Example 7-9

Air, initially at 17oC, is compressed in an isentropic process through a pressure ratio

of 8:1. Find the final temperature assuming constant specific heats and variable
specific heats.

a. Constant specific heats, isentropic process

For air, k = 1.4, and a pressure ratio of 8:1 means that P2/P1 = 8

b. Variable specific heat method

1
 Using the air data from Table A-17 for T1 = (17+273) K = 290 K, Pr1 = 1.2311.

P2
Pr 2 Pr 1
P1
12311
. (8) 9.8488

Example 7-10

Air initially at 0.1 MPa, 27oC, is compressed reversibly to a final state.

(a) Find the entropy change of the air when the final state is 0.5 MPa, 227oC.
(b) Find the entropy change when the final state is 0.5 MPa, 180oC.
(c) Find the temperature at 0.5 MPa that makes the entropy change zero.

Assume air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

2
Show the two processes on a T-s diagram.

a.

b.

3
c.

The T-s plot is

T
P2
2
a
c
b
P1

Give an explanation for the difference in the signs for the entropy changes.

4
Example 7-11

Nitrogen expands isentropically in a piston cylinder device from a temperature of 500

K while its volume doubles. What is the final temperature of the nitrogen, and how
much work did the nitrogen do against the piston, in kJ/kg?

System: The closed piston-cylinder device

5
Property Relation: Ideal gas equations, constant properties

Process and Process Diagram: Isentropic expansion

Conservation Principles:

Second law:

Since we know T1 and the volume ratio, the isentropic process, s = 0, allows us to
find the final temperature. Assuming constant properties, the temperatures are
related by

Why did the temperature decrease?

6
First law, closed system:

Note, for the isentropic process (reversible, adiabatic); the heat transfer is zero. The
conservation of energy for this closed system becomes

Ein Eout E
W U
W U
Using the ideal gas relations, the work per unit mass is
W mCv (T2 T1 )
W
w Cv (T2 T1 )
m
kJ
0.743 (378.9 500) K
kg K
kJ
90.2
kg
Why is the work positive?

7
Example 7-12

A Carnot engine has 1 kg of air as the working fluid. Heat is supplied to the air at 800
K and rejected by the air at 300 K. At the beginning of the heat addition process, the
pressure is 0.8 MPa and during heat addition the volume triples.

(a) Calculate the net cycle work assuming air is an ideal gas with constant specific
heats.
(b) Calculate the amount of work done in the isentropic expansion process.
(c) Calculate the entropy change during the heat rejection process.

System: The Carnot engine piston-cylinder device.

8
Property Relation: Ideal gas equations, constant properties.

Process and Process Diagram: Constant temperature heat addition.

9
Conservation Principles:

a.
Apply the first law, closed system, to the constant temperature heat addition process,
1-2.
Qnet ,12 Wnet ,12 U12
mCv (T2 T1 ) 0
Qnet ,12 Wnet ,12
So for the ideal gas isothermal process,

10
But
Qnet ,12 QH
QH 252.2 kJ
The cycle thermal efficiency is
Wnet , cycle
th
QH
For the Carnot cycle, the thermal efficiency is also given by

TL 300 K
th 1 1
TH 800 K
0.625
The net work done by the cycle is

11
 Wnet , cycle th QH
0.625(252.2 kJ )
157.6 kJ
b.
Apply the first law, closed system, to the isentropic expansion process, 2-3.

But the isentropic process is adiabatic, reversible; so, Q23 = 0.

Ein Eout E
W U
W23 U 23
Using the ideal gas relations, the work per unit mass is
W23 mCv (T3 T2 )
kJ
(1kg )(0.718 )(300 800) K
kg K
359.0 kJ
12
This is the work leaving the cycle in process 2-3.
c.
Using equation (6-34)

But T4 = T3 = TL = 300 K, and we need to find P4 and P3.

Consider process 1-2 where T1 = T2 = TH = 800 K, and, for ideal gases

m1 m2
PV PV
1 1
2 2
T1 T2
V1
P2 P1
3V1
1
(800 kPa )
3
266.7 kPa

13
Consider process 2-3 where s3 = s2.

Now, consider process 4-1 where s4 = s1.

k /( k 1)
T4
P4 P1
T1
1.4 /(1.4 1)
300 K
8000 kPa
800k
25.834 kPa

14
Now,

15
Example 7-13

Saturated liquid water at 10 kPa leaves the condenser of a steam power plant and is
pumped to the boiler pressure of 5 MPa. Calculate the work for an isentropic
pumping process.

a. From the above analysis, the work for the reversible process can be applied to the
isentropic process (it is left for the student to show this is true) as

WC mv
1 ( P2 P1 )
Here at 10 kPa, v1 = vf = 0.001010 m3/kg.

The work per unit mass flow is

WC
wC v1 ( P2 P1 )
m
m3 kJ
0.001010 (5000 10) kPa 3
kg m kPa
kJ
5.04
kg
16
b. Using the steam table data for the isentropic process, we have
Wnet m (h2 h1 )
(0 W ) m (h h )
C 2 1

From the saturation pressure table,

kJ
h 191.81
P1 10 kPa
1
kg

Sat. Liquid kJ
s1 0.6492
kg K
Since the process is isentropic, s2 = s1. Interpolation in the compressed liquid tables
gives
P2 5 MPa
kJ
kJ h2 197.42
s2 s1 0.6492 kg
kg K
The work per unit mass flow is
WC
wC (h2 h1 )

m
kJ
(197.42 191.81)
kg
kJ
5.61 17
kg
Example 7-14

The isentropic work of the turbine in Example 7-6 is 1153.0 kJ/kg. If the isentropic
efficiency of the turbine is 90 percent, calculate the actual work. Find the actual
turbine exit temperature or quality of the steam.
Actual turbine work w
T a
Isentropic turbine work ws
kJ kJ
wa T ws (0.9)(1153.0 ) 1037.7
kg kg
h1 h2 a
T
h1 h2 s
Now to find the actual exit state for the steam.

From Example 7-6, steam enters the turbine at 1 MPa, 600oC, and expands to 0.01
MPa.

18
From the steam tables at state 1
kJ
h 3698.6
P1 1 MPa 1 kg

T1 600o C kJ
s1 8.0311
kg K
At the end of the isentropic expansion process, see Example 7-6.
P2 0.01 MPa kJ
2s
h 2545.6
kJ kg
s2 s s1 8.0311
kg K
x2 s 0.984
The actual turbine work per unit mass flow is (see Example 7-6)
wa h1 h2 a
h2 a h1 wa
kJ
(3698.6 1037.7)
kg
kJ
2660.9
kg

19
For the actual turbine exit state 2a, the computer software gives

A second method for finding the actual state 2 comes directly from the expression for
the turbine isentropic efficiency. Solve for h2a.
h2 a h1 T (h1 h2 s )
kJ kJ
3698.6 (0.9)(3698.6 2545.6)
kg kg
kJ
2660.9
kg
Then P2 and h2a give T2a = 86.85oC.

20
Example 7-15

Air enters a compressor and is compressed adiabatically from 0.1 MPa, 27oC, to a
final state of 0.5 MPa. Find the work done on the air for a compressor isentropic
efficiency of 80 percent.

System: The compressor control volume

Property Relation: Ideal gas equations, assume constant properties.

2a
T 2s P2

P1
1

s
21
Process and Process Diagram: First, assume isentropic, steady-flow and then
apply the compressor isentropic efficiency to find the actual work.

Conservation Principles:

For the isentropic case, Qnet = 0. Assuming steady-state, steady-flow, and neglecting
changes in kinetic and potential energies for one entrance, one exit, the first law is

E in E out
1h1 WCs m
m 2 h2 s
The conservation of mass gives
1 m
m 2 m

The conservation of energy reduces to

WCs m (h2 s h1 )
WCs
wCs (h2 s h1 )
m

22
Using the ideal gas assumption with constant specific heats, the isentropic work per
unit mass flow is
wCs Cp (T2 s T1 )

The isentropic temperature at state 2 is found from the isentropic relation

The conservation of energy becomes

wCs C p (T2 s T1 )
kJ
1005
. (475.4 300) K
kg K
kJ
176.0
kg

23
The compressor isentropic efficiency is defined as
ws
C
wa
wcs
wCa
C
kJ
176
kg kJ
220
0.8 kg
Example 7-16

Nitrogen expands in a nozzle from a temperature of 500 K while its pressure

decreases by factor of two. What is the exit velocity of the nitrogen when the nozzle
isentropic efficiency is 95 percent?

System: The nozzle control volume.

24
Property Relation: The ideal gas equations, assuming constant specific heats

Process and Process Diagram: First assume an isentropic process and then apply
the nozzle isentropic efficiency to find the actual exit velocity.

Conservation Principles:

For the isentropic case, Qnet = 0. Assume steady-state, steady-flow, no work is done.
Neglect the inlet kinetic energy and changes in potential energies. Then for one
entrance, one exit, the first law reduces to
E in E out
2
V
m 1h1 m 2 (h2 s 2 s )
2
25
The conservation of mass gives
1 m
m 2 m

The conservation of energy reduces to

V2 s 2(h1 h2 s )
Using the ideal gas assumption with constant specific heats, the isentropic exit
velocity is

V2 s 2Cp (T1 T2 s )

The isentropic temperature at state 2 is found from the isentropic relation

26
The nozzle exit velocity is obtained from the nozzle isentropic efficiency as
2
V2 a / 2
N 2
V2 s / 2
m m
V2 a V2 s N 442.8 0.95 421.8
s s
27
Example 7-17

An inventor claims to have developed a water mixing device in which 10 kg/s of water
at 25oC and 0.1 MPa and 0.5 kg/s of water at 100oC, 0.1 MPa, are mixed to produce
10.5 kg/s of water as a saturated liquid at 0.1 MPa. If the surroundings to this device
are at 20oC, is this process possible? If not, what temperature must the surroundings
have for the process to be possible?

System: The mixing chamber control volume.

Property Relation: The steam tables

Process and Process Diagram: Assume steady-flow

28
Conservation Principles:

First lets determine if there is a heat transfer from the surroundings to the mixing
chamber. Assume there is no work done during the mixing process, and neglect
kinetic and potential energy changes. Then for two entrances and one exit, the first
law becomes

kJ
h h 104.83
P1 0.1 MPa 1 f @ T1
kg

T1 25o C kJ
s1 s f @T1 0.3672
kg K

kJ
h 2675.8
P2 0.1 MPa 2 kg

T2 100o C kJ
s2 7.3611
kg K

29
 kJ
h 417.51
P3 0.1 MPa
3
kg

Sat. liquid kJ
s3 1.3028
kg K
Q net m 3h3 m 1h1 m 2 h2
kg kJ kg kJ kg kJ
10.5 417.51 10 104.83 0.5 2675.8
s kg s kg s kg
kJ
1997.7
s
So, 1996.33 kJ/s of heat energy must be transferred from the surroundings to this
mixing process, or Q net , surr Q net , CV
For the process to be possible, the second law must be satisfied. Write the second
law for the isolated system,
Q k
T m i si m e se Sgen SCV
k

For steady-flow SCV 0 . Solving for entropy generation, we have

30
 Q k
S gen m e se m i si

Tk
Q cv
m 3 s3 m 1s1 m 2 s2
Tsurr
kg kJ kg kJ
10.5 1.3028 10 0.3672
s kg K s kg K
kg kJ 1997.7 kJ / s
0.5 7.3611
s kg K (20 273) K
kJ
0.491
K s
Since Sgen must be 0 to satisfy the second law, this process is impossible, and the
inventor's claim is false.

To find the minimum value of the surrounding temperature to make this mixing
process possible, set Sgen = 0 and solve for Tsurr.

31
 Q k
S gen m e se m i si
0
Tk
Q cv
Tsurr
m 3 s3 m 1s1 m 2 s2
1997.7 kJ / s

kg kJ kg kJ kg kJ
10.5 1.3028 10 0.3672 0.5 7.3611
s kg K s kg K s kg K
315.75K

One way to think about this process is as follows: Heat is transferred from the
surroundings at 315.75 K (42.75oC) in the amount of 1997.7 kJ/s to increase the
water temperature to approximately 42.75oC before the water is mixed with the
superheated steam. Recall that the surroundings must be at a temperature greater
than the water for the heat transfer to take place from the surroundings to the water.

32
Answer to Example 7-4

Find the entropy and/or temperature of steam at the following states:

P T Region s kJ/kgK
5 MPa 120oC Compressed liquid 1.5233
and
in the table
1 MPa 50oC Compressed liquid s = sf at 50oC
but = 0.7038
not in the table
1.8 MPa 400oC Superheated 7.1794
40 kPa T=Tsat Quality, x = 0.9 s = sf + x sfg
=75.87oC Saturated mixture = 7.0056
40 kPa T=Tsat sf<s<sg at P 7.1794
=75.87oC Saturated mixture
X = (s-sf )/sfg
= 0.9262

33