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    A 202 Tensile

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    Sridhar Sri
    This document describes procedures for conducting a tensile test to determine properties of mild steel such as yield stress, tensile stress, elastic modulus, and elongation. It provides background on stress-strain curves and defines key points including proportional limit, elastic limit, yield points and tensile strength.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    A 202 Tensile

    Uploaded by

    Sridhar Sri
    38 views7 pages
    This document describes procedures for conducting a tensile test to determine properties of mild steel such as yield stress, tensile stress, elastic modulus, and elongation. It provides background on stress-strain curves and defines key points including proportional limit, elastic limit, yield points and tensile strength.

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    material property test

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    This document describes procedures for conducting a tensile test to determine properties of mild steel such as yield stress, tensile stress, elastic modulus, and elongation. It provides background on stress-strain curves and defines key points including proportional limit, elastic limit, yield points and tensile strength.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    38 views7 pages

    A 202 Tensile

    Uploaded by

    Sridhar Sri
    This document describes procedures for conducting a tensile test to determine properties of mild steel such as yield stress, tensile stress, elastic modulus, and elongation. It provides background on stress-strain curves and defines key points including proportional limit, elastic limit, yield points and tensile strength.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    TENSILE TEST

    1.0 Objective

    The main objectives for this test are to determine the yield stress, tensile stress, Young
    Modulus and behavior of a mild steel bar when subjected to an axial tensile load.

    2.0 Theory

    If a test specimen is subjected to an axial load P, as shown in Figure 1, and if the load is
    increased in increments from zero to the point of fracture, and the stress and strain are
    computed at each step, a stress-strain curve as shown in Figure 2 can be plotted.

    P P

    L ΔL

    Figure 1

    E Ultimate Stress
    Stress(σ)
    Upper Yield Limit
    C

    D Lower Yield Limit


    B Elastic Limit
    A Proportional Limit F Stress during Failure

    Strain (ε)
    Figure 2

    1
    The curve is typical of class of steel known as mild steel. The relationship between
    stress and strain is linear up to proportional limit, the material is said to follow Hooke’s Law
    until point A, namely Proportional Limit. After this point, Hooke’s Law wouldn’t happen
    although the material has an Elastic Characteristic. The B point called Elastic Limit. The
    elastic limit of the material is a stress that lies between the proportional limit and the upper
    yield point (Point C). Up to this stress, the specimen can be unloaded without permanent
    deformation; the unloading will be along the linear portion of the diagram, the same path
    followed during loading. This part of the stress-strain diagram is called the elastic range.
    However, the Elastic limit (point B) is seldom determined, since it is very close to the
    Proportional Limit (point A) and therefore rather difficult to detect.

    A peak value, the upper yield point (Point C), is quickly reached after that, followed
    by leveling off at the lower yield point (Point D). At this stage of loading, the test specimen
    continues to elongate as long as the load is not removed, even though the load cannot be
    increased. This constant stress region is called the plastic range.

    When a further load is applied to the specimen, the curve will rise continuously but
    became flatter until it reaches a maximum stress referred as the Ultimate Stress (Point E).
    Throughout the test, while the specimen is elongating, its cross-sectional area will decrease.
    At the Ultimate Stress (Point E), the cross-sectional area begins to decrease in a localized
    region of the specimen, instead of over the specimen’s entire gauge length. This phenomenon
    is caused by slip planes formed within the material, and the actual strains produced are
    caused by shear stress. As a result, a construction or neck gradually tends to form this region

    Since the cross-sectional area within this region is continually decreasing, the smaller
    area can only carry an ever-decreasing load. Hence, the stress-strain diagram tend to curve
    downward until the specimen breaks at the Fracture Stress (Point F).

    2
    3.0 Equipment

    1. SHIMADZU 300kN Universal Test Machine (UTM)


    2. Series IX Application Software for 3300 Series Load Frames
    3. Specimen
    4. Measurement apparatus : Venier Calipers, Steel ruler

    4.0 Procedure

    1. Measure the diameter of the specimen at 3 various places and calculate the
    average.
    2. Mark a 50 mm gauge length on the specimen.
    3. Fix the specimen to the machine by pushing the top grip upwards and inserting
    the specimen into the bottom grip.
    4. Apply the load slowly.
    5. Record the reading of the load cell and the stroke.
    6. Remove the specimen from the grips and join back the broken halves together
    and measure the final “gauge” length, and the diameter at the broken section.

    3
    5.0 Results

    Specimen diameter = mm
    Cross sectional area = mm2
    Specimen Gauge Length (L) = mm

    Table 1
    ELONGATION STRAIN (ε)
    LOAD (kN) STRESS (σ)
    (ΔL)

    4
    Table 2 : Experimental Data

    Element Start experiment End experiment


    Diameter of specimen (mm)
    Area, A (mm²)
    Gauge length, L (mm)

    1. From the table, plot the graph of Stress versus Strain and mark :
    (i) Upper yield point
    (ii) Lower yield point
    (iii) Maximum load
    (iv) Break point load

    2. From the stress-strain graph, determine:


    (i) Elastic Modulus (E) = (N/mm2)
    (ii) Upper yield limit = (N/mm2)
    (iii) Lower yield limit = (N/mm2)
    (iv) Absolute tensile strength = (N/mm2)
    (v) Elastic Limit = (N/mm2)
    (vi) Elongation, e = (%)
    (vii) Reduction cross-sectional area = (%)

    6.0 Calculation

    a) Determination of Elastic Modulus (E)

    Elastic Modulus, (E) =

    OR

    Elastic Modulus, (E) = Slope of Graph

    Stress (

    Strain (ε) =

    5
    b) Determination of Tensile Strength
    i) Maximum load from the table = kN

    ii) Tensile Strength =

    c) Calculate Reduction In Area


    Original Area (A) = mm2
    Area at breakage(Al) = mm2

    Percentage reduction in area = mm2

    d) Calculate the percentage of elongation, e


    Gauge length (l) = 50 mm
    Gauge length at breakage (Lo) = mm

    Percentage of elongation, e = x 100%

    7.0 Questions/Discussions
    a) State the significant of tensile test in civil engineering
    b) Compare the stress-strain curve between mild steel and high yield steel

    6
    CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    TENSILE TEST

    No. I/C No. Name

    1.

    2.

    3.

    Section / Group

    Lecturer’s Name

    Item Mark Mark Mark

    Introduction 2

    Objective 5

    Equipment 25 5

    Theory 5

    Procedures 8

    Data / Table 10

    Data Analysis / C.P / Graph 35 15

    Results of Experiment 10

    Discussions 20

    Conclusion 35 10

    Suggestions / Comments 5

    Reference / Attachment 5 5

    Total 100 100

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