SELECTING THE ELECTRIC VIBRATOR

Vibration systems and methods

The systems that use the vibration technique can be divided into the following categories: freely oscillating systems, which will be described in this guide oscillating systems bound to resonance, which require specific in-depth research. Please contact the Technical Sales Service of Italvibras if these systems are required. The free oscillation system includes two different methods: rotational: the vibrating force is directed in all directions through 360 in a rotational way, either clockwise or anticlockwise. unidirectional: the vibrating force is directed in one single direction in fade-free sinoidal reciprocating mode. The rotational method is obtained by using a single electric vibrator. The unidirectional method is obtained by using two electric vibrators with the same electro-mechanical characteristics, each turning in the opposite direction to the other.

Rotational method Vibrating force directed in all directions through 306, in rotational mode.

Unidirectional method Vibrating force in a single direction, in sinusoidal reciprocating mode.

Examples of how electric vibrators are used in different processes

The following examples illustrate a few typical uses:

For conveyors, separators, sieves, sizing machines, unloaders, positioners, sorters, feeders and fluidized beds: unidirectional method.

For silos and hoppers: rotational method.

For vibrating beds: rotational method. For filters: rotational method.

For compacting tables and tests (accelerated ageing, stress, ecc.): rotational method.

For compacting tables and tests (accelerated ageing, stress, ecc.): unidirectional or rotational method.

98

Choice of the vibration method and rotation speed (and, thus, the vibration frequency) of the electric vibrator applied to the elastically insulated machine, depending on the process
The choice of the vibration method and vibration frequency able to achieve the utmost efficiency for each type of process, depends on the specific weight and granulometry (or piece size) of the material used in the process itself (consult the Table on page XX). Regardless of the selected vibration method, the electric vibrators can be mounted on the machine, elastically insulated with its axis in a horizontal or vertical position or, if necessary, in an intermediate position between the two directrices. The angle of incidence i (measured in degrees) of the line of force in relation to the horizontal plane should be taken into due consideration when electric vibrators are applied with the unidirectional method. Important: the line of force for any angle of incidence must pass through center of gravity G of the elastically insulated machine (see figure below). Determination of the angle of incidence of the line of force depends on the type of process and must be within the indicated range.

i da 6 a 12 da 25 a 30 da 31 a 45 da 45 a 80

Processes / Uses

for special separators (e.g.: the milling industry); for conveying, unloading, feeding, positioning and sorting; for sifting, grading and separating; for fluidized beds.

Unidirectional method
Flow of material Trajectory

Thrust Particle of material

i = angle of incidence of the line of force in relation to the horizontal plane e = eccentricity (mm) App = peak-to-peak (mm) = 2 x e

App

Theoretic speed of the product Vteo in m/h or cm/s

Rotational method

Corrected theoretic speed of the product VTEOc in m/h or cm/s

of m Flow

ateria

VTEOc =

Vteo + Vi F

VTEOc = corrected theoretic speed to take the slant of the machine into account VTEO = Corrected theoretic of the product
Established value i Values calculated according in F Vi

i Vi F e

= = = = =

angle of inclination of machine in relation to horizontal plane angle of incidence = 90 - speed of incidence (cm/s or m/h) corrective factor to calculate corrected theoretic speed VTEOC eccentricity (mm)

10 Calculated according to (see table on right) 15 20 25 35

80 75 70 65 55

0,81 0,71 0,60 0,48 0,25

80 75 70 65 55

99

How to choose the right type of electric vibrator for use in typical processes (e.g.: conveying material)
Use the Table on page (78) to select the vibration method and the required number of vibrations per minute depending on the process and the granulometry of the material. Now move to the diagram (amongst those on pages 79 - 88) corresponding to the obtained number of vibrations per minute. Choose the corresponding curve on the diagram, for a previously calculated angle of incidence i of the line of force (consult the descriptions on page 75). Using that diagram and that curve: eccentricity value e or peak-to-peak amplitude App, measured in mm and required to obtain the previously mentioned theoretic product advancement speed value V TEO or V TEOc can be identified for a required theoretic product advancement speed V TEO (m/h or cm/s) or V TEOc (m/h or cm/s) for tilted machines. V TEO is determined by the flow of material, taking a reduction coefficient into account (see conveyor channel example below). Given eccentricity value e, it is possible to determine the value of the total static moment Mt (Kg.mm) of the electric vibrator or vibrators. This value is calculated by means of the following formula:

Mt = e x Pv
where: Pv = Pc + Po with Pv = total weight of the vibrating complex (Kg); Pc = weight of the elastically isolated appliance (Kg); Po = weight of the installed electric vibrator (or vibrators) (Kg); hypothetic weight to be subsequently compared to that of the determined vibrator. Important: calculated moment Mt is the total moment of the electric vibrators. For example, if the vibrating machine has two electric vibrators, the calculated moment must be divided by two to obtain the static moment of each vibrator. Once the static moment of the vibrator has been calculated, consult the catalogue to determine the type of electric vibrator required.

Checking the validity of the chosen electric vibrator

Having chosen the type of electric vibrator, centrifugal force value Fc (in Kg) of the vibrator itself can now be found in the catalogue. Use formula a =

Fc Pv

(measured n times g)

to establish acceleration value a along the line of force. This value must be within the range indicated in the Table (on page 78) for the required type of process. Attention: if the chosen vibration method is unidirectional, value Fc to use in the above mentioned formula will obviously be twice the value indicated in the catalogue as two electric vibrators are installed.

Conveyor channel
Flow rate and speed of product Q = Vp x L x S
Q Vp L S = flow rate (m3/h) = speed of product (m/h) = channel width (m) = layer of material (m)

Vp = Vteo x K r

S L

Vteo = theoretic speed of the product (m/h) (if channel is slanting, indicated VTEOc ) K r = reduction factor depending on the type of product conveyed. A few values pertaining to this factor are indicated below. Leaf vegetables .......................................................... 0,70 Gravel ............................................................................ 0,95 Small pieces of coal ................................................... 0,80 Large pieces of coal ................................................... 0,85 Wooden shaving or PVC granules ............................ 0,750,85 Sand .................................................................................. 0,70 Sugar ................................................................................ 0,85 Salt .................................................................................... 0,95

100

Mechanical insulation of the vibrating equipment from the bearing structure sizing the elastic systems
If free oscillation systems are used, it is advisable to fit anti-vibration mounts (such as helical steel springs, rubber supports or pneumatic actuators) to allow the vibrating machine to freely move in all directions. Do not use connecting rods, leaf springs or flat springs, etc., for free oscillation systems. The non-vibrating element must be of adequate capacity, able to bear a weight equal to total weight Pt (i.e. the sum of the weights of the elastically insulated machine, or the electric vibrator or vibrators Pv and the material bearing on the machine itself Ps) multiplied by the factor of safety, the value of which is between 2 and 2.5. Capacity Q of the elastic element will therefore be:

Kkg =

Pv + Ps N

Pv = total weight of the vibrating complex (Kg) x 2,5

Where

Ps = static weight of material on machine (Kg) N = number of anti-vibration mounts

Diagram A 100 r=3 Camber f (mm) of the elastic system r=5

10

0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 3000 3600 Electric vibrator rpm

Diagram B 98,00

96,00

94,00

92,00

90,00

Percentage of insulation I%

88,00

86,00

84,00 82,00 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,4 4,6 4,8 5,0 5,2 5,4 5,6 5,8

Resonance ratio r

101

Now determine the camber f.of the elastic system by means of diagram A, depending on the vibration frequency (rpm of the electric vibrator) and considering a resonance ratio r. (between the vibration frequency of the vibrating complex and the frequency of the elastic system itself) between 3 and 5. The elastic constant of the anti-vibrating mount thus equals:
Pv f x N

Kkg-mm =

where f = camber of the elastic system (mm)

The capacity Q kg and the elastic constant K kg-mm are the two entities required to choose the anti-vibration mounts on the market. It is absolutely essential to distribute the load of the vibrating complex evenly over the elastic system. Diagram B gives the percentage of elastic insulation (I%) between the vibrating structure and bearing structure, depending on ratio r. The anti-vibration mounts must be positioned so that the flexure is the same on all the elements, in order to balance the machine. Important: the bearing structure to which the anti-vibration mounts of the vibrating complex are fastened must be rigidly anchored to the ground or to some other type of bearing structure and always without any further anti-vibration elements.

Vibrating force Specific weight Sise Type of process 600 (50Hz) 720 (60Hz) 750 (50Hz) 900 (60Hz)

Vibrations per minute 1000 (50Hz) 1200 (60Hz) 1500 (50Hz) 1800 (60Hz) 3000 (50Hz) 3600 (60Hz) 6000 (50Hz) 9000 (50Hz) -

Accelerat. on the line of force

Rotat.

Gericht.

nxg

Conveying Separating Sieving Positioning Grading Sizing Extracting Feeding Filter cleaning Slackening and emptying material in silos, hoppers, etc. Fluidized beds Separators (eg. for mills),

F A M G F B M G A/B A/B A/B A/B F F M G

M = medium

49 46 3.54.5 57 45.5 3.55.5

23

Note (1)

24 24

F M Vibrating beds G F M G F Compacting M G Compacting concrete Test benches (accelerated ageing)

Key: Specific weight Size A = high F = fine

B = low G = coarse

0.72

26

12 0.524

Note (1): Centrifugal force of the electric vibrator = 0.1 0.25 for weight of material cpntained in the vibrating apparatus conic part.

102

3000 rpm - 50 Hz
(cm/s) (m/h)

30.6

1100

27.8

1000

25.0

900

22.2

800

19.4

700

16.7

600

13.9

500

11.1

400

8.33

300

Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

5.56

200

2.78

100

0 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.60 0.40 0.80 0.50 1.00 0.60 1.20 0.70 1.40 0.80 1.60 0.90 1.80 1.00 2.00 1.10 2.20 1.20 2.40 1.30 2.60 1.40 2.80 1.50 3.00 1.60 3.20
e (mm) App (mm)

Angle of incidence i

33.3

1200

25 30 35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

103

3600 rpm - 60 Hz
(cm/s) (m/h)

38.9

1400

36.1

1300

33.3

1200

30.6

1100

27.8

1000

25.0

900

22.2

800

19.4

700

16.7

600

13.9

500

11.1

400

Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

8.33

300

5.56

200

2.78

100

0 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.60 0.40 0.80 0.50 1.00 0.60 1.20 0.70 1.40 0.80 1.60 0.90 1.80 1.00 2.00 1.10 2.20 1.20 2.40 1.30 2.60 1.40 2.80 1.50 3.00 1.60 3.20
e (mm) App (mm)

104

Angle of incidence i

25 30 35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

1500 rpm - 50 Hz
(cm/s) (m/h)

36.1

1300

33.3

1200

30.6

1100

27.8

1000

25.0

900

22.2

800

19.4

700

16.7

600

13.9

500

11.1

400

Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

8.33

300

5.56

200

2.78

100

0 1.00 2.00 1.20 2.40 1.40 2.80 1.60 3.20 1.80 3.60 2.00 4.00 2.20 4.40 2.40 4.80 2.60 5.20 2.80 5.60 3.00 6.00 3.20 6.40 3.40 6.80 3.60 7.20 3.80 7.60
e (mm) App (mm)

Angle of incidence i

38.9

1400

25 30 35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

105

1800 rpm - 60 Hz
(cm/s) (m/h)

41.7

1500

38.9

1400

36.1

1300

33.3

1200

30.6

1100

27.8

1000

25.0

900

22.2

800

19.4

700

16.7

600

13.9

500

11.1

400

Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

8.3

300

5.6

200

2.8

100

0 0.60 1.20 0.80 1.60 1.00 2.00 1.20 2.40 1.40 2.80 1.60 3.20 1.80 3.60 2.00 4.00 2.20 4.40 2.40 4.80 2.60 5.20 2.80 5.60 3.00 6.00 3.20 6.40 3.40 6.80
e (mm) App (mm)

106

Angle of incidence i

25 30 35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

1000 rpm - 50 Hz
(cm/s) (m/h)

50.0

1800

47.2

1700

44.4

1600

41.7

1500

38.9

1400

36.1

1300

33.3

1200

30.6

1100

27.8

1000

25.0

900

22.2

800

19.4

700

16.7

600

13.9

500

11.1 Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

400

8.33

300

5.56

200

2.78

100

0 2.00 4.00 2.40 4.80 2.80 5.60 3.20 6.40 3.60 7.20 4.00 8.00 4.40 8.80 4.80 9.60 5.20 10.4 5.60 11.2 6.00 12.0 6.40 12.8 6.80 13.6 7.20 14.4 7.60 15.2
e (mm) App (mm)

Angle of incidence i

25 30 35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

107

1200 rpm - 60 Hz
(cm/s) (m/h)

33.3

1200 Angle of incidence i

30.6

1100

25 30
27.8 1000

35 40

25.0

900

45

22.2

800

50

19.4

700

55

60
16.7 600

65
13.9 500

70
11.1 400

75
8.3 300

Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

5.6

200

80

2.8

100

0 1.40 2.80 1.60 3.20 1.80 3.60 2.00 4.00 2.20 4.40 2.40 4.80 2.60 5.20 2.80 5.60 3.00 6.00 3.20 6.40 3.40 6.80 3.60 7.20 3.80 7.60 4.00 8.00 4.20 8.40
e (mm) App (mm)

108

750 rpm - 50 Hz
38.9 1400 Angle of incidence i
(cm/s) (m/h)

36.1

1300

25 30 35

33.3

1200

40

30.6

1100

45

27.8

1000

50

25.0

900

55

22.2

800

60

19.4

700

65

16.7

600

70
13.9 500

11.1

400

75

Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

8.33

300

80

5.56

200

2.78

100

0 2.00 4.00 2.40 4.80 2.80 5.60 3.20 6.40 3.60 7.20 4.00 8.00 4.40 8.80 4.80 9.60 5.20 10.4 5.60 11.2 6.00 12.0 6.40 12.8 6.80 13.6 7.20 14.4 7.80 15.6
e (mm) App (mm)

109

900 rpm - 60 Hz
(cm/s) (m/h)

47.2

1700

44.4

1600

41.7

1500

38.9

1400

36.1

1300

33.3

1200

30.6

1100

27.8

1000

25.0

900

22.2

800

19.4

700

16.7

600

13.9

500

11.1 Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

400

8.3

300

5.6

200

2.8

100

0 2.50 5.00 2.90 5.80 3.30 6.60 3.70 7.40 4.10 8.20 4.50 9.00 4.90 9.80 5.30 10.6 5.70 11.4 6.10 12.2 6.50 13.0 6.90 13.8 7.30 14.6 7.70 15.4 8.10 16.2
e (mm) App (mm)

110

Angle of incidence i

25 30 35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

600 rpm - 50 Hz
(cm/s) (m/h)

27.8

1000

25.0

900

22.2

800

19.4

700

16.7

600

13.9

500

11.1

400

8.33

300

Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

5.56

200

2.78

100

0 3.00 6.00 3.40 6.80 3.80 7.60 4.20 8.40 4.60 9.20 5.00 10.0 5.40 10.8 5.80 11.6 6.20 12.4 6.60 13.2 7.00 14.0 7.40 14.8 7.80 15.6 8.20 16.4 8.60 17.2
e (mm) App (mm)

Angle of incidence i

30 35 40 25 45

20

111

720 rpm - 60 Hz
(cm/s) (m/h)

38.9

1400

36.1

1300

33.3

1200

30.6

1100

27.8

1000

25.0

900

22.2

800

19.4

700

16.7

600

13.9

500

11.1

400

Vteo (theoretic speed of the product)

8.3

300

5.6

200

2.78

100

0 3.00 6.00 3.40 6.80 3.80 7.60 4.20 8.40 4.60 9.20 5.00 10.0 5.40 10.8 5.80 11.6 6.20 12.4 6.60 13.2 7.00 14.0 7.40 14.8 7.80 15.6 8.20 16.4 8.60 17.2
e (mm) App (mm)

112

Angle of incidence i

25 30 35 20 40

45 15