1.

WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using
a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics,
solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and
artificial photosynthesis.[1][2]
It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are
broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on
how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems,
concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing
source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its
2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar
energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than
the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.[3][4]
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of
affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have
huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security
through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-
independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the
costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than
otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the
incentives for early deployment should be considered learning
investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared".[
2. Energy Flow
The energy from the sun strikes the earth throughout the entire day .
However, the amount of energy changes due to the time of day, weather
conditions, and geographic location. The amount of available solar energy
is known as the solar isolation and is most commonly measured in watts
per meter squared or W / m 2. In India on a bright sunny day in the early
afternoon the solar isolation will be roughly around 1000 W / m 2, but in
the mornings, evenings, or when the skies are overcast, the solar isolation
will fall towards 0 W / m 2. It must understand how the available isolation
changes in order to capture as much of the available energy as
sunlight hits the cells of the solar array, which produces an electrical
current. The energy (current) can travel to the batteries for storage; go
directly to the motor controller, or a combination of both. The energy sent
to the controller is used to power the motor that turns the wheel and makes
the car moves.
Generally if the car is in motion, the converted sun light is delivered
directly to the motor controller, but there are times when there is more
energy coming from the may than the motor controller needs. When this
happens, the extra energy gets stored in the batteries for later use.

When the solar may can't produce enough energy to drive the motor at the
desired speed, the array's energy is supplemented with stored energy from
the batteries.
Of course, when the car is not in motion, all the energy from the solar may
is stored in the batteries. There is also a way to get back some of the energy
used to propel the car. When the car is being slowed down, instead of
using the normal mechanical brakes, the motor is turned into a generator
and energy flows backwards through the motor controller and into the
batteries for storage. This is known as regenerative braking. The amount
of energy returned to the batteries is small, but every bit helps.
[ENERGY FLOW SYSTEM IN SOLAR PANEL TO BATTERY]
3. Solar cell:-
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of
light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and
chemical phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose
electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed
to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise
known as solar panels. In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce
a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.[2]
Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source is
sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photo detector (for example infrared
detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range,
or measuring light intensity.
The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic attributes:
 The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitations.
 The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
 The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.
In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the
purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation from heat. A
"photo electrolytic cell" (photo electrochemical cell), on the other hand, refers either
to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond Becquerel and modern
dye-sensitized solar cells), or to a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and
oxygen using only solar illumination.
 1.4 Solar panel:-
Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate
electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of
typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the
photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar
electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC),
and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module
determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230
W module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module. There are a
few commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of 24%.
A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most
installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes an
array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, a battery pack for storage,
interconnection wiring, and optionally a solar tracking mechanism.
The most common application of solar energy collection outside agriculture is solar
water heating systems.
The price of solar electrical power has continued to fall so that in many countries it
has become cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the electricity grid
since 2012, a phenomenon known as grid parity.
Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline
silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module
can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from
mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones
based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells must be connected electrically
in series, one to another.
A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and it is its output
interface. Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to
facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Also, USB power
interface can be used.
Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage
or in parallel to provide a desired current capability (amperes). The conducting wires
that take the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-
magnetic conductive transition metals. Bypass diodes may
be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize
the output of module sections still illuminated.
case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still
illuminated.
1. HISTORY
In 1839, the ability of some materials to create an electrical charge from light

exposure was first observed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel.[3] Though the

premiere solar panels were too inefficient for even simple electric devices they

were used as an instrument to measure light.[4] The observation by Becquerel

was not replicated again until 1873, when Willoughey Smith discovered that

the charge could be caused by light hitting selenium. After this discovery,

William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day published "The action of light

on selenium" in 1876, describing the experiment they used to replicate Smith's

results.[3][5] In 1881, Charles Fritts created the first commercial solar panel,

which was reported by Fritts as "continuous, constant and of considerable

force not only by exposure to sunlight but also to dim, diffused daylight."[6]

However, these solar panels were very inefficient, especially compared to

coal-fired power plants. In 1939, Russell Ohl created the solar cell design that

is used in many modern solar panels. He patented his design in 1941.[7] In

1954, this design was first used by Bell Labs to create the first commercially

viable silicon solar cell.

1.6 Solar array

An array is a group of 8 lower level solar panels/arrays. They are used to reduce the
size of solar farms, which can quickly become invasive.

The preferable method of construction involves the setting up of Automatic Crafting

Tables to perform these tasks as otherwise creation would become tedious. If no
Automatic Crafting Tables are available, the next best option would be a Project
Table.

Like Solar Panels, Solar Arrays will not work at night, and will have reduced output
during a thunderstorm.

There are 3 types of Solar Arrays

▪ HV Solar Array

▪ MV Solar Array

▪ LV Solar Array

1.6. HV SOLAR ARRAY

The High Voltage Solar Array is the third and topmost tier of solar arrays added
by. It is made using 8 Medium Voltage Solar Arrays, which each require 8 Low
Voltage Solar Arrays, which each require 8 Solar Panels, bringing the total up to 512
Solar Panels in total plus a stack of LV-Transformers, 8 MV-Transformers and a
single HV-Transformer, making it a very expensive and resource-intensive item to
create just one. The iron necessary for the generators alone would amount to
32 MACERATED stacks of Iron Ore. If Greg Tech 4 is installed, many stacks of
Silicon Cells and possibly an Industrial Blast Furnace are also necessary.
The High Voltage Solar Array generates and outputs 512 EU/p (HV). It has no

internal storage and no method of charging items, so if the Array is connected to no

cables, all of its power generation will be for naught. Due to its high output, it

requires Glass Fibre Cable or HV Cable (Gold Cable also acceptable in

Industrialcraft 2 Experimental) to connect it to a power storage unit. The High

Voltage Solar Array is made from 512 Solar Panels, each producing 1 EU/t, so the

Solar Array does not serve to generate more power, but merely to generate the same

amount of power in a smaller and more compact space.

Since the High Voltage Solar Array takes 512 Solar Panels to craft, doing it manually

takes several hours. One of the ways to automate this process is to set up an ME

Molecular Assembler Chamber to craft the High Voltage Solar Arrays. The EMC of

a High Voltage Solar Array is the equivalent of 323 Diamonds.

8. MV SOLAR ARRAY

The Medium Voltage (MV) Solar Array is an IC Machine used to

generate EU from the sun. It is the equivalent of 64 Solar Panels, or 8 LV Solar

Arrays.

One MV Solar Array produces 64 EU/t, which is 1,280 EU per second, or 835,200

EU per mini craft day. This daily figure however is based on if there is daylight
constantly to power the MV Solar Array. It is a medium voltage device so if you.

wish to hook it up to a Bat box or other Tier 1 machine, you must use an transform.

9. LV ARRAY
2. Low Voltage (LV) Solar Array is an IC Machine used to generate EU from the

sun. It is the equivalent of 8 Solar Panels.

3. One LV Solar Array produces 8 EU/t, which is 160 EU per second, or 104,400

EU per day. It is a low voltage device.

4. LV Solar Arrays are the cheapest out of the three Solar Arrays (The others being

MV and HV Solar Arrays). They are usually the choice of most players as they

provide an energy of 8 Solar Panels (1 EU/t per Solar Panel), but only takes up

one block area, without needing a Transformer to wire up to a BatBox. If you

wish to make 8 or more LV solar arrays, you can craft a MV solar array with

those plus a MV transformer.

 4.8. Power tracker:-
Power track (UK), Speed track (US), Turbo sprint and Lane changer are brand

names for Matchbox's toy slot cars sets. Introduced in the late 1970s, Power track

and Speed track differed from other slot car sets because the cars could be seen in

the dark as the cars had headlights. Matchbox's H0/00 (approx. 1/64) cars were

smaller than 1/32-scale cars.

In the UK, Power track was a more affordable product than Scalextric and traded

heavily on the Matchbox brand. With the smaller size, the layouts could be quite

complex yet still fit in the typical 8×4 ft board size. Additionally, it did not sit out of

place with H0/00 railway sets and Matchbox's own 75 die-cast range. Coupled with

very dynamic packaging. The Power track product was a big turn-on for a child of

the late 1970s and early 1980s. Peter Kay commented in his autobiography The

Sound of Laughter that the Race 'N' Chase set he received for Christmas in the late

1970s was the best Christmas present ever.

With the collapse of Lesney/Matchbox in the early eighties, the last official year of

production appears to be 1982. Various attempts to buy the Lesney stock and

continue selling the products were tried but subsequently died out. Most notably,

Proops Brothers, of Tottenham Court Road, London packaged together sets in plain
boxes and sold existing sets with all sorts of car combinations. Latterly, several

vehicles appear from time to time rebranded as 'Counter lane' but these too were

short lived.

The sets came with either a 6-volt or an 18-volt power unit. The 18-volt (HVT) cars

are extremely quick due to the size and weight and handle very well with the aid of

a magnet on the underside.

No longer in production, cars and sets can be purchased via e BAY with some rarer

cars commanding keen prices, like the red Saab 900 Turbo and the gold, yellow

livery Ford Escort. Many of the cars for sale come with poor quality , leaving the

cars with no grip. The lack of grip results in the cars just wheel spinning without any

forward movement. However, there are replacements available and it is still possible

to buy brand new cars in sealed cartons.

 11. Speed controller:-

An electronic speed control follows a speed reference signal (derived from a throttle

lever, joystick, or other manual input) and varies the switching rate of a network of

field effect transistors (FETs) . By adjusting the duty cycle or switching frequency

of the transistors, the speed of the motor is changed. The rapid switching of the

transistors is what causes the motor itself to emit its characteristic high-pitched

whine, especially noticeable at lower speeds.

Different types of speed controls are required for brushed DC motors and brushless

DC motors. A brushed motor can have its speed controlled by varying the voltage

on its armature. (Industrially, motors with electromagnet field windings instead of

permanent magnets can also have their speed controlled by adjusting the strength of

the motor field current.) A brushless motor requires a different operating principle.

The speed of the motor is varied by adjusting the timing of pulses of current

delivered to the several windings of the motor.

A generic ESC module rated at 35 amperes with an integrated BEC

Brushless ESC systems basically create three-phase AC power, as in a variable

frequency drive , to run brushless motors. Brushless motors are popular with radio

controlled airplane hobbyists because of their efficiency, power, longevity and light

weight in comparison to traditional brushed motors. Brushless AC motor controllers

are much more complicated than brushed motor controllers.[2]

The correct phase varies with the motor rotation, which is to be taken into account

by the ESC: Usually, back EMF from the motor is used to detect this rotation, but

variations exist that use magnetic (Hall effect) or optical detectors. Computer-

programmable speed controls generally have user-specified options which allow

setting low voltage cut-off limits, timing, acceleration, braking and direction of

rotation. Reversing the motor's direction may also be accomplished by switching any

two of the three leads from the ESC to the motor.

 CHAPTER 2

PHOTOVOLTAIC
EFFECT:-
2.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy

of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and

chemical phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device

whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when

exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules,

otherwise known as solar panels. In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell

can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.[2]

Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source

is sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photodetector (for example

infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the

visible range, or measuring light intensity.

The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic attributes:

The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons.

The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.

The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.

In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the

purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation from heat.
 A "photo electrolytic cell" (photo electro chemical cell), on the other hand, refers

either to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond Becquerel

and modern dye-sensitized solar cells), or to a device that splits water directly

into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar illumination.

2.2 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons or other free carriers when light

falls on a material. Electrons emitted in this manner can be called photoelectrons.

This phenomenon is commonly studied in electronic physics, as well as in fields of

chemistry, such as quantum chemistry or electrochemistry.

According to classical electromagnetic theory, this effect can be attributed to the

transfer of energy from the light to an electron. From this perspective, an alteration

in the intensity of light would induce changes in the kinetic energy of the electrons

emitted from the metal. Furthermore, according to this theory, a sufficiently dim

light would be expected to show a time lag between the initial shining of its light

and the subsequent emission of an electron. However, the experimental results did

not correlate with either of the two predictions made by classical theory.[citation needed]

Instead, electrons are dislodged only by the impingement of photons when those

photons reach or exceed a threshold frequency (energy). Below that threshold, no

electrons are emitted from the material regardless of the light intensity or the length
of time of exposure to the light. (Rarely, an electron will escape by absorbing two or

more quanta. However, this is extremely rare because by the time it absorbs enough

quanta to escape, the electron will probably have emitted the rest of the quanta.) To

make sense of the fact that light can eject electrons even if its intensity is low, Albert

Einstein proposed that a beam of light is not a wave propagating through space, but

rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons), each with energy hν. This

shed light on Max Planck's previous discovery of the Planck relation (E = hν) linking

energy (E) and frequency (ν) as arising from quantization of energy. The factor h is

known as the Planck constant.[1][2]

In 1887, Heinrich Hertz[2][3] discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet

light create electric sparks more easily. In 1900, while studying black-body

radiation, the German physicist Max Planck suggested that the energy carried by

electromagnetic waves could only be released in "packets" of energy. In 1905, Albert

Einstein published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in

discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect.

This model contributed to the development of quantum mechanics. In 1914,

Millikan's experiment supported Einstein's model of the photoelectric effect.

Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the

photoelectric effect", and Robert Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for

"his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect".
The photoelectric effect requires photons with energies approaching zero (in the case

of negative electron affinity) to over 1 MeV for core electrons in elements with a

high atomic number. Emission of conduction electrons from typical metals usually

requires a few electron-volts, corresponding to short-wavelength visible or

ultraviolet light. Study of the photoelectric effect led to important steps in

understanding the quantum nature of light and electrons and influenced the

formation of the concept of wave–particle duality.[1] Other phenomena where light

affects the movement of electric charges include the photoconductive effect (also

known as photoconductivity or photo resistivity), the photovoltaic effect, and the

photo electro chemical effect.

Photoemission can occur from any material, but it is most easily observable from

metals or other conductors because the process produces a charge imbalance, and if

this charge imbalance is not neutralized by current flow (enabled by conductivity),

the potential barrier to emission increases until the emission current ceases. It is also

usual to have the emitting surface in a vacuum, since gases impede the flow of

photoelectrons and make them difficult to observe. Additionally, the energy barrier

to photoemission is usually increased by thin oxide layers on metal surfaces if the

metal has been exposed to oxygen, so most practical experiments and devices based

on the photoelectric effect use clean metal surfaces in a vacuum.

When the photoelectron is emitted into a solid rather than into a vacuum, the term

internal photoemission is often used, and emission into a vacuum distinguished

[PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT]

2.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system

designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an

arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert

sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to
AC, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working

system. It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system's overall

performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices

are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the

ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all

the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). Moreover, PV

systems convert light directly into electricity and shouldn't be confused with other

technologies, such as concentrated solar power. or solar thermal, used for heating

and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with

capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations

of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while

off-grid or stand-alone systems only account for a small portion of the market.

Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV

systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature

technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the

invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and

produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service

lifetime.
2.4 PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT

The photovoltaic effect is the creation of voltage and electric current in a material

upon exposure to light and is a physical and chemical phenomenon.

The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect. In either case,

light is absorbed, causing excitation of an electron or other charge carrier to a higher-

energy state. The main distinction is that the term photoelectric effect is now usually

used when the electron is ejected out of the material (usually into a vacuum) and

photovoltaic effect used when the excited charge carrier is still contained within the

material. In either case, an electric potential (or voltage) is produced by the

separation of charges, and the light has to have a sufficient energy to overcome the

potential barrier for excitation. The physical essence of the difference is usually that

photoelectric emission separates the charges by ballistic conduction and

photovoltaic emission separates them by diffusion, but some "hot carrier"

photovoltaic device concepts blur this distinction.

The first solar cell, consisting of a layer of selenium covered with a thin film of gold,

was experimented by Charles Fritts in 1884, but it had a very poor efficiency. A

demonstration of the photovoltaic effect in 1839 used an electrochemical cell.

However, the most familiar form of the photovoltaic effect uses solid-state devices,

mainly in photodiodes. When sunlight or other sufficiently energetic light is incident

upon the photodiode, the electrons present in the valence band absorb energy and,

being excited, jump to the conduction band and become free. These excited electrons

diffuse, and some reach the rectifying junction (usually a diode p-n junction) where

they are accelerated into the p-type semiconductor material by the built-in potential

(Galvani potential). This generates a flow of electrical current electromotive force,

and thus some of the light energy is converted into electric energy. The photovoltaic

effect can also occur when two photons are absorbed simultaneously in a process

called two-photon photovoltaic effect.

The photovoltaic effect was first observed by French physicist A. E. Becquerel in

1839. He explained his discovery in Components rendus de l'Académie des sciences,

"the production of an electric current when two plates of platinum or gold immersed

in an acid, neutral, or alkaline solution are exposed in an uneven way to solar

radiation."

Besides the direct excitation of free electrons, a photovoltaic effect can also arise

simply due to the heating caused by absorption of the light. The heating leads to

increased temperature of the semiconductor material, which is accompanied by

temperature gradients. These thermal gradients in turn may generate a voltage

through the See beck effect. Whether direct excitation or thermal effects dominate

the photovoltaic effect .

 CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
3.1 INTRODUCTION

It is Luna which runs on solar energy . It get the solar energy directly from the

sun through solar panel. The Luna consists of 2 solar panel,4 batteries,1

accelerator ,1controller and 1 motor ,2 wheels. The energy first absorb and store

in solar panel , then the energy goes to batteries and charge it. Then the energy

goes to the motor and the accelerator regulate the speed, wheel absorbs the energy

and rotate.

3.2 SOLAR PANEL

1. The solar panel absorb the solar energy from the sun and supply the energy to

the battery.

2. The solar panel works on photovoltaic effect.

3. We have used two 12volt solar panel ,which absorb dc current directly from

the sun.

4. Each solar panel cost is 1500.

5. The solar panel are present back side of the luna . it is in triangle shape

mounted and bolted with the welded road.

6. For supporting the solar panel a rectangular shape rod is present at the bottom

of the solar panel.

[12 VOLT TWO SOLAR PANEL PESENT ON THE BACK SIDE OFL
3.2 BATTERY

I. We have used 4 batteries of 12volt 7 amp each. The cost of each battery is

1200 rupees.

II. We have divided the 4 batteries in two pair. The batteries are connected in

series in each pair. The pair are connected in parallel to each other.

III. We used 12 volt 7 amp batteries because the motor we used is24volt 350watt.

IV. So battery size is total watt per total battery voltage. Dividing it we get 14

amp battery. Connecting the battery in each pair we get 24 volt and

connecting the pair in parallel we get 14 ah current.

MATHMATICALLY,

BATTERY SIZE = TOTAL WATT PER TOTAL VOLTAGE

SO BATTERY SIZE = 350 watt/24 volt =14 amp

Two battery connected in series so 12 volt +12 volt =24 volt(in series connection

amp remain same)

Two pair of battery connected in parallel so7 amp +7amp=14 amp (in parallel

voltage remain same)

[The battery is present at the centre for balancing]
 3.3 MOTOR CONTROLLER

I. Motor controller is a device which connect and control different part like

motor, accelerator, headlights, indicator ,key , charging etc.

II. The controller present above the motor nearer to the battery.it is a 500watt

controller it’s cost is 4300 rupees.

III. The Direct Current comes from battery go to motor through controller and the

controller is also connected to accelerator which regulate the speed of the luna.

IV. Except charging controller connected to remaining 5 parts like motor ,

accelerator, headlights, indicator and key.

 3.4 MOTOR

I. The motor is present at the bottom of the luna. we have used a 24volt

350watt motor.

II. The motor is brush less dc motor. Because it creates less heat and

chances of sparking is zero in it.

III. The price of motor is 8600 rupees.

IV.

(GEAR MOUNTED ON MOTOR FIG 3.1 )

3.5 CHAIN DRIVE

 A small gear is mounted on the motor and another gear is also present
on back wheel shaft. Through a chain system the motor passes energy
to the wheel .

 [gear on motor shaft]

3.6 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

I. First we took luna and the engine part .then coloured it to look

good ,then we brought the solar panel each of is 12volt .we joint

the rod in rectangular shape and make hole in it so we can bolt it

with the panel. Then we took 4 battery each of is 12 volt 7amp

we divided the battery into 2 pair and each battery pair consists

of 2 battery connect in series and the 2pair are connected in

parallel.

II. We set the battery in the centre so that it can make balance .

Then the battery connected to motor controller, the motor

controller has 6 out put . The controller then connected to motor

, accelerator, key ,light .when battery supply the energy to the

motor the motor will rotate as regulated by accelerator.

III. Then through chain drive the motor transfer the energy to the

rear wheel.

IV. Finally the rear wheel is start rotating.

(after removing the engine)
(after complete of work)

4.1 CONCLUSION

Going by the above process finally we concluded that we

have made a solar Luna which operates on solar energy

and if the battery is fully charged then it can run 10 to 12

km in rainy day without any charging.

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND RESULT