7-88 An insulated cylinder initially contains air at a specified state.

A resistance heater
inside the cylinder is turned on, and air is heated for 15 min at constant pressure. The
entropy change of air during this process is to be determined for the cases of constant and
variable specific heats.
Assumptions At specified conditions, air can be treated as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis The mass of the air and the electrical work done during this process are

m=
P1V1
=
(120 kPa )0.3 m3 ( )
= 0.4325 kg
RT1 (
0.287 kPa ⋅ m3/kg ⋅ K (290 K ) )
We,in = W&e,in Dt = (0.2 kJ/s )(15 ¥ 60 s ) = 180 kJ
The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as AIR
0.3 m3
E - Eout = DEsystem
1in
424 3 1424 3 120 kPa
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies 17°C
We
We,in - Wb,out = DU æ
æÆWe,in = m(h2 - h1 ) @ c p (T2 - T1 )
since DU + Wb = DH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process.
(a) Using a constant cp value at the anticipated average temperature of 450 K, the final
temperature becomes
We,in 180 kJ
Thus, T2 = T1 + = 290 K + = 698 K
mc p (0.4325 kg )(1.02 kJ/kg ⋅ K )
Then the entropy change becomes
Ê T P Ã0 ˆ T
DSsys = m(s2 - s1 ) = mÁ c p , avg ln 2 - R ln 2 ˜ = mc p , avg ln 2
Á T1 P1 ¯ ˜ T1
Ë
Ê 698 K ˆ
= (0.4325 kg )(1.020 kJ/kg ⋅ K )lnÁÁ ˜˜ = 0.387 kJ/K
Ë 290 K ¯
(b) Assuming variable specific heats,
We,in 180 kJ
We,in = m(h2 - h1 ) æ
æÆ h2 = h1 + = 290.16 kJ/kg + = 706.34 kJ/kg
m 0.4325 kg

From the air table (Table A-17, we read s2o = 2.5628 kJ/kg·K corresponding to this h2
value. Then,
Ê P Ã0 ˆ
( )
DSsys = mÁ s2o - s1o + R ln 2 ˜ = m s2o - s1o = (0.4325 kg )(2.5628 - 1.66802 )kJ/kg ⋅ K = 0.387 kJ/K
Á P1 ˜¯
Ë
7-92 One side of a partitioned insulated rigid tank contains an ideal gas at a specified
temperature and pressure while the other side is evacuated. The partition is removed, and
the gas fills the entire tank. The total entropy change during this process is to be
determined.
Assumptions The gas in the tank is given to be an ideal gas, and thus ideal gas relations
apply.
Analysis Taking the entire rigid tank as the system, the energy balance can be expressed
as
 E - Eout = DEsystem
1in
424 3 1424 3
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies IDEA
0 = DU = m(u2 - u1 ) L GAS
u2 = u1 5 kmol
T2 = T1 40°C
since u = u(T) for an ideal gas. Then the entropy change of the gas becomes
Ê T Ã0 V ˆ V
DS = N Á cv ,avg ln 2 + Ru ln 2 ˜ = NRu ln 2
Á
Ë T1 V ˜
1 ¯ V1
= (5 kmol)(8.314 kJ/kmol ⋅ K )ln (2 )

= 28.81 kJ/K
This also represents the total entropy change since the tank does not contain anything
else, and there are no interactions with the surroundings.

7-95 An insulated rigid tank contains argon gas at a specified pressure and
temperature. A valve is opened, and argon escapes until the pressure drops to a
specified value. The final mass in the tank is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, argon can be treated as an ideal gas. 2 The
process is given to be reversible and adiabatic, and thus isentropic. Therefore, isentropic
relations of ideal gases apply.
Properties The specific heat ratio of argon is k = 1.667 (Table A-2).
Analysis From the ideal gas isentropic relations,
(k -1) k 0.667 1.667
ÊP ˆ Ê 200 kPa ˆ
T2 = T1 ÁÁ 2 ˜˜ = (303 K )ÁÁ ˜˜ = 219.0 K ARGON
Ë P1 ¯ Ë 450 kPa ¯
4 kg
The final mass in the tank is determined from the ideal gas relation, 450 kPa
P1V m RT PT (200 kPa )(303 K ) (4 kg )= 2.46 kg 30°C
= 1 1 æ æÆ m 2 = 2 1 m1 =
P2V m 2 RT2 P1T2 (450 kPa )(219 K )
7-99 Nitrogen is compressed in an adiabatic compressor. The minimum work input is to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 The
process is adiabatic, and thus there is no heat transfer. 3 Nitrogen is an ideal gas with
constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of nitrogen at an anticipated average temperature of 400 K are
cp = 1.044 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.397 (Table A-2b).
Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m& 1 = m& 2 = m& . We take the
compressor as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary.
The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
E& - E& = DE& system ä0 (steady) =0 600
1in424out
3 1442444 3
Rate of net energy transfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic, kPa Nitrogen
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies
compress
E& in = E& out
or
120
kPa
30°C
 m& h1 + W& in = m& h2
W& in = m& (h2 - h1 )
For the minimum work input to the compressor, the T
process must be reversible as well as adiabatic (i.e., 600
isentropic). This being the case, the exit 2
kPa
temperature will be
( k -1) / k 0.397 / 1.397 120
ÊP ˆ Ê 600 kPa ˆ 1
T2 = T1 ÁÁ 2 ˜˜ = (303 K)Á ˜ = 479 K kPa s
Ë P1 ¯ Ë 120 kPa ¯
Substituting into the energy balance equation gives
win = h2 - h1 = c p (T2 - T1 ) = (1.044 kJ/kg ⋅ K)(479 - 303)K = 184 kJ/kg

7-108C The work associated with steady-flow devices is proportional to the specific
volume of the gas. Cooling a gas during compression will reduce its specific volume, and
thus the power consumed by the compressor.

7-109C Cooling the steam as it expands in a turbine will reduce its specific volume, and
thus the work output of the turbine. Therefore, this is not a good proposal.

7-118 Liquid water is pumped by a 70-kW pump to a specified pressure at a specified

level. The highest possible mass flow rate of water is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Liquid water is an incompressible substance.
2 Kinetic energy changes are negligible, but potential energy P2 = 5
changes may be significant. 3 The process is assumed to be MPa
reversible since we will determine the limiting case.
Properties The specific volume of liquid water is given to be PUMP
v1 = 0.001 m3/kg.
Analysis The highest mass flow rate will be realized when
the entire process is reversible. Thus it is determined from
the reversible steady-flow work relation for a liquid, Water
2
Ê
W&in = m& Á
ˆ
v dP + DkeÃ0 + Dpe ˜ = m& {v (P2 - P1 )+ g (z2 - z1 )} P1 = 120
Ë Ú 1 ¯ kPa
Thus,
ÏÔ Ê 1 kJ ˆ Ê 1 kJ/kg ˆ¸Ô
7 kJ/s = m& Ì(0.001 m3/kg )(5000 - 120) kPa ÁÁ ˜ + (9.8 m/s 2 )(10 m)Á
3˜
˜
Á 1000 m 2 /s 2 ˜˝Ô
ÔÓ Ë 1 kPa ⋅ m ¯ Ë ¯˛
It yields
m& = 1.41 kg/s

7-128 Steam is expanded in an adiabatic turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 0.92.

The power output of the turbine is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 The device is adiabatic and thus heat
transfer is negligible.
Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m& 1 = m& 2 = m& . We take the actual
turbine as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The
energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
E& - E& = DE& system Ã0 (steady) =0
1in424out
3 144 42444 3
Rate of net energy transfer
by heat, work, and mass
Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
P1 = 3
MPa
E& in = E& out
T1 =
m& h1 = W& a ,out + m& h2 (since Q& @ Äke @ Äpe @ 0) 400°C Steam
W& a ,out = m& (h1 - h2 ) turbine
hT =92%
From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6),
P1 = 3 MPa ¸ h1 = 3231.7 kJ/kg
˝
T1 = 400°C ˛ s1 = 6.9235 kJ/kg ⋅ K P2 = 30
s 2s - s f kPa
6.9235 - 0.9441
P2 s = 30 kPa ¸ x 2 s = = = 0.8763
˝ s fg 6.8234
s 2 s = s1 ˛ h = h + x h = 289.27 + (0.8763)(2335.3) = 2335.7 kJ/kg
2s f 2 s fg

The actual power output may be determined by multiplying the isentropic power output
with the isentropic efficiency. Then,
W& a ,out = h T W& s ,out
= h T m& (h1 - h2 s )
= (0.92)(2 kg/s)(3231.7 - 2335.7)kJ/kg
= 1649 kW