ABSTRACT

Generally domain Aearoplane uses conventional fuel. These fuel having

limited life, high cost and pollutant. Also nowadays price of petrol and other fuels
are going to be higher, because of scarcity of those fuels. So there is great
demand of use of non-exhaustible unlimited source of energy like solar energy.
Solar aircraft is one of the ways to utilize solar energy. Solar aircraft uses solar
panel to collect the solar radiation for immediate use but it also store the
remaining part for the night flight. This paper intended to stimulate research on
renewable energy sources for aviation. In future solar powered airplanes could be
used for different types of aerial monitoring and unmanned flights. This review
paper briefly shows history, application and use of solar aircraft. We are focusing
on design and fabrication of solar aircraft which is unmanned prototype.
INTRODUCTION
Energy comes in different forms. Light is a form of energy. Sun is source of energy
called sunlight. Sunshine is free and never gets used up. Also, there is a lot of it.
The sunlight that heats the Earth in an hour has more energy than the people of
the world use in a year. A little device called a solar cell can make electricity right
from sunlight. The dream of flight powered only by the suns energy or sunlight
has long motivated scientists and hobbyists. A solar aircraft is one which collects
energy from the sun by means of photovoltaic solar cells. The energy may be used
to drive electric motor to power the aircraft. Such airplanes store excess solar
energy in batteries for night use. Also there are rapidly increasing traffic problems
in world and in our country also, so it is required to go for such small solar
aircrafts which can be used for transporting goods or materials between places at
short distance. Using solar panels there is more space due to escape of engines
and turbines. Quite a few manned and unmanned solar aircraft have been
developed and flown. a 100% clean electric airplane powered only by solar energy
and hydrogen. The goal is to design an airplane, which will use only renewable
energies with no greenhouse gas emission and also to decrease noise pollution.
There were photovoltaic cells affixed on the wing and on the horizontal tail supply
power for the take off and for on-board electric supply. An electric engine which
is more silent than heat engines.
Principle of operation

Our basic principle is to use solar power by means of aircraft. And

this thing can be done by solar panels which cover the whole surface of wing.
This panels converts radiative energy into electric energy. This electric energy
is used to charge battery which drives electric motor. Propeller which is
mounted on motor shaft produces thrust continuously. Because of this,
aircraft is moved and force is produced on wing by dynamic effect of air which
opposes the downward force of weight. During the night, the only energy
available comes from the battery. A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device
that converts solar energy into electricity by the photovoltaic eect. It is very
widely used in space application because it allows a clean and long-duration
source of energy requiring almost no maintenance. Solar cells are composed
of various semiconducting materials, constituting one or more layers.

Solar power conversion into electric energy by means of aircraft.

It can be done by solar panels which covers the definite surface area of
wings.
A convertor ensures that the solar panels are working at their maximum
power point.
The electric energy is used to charge battery which drives electric motor.
Propeller is mounted on motor shaft produces thrust continuously
WORKING OF SOLAR AIRCRAFT?
When Sunlight falls on the solar panel , the solar panel absorbs the energy
and uses it by the help of inverter which the energy is converted into AC (
Alternating Current ) or ( Direct Current ).

WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE SOLAR AIRCRAFT?

It is important to use Solar Aircraft because the fossil fuels are finishing day by
day and It also release heat which is causing Global Warming.
 HISTORY
It is manned solar-powered aircraft that was designed by David Williams and
produced by Solar Powered Aircraft Co. The planning of the aircraft was started
in 1979. It first flew in 2014 across the Asia to America. The Helios Prototype
solar-electric airplane was an uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV), were developed as
technology demonstrators under Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor
Technology (ERAST) project. Prior to its loss during flight in June 2003, the Helios
Prototype set a world altitude record for propeller-driven aircraft of almost
97,000 feet.

Their are two types of solar powered airplanes as follows,

Unmanned Solar Powered Airplanes:

Sunrise I (1974)

Solaris (1976)

Solar Excel (1990)

Manned Solar Airplanes:

Solar Riser (1979)

Solar Challenger (1981)

Helinet (1998)

Solar Impuse And Solar Impuse 2 (2009)

DESIGN METHOD
The design methodology consists of simple 5 parameters linked to the
design of the airplane and they are as follows,

Solar Cell

Energy Storage[Battery]

Electric Motor

Aerodynamic of Wings

Propeller

MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker)

SOLAR IRRADIANCE
Solar Irradiance is a measure of the irradiance (Power per unit area on
the Earth's surface) produced by the Sun in the form of electromagnetic
radiation.

CURRENT AND VOLTAGE OF SOLAR CELL

When the cell pads are not connected, no current produced and the
voltage equals V= 0, the open circuit voltage.

When it is short circuited, the voltage is zero but the current equals ISC.

In between these two points where in both cases the power retrieved is
zero, there is working point, called the maximum power point.

The current of a solar cell is proportional to its area and varies almost
linearly with the light intensity
 MAXIMUM POWERPOINT TRACKER
A solar cell has a working point on its current to voltage curve where the
power retrieved is maximum.

The constantly changing irradiance conditions, and thus get the highest
amount of energy, a so called Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is
required.

An MPPT is basically DC/DC converter with variable and adjustable gain

between the input and the output voltage.

The input being the solar panels and the output the battery.

It contains electronics that monitor both the current and the voltage on
each side.

POWER STORAGE
When the energy production is not constant and continuous, a good energy
storage method is necessary.

Dierent ways to store energy:

1) Chemical (hydrogen, biofuels)

2) Electrochemical (batteries, fuel cells)
3) Electrical (capacitor, super capacitor, superconducting magnetic energy
storage)
4) Mechanical (compressed air, ywheel)
5) Thermal
 In the case of a solar airplane, the gravimetric energy density also called
specic energy. The peak power are the most crucial parameters that
determine the choice of the energy storage method.

Therefore in present case, the electrochemical batteries and the fuel cells
are the two best candidates.

ELECTROCHEMICAL BATTERIES
Electrochemical batteries are energy storage devices, which are able to
convert chemically stored energy into electrical energy during discharging.

They are composed of a cathode and an anode, made of two dissimilar

metals that are in contact with an electrolyte.

When all elements are in contact with each other, a ow of electron is

produced.

ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy.
There are a very large variety of electric motors that coexist because of the
different supply sources, sizes, torques and speeds depending on the
application.
In the present case, DC (Direct Current or Continuous Current) motor will
be used as solar airplane is designed to run on DC electric power supplied
by a battery.
The advantages of DC motors are numerous:
1. Very precise speed control.
2. High efficiency.
3. Reliability with longer lifetime (no brush abrasion and no ionizing sparks).
4. Their power to weight ratio is exceptionally high.
PROPELLER
The propeller is a device consisting of a set of two or more twisted, airfoil
shaped blades
The blades are mounted around a shaft and spun to provide propulsion of a
vehicle through a uid.
It accelerates incoming air particles creating a reaction force called thrust.

AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS
The design and analysis of wings of aircraft is principle application of
science of aerodynamics.
Once a plane leaves the ground, it is acted upon by four aerodynamic
forces.
Thrust
Drag
Weight
Lift
The lift maintains the airplane compensating the weight.
The drag that is compensated by the thrust of the propeller.
WEIGHT
There is mass difference between the weight of a normal aircraft and
a solar aircraft. A normal plane weight 560 Tons and A Solar Plane weight 2
tons.
ADVANTAGES
Sunlight is renewable day after day.
Solar energy is free and we save money.
Solar energy is a clean energy.
It does not pollute air.
Solar energy which not used during the day can be stored in a battery
system for night.
We wouldnt have to worry as much about future energy sources.
People can save money.

DISADVANTAGES
Collecting solar energy depends on location and weather conditions.
Only 1 or 2 people can sit in aircraft.
Cost is high.
Solar panels and other collectors take up a lot of space.
May cause hazards to the birds.
Hazards to eyesight from solar reflectors.
We cannot produce solar electricity at night.
Applications
1. As a transport vehicle to reduce cost and to increase overall profit to reduce
fuel cost.
2. Use of free energy means nothing to invest in transportation of materials and
get free transportation after investing in small aircraft.
3. One main reason of traffic is due to the big and bulky transporting vehicles so
by using small lighter aircraft traffic problem can be reduce.
4. Fast transportation of materials so some expensive material can also transport
in less time.
5. One kind of solar aircraft is in astrology industries as a transporting vehicle used
to go in space or on neighbour planets.
6. Use of solar aircraft worldwide can make fast development of countries.
7. Use of Solar Energy as source of energy will increase as conventional fuels are
reducing drastically.
8. Future of aviation field.
9. Future utility to solve traffic problems.
10. Device used for Astronomical field.
11. Utility of solar aircraft in transporting which can be helpful to reduce cost of
transportation.
12. Lower cost of transportation than conventional vehicles.
13. Lighter in weight and not bulky
LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO SOLAR AIRCRAFT
There is a cruciform wing structure for solar powered aircraft on which 28 cells
are mounted on horizontal wing surfaces. For maintaining normal to the sun rays
wing surfaces with span wise axis perpendicular to horizontal surfaces. The solar
airplane may of conventional design with respect to fuselage, propeller and tail or
may construct around core with propeller mechanism near the tips of airfoils.
Solar powered aircraft is capable of continuous flight nowadays. The research
activities carried out till now have been mainly focused on flying wings or
conventional aircraft configurations, with a great emphasis on the technological
aspects. The paper deals with the current state of art of empower the aviation
industry with solar power and the shortcoming and the future aspect.
[12]The Autonomous Systems Lab has developed, with ESA program, an ultra-
light weight solar autonomous model airplane called Sky-Sailor. The main goal of
this project is to research on navigation, control of the plane. The airplane will be
capable of continuous flight over days and nights, which makes it suitable for a
wide range of applications.

[13]Energy optimal path planning and perpetual endurance for unmanned aerial
vehicles equipped with solar cells on the wings, which collect energy used to drive
a propeller. Perpetual endurance is the ability to collect more energy than is lost
during a day. This paper shows two unmanned aerial vehicle missions: (1) to
travel between given positions within an allowed duration while maximizing the
final value of energy and (2) to loiter perpetually from a given position, which
requires perpetual endurance. For the first one, the problem is of energy-optimal
path planning features the coupling of the aircraft kinematics and energetic
models through the bank angle. The problem is then formulated as an optimal
control problem, with the bank angle and speed as inputs. The power ratio is used
to predict the qualitative features of the optimal paths. If the power ratio exceeds
a certain threshold, perpetual endurance is possible.

[14]There are the solar airplanes which have a facility to sustain energy for flight
during day-night cycles. Close to the Earth surface they are useful for
transportation and at high altitudes, they are useful for monitoring and
measurement applications, therefore they are targeted by several research
groups and institutions. Also it indicates that how to choose the essential design
parameters of the airplane for a specific mission, minding the current state-of-
the-art technologies involved. Solar airplanes using both batteries as energy
storage devices as well as their capability of flying performance-optimizing
altitude profiles can be sized and evaluated in terms of various performance
measures. [15]There is the concept of the exploration of neighbour planets
around the earth. The ground robots are used but they have limitations. So, an
aircraft which uses sun energy for flying continuously is approach of interests in
this way. The step in this direction was a project of sky-sailor started in 2004. The
aim was to study the possibility of solar powered aircrafts in the atmosphere of
those planets. There is the result of two years of work on this project.
[18]There is also a solar powered air craft which uses solar energy to electrolyze
on board water to produce hydrogen. All this hydrogen is stored in various on
board tanks making the aircraft lighter than air. The hydrogen also used to
operate fuel cells which supply power for electrical parts including motor of a
propeller. Further water comes as waste from fuel cells is used to produce
hydrogen. This type of aircraft do not emit any harmful substance and also flies
for indefinitely time. There is a only problem of leakage of hydrogen and water.
[19]The design features of fuel-less air vehicles and their sensitivity to several key
performance metrics for this class of aircraft are discussed by Adam M.
Wickenheiser and EphrahimGarcia in their paper. They studied aircraft with
wingspans in the range of 3 to 5 m and Reynolds no in range of 5*105 to 5*106 is
considered. New metrics are showed that are unique to a microwave powered
aircraft and are also useful in the development of its missions. These metrics are
related to the design of the aircraft, the energy transmitter to the duration and
range of the vehicles missions. In addition an examination of the strong coupling
among the aircrafts flight performance, power harvesting abilities, and its
mission capabilities is also analyzed. Different wing shapes are showed for
coupling. Also tradeoffs between flight performance and power harvesting
performance are shown.
Based on the above review, we would like to make an aircraft which is operated
on solar power. In this literature we have analyzed designs of different solar
airplanes invented. Now we will design modified aircraft which will take very
short runway for takeoff.