
b. glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase catalysed reaction
c. transaldolase catalyzed reaction
d. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction

65. Glucose 6-PO4 dehydrogenase absolutely requires a coenzyme derived from

a. Vitamin B1 b. Vitamin B2 c. Vitamin B3 d. Vitamin B6

66. Cells in the S phase of the cell cycle need nucleotides to be synthesized mode will be:
a. major end product generated is ribulose 5-phosphate
b. most of the interconversions of carbons of the non-oxidative phase will not take place
c. non-oxidative phase generates compounds easily reconverted to glucose 6-PO4 for subsequent
passage through oxidative phase
d. generates glucose for subsequent utilization in the oxidative phase
67. Glucose 6-PO4 dehydrogenase activity is most importantly regulated through availability of
a. NADH + H+ c. NADP
b. GSSG d. decreased glucose

68. Cells in the S phase of the cell cycle needs the activities of these two enzymes …. to carry out the
synthesis of ribose 5-PO4
a. Ru5P isomerase & Ru5P epimerase
b. Glucose 6-PO4 dehydrogenase & Ru5P epimerase
c. 6-Phosphogluconacle dehydrogenase & Ru5P Epimerase
d. Transaldolase & transketolase

69. When the cells need a balance between NADPH and Ribose 5-PO4, these… the HMP are utilized,
these reactions are:
a. Glucose 6-PO4 dehydrogenase, 6-Phosphogluconacle dehydrogenase & Ru5P
b. Glucose 6-PO4 dehydrogenase, transaldolase & transketolase
c. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenae, Ru5P epimerase & transketolase
d. Ru5P Epimerase, transketolase & Ru5P isomerase

70. When levels of NADPH and ATP are required by the cells for anabolism specific pathways are
utilized
a. 1st, 2nd stages of HMP, energy investment phase of EMP with product reversion
b. 3rd stage of HMP, 1st and 2nd phase of EMP without product reversion to G6PO4
c. HMP, glycolysis without product reversion to G6PO4
d. 3 stages of HMP; preparatory phase of glycolysis with product reversion to G6PO4

71. The source of electrons and protons needed for the reduction of GSSG GSH as catalyzed by
glutathione reductase is generated by the enzyme:
a. Hexokinase
b. Gluconolactonase
c. Glucose 6-PO4 dehydrogenase
d. Ribulose 5-PO4 isomerase
72. True of uronic acid pathway
a. Generates energy
b. Forms UDP-glucoronate
c. Synthesize vitamin C in humans
d. An alternative gluconeogenic pa
73. Vitamin C is an essential vitamin in man because of the absence of this
a. NAD+ dependent UDP-glucose dehydrogenase
b. NADPH-dependent L-gluconate dehydrogenase
c. L-gulonolactone oxidase
d. Phosphoglucomutase
74. True of the Uronic Acid Pathway:
a. For formation of glucuronides for ascorbate synthesis
b. Source of donor for xylulose moiety in heparin
c. Needed for biosynthesis of chondroitin SO4
d. Necessary for hexose formation and metabolism of non-phosphorylated
75. A clinical entity wherein Ca++ stones form easily with concomitant… of vitamin C:
a. Essential pentosuria
b. Fructosuria
c. Oxalosis
d. Galactosemia
78. Two enzymes of gluconeogenesis that bypasses the pyruvate kinase reaction..glycolysis:
a. Pyruvate carboxylase, glucose 6-phosphatase
b. Glucose 6 phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase
c. Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase, PEP carboxykinase
d. Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate carboxylase
79. A gluconeogenic enzyme that utilizes GTP as source of the phospha…catalyzed reaction:
a. Phosphoglycerate kinase
b. Enolase
c. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykin..
d. Phosphoglycerate mutase
80. The cellular localization of the enzyme malate dehydrogenase in..
a. Cytoplasm, nucleus
b. Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion
c. Mitochondrion, cytop..
d. Nucleus, mitochondri..
81. The main glucocorticoid that stimulates synthesis of key enzyme.. catabolism of glucogenic
amino acids for gluconeogenesis:
a. Corticosterone
b. Deoxycortisol
c. Aldosterone
d. Cortisol
82. The product of gluconeogenesis is the brain cells:
a. Free glucose
b. Glucose 6 PO4
c. Fructose 6 PO4
d. Glucose 1 PO4
83. What is the product of beta-oxidation of odd-numbered carbon fatty acids that ca serve as a
precursor for biosynthesis of glucose?
a. Propionyl CoA
b. Succinyl CoA
c. Acetyl CoA
d. Carbon dioxide
84. A minor pathway that helps the liver in maintaining the normal blood pressure
concentration involving the transmination of pyruvate in myocytes:
a. Cori’s Cycle
b. Gamma-glutamine cycle
c. Glucose-alanine cycle
d. Citric acid cycle
85. A synthesis of glycogen involves:
a. Addition of UDP-glucose to the hydroxyl group of Tyr residue of glycogenin
b. Synthesis of the protein primer
c. Elongation of chains forming amylopectin chains
d. Transfer of “limit dextrin” to an existing branch

86. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase catalyzes the formation of UDP-glucco…glucose-1-

1phosphate and uridine 5’-triphosphate by what process:
a. Nucleophilic attack
b. Isomerization reaction
c. Phosphorylation reaction
d. Dehydrogenation reaction
87. UDP-glucose is synthesized from this intermediate:
A. Glucose-1-PO4
B. Fructose 1-6bisPO4
C. Glucose-6-PO4
D. Fructose 2-6bisPO4
88. Factors that will decrease liver glycogen levels. EXCEPT
a. Vigorous exercise
b. Decrease T3 and T4
c. Insulin deficiency
d. ACTH
89. The activities of the branching enzyme of the glycogenesis
a. α1,4  α1;4 glucan transferase
b. α1,4  α1,6 transglucosidase
c. amylo α1, 6 glucosidase
d. α1,4  α1,4 transglycosyl..
90. the removal of glucose as G1-PO4 is carried out by glycogen pho..
a. phosphorolysis with introduction of Pi at the non reducing end
b. nucleophilic cleavage starting at the reducing end
c. thiolytic cleavage at both ends
d. general acid-base catalysis starting at the reducing end
91. the debranching enzyme activity that will expose the glucose unit linked by an α1,6
..glycosidic bond:
a. α1,4  α1,4 glucan transferase
b. α1,4  α1,6 transglucosidase
c. amylo α1,6 glucosidase
d. α1,4  α1,4 transglycosylase
92. the sequemce of enzymes action on the process of synthesis of glycogen
a. glycogen synthase, autoglycosylase by glycogenin & amylo 1.4 to alpha 1,6 transgluco..
b. autoglycosylase by glycogenin, glycogen synthase & amylo 1,4 to alpha 1,6 transgluco..
c. glycogen synthase, amylo 1,4 to alpha 1,6 transglucosidase & autoglycosylase by
glycogenin
d. amylo 1,4 to alpha 1,6 transglucosidase, autoglycosylase by glycogenin & glycogen
93. proteins whose action from the active glycogen synthase
a. protein kinase C &phosphoprotein inhibitor 1(b)
b. 3’5’cAMP phosphodiesterase & phosphoprotein phosphatase
c. Phosphoprotein phosphatase & protein kinase A
d. Phosphoprotein inhibitor 1(a) & glycogen synthase kinase
94. A glycogen storage disease that involves a deficiency of a unique enzyme of gluconeogenesis
a. pompe’s
b. Von Gierke’s
c. Anderson’s
d. Her’s
95. Her’s , a glycogen storage disaease, si due to a deficiency of what enzymes found in tissue?
a. Glycogen phosphorylase, liver
b. Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle
c. Debranching enzyme, liver
d. Debranching enzyme, muscle
96. In the muscle, fructose is metablozied through the minor pathway when:
a. There is low fructose concentration
b. Fructose concentration is high
c. The Km value is below fructose concentration
d. The Km value is above fructose concentration
97. In the hepatocytes, galactose enter that glycolytic pathway through this intermediate
catalyzed by this enzyme
a. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
b. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate(GAP), glycerldehyde kinase
c. Fructose 6-PO4, hexokinase
d. Glucose 6-PO4, galactokinase
98. In the sperms, fructose is generated using this reaction
a. D-fructose  D-fructose 2-PO4
b. D-fructose  D-fructose 6-PO4
c. D-sorbitol  D-fructose
d. D-sorbitol  D-fructose 6-PO4
99. In fructosemia there is a deficiency of this enzyme
a. Liver fructokinase
b. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphate-1-phisphatase
c. Aldolase b
d. Aldolase a
100. Leloir pathway is the pathway converting galactose to a glycolytic intermediate..
glucose 6-PO4 involving four steps one of the enzymes involved is
a. Galactokinase
b. UDP-galactose 2-epimerase
c. UDP-Gal-glucose-1PO4, undyltransferase
d. phosphophexonutase