Cat Ii

VIBRATION TRAINING
ACTIVITY BOOK
CATEGORY II
[email protected]
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Copyright 1999 - 2013 Mobius All Rights Reserved

This manual is designed as a guide only.
In practical situations there are many variables,
so please use this information with care.
Copyright 1999 - 2013 Mobius Institute

All Rights Reserved
DO NOT COPY OR
REPRODUCE IN ANY FORM
Table of Contents
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS ........................................................................................... 4
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: AVD................................................................................... 5
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: PHASE ............................................................................... 6
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: OVERALL READINGS ............................................................ 7
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: SPECTRA ............................................................................ 8
VIBRATION FORCING FREQUENCIES................................................................................ 9
UNDERSTANDING SIGNALS .......................................................................................... 12
SIGNAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................. 14
WINDOWING .............................................................................................................. 17
AVERAGING ................................................................................................................ 18
DATA COLLECTION: TRANSDUCER SELECTION................................................................ 19
DATA COLLECTION: SENSOR LOCATION & MOUNTING..................................................... 21
DATA COLLECTION: RECOGNIZING BAD DATA ................................................................ 22
DATA COLLECTION: PHASE........................................................................................... 23
DIAGNOSING MACHINE FAULTS .................................................................................... 24
DIAGNOSING IMBALANCE ............................................................................................ 27
DIAGNOSING ECCENTRICITY ........................................................................................ 28
DIAGNOSING MISALIGNMENT....................................................................................... 29
DIAGNOSING BENT SHAFT ........................................................................................... 30
DIAGNOSING LOOSENESS............................................................................................ 30
DIAGNOSING RESONANCE ........................................................................................... 31
DIAGNOSING BEARING FAULTS .................................................................................... 32
DIAGNOSING ELECTRIC MOTORS .................................................................................. 33
GEARBOX ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 34
BELTS ........................................................................................................................ 35
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES ........................................................................................... 36
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Document ID: ABII 161012
Page 4 of 37 Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT II
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS
[1] Circle the RMS level on this chart.
[2] True or
False: The
peak- peak
level is always
twice the peak
level.
A.
True B.
False
[3] Write down the relationship between frequency and period:

A. They are the same
B. Frequency (Hz) = 1/Period
(seconds) C. Frequency =
2
Period
D. Frequency (CPM) = 1/Period (seconds)
[4] What is the frequency of the sine wave below?

A. 10
Hz B. 5
Hz C.
0.2 Hz
D. 2 Hz

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT II Page 5 of 37
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: AVD

[1] The measurement that relates to the position of the shaft in the journal/sleeve
bearing is...
A.
Displacement
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration
[2] What is a proximity probe used to measure?

A.
Displacement
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration
[3] The measurement that relates to the rate of change of the vertical movement
of the shaft in the bearing is...
A.
Displacement
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration
[4] The measurement that is proportional to the stress of the shaft on the bearing is...
A.
Displacement
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration
[5] The measurement that is proportional to the force of the shaft on the bearing is...
A.
Displacement
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration
[6] Which two vibration measures are 180 degrees out of phase?
A. Displacement and
Acceleration B. Velocity and
Acceleration
C. Displacement and
Velocity D. All of the
above
[7] A spectrum has a peak at 100 Hz of 5 mm/sec rms. Calculate the

corresponding vibration levels in the units listed below:
in/sec pk_________________________________________________________________________
Gs rms__________________________________________________________________________
Microns (um) pk-pk _______________________________________________________________

[8] It is understood that vibration severity is proportional to the velocity value.

Which of the following vibration levels is the most severe? (They were all recorded
at the running-speed peak of a
1485 RPM motor.)
A. 10 mm/sec
rms B. 0.51
in/sec pk C.
120 um pk-pk
D. 0.12 gs
rms
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: PHASE

[1] Phase is measured in units of...
A.
seconds
B. RPM
C. degrees
[2] What is the phase relationship between the following two signals?
A. In phase
B. 180 degrees out of
phase C. 90 degrees
out of phase
[3] If two signals are in-

phase...
A.
they
reac
h
thei
r maximums (peaks) at the same time B. one
will reach its peak when the other is zero
C. one will reach its minimum when the other reaches its maximum
[4] If two signals are 180 degrees out-of-phase...

A. they reach their maximums (peaks) at the
same time B. one will reach its peak when the
other is zero
C. one will reach its minimum when the other reaches its maximum
[5] If signal 1 leads signal 2...

A. signal 1 is higher in amplitude
than signal 2 B. signal 1 finishes
before signal 2
C. signal 1 reaches its peak BEFORE signal 2
reaches its peak D. signal 1 reaches its peak
AFTER signal 2 reaches its peak
[6] Does signal A lead or lag signal B?
A.
Lead B.
Lag
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: OVERALL

READINGS
[1] Overall RMS levels are often collected and trended or compared to an alarm
chart in a vibration monitoring program. Please describe the pros and cons of
using this measurement.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
[2] Please name at least two ways to calculate the RMS Overall level
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: SPECTRA

[1] If the running speed of a machine is 600 CPM, and there is peak at 8X,
calculate the frequency of that peak: ___________________ CPM ______________ Hz
_____________ X
[2] If the 10X peak is at 2500 CPM, the running speed of the machine is
_________________ CPM
A. 250
CPM B.
2500 CPM
C. 4.2 CPM
[3] Sketch: Draw a 2 Hz sine wave with amplitude of 1 mm/sec. Draw the
corresponding spectrum on the chart below in mm/sec rms. Annotate the y-axis
(show the min and max value on the graph scale.)
[4] What is the

amplitude of the
peak in the
spectrum you
have sketched
(state the units)?
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
____
[5] The
following
order
normalized spectrum came from a motor driving a pump at 1485 RPM via a
flexible coupling. Calculate the frequency of the peak at 6X: ____________________
CPM
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obiusinst
itute.co
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t 2005
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biusinsti
tute.com
Docume
nt ID:
ABII
161012
VIBRATION FORCING FREQUENCIES

Chart courtesy DLI Engineering (ABB)

[1] If the following compressor ran at 1485 CPM, and there are 12 vanes on the
impeller, calculate the compressor vane-pass rate: _______________ CPM
______________ Hz ______________ X
[2] If the following fan had 10 blades, and

the motor RPM was 1485, calculate
the fan blade-pass forcing frequency
_________ ______ CPM ______________ Hz
_________ _____ X
[ 3]
If
there were 10 vanes on the following

compressor, and the compressor vane
rate was 29,700 CPM, calculate the RPM of the compressor ________________________
CPM
[4] If the pulley on this motor had a

100 mm diameter, and the pulley
on the pump had a 350 mm
diameter, and the motor speed was
2970 RPM, calculate the speed
of the pump: __________________________________
CPM
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[5] If the motor speed was 1480 RPM, and the input gear of the gearbox had 39
teeth, and the pinion had 15 teeth, and the compressor had 12 vanes, provide
the following details:
Gearmesh frequency: _________________ X ______________ CPM

_______________ Hz Compressor speed: ___________________ X ______________
CPM _______________ Hz Compressor vane pass rate: ____________ X
______________ CPM _______________ Hz
[6] The two-stage gearbox

below has the number of
teeth on each gear and
pinion as shown. From this
information, and the fact
that the motor speed is
1450 RPM, calculate the following information:
Stage one gearmesh frequency: ____________________ CPM
Speed of intermediate shaft: _______________________ CPM
Stage two gearmesh frequency: ____________________ CPM
Speed of output shaft: ____________________________ CPM

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UNDERSTANDING SIGNALS
[1] Sketch: Imagine a machine that generates a 2 Hz signal of 2 mm/sec and
a second 2 Hz signal of 1 mm/sec. There is 0 degrees phase angle between the
two signals.
Draw the resultant time waveform and spectrum in mm/sec rms. Annotate the
y-axis (show the min and max value on the graph scale.)
[2] Question:
What is the amplitude of
the peak in the spectrum
you have sketched (state
the units)?
______ ________________
______ ________________
______ ________________
______ ________
[3] Sketch: Now

imagine that the two
signals were 180
degrees out of phase
with each other. Draw the resultant time waveform and spectrum in mm/sec rms.
Annotate the y-axis (show the min and max value on the graph scale.)
[4] Question: What
is the amplitude of the
peak in the spectrum you
have sketched (state
the units)?
_______ ________________
_______ ________________
_______ ________________
_______ ____
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ID: ABII 161012
[5] A clipped or distorted signal will produce...

A. Half-order harmonics.
B. A series of harmonics: 1X, 2X,
3X, 4X, etc. C. Odd harmonics.
D. Even harmonics.
[6] Sub-harmonics can best be described as...

A. Same as normal harmonics, but half the size.
B. A series of evenly spaced peaks in the spectrum,
starting at 0 CPM. C. A series of fractional harmonics, for
example X, X.
[7] Amplitude Modulation can best be described as...

A. The periodic change in the frequency of a signal.
B. The sound a radio makes when it is not
correctly tuned. C. The periodic change in the
amplitude of a signal
D. Harmonics that don't look quite right.
[8] If a signal of 200 Hz was varying in amplitude at a rate of 20 Hz, what pattern
would you see in the spectrum?
A. A peak at 200 Hz, 400 Hz, 600
Hz, etc. B. A peak at 200 Hz and
20 Hz.
C. Peaks at 180 Hz, 200 Hz and 220 Hz.
[9] Two signals very close to each other in frequency will cause
A.
Subtraction
B.
Harmonics C.
Beating
D. Amplitude modulation
[10] Describe what you would hear if an electric motor generated signals at 99 Hz and
100 Hz
A. Your last
sound B.
Nothing
C. A throbbing sound with a period of 1
second D. Amplitude modulation
SIGNAL PROCESSING
Useful information:
T = Time required to collect the waveform
Ts = Time between each sample
Fs = Sampling rate = Samples per second
N = Number of samples (1024, 2048, 4096, etc.)
Window factor = 1 (no window/uniform/rectangular) or 1.5 (Hanning window)
Separating frequency 2 x Bandwidth 2 x Resolution * Window Factor
Required spectral lines 2 x Window factor x Fmax / Separating frequency
Accuracy of frequency (at peak) = x Resolution

[1] If the first graph is the spectrum of the raw, unfiltered signal coming from the
transducer, and that signal was put through a filter such that the spectrum in the
lower graph was the result, what sort of filter must have been used?
A. High
pass B.
Low pass
C. Band
pass
D. Notch (band stop)
[2] If a cyclical signal, which

reaches its peak every
second, was sampled every
second, what would the
waveform look like?
A. A straight/flat line
B. It would be a sine wave, with a frequency of 1 Hz
C. Triangular, as it went from the top of one cycle to the bottom of the next
[3] What is the Nyquist Criterion?

A. The rule that states that there must be a suficiently high Fmax in
order view closely spaced frequencies
B. The sampling rate must be greater than two times the highest
frequency of interest C. The sampling rate must be 2.56 times the
highest frequency
[4] For the same Fmax, if you increase the number of lines of resolution...
A. The measurement will take longer to
acquire B. The test time will not change
C. The measurement will take less time to acquire
[5] Why shouldn't you always collect the highest resolution measurement possible?
A. The test takes longer
B. The data takes more room in the database
C. The data takes longer to unload from the
data collector D. All of the above
[6] If a spectrum had 1600 lines of resolution, how many samples were in the time
record?
A. 1024
samples B.
2048 samples
C. 4096
samples
[7] If the record length is 10 seconds, and there were 1024 samples, what is the Fmax?
A. 40 Hz
B. 40
CPM C.
400 Hz
D. 4000 Hz
[8] If the Fmax is 10,000 Hz and you have a 1600 line spectrum, how long does it
take to sample the vibration signal if you have one average only?
A. Not enough
information B. 6.25
seconds
C. 1.6
seconds D.
0.16 seconds
[9] If the Fmax is 120 Hz and you have a 3200 line spectrum, how long does it
take to sample the vibration signal if you have 10 averages (no overlap)?
A. 267
seconds B.
27 seconds
C. 12
seconds D.
6 seconds
[10] What Fmax and Lines of resolution settings are required to separate vibration
signals of 100 Hz and 100.50 Hz? (assume that a Hanning window will be used):
________________________________________________________________________________
[11] If a spectrum had a peak at 250 Hz, and the spectrum had 800 lines and
Fmax = 800 Hz, and the window was turned of, which of the following is true about
the actual source of vibration?
A. 250 0.5
Hz B. 250
1 Hz C.
250 1.5 Hz
D. 250 2
Hz
WINDOWING
[1] We experience leakage because:
A. The signal does not begin and end at zero in the time record
it is finite. B. There are errors in the FFT calculation.
C. Time waveforms can often have a lot of noise.
[2] The window most commonly used when route testing rotating equipment is:
A.
Hanning
B. Flat
top
C. Exponential
D. Uniform/Rectangular/No window
[3] The window most commonly used for bump tests is:
A.
Hanning
B. Flat
top
C. Exponential
D. Uniform/Rectangular/No window
[4] The window that gives greatest amplitude accuracy is:

A.
Hanning
B. Flat
top
C.
Exponential
D. Uniform
[5] The primary reason for windowing the time waveform is:
A. To increase frequency
accuracy. B. To improve
amplitude accuracy.
C. To correct the leakage phenomenon.
AVERAGING
[1] How many averages should one normally use when using linear
averaging with an Fmax of 10,000 Hz?
A. 2 averages
B. 5-10
averages C.
50 averages
[2] The most commonly used averaging method used for routine data collection is:
A. Time synchronous
averaging B. Linear
averaging
C. Peak-hold averaging
[3] True or False: Linear averaging works by averaging the time waveform.
A.
True B.
False
[4] True or False: Linear averaging removes noise from the spectrum
A.
True B.
False
[5] When performing a bump test, which averaging method should be used?
A. Time synchronous
averaging B. Linear
averaging
C. Peak-hold
averaging D. Free
run averaging
[6] How many averages should normally be used when using time synchronous
averaging?
A. 4-6
averages B.
10 averages
C. 20
averages
D. 100 averages (or more)
[7] True or False: Time synchronous averaging removes noise from the waveform
A.
True B.
False

DATA COLLECTION: TRANSDUCER

SELECTION
[1] In a condition monitoring program, which of these is the most important?
A. The size of your
sensor. B. Test
repeatability.
C. The speed of the measurement.
D. The accuracy of your measurement.
[2] True or False: I can use the same sensor for all of my vibration tests.
A.
True B.
False
[3] To convert from acceleration to velocity one must...

A. Integrate the signal
B. Diferentiate the signal
C. Multiply by the square root of 2
[4] True or False: Integration causes a change in phase of the measurement.

A.
False B.
True
[5] When a signal is integrated (accel-vel) what happens to low frequency (<160 Hz)
signals?
A. They are increased in
amplitude B. They are
reduced in amplitude C. The
amplitude is not affected
[6] When integrating from acceleration to velocity, why is a high pass filter?
A. To filter out noise in the signal which is caused by
machine 'rumble' B. To filter out electrical noise
C. To filter out the low frequency signals that are amplified during the
integration process
[7] What type of sensor measures the relative movement between the shaft and
bearing?
A. Displacement non-contact eddy
current probe B. Velocity sensor
C. Accelerometer
[8] What is the difference between a charge-mode accelerometer and 'ICP'

accelerometers?
A. Charge mode accelerometers require an external amplifier
B. The frequency response of an ICP accelerometer is far greater
C. ICP accelerometers are better suited to high-temperature applications

[9] What is a piezovelocity sensor and why might someone choose to use
one instead of an accelerometer?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
[10] Which transducer is best suited to a machine tool application with very low
vibration?
A. 10
mV/g B.
100 mV/g
C. 1000 mV/g
[11] What would happen if you used a 10 mV/g sensor on the quiet machine tool?
A. The machine tool would appear to vibrate much more than it actually did
B. The voltage output would be small, and the amplitude resolution of
data would be unacceptable
C. The sensor would 'saturate' and the vibration data would be poor
[12] What would happen if you used a 1000 mV/g accelerometer on a noisy rock
crusher?
A. Sparks would fly from the transducer leads
B. The data collector would overload and may be damaged
C. The sensor would 'saturate' and the vibration data would be poor
[13] True or False: The frequency response is the same regardless of the sensitivity.
A.
True B.
False
DATA COLLECTION: SENSOR LOCATION &

MOUNTING
[1] What is the most important factor in selecting the location for the sensor?
A. Good, clean contact with the machine
B. Located on a bearing house with a good mechanical
transmission path C. Good, safe access to the mounting
location
D. All of the above
[2] What is the mechanical transmission path?

A. The path you take around the machines to perform the data
collection route B. The path the vibration takes between the
source of vibration and the sensor
C. The vibration measured when testing gearboxes, fluid couplings and
other transmission components
[3] If you cannot access a suitable test location for the sensor you should...
A. find another machine to monitor - that one is too hard.
B. buy a longer 'stinger' so that you can reach in to the best location.
C. mount the sensor anywhere that it vibrates - it is better
than nothing. D. permanently mount a sensor, and connect
it to a junction box.
[4] Circle the best transducer mounting point from the available options: A B C D
[5] What is repeatability?

A. The ability to perform the route in the same
time every time
B. The ability to
perform a test in
exactly the same way
every time C. The
ability to perform very
accurate
measurements
D. All of the above

[6] Which is the best method of mounting a sensor (the best frequency response)?
A. Stinger, or probe
tip B. Flat magnetic
mount
C. Two-pole magnetic
mount D. Stud mount
[7] What are the benefits of mounting (or target) pads?

A. They show exactly where the sensor should be
mounted B. They provide a flat surface for the
sensor
C. They are easy to clean (to remove
debris) D. All of the above
DATA COLLECTION: RECOGNIZING BAD

DATA
[1] Describe the ski-slope phenomenon: what does it look like, why does it occur
(make at least three suggestions), and what should you do if you see it during
data collection?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
[2] When considering the vibration sensor, what is the settling time?
A. A setting on my data collector I have never understood
B. The time it takes the sensor to convert the entire
vibration pattern. C. The time it takes for the transducer
to generate a stable output.
DATA COLLECTION: PHASE

[1] What should you do if you are comparing two phase measurements in the
axial direction of the machine?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
[2] Name three methods used to collect phase readings:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
[3] Absolute phase is...

A. the phase difference between a point and an
arbitrary reference B. the phase diference between two
points on the machine
[4] What type of phase measurement is used when balancing?

A. Absolute
phase B.
Relative phase
[5] What type of phase measurement is often more convenient when measuring
phase to diagnose typical machine faults?
A. Absolute
phase B.
Relative phase
[6] True or False: A strobe should be used as a phase reference when balancing.
A.
True B.
False
DIAGNOSING MACHINE FAULTS

[1] A 'synchronous frequency' is...
A. an odd multiple of the running speed
frequency. B. less than the running speed
frequency.
C. an integer multiple of the running speed.
D. a non-integer multiple of the running speed.
[2] A 'sub-synchronous frequency' is...

frequency.
[3] A 'non-synchronous frequency' is...

frequency.
[4] What is wrong with this machine? Please briefly explain why you have come to this
conclusion.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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Copyright 2005 - 2013
Mobius Institute
www.mobiusins titute.com
[5] What is wrong with this machine? Please briefly explain why you have come to this
conclusion.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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Copyright 2005 - 2013
Mobius Institute
www.mobiusi nstitute.com
Document ID: ABII
161012
DIAGNOSING IMBALANCE
[1] If a machine (not overhung) is out of balance, the spectrum will have...
A. peaks at 1X, 2X, and 3X.
B. a high peak at 1X in the axial direction.
C. a high peak at 1X in the vertical and
horizontal direction. D. a high peak at 2X.
[2] If an overhung machine is out of balance, the spectrum will have...

C. a high peak at 1X in the vertical, horizontal and
axial directions. D. a high peak at 2X.
[3] If a vertical machine is out of balance, the spectrum will have...

C. a high peak at 1X in the radial (horizontal)
directions. D. a high peak at 2X.
[4] The amplitude of the 1X peak due to imbalance is proportional to...

A. the amount of lubricant in the
bearings. B. the load on the
machine.
C. the speed of the machine.
D. the square of the speed of the machine.
[5] If a machine is out of balance, the velocity waveform will...

A. not contain any useful
information. B. have numerous
pulses.
C. look quite flat.
D. be mostly sinusoidal (look somewhat like a sine wave).
[6] With static imbalance...

A. the two ends of the machine in the vertical direction will be in phase.
B. the two ends of the machine in the vertical direction will be out of phase.
[7] With couple imbalance...

A. the two ends of the machine in the vertical direction will be in phase.
B. the two ends of the machine in the vertical direction will be 180 deg out of
phase.
[8] Select a common cause of imbalance.

A. Uneven dirt build-up, corrosion or
erosion B. Machining errors.
C. Missing balance
weights. D. All
statements are true.
[9] If I have a large 24 Hz (1440 RPM) motor-pump with a peak at running speed of
3.0 mm/sec rms (and the fault was suspected to be imbalance), according to the
chart below, what is the severity of this condition?
Key for vibration limits:

Limits are for normal machines operating from 1500 RPM to 3600 RPM
Reduce limits by 4 dB (multiply limits by 0.63) for slower machines
Increase limits by 4 dB (multiply limits by 1.6) for large and/or higher
speed machines Increase limits by 8 dB (multiply limits by 2.5) for
reciprocating machines.
1X Vibration Level Diagnosis Repair Priority
in/sec pk mm/s rms VdB (US)
<0.134 <2.5 <108 Slight Imbalance No Recommendation
0.134-0.28 2.5-5.0 108 114 Moderate Imbalance Desirable
0.28 0.88 5 15.8 114 124 Serious Imbalance Important
>0.88 >15.8 >124 Extreme Imbalance Mandatory
DIAGNOSING ECCENTRICITY
[1] If a sheave/pulley or rotor is eccentric, the spectrum will have...
B. a high peak at 1X in the axial
direction. C. a high peak at 1X in
the radial directions. D. a high peak
at 2X.
DIAGNOSING MISALIGNMENT
[1] If a machine has angular misalignment, in the axial direction the spectrum will
have...
A. peaks at 1X, 2X, 3X,
4X, etc. B. a high
amplitude peak at 1X.
C. high amplitude peaks at 1X
and 2X. D. a high peak at 2X
only.
[2] Describe the phase relationship across the coupling when angular misalignment
exists.
A. In-phase in the radial direction, and out-of-phase in the
axial direction. B. Out-of-phase in the radial and axial
directions.
C. In-phase in the axial direction and out-of-phase in the
radial directions. D. In-phase in the radial and axial
directions.
[3] If a machine has parallel misalignment, in the radial directions the spectrum will
have...
A. peaks at 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X, etc.
B. a moderate-high amplitude peak at 1X and a
high 2X peak. C. moderate amplitude peaks at 1X
and 2X.
D. a high peak at 2X only.
[4] Describe the phase relationship across the coupling when parallel misalignment
exists.
A. In-phase in the radial direction, and out-of-phase in the
axial direction. B. Out-of-phase in the radial and axial
directions.
C. In-phase in the axial direction and out-of-phase in the
radial directions. D. In-phase in the radial and axial
directions.
[5] Select a common cause of misalignment.

A. Inaccurate assembly of components.
B. Relative position of components changing after
assembly. C. Distortion due to forces exerted by
piping.
D. All of the above.
[6] It is important to correct a misalignment conditions because...

A. the high vibration level can create resonant
conditions. B. you will void the coupling
warranty.
C. misaligned machines can create pipe-strain.
D. high vibration level (increases stresses) can damage bearings and cause
premature failure.

[7] Why are imbalance faults on overhung machines sometime misdiagnosed as

misalignment faults?
A. Because it is hard to correctly align overhung machines.
B. Because both conditions result in 1X vibration in the
axial direction. C. Because both conditions result in 2X
vibration in the axial direction. D. Gee, I don't know!
DIAGNOSING BENT SHAFT

[1] Why might a bent shaft be misdiagnosed as an angular misalignment fault?
A. Because bent shafts cause the coupling to be misaligned.
B. Because both conditions result in 1X vibration in the
axial direction. C. Because both conditions result in 2X
vibration in the axial direction.
[2] If a shaft is bent, what will be the phase relationship when measured at either end
of the machine?
A. In-phase in the vertical direction, but out-of-phase in the
horizontal direction. B. In-phase when measured axially.
C. Out-of-phase when measured axially.
D. Phase is not a useful tool for diagnosing a bent shaft.
DIAGNOSING LOOSENESS
[1] Name one of the causes of rotating looseness.
A. Motor not bolted down securely.
B. Loose cowling or other metallic
structure. C. Wear within a rolling
element bearing.
D. Pedestal bearing not bolted down sufciently.
[2] If you witnessed a series of 1X harmonics, which would you suspect?

A. Rotating looseness.
B. Structural looseness (foundation
flexibility). C. Pedestal bearing
looseness.
D. All of the above
[3] If you witnessed a 1X peak in the vertical direction, and a much stronger 1X
peak in the horizontal direction, which would you suspect?
B. Non-rotating looseness.
C. Structural looseness (foundation
flexibility). D. Pedestal bearing
looseness.
[4] If you witnessed a 1X, 2X, and 3X peak, which would you suspect?
B. Non-rotating looseness.
C. Structural looseness (foundation
flexibility). D. Pedestal bearing
looseness.
[5] Can phase be used to detect rotating looseness?

A. Yes, there is a 180 degree phase difference between vertical
and horizontal. B. No, phase does not tell you anything.
C. Yes, the lack of a phase relationship helps you to distinguish looseness
from misalignment and other fault conditions.
DIAGNOSING RESONANCE
[1] What is the diference between a natural frequency and resonance?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
[2] If the running speed of the machine was changed so that it now coincided with a
natural frequency, how would the vibration amplitude change?
A. It will remain unchanged
B. It will increase if the machine was out-of-balance and the machine speed
was decreased. C. It will decrease in amplitude due to resonance
D. It will increase in amplitude due to resonance
[3] A bump test is...

A. a way to seek revenge on annoying
machines. B. a way to identify the
natural frequencies.
C. a way to tell if your colleague is awake.
D. a way to change the dynamics of the machine.
DIAGNOSING BEARING FAULTS

[1] What percentage of bearings reach their design lifetime?
A. Approximately
10% B.
Approximately 50%
C. Approximately
90%
[2] Order normalizing a graph is useful because...

A. I forget what order normalizing is...
B. it highlights which peaks are integer and non-integer multiples of
running speed C. it is confusing to relate the frequency in Hz or CPM
to forcing frequencies
[3] True or false: Bearing forcing frequency calculations are 100% accurate.
A.
True B.
False
[4] A defect on a ball or roller will often cause which pattern in a spectrum?
A. High 1x
B. Cage rate vibration
C. Non synchronous peak with cage rate
sidebands D. Non synchronous peak with
1x sidebands
[5] If we knew that BPO was 3.2X and BPI was 4.8X, how many balls are there?
A. There must be 8 balls (3.2 +
4.8 = 8) B. There must be 10
balls (2 + 8 = 10) C. There
must be 7 balls (3 + 4 = 7)
[6] If you detected changes in vibration from a bearing at ultrasonic frequencies

(and you dont see anything in other parts of the spectrum)...
A. you should change the bearings at your next opportunity
B. you should keep dogs away from the machine - it may
hurt their ears C. you should continue monitoring for
additional signs of wear
[7] If the inner race is spinning, which fault is described by these peaks in a
spectrum: 3.2x, 4.2x, 5.2x, 8.4x, 12.6x
A. Outer
race B. Ball
fault C.
Inner race
D. Cage
fault

[8] You should first consider replacing the bearings when...

A. you first detect an ultrasonic frequency
B. when you see an increase in amplitude at the bearing forcing frequencies
C. when you see strong harmonics and sidebands of the bearing forcing
frequencies
D. when the bearing is glowing red and the screaming can be heard three
buildings away
DIAGNOSING ELECTRIC MOTORS

[1] An eccentric stator (with a stationary differential air gap) will produce...
A. a high 1X peak at the motor
running speed B. increased amplitude
at twice line frequency C. harmonics
of 1X with pole-pass sidebands
[2] An eccentric rotor (with a rotating differential air gap) will produce...
A. a high 1X peak at the motor running speed
B. a peak at the rotor bar frequency with twice line-frequency sidebands
C. increased amplitude at 1X vibration and twice line frequency, with
pole-pass sidebands D. harmonics of 1X with pole-pass sidebands
[3] A motor (not on a VFD) turns at 1740 RPM. The pole-pass frequency is
A. 60
RPM B.
24 Hz C.
29 Hz
D. 240 RPM
[4] A cracked rotor bar will produce...

B. a peak at the rotor bar frequency with twice line-
frequency sidebands C. increased amplitude at twice line
frequency, with pole-pass sidebands D. harmonics of 1X
with pole-pass sidebands around each harmonic
[5] The 'beating' phenomenon can indicate...

A. loose rotor bars
B. an eccentric slip ring
C. a bent or warped
rotor D. an eccentric
stator
[6] Loose rotor bars will produce...

B. a peak at the rotor bar frequency with twice line-
frequency sidebands C. increased amplitude at twice line
frequency, with pole-pass sidebands D. harmonics of 1X
with pole-pass sidebands

[7] What is the 'rotor bar frequency'?

A. The number of rotor bars times the slip
frequency B. The slip frequency times the
synchronous frequency C. The number of
rotor bars times the running speed
D. The number of rotor bars times the synchronous speed
GEARBOX ANALYSIS
[1] The input gear of a single reduction gearbox has 32 teeth. Which of these
patterns would you expect to see in the spectrum?
A. A peak at 32x only
B. Peaks at 8x, 16x, 24x
and 32x C. Peaks at 31x,
32x, 33x
D. None of the above
[2] Why is time waveform analysis useful in analyzing vibration from gearboxes?
A. You can easily identify the shaft speed from the
time waveform B. You can see the pattern of wear on
the teeth
C. You can detect damage to individual teeth
D. Time waveform analysis is good for all rotating components so it
must be good for gearboxes
[3] What efect is present in the time waveform from this gearbox?
A.
Looseness
B. Beating
C. Random vibration
D. Amplitude modulation
[4] What is the best tool for detecting cracked or broken gear teeth?
A. Motor current analysis
B. Perform thermographic analysis on the
lubricant C. A wrench and a large hammer
D. Time waveform analysis

BELTS
[1] The 'belt rate' forcing frequency is...
A. lower than the machine
RPM B. higher than the
machine RPM C. the same
as the output RPM
[2] If a sheave/pulley is eccentric, the vibration pattern will produce...

A. a strong 1X component in the radial
directions B. a series of harmonics of
the belt rate
C. a strong 1X component in the axial
direction D. strong 1X, 2X, and 3X
peaks
[3] If a belt is worn or loose, the vibration pattern will produce...

directions B. a series of harmonics of the
belt rate frequency C. a strong 1X
component in the axial direction
D. strong 1X, 2X, and 3X peaks
[4] If two sheaves/pulleys are not aligned correctly, the vibration pattern will produce...
the belt rate
peaks
[5] If a belt resonance coincides with the sheave/pulley RPM, the vibration pattern will
produce...
the belt rate
peaks
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
[1] In a general sense, a plant that wishes to remain competitive will try to
move from a ________ mode to a ________ mode of operation.
A. predictive /
preventive B.
reactive / proactive
C. run to failure /
preventive D. proactive
/ predictive
[2] Proactive maintenance...

A. involves overhauling machines on a time basis.
B. involves removing the root causes of
machine failure C. negates the need for
condition monitoring.
D. is something that sounds great, but nobody actually does it.
[3] Condition monitoring is the same as predictive maintenance

E.
True F.
False
[4] All machines should be a part of a condition monitoring program.

A.
True B.
False
[5] When we simply react to machine failures, we are practicing...

A. Breakdown
maintenance B.
Preventive maintenance
C. Predictive
maintenance
[6] Preventive maintenance often results in unnecessary overhauls.

A.
True B.
False
[7] Which maintenance philosophy can actually reduce plant reliability compared with
doing nothing?
A. Root cause failure
analysis B. Predictive
maintenance
C. Preventive
maintenance D.
Proactive maintenance
[8] Which maintenance philosophy is also known as condition based maintenance?

A. Breakdown
maintenance B.
Predictive maintenance
C. Preventive
maintenance D.
Proactive maintenance
[9] Which maintenance philosophy would result in lower spare parts cost?
A. Breakdown
maintenance B.
Predictive maintenance
C. Preventive
maintenance
[10] Why do we perform condition monitoring and predictive maintenance?

A. To reduce the production and maintenance costs.
B. So that we understand the current health of our
machinery. C. Because visiting the machine reveals
key information.
D. All of the above
[11] What is 'secondary damage'?

A. The damage done to a machine when
failure occurs. B. The downtime to the
machine.
C. The reduction of product quality due to high
vibration. D.

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VIBRATION TRAINING

Copyright 1999 - 2013 Mobius All Rights Reserved

Copyright 1999 - 2013 Mobius Institute

VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: AVD................................................................................... 5

VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: PHASE ............................................................................... 6

VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: OVERALL READINGS ............................................................ 7

VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: SPECTRA ............................................................................ 8

VIBRATION FORCING FREQUENCIES................................................................................ 9

UNDERSTANDING SIGNALS .......................................................................................... 12

SIGNAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................. 14

DATA COLLECTION: TRANSDUCER SELECTION................................................................ 19

DATA COLLECTION: SENSOR LOCATION & MOUNTING..................................................... 21

DATA COLLECTION: RECOGNIZING BAD DATA ................................................................ 22

DATA COLLECTION: PHASE........................................................................................... 23

DIAGNOSING MACHINE FAULTS .................................................................................... 24

DIAGNOSING IMBALANCE ............................................................................................ 27

DIAGNOSING ECCENTRICITY ........................................................................................ 28

DIAGNOSING BENT SHAFT ........................................................................................... 30

DIAGNOSING RESONANCE ........................................................................................... 31

DIAGNOSING BEARING FAULTS .................................................................................... 32

DIAGNOSING ELECTRIC MOTORS .................................................................................. 33

GEARBOX ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 34

MAINTENANCE PRACTICES ........................................................................................... 36

[email protected] Copyright 2005 - 2013 Mobius Institute www.mobiusinstitute.com

[3] Write down the relationship between frequency and period:

[4] What is the frequency of the sine wave below?

[email protected] Copyright 2005 - 2013 Mobius Institute www.mobiusinstitute.com

VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: AVD

[2] What is a proximity probe used to measure?

[7] A spectrum has a peak at 100 Hz of 5 mm/sec rms. Calculate the

Microns (um) pk-pk _______________________________________________________________

[email protected] Copyright 2005 - 2013 Mobius Institute www.mobiusinstitute.com

[8] It is understood that vibration severity is proportional to the velocity value.

VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: PHASE

[3] If two signals are in-

[4] If two signals are 180 degrees out-of-phase...

[5] If signal 1 leads signal 2...

[6] Does signal A lead or lag signal B?

VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: OVERALL

[email protected] Copyright 2005 - 2013 Mobius Institute www.mobiusinstitute.com

VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS: SPECTRA

[4] What is the

VIBRATION FORCING FREQUENCIES

[email protected] Copyright 2005 - 2013 Mobius Institute www.mobiusinstitute.com

[2] If the following fan had 10 blades, and

there were 10 vanes on the following

[4] If the pulley on this motor had a

Gearmesh frequency: _________________ X ______________ CPM

[6] The two-stage gearbox

Speed of intermediate shaft: _______________________ CPM

Stage two gearmesh frequency: ____________________ CPM

Speed of output shaft: ____________________________ CPM

[3] Sketch: Now

[5] A clipped or distorted signal will produce...

[6] Sub-harmonics can best be described as...

[7] Amplitude Modulation can best be described as...

T = Time required to collect the waveform

Ts = Time between each sample

Fs = Sampling rate = Samples per second

Gearmesh frequency: ___ X CPM