Lab Manual

Computational Aerodynamics
Laboratory Manual
IV YEAR B.TECH
(AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING)
Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Computational Aerodynamics
Laboratory Manual
IV YEAR B.TECH
(AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING)
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
Document No: Date of Issue Compiled by

MLRIT/AERO/LAB 04 July 2015 Mr. Sai Kumar A Authorized by
MANUAL/CAD (Assistant Professor)
HOD(AERO)
VERSION 1.2.2 Date of Revision Verified by

07 JULY 2015 Dr. M. Satyanarayana Gupta
MLR Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautical Engineering
PREFACE
Computational Aerodynamics LAB is one of the important subjects included in the
fourth year of B. Tech curriculum by JNTU, Hyderabad. This lab includes the practical
application of the theories studied in Computational Aerodynamics in third year of the
curriculum.
The Computational Aerodynamics Lab Curriculum requires the understanding and

practice of Ansys FLUENT and MATLAB Commercial Software packages. The Fluid
dynamics analysis will be performed using the Ansys Fluent Software and the Code
development experiments will be performed using the MATLAB software
The students must grasp following aspects while doing experiments in CAD lab as given
below.
Understanding the basics of C language to enable writing correct program using

Matlab.
Developing the mathematical model as per the problem definition.
Based on the problem definition provide the input boundary conditions to get the
desired output solution.
Analyzing the results and the other required datas based on the experiments
Students will be in a position to grasp the above aspects while doing lab practicals as defined
in the manual through the following steps.
In Ansys FLUENT: Problem definition, Creating geometry, Mesh, Problem setup and
solution, Result.
In MATLAB: Problem definition, Discretization, Matlab code and Results
This manual will need constant up gradation based on the student feedback and change in the
syllabus.
HOD PRINCIPAL
Computational Aerodynamics Lab

LAB CODE
1. Student should report to the concerned as per the time table.
2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to the program
schedule for the day.
3. After completion of the program, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in
the observation book is necessary.
4. Student should bring a note book of 100 pages and should enter the
readings/observations into the note book while performing the experiment.
5. The record of observations along with the detailed experiments and the results of
the experiment in the immediate last session should be submitted and certified
staff member in-charge
6. Not more than 2 students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on
the set.
7. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to and no mix
up of students among different groups will be permitted.
8. When the experiment is completed, should shut down the systems and arrange the
chairs properly
9. Any damage to the computer system or any missing of the equipment will be
viewed seriously either by putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of
students from the lab for the semester / year.
10. Students should be present in the labs for total scheduled duration.
11. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before
coming to laboratory.

Objectives:
The objective of the module is to study and analyze the internal and external aerodynamic
properties over various aerodynamic profiles using commercial software packages.
To develop a Matlab code to analyze the behavior of the governing equations of
Aerodynamics, Thermodynamics, Heat transfer, Aerospace Propulsion etc., and to
generate different types of the grids over an Aerodynamic profile.
Outcome
Ability to generate Matlab code to analyze the behavior of the governing equations of
Aerodynamics.
Graduate able to write a Matlab code generate grid over an aerodynamic profiles like airfoils,
flat plate, cylinder etc.
Ability to analyze the internal and external aerodynamic properties over various aerodynamic
profiles.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
IV Year - B. Tech. AERO I-SEM L T/P/D C
0 - / 3/ - 2
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS LAB
Objectives:
The objective of the module is to study and analyze the internal and external aerodynamic
properties over various aerodynamic profiles using commercial software packages. To develop a
Matlab code to analyze the behavior of the governing equations of Aerodynamics,
Thermodynamics, Heat transfer, Aerospace Propulsion etc., and to generate different types of
the grids over an Aerodynamic profile.
Recommended Systems/Software Requirements:

Intel based desktop PC with minimum of 2.80 GHZ or faster processor with at least 1.8 GB
RAM and 180GB free disk space.
Ansys Workbench Commercial Software.
Matlab Commercial Software
Week1: To study and practice on introduction to Fluent software employed in Modeling And
Simulation of Aerodynamic Problems:
a) Provide a basic introduction to Ansys Fluent software.
b) Provide the introduction and basic understanding of Matlab software.
Week2: To study and analyze the characteristics of Laminar flow through a pipe.
Week3: To study and analyze the boundary layer over a Flat plate
Week 4: To study and analyze the characteristics of the supersonic flow over a wedge.
Week 5: To study and analyze the aerodynamics properties of flow past a cylinder
Week 6: To study and analyze the performance characteristics and aerodynamic properties of the
flow over an Airfoil.
Week 7: MID Exam- I
Week 8: Write MATLAB code to analyze the behavior of 1D wave equation using explicit
method of Lax
Week 9: Write MATLAB code to analyze the behavior of 1D heat conduction equation using
explicit method.
Week 10: Write MATLAB code to generate the algebraic grid over an aerodynamic profile.
Week 11: Write MATLAB code to generate an elliptical grid over an aerodynamic profile.
Week 12: MID Exam-II

Table of Contents
Experiment -1:
Introduction To Modelling And Simulation To Aerodynamic Problems 1
1.1 Viva Questions 4
Experiment - 2:
Laminar Flow Through Pipe 5
Experiment - 3:
Flow Over A Flat Plate 13
3.1Viva Questions 20
Experiment 4:
Supersonic Flow Over A Wedge 21
Experiment -5:
Flow Past Over A Cylinder 30
5.1Viva Questions 38
Experiment 6:
Flow Over An Airfoil 39
Experiment -7:
Solution for the One Dimensional Wave Equation Using Explicit Method Of Lax - Code
Development. 47
Experiment -8:
Solution For The One Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction Equation Using Explicit
Method (Code Development) 54
Experiment 9:
Generation of The Algebraic Grids (Code Development) 60
Experiment - 10:
Generation of the Elliptic Grids (CODE DEVELOPMENT) 66

Experiment -1: INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING AND

SIMULATION TO AERODYNAMIC PROBLEMS
Definition: Model
A model is a mathematical object that has the ability to predict the behaviour of a real system
under a set of defined operating conditions and simplifying assumptions
The term modelling refers to the development of a mathematical representation of a physical

situation
WHAT IS MODELING?
Modelling is the process of producing a model.
A model is a representation of the construction and working of some system of
interest.
A model is similar to but simpler than the system it represents.
One purpose of a model is to enable the analyst to predict the effect of changes to the
system. Generally, a model intended for a simulation study is a mathematical model
developed with the help of simulation software.
Mathematical model classifications include
Deterministic (input and output variables are fixed values) or
Stochastic (at least one of the input or output variables is probabilistic);
Static (time is not taken into account) or
Dynamic (time-varying interactions among variables are taken into account).
Typically, simulation models are stochastic and dynamic.
Computational Aerodynamics Lab 1|Page

Definition: Simulation
Simulation is the process of exercising a model for a particular instantiation of the system and
specific set of inputs in order to predict the system response.
Simulation refers to the procedure of solving the equations that resulted from model
development
WHAT IS SIMULATION?
A simulation of a system is the operation of a model of the system.
The operation of the model can be studied, and hence, properties concerning the
behaviour of the actual system or its subsystem can be inferred.
In its broadest sense, simulation is a tool to evaluate the performance of a system, existing
or proposed, under different configurations of interest and over long periods of real time.
Simulation is used before an existing system is altered or a new system built, to
Reduce the chances of failure to meet specifications.
Eliminate unforeseen bottlenecks.
prevent under or over-utilization of resources,
Optimize system performance.
How to select the best simulation software for an application arises?

Metrics for evaluation include
Modelling flexibility
Ease of use
Modelling structure (hierarchical v/s flat; object-oriented v/s nested)
Code reusability
Graphic user interface
Animation, dynamic business graphics, hardware and software requirements
Statistical capabilities
Output reports and graphical plots
Customer support and documentation
Mathematical modelling - Aerospace Applications
Using basic equations from dynamics, mathematical equations are written that
describe how the vehicle will move in response to forces that are applied to the
vehicle. For example, it is pretty easy to describe how a rocket will accelerate when a
constant thrust is provided by the rocket's engine.

Another type of modelling problem would be to understand and predict, in a

mathematical equation, how an aircraft will respond to hitting an updraft in the
atmosphere, or how the aircraft will respond to the deflection of various control
surfaces at different airspeeds.
An aerodynamic subsystem model describes how the vehicle will respond to forces
caused by motion of the vehicle through the atmosphere, and predicts the effects of
each different control surface (such as the flaps, rudders, ailerons, etc.) upon the
motion of the vehicle.
A propulsion subsystem model describes how any motors or engines will behave and
what forces will act on the vehicle to which they are attached.
A landing gear subsystem model is required when the vehicle is in contact with the
ground in order to model how the ground reaction forces are created and how they
affect the motion of the vehicle.
An inertial properties subsystem model provides details about how the mass and
inertia of the vehicle might change with time.
any electrical, mechanical, or electronic system that assists the pilot in moving the
control surfaces has to be described mathematically
The steps involved in developing a simulation model, designing a simulation experiment, and
performing simulation analysis are:
Step-1 Identify the problem.
Step-2 Formulate the problem.
Step-3 Collect and process real system data.
Step-4 Formulate and develop a model.
Step-5 Validate the model.
Step-6 Document model for future use.
Step-7 Select appropriate experimental design.
Step-8 Establish experimental conditions for runs.
Step-9 Perform simulation runs.
Step-10 Interpret and present results.
Step-11 Recommend further course of action.

1.1 Viva Questions

1. What do you mean by simulation
Simulation is the process of exercising a model for a particular instantiation of the
system and specific set of inputs in order to predict the system response.
Simulation refers to the procedure of solving the equations that resulted from
model development
2. What are the steps followed in Ansys Fluent to solve the problems
The steps to be followed are as follows
Problem definition
Creating the geometry and domain
Meshing the geometry
Problem setup in fluent and solution
Result Analysis
3. What is the main difference between the Ansys Fluent and Ansys CFX
The ANSYS CFX solver uses finite elements (cell vertex numeric), similar to
those used in mechanical analysis, to discretize the domain. In contrast, the
ANSYS FLUENT solver uses finite volumes (cell centred numerics).
4. What is a Matlab
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment
where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation
5. What are the applications of the Matlab Software

Matlab software can be generally used for the following purpose:
Simple calculations
Plotting and analyzing mathematical relationships (2D and 3D)
List & Matrix Operations
Writing script files (a type of programming)
Symbolic manipulation of equations
Advanced visualization, animation and GUI interface tools

Experiment - 2: LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH PIPE

AIM: To study the characteristics of laminar flow through pipe
DESCRIPTION: Consider a pipe of 0.2m diameter and length of 8m with the free stream
velocity of 1m/s. The fluid exhausts into the ambient atmosphere which is at a pressure of 1
atm. Take density = 1 kg/ m3 and coefficient of viscosity = 2 x 10-3 kg/ (ms).
PROCEDURE:
Start ANSYS FLUENT
Start> All Programs> Ansys 12.1> Workbench
Double click on Fluid Flow (FLUENT) Project Selection
Creating Geometry:
In the Project Schematic of the Workbench window, right click on Geometry and
select Properties,
Under Advance Geometry Options, change the Analysis Type to 2D as shown in the
image below.
Launch Design Modeller
In the Project Schematic, double click on Geometry to start preparing the geometry. Use
the default meter unit and click OK.
Creating a Sketch
Start by creating a sketch on the XY Plane. Under Tree Outline, select XY Plane and
then click on Sketching right before Details View.
In the Sketching toolboxes, select Rectangle. In the Graphics window, create a rough
rectangle by clicking once on the origin and then by clicking once somewhere in the positive
XY plane.
Dimensions
Under Sketching Toolboxes, select Dimensions tab,
Under the Details View table (located in the lower left corner), set V1=0.5m and set H2=8m
Surface Body Creation
In order to create the surface body, first (Click) Concept > Surface From Sketches
This will create a new surface SurfaceSK1. Under Details View, select Sketch1 as Base
Objects. Finally, click Generate to generate the surface.

At this point, you can close the Design Modeller and go back to Workbench Project
Page. Save your work thus far in the Workbench Project Page.
Creating Mesh:
Go to the Workbench Project Page, then (Double Click) Mesh.
Default Mesh
In this section the default mesh will be generated. In order to generate the default mesh first
click on Mesh, then click on Update
Mapped Face Meshing
In order to incorporate this meshing style (Click) Mesh Control > Mapped Face
Meshing
Now, first click on the surface body (filled rectangle), which should then highlight green.
Next, (Click) Apply in the Details of Mapped Face Meshing table.
Now, generate the mesh by clicking Update.
Edge Sizing
First,(Click) Mesh Control > Sizing as shown below.
Now, the geometry and the number of divisions need to be specified. First (Click) Edge
Selection Filter, . Then hold down the "Control" button and then click the bottom and
top edge of the rectangle. Both sides should highlight green. Next, apply under the Details
of Sizing table as shown below.
Now, set Type to Number of Divisions and Number of Divisions to 400.
Next, set the Behaviour to Hard.
Follow the same procedure as for the edge sizing in the x direction, starting first by
selecting (Click) Mesh Control > Sizing. Select only the left side instead of the top and
bottom and set the number of divisions to 50. Remember to set the Behaviour to Hard.
Then, click Update to generate the mesh with the new specifications.

Create Named Selections

The left side of the geometry will be called "inlet" and the right side will be called "outlet".
The top side of the rectangle will be called "wall" and the bottom side of the rectangle will be
called "axis" as shown in the image below.
In order to create a named selection first (Click) Edge Selection Filter, . Then click
on the left side of the rectangle and it should highlight green. Next, right click the left side of
the rectangle and choose Create Named Selection. Enter "inlet" and click OK, as shown
below.
Now, create named selections for the remaining three sides and name them according to the
diagram
Save, Exit & Update

First save the project. Next, close the Mesher window. Then, go to the Workbench Project
Page and click the Update Project button, .
Problem setup and solution in fluent:

In Ansys workbench double click Setup to open FLUENT.
Before FLUENT launches, In Options check the box next to Double Precision
Now the Fluent window is open and the mesh has imported into the fluent solver.
Problem setup:
GeneralType as: Pressure based
ModelsEnergy OFF Select Viscous-laminar

MaterialsAirCreate/EditSet density as: 1 kg/m^3 and set Viscosity to

0.002 kg/m*s Change
Boundary conditionsSelect inletGive type as: velocity-inlet Edit
Set Velocity Specification Method to Components, set X-
Velocity 1m/sok
Boundary conditionsSelect outlet Type as: pressure-outlet
Boundary conditionsSelect far fieldGive type as: symmetry
Boundary conditionsSelect plateGive type as: wall
Problem Setup Reference ValueCompute from : Inlet
Solution:
Select the monitors and change convergence criteria to 10-6(10e-6).
Solution initializationCompute from: inletInitialize
Run calculationsEnter the no. of iterations as: 1000Calculate
RESULT:
Graphics and animations select the required flow parameters in the contours
and vectors.
Save the contours of Velocity, Pressure, and Velocity vector.

Figure 1: The counters of Velocity vectors at different location
Figure 2: The counters of Static pressure
Figure 3: the counters of Velocity Magnitude

Sample Experiment with Results Apart from JNTUH curriculum
Experiment - 2 RESULT
Laminar Pipe Flow
Case 1: Consider a
pipe of 0.2m diameter
and length of 8m.
The incoming fluid is
flowing with a
velocity of 0.05 m/s.
The density of the
fluid is 1 kg/m^3 and
the viscosity is 0.001
kg/ (m-s). The fluid
exhausts into the
ambient atmosphere
which is at a pressure Average of Wall Shear on wall: 0.00206983 [Pa]
of 1 atm.
Case 2: Consider a
and length of 8m.
flowing with a
The density of the
fluid is 1.2 kg/m^3
and the viscosity is
0.005 kg/ (m-s).The
fluid exhausts into
the ambient
atmosphere which is Average of Wall Shear on wall: 0.103855 [Pa]
at a pressure of 1 atm.
Case 3: Consider a
and length of 8m.
flowing with a
velocity of 1 m/s. The
density of the fluid is
1.225 kg/m^3 and the
viscosity is 0.0085
kg/ (m-s). The fluid
exhausts into the
ambient atmosphere
which is at a pressure Average of Wall Shear on wall: 0.353533 [Pa]
of 1 atm.
Computational Aerodynamics Lab 10 | P a g e

Case 4: Consider a
and length of 8m.
flowing with a
The density of the
fluid is 1.1 kg/m^3
0.019kg/ (m-s). The
fluid exhausts into
the ambient
Case 5: Consider a
and length of 8m. .
flowing with a
The density of the
fluid is 1.2 kg/m^3
0.0025 kg/ (m-s). The
fluid exhausts into
the ambient
Case 6: Consider a
and length of 8m with
the free stream
velocity of 1m/s. The
fluid exhausts into
the ambient
atmosphere which is
Take density = 1
kg/ m3 and coefficient
of viscosity = 2 x
10-3 kg/(ms).

2.1 Viva Questions

1. When the flow is said to be laminar flow
The flow is said to be laminar if the Reynolds number is less than 2,000.
2. What is the use of Edge sizing

The edge sizing is used to divide the edge in certain number of points or element
size.
3. What is use of axis symmetric flow model

The Axis of symmetric flow model is used if the domain which is symmetric
about the axis is simplified.
4. What do you mean by convergence criteria

Convergence criteria set the convergence limit, i.e., if the convergence criteria are
set to 10-3, the solution will converge if the error between the current iteration and
previous iteration reaches 10-3 or less.
5. What will be the velocity profile for flow through pipe

For the flow through the pipe, the velocity profile will be parabolic with the
velocity maximum at the centre of the pipe

Experiment - 3: FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE

AIM: To study the characteristics of flow over a flat plate
DESCRIPTION:
Consider a Flat plate of length 1m. The incoming fluid is flowing with a velocity of 1
m/s. The density of the fluid is 1 kg/m3 and the viscosity is 10-4 kg/ (m-s). The plate is an
stationary solid wall having no slip as its boundary condition
PROCEDURE:
Start ANSYS FLUENT
Start> All Programs> Ansys 12.1> Workbench
Double click on Fluid Flow (FLUENT) Project Selection
Creating Geometry:
In the Project Schematic of the Workbench window, right click on Geometry and
select Properties,
Under Advance Geometry Options, change the Analysis Type to 2D as shown in the
image below.
Launch Design Modeller
In the Project Schematic, double click on Geometry to start preparing the geometry. Use
the default meter unit and click OK.
Creating a Sketch
Start by creating a sketch on the XY Plane. Under Tree Outline, select XY Plane and
then click on Sketching right before Details View.
In the Sketching toolboxes, select Rectangle. In the Graphics window, create a rough
rectangle by clicking once on the origin and then by clicking once somewhere in the positive
XY plane.
Dimensions
Under Sketching Toolboxes, select Dimensions tab,
Under the Details View table (located in the lower left corner), set V1=0.5m and set H2=1m
Surface Body Creation

In order to create the surface body, first (Click) Concept > Surface From Sketches
This will create a new surface SurfaceSK1. Under Details View, select Sketch1 as Base
Objects. Finally, click Generate to generate the surface.

At this point, you can close the Design Modeler and go back to Workbench Project
Page. Save your work thus far in the Workbench Project Page.
Creating Mesh:
Go to the Workbench Project Page, then (Double Click) Mesh.
Default Mesh
In this section the default mesh will be generated. In order to generate the default mesh first
click on Mesh, then click on Update
Mapped Face Meshing
In order to incorporate this meshing style (Click) Mesh Control > Mapped Face
Meshing
Now, first click on the surface body (filled rectangle), which should then highlight green.
Next, apply in the Details of Mapped Face Meshing table.
Now, generate the mesh by clicking Update.
Edge Sizing
First, (Click) Mesh Control > Sizing as shown below.
Now, the geometry and the number of divisions need to be specified. First (Click) Edge
Selection Filter, Then hold down the "Control" button and then click the bottom and
top edge of the rectangle. Both sides should highlight green. Next, apply under the Details
of Sizing table as shown below.
Now, set Type to Number of Divisions and Number of Divisions to 50.
Next, set the Behaviour to Hard.
Follow the same procedure as for the edge sizing in the x direction, starting first by
selecting (Click) Mesh Control > Sizing. Select only the left side instead of the top and
bottom and set the number of divisions to 60. Remember to set the Behaviour to Hard.
Then, click Update to generate the mesh with the new specifications.
Edge Sizing Biasing
First, click on Edge Sizing 2, then click on Bias Type and set it to the first option
Next, set the Bias Factor to 70 as shown below. The Bias Factor is defined in this case to
be the ratio of the longest division and the shortest division.
Repeat the same procedure for right hand side of the geometry

Create Named Selections

The left side of the geometry will be called "inlet" and the right side will be called "outlet".
The top side of the rectangle will be called "far field" and the bottom side of the rectangle
will be called "plate" as shown in the image below.
In order to create a named selection first (Click) Edge Selection Filter, . Then click
on the left side of the rectangle and it should highlight green. Next, right click the left side of
the rectangle and choose Create Named Selection. Enter "inlet" and click OK, as shown
below.
Now, create named selections for the remaining three sides and name them according to the
diagram
Save, Exit & Update
First save the project. Next, close the Masher window. Then, go to the Workbench Project
Page and click the Update Project button, .
Problem setup and Solution in FLUENT:

Problem setup:


0.0001 kg/m*s Change
Set Velocity Specification Method to Components, set X-
Velocity 1m/sok
Boundary conditionsSelect farfieldGive type as: symmetry
Boundary conditionsSelect plateGive type as: wall
Solution:
Select the monitors and change convergence criteria to 10^-6.
RESULT:
and vectors.
Save the contours of Velocity, Pressure, and Velocity vector.
Average of Wall Shear on flat plate is 0.00881094 Pa
Figure 1: contours of Pressure

Figure 2: Contours of Velocity Vector
Figure 3: Contours of Velocity Magnitude

Experiment 3
RESULTS
Flat Plate Boundary Layer
Case 1: Consider a Flat
plate of length 1m. The
incoming fluid is flowing
with a velocity of 0.05
m/s. The density of the
fluid is 1 kg/m^3 and the
viscosity is 0.001 kg/ (m-
s). The plate is an
stationary solid wall
having no slip as its
Average of Wall Shear on flat plate: 0.0018325 [Pa]
boundary condition
with a velocity of 0.5 m/s.
The density of the fluid is
1.2 kg/m^3 and the
s). The plate is an
having no slip as its Average of Wall Shear on flat plate: 0.0934146 [Pa]
boundary condition
with a velocity of 1 m/s.
1.225 kg/m^3 and the
s). The plate is an
boundary condition
Average of Wall Shear on flat plate: 0.225802 [Pa]

fluid is 1.1 kg/m^3 and the
viscosity is 0.019kg/ (m-
s). The plate is an
boundary condition Average of Wall Shear on flat plate: 0.00455638 [Pa]


fluid is 1.2 kg/m^3 and the
s). The plate is an
boundary condition Average of Wall Shear on flat plate: 0.000420125 [Pa]
with a velocity of 0.1 m/s.
1 kg/m^3 and the viscosity
is 10 ^ (-4) kg/ (m-s). The
plate is an stationary solid
wall having no slip as its
boundary condition
Average of Wall Shear on flat plate is 0.00881094 Pa

3.1Viva Questions
1. What do you mean by no-slip boundary condition
No-slip boundary condition is generally applied at the walls if the fluid flow is
viscous in nature; it means that velocity of the fluid at the wall is zero
2. What is the use of Edge size biasing

Edge size biasing increases or decreases the number of grid points along the edge
in a particular direction.
3. When do we apply symmetry boundary condition

Symmetry boundary condition is applied when the velocity at that boundary is
only in tangential direction, which means that the normal component of velocity is
zero.
4. What is the boundary layer

Boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding
surface where the effects of viscosity are significant.
5. When the solution is said to be converged

The solution is said to be converged when the error between the previous iteration
and current iteration is less than or equal to the desired convergence criteria.

Experiment 4: SUPERSONIC FLOW OVER A WEDGE
AIM: To study the characteristics of the Supersonic flow over a Wedge
DESCRIPTION:
Consider air flowing over wedge. The free stream Mach number is 3 and the angle of attack
is 15. Assume standard sea-level values for the free stream properties:
Pressure = 1, 01, 325 Pa

Density = 1.225 kg/m3
Temperature = 300 K
PROCEDURE:
Open ANSYS Workbench
We are ready to do a simulation in ANSYS Workbench! Open ANSYS Workbench by going

to Start > ANSYS > Workbench.
Geometry
Right click the Geometry box and select Properties. Under Advance Geometry
Options change Analysis Type from 3D to 2D.
Select Meter as the standard unit, and click OK.
Sketching
To sketch on the XY plane click the positive Z-Axis.
Click on the Sketching tab and Click on Rectangle in the Sketching Toolboxes window and
draw the rectangle.
Select the line tool in the Sketching Toolboxes window and draw the wedge outline in the
geometry.
In the Sketching Toolboxes window, click the Modify tab, and select trim. Next, trim the
lines that are not needed.
Dimensions
In the Sketching Toolboxes window, select the Dimensions tab. Next, select the general
dimensioning tool and give dimension for horizontal and vertical lines.

In order to add magnitudes to the dimensions in the Details window specify the dimensions
as shown in figure below.
When exact dimensions are given click on Generate .
Create Surface
Select Concept > Surface from Sketches. In the graphics window, select all the lines of the
geometry next in Base Objects > Apply. Finally, press Generate. The geometry should now
look like the figure below.
Now we have completed the geometry. Save the project, and close the Design Modeler.
Meshing:
In the Project Schematic window, double click the Mesh box to launch the mesher.
Generate the mesh by by going to Mesh > Generate Mesh
In order to get regular mesh, select Mesh Control > Mapped Face Meshing. In
the Graphics window select Geometry > Apply.

In the Mesh Menu, select Mesh Control > Sizing. Next, select the left edge click on apply and
in details widow changes type to number of divisions and give it as 100, and set behaviour as
hard.
Repeat the same process for the Right edge.
Repeat the same process for top eged and give number of divisions as 90.
Repeat the same process for bottom edge and give number of division as 30 for symmetry
and 60 for wedge
Now go to Mesh > Generate Mesh.
Named Selections
To create named selections right click on the edge and select Create Named Selection.
A dialogue box will appear where you will enter the desired name of the boundary.
Name all of the boundaries of the geometry as given below:
Left edge: Inlet Right edge: Outlet Top edge: far field Bottom edge: symmetry
and wedge
Once the selections are all named and the mesh is created, update the project save the project
and you may close the Mesher.
Steps Involved in FLUENT:


Problem setup:
GeneralType as: Density based
ModelsEnergy ON Select Viscous-laminarEditSet model as: Inviscid
MaterialsAirCreate/EditSet density as: Ideal-gas Change
Cell zone conditions Type as: fluidSet operating conditionsSet
operating pressure as: 0Pa
Boundary conditionsSelect inletGive type as: pressure-far-
fieldEditGive Gauge pressure as: 101325PaSet Mach as: 3ok
Repeat the same Boundary conditions for outlet and far field
Boundary conditionsSelect symmetryGive symmetry
Boundary conditionsSelect wedgeGive wall
Solution:
Select Solution ControlsSet Courant number as: 0.5
RESULTS:
and vectors.
Save the contours of Velocity (Mach number), Pressure, Temperature and
Velocity vector.
Figure 1: Countours of Velocity Vectors

Figure 2: Countours of Static Temperature
Figure 3: Countours of Static Pressure

Figure 4: Countours of Mach numbers


Experiment - 4 RESULT
Supersonic Flow Over
Wedge
Case 1: Consider air

flowing over wedge.
The free stream Mach
number is 2
P2= 200437.41 M2= 1.502026

flowing over wedge.
number is 2.25.
P2= 211940.56 M2= 1.720735

flowing over wedge.
number is 2.5
P2=225770.45 M2= 1.926735

flowing over wedge.
number is 2.75
P2=238295.64 M2= 2.1319849


flowing over wedge.
number is 3.25
P2=269932.31 M2= 2.514081

flowing over wedge.
number is 3
P2=279932.31 M2= 2.33

4.1 Viva Questions
1. What type of the solver is used for supersonic flow

Density based or Coupled solver is used to solve the supersonic flow
2. What do you mean by gauge pressure

The gauge pressure is same as that of the total pressure, which is generally used
while solving supersonic flow problems
3. What should be the value of courant number to get stable solution

To obtain the stable solution the courant number should be less than or equal to
one
4. Why do we need to check the energy equation to solve supersonic flows

In supersonic flows to analyse the Aerodynamic heating and other thermal
behaviours we need to check the energy equation
5. When the pressure far field boundary condition is used

Pressure far-field conditions are used in FLUENT to model a free-
stream condition at infinity, with free-stream Mach number and static conditions
being specified. This boundary condition is applicable only when the density is
calculated using the ideal-gas law

Experiment -5: FLOW PAST OVER A CYLINDER
AIM: To study the characteristics of flow over a cylinder.

DESCRIPTION:
Consider a cylinder of 1m radius. The free stream velocity considered 1m/s. The
properties of air is =1kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity is 0.05 kg/m*s.
PROCEDURE:
Solution Domain
For an external flow problem like this, one needs to determine where to place the outer
boundary. A circular domain will be used for this simulation. The effects that the cylinder has
on the flow extend far. Thus, the outer boundary will be set to be 40 times as large as the
diameter of the cylinder. That is, the outer boundary will be a circle with a diameter of 64 m.

Geometry:
Launch Design Modeller (Double Click) Geometry
Create Inner Circle and Dimension
Create a circle, centred at the origin in the xy plane. Set the diameter of the circle to 1m.
Inner Circle Surface Body Creation Concept > Surfaces from Sketches.
Set the Base Object to Sketch 1 Then click Apply next to Base Object.
Click Generate
Create New Sketch in the XY Plane click on the New Sketch button, .
Create Outer Circle and Dimension
Set the diameter of the circle to 64m.

Outer Circle Surface Body Creation. Concept > Surfaces From Sketches.
Then set Operation to Add Frozen
Then, click Generate
Carry Out Boolean Operation: Subtraction
Create > Boolean. First, set Operation to Subtract.
Select outer circle surface body as the Target Body and the inner circle surface body as
the Tool Body. Lastly, click Generate
Create a Bisecting Line
Click on XY Plane Then, click the new sketch button, .
In the new sketch draw a line on the y axis that goes through both of the concentric circles.
Then trim the line segments that lay inside of the inner circle and the line segments that lay
outside of the outer circle.
Line Body Creation
Concept > Lines from Sketches.
Set the Base Object to Sketch 3. Click Generate
Projection Tools > Projection.
Apply the two lines that you created to edge and apply the surface body to target.
Click Generate.
Save Project and Close Design Modeler
Mesh generation:
Launch Mesher (Double Click) Mesh
Generate the mesh by going to Mesh > Generate Mesh
In order to get regular mesh, select Mesh Control > Mapped Face Meshing.
Set Geometry to both portions of the surface body. Click Update.
Create edge sizing for left half portion

In the Mesh Menu, select Mesh Control > Sizing. Next, select 2 edges (the left edge of
cylinder and left edge of domain) click on apply and in details widow changes type to number
of divisions and give it as 100, and set behaviour as hard.
Repeat the same process for the Right half portion.
You should get the mesh as shown in figure below

Named Selections
Left edge of domain: Inlet
Right edge of domain: Outlet
Both edges of cylinder: cylinder
and you may close the masher.
Setup and Solution in FLUENT:

Problem setup:
MaterialsAirCreate/EditSet density as: 1 kg/m3 and set Viscosity to
0.05 kg/m*s Change
Set Velocity Specification Method to Components, set X-Velocity to 1
m/s, and set Y-Velocity to 0 m/s ok


Boundary conditionsSelect cylinderGive type as: wall
Solution:
Select the monitors and change convergence criteria to 10-6.
RESULT:
and vectors.
Save the contours of Velocity, Pressure, Streamlines, Velocity (vorticity) and
Velocity vector.
Coefficient of drag, Cd=2.744
Figure 1: Countours of Vorticity Magnitude

Figure 2: Countours of Velocity Magnitude
Figure 3: Countours of Velocity Vectors


Experiment 5
RESULTS
Flow Past a Cylinder
Case 1: Consider a
cylinder of 1m radius. The
free stream velocity
considered 1m/s. The
properties of air is
=1kg/m3 and dynamic
viscosity is 0.05 kg/m*s.
Cd=2.744
Case 2: Consider a
=1.2kg/m3 and dynamic
Cd= 1.034
Case 3: Consider a
Cd= 2.807
Case 4: Consider a
Cd=4.965

Case 5: Consider a
Cd=8.240
Case 6: Consider a
Cd=0.8676

5.1Viva Questions
1. What type of the boundary condition is applied on the cylinder
The wall boundary condition is applied on the cylinder
2. What are the different types of inlet boundary conditions used

Flow inlet boundaries are: pressure inlet, velocity inlet, mass flow inlet, inlet vent,
intake fan, pressure far-field, etc.
3. What type of domain will be suitable to generate structured grid over a cylinder
Circular domain will be more suitable to generate structured grid over a cylinder
4. What should be the size of the domain to get accurate results

To get accurate results the size of the domain should be approximately 20 times
the size of the body.
5. When the pressure outlet boundary condition is used in CFD

The pressure outlet boundary condition is used when flow at the outlet is
exhausting in the atmosphere and that region has an standard atmospheric value.

Experiment 6: FLOW OVER AN AIRFOIL
AIM: To study the characteristics of flow over a NACA 0012 Airfoil.
DESCRIPTION: Consider a NACA 0012 Airfoil. The free stream velocity considered
80m/s. The properties of air is =1kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity is 0.05 kg/m*s.
PROCEDURE:
Geometry:
Download the Airfoil Coordinates
In this step, we will import the coordinates of the airfoil and create the geometry we will use
for the simulation. This file contains the points of a NACA 0012 airfoil.

Geometry
Launch Design Modeler (Double Click) Geometry
Airfoil
Concept > 3D Curve. In the Details View window, click Coordinates File and select the
ellipsis to browse to a file. Once you have selected the desired geometry file, click Generate
to create the curve.
Concept > Surfaces From edges.
Set the Base Object to airfoil edge then click Apply next to Base Object.
Click Generate
Domain
Create New Sketch in the XY Plane click on the New Sketch button, .
In sketching select polygon and set n=4 (for square) and generate square from the origin and
give to dimension to it as 40m.

Concept > Surfaces From Sketches.

Then set Operation to Add Frozen
Then, click Generate
Carry Out Boolean Operation: Subtraction
Create > Boolean. First, set Operation to Subtract.
Select outer square domain as the Target Body and the inner airfoil surface as the Tool
Body. Lastly, click Generate
Save Project and Close Design Modeller
MESH GENERATION:
Launch Mesher (Double Click) Mesh
Generate the mesh by going to Mesh > Generate Mesh
In mesh details > sizing > relevance center = fine, growth rate = 1.05
In mesh details > inflation > growth rate = 1.05
In the Mesh Menu, select Mesh Control > Sizing. Next, select Airfoil edge click on apply
and in details widow changes type to number of divisions and give it as 500, and set
behaviour as hard.
You should get the mesh as shown in figure below
Named Selections

Left edge of domain: Inlet

Right edge of domain: Outlet
Both top and bottom edges: wall
Airfoil edge: Airfoil
and you may close the mesher.
Setup and Solution in FLUENT:

Problem setup:
0.05 kg/m*s Change
Set Velocity Specification Method to Components, set X-Velocity to
79.56m/s, and set Y-Velocity to 8.36m/s ok
Boundary conditionsSelect airfoilGive type as: wall
Solution:
RESULT:
and vectors.
Save the contours of Velocity, Pressure, Streamlines, Velocity (vorticity) and
Velocity vector.
At 4 degrees angle, Cd=0.09979 and Cl=0.1777

Figure 1: Countours of Velocity Magnitude
Figure 2: Countours of Velocity Streamlines

Figure 4: Countours of Vorticity Magnitude


Experiment 6
FLOW OVER AN RESULTS
AIRFOIL
Case 1: Consider a
NACA 0012
Airfoil. The free
stream velocity
considered 80m/s.
The properties of
air is =1kg/m3 and
dynamic viscosity is
0.05 kg/m*s.
AoA=00
Cl= 0.0143 Cd = 0.101
Case 2: Consider a
NACA 0012
Airfoil. The free
stream velocity
considered 80m/s.
The properties of
air is =1kg/m3 and
0.05 kg/m*s.
AoA=20
Cl= 0.066 Cd = 0.1026
Case 3: Consider a
NACA 0012
Airfoil. The free
stream velocity
considered 80m/s.
The properties of
air is =1kg/m3 and
0.05 kg/m*s. AoA=
60
Cl= 0.1777 Cd = 0.0997

Case 4: Consider a
NACA 0012
Airfoil. The free
stream velocity
considered 80m/s.
The properties of
air is =1kg/m3 and
0.05 kg/m*s. AoA
= 80
Cl= 0.2385 Cd = 0.0964
Case 5: Consider a
NACA 0012
Airfoil. The free
stream velocity
considered 80m/s.
The properties of
air is =1kg/m3 and
0.05 kg/m*s.
AoA=100
Cl= 0.3200 Cd =0.0912
Consider a NACA
0012 Airfoil. The
considered 80m/s.
The properties of
air is =1kg/m3 and
0.05 kg/m*s.
Cl= 0.1777 Cd =0.09919

6.1 Viva Questions

1. What does NACA 4 digit airfoil indicates
In NACA 4 digit airfoil for example 2412,
The first digit indicates the maximum chamber in percentage of chord (0.02c)
The second digit indicates the position of the maximum chamber from the
leading edge in tenth of the chord (0.4c)
The last 2 digit indicates the maximum thickness in percentage of the chord
(0.12c)
2. In fluent simulation to vary the angle of attack what changes should be made in
boundary condition
To change the angle of attack (), at the velocity inlet boundary the velocity
component should be changed.
That is the X- component = V* Cos () and the Y-component = V*Sin ()
3. What are the different types of Outlet boundary conditions

Flow outlet boundaries are: pressure outlet, pressure far-field, out flow, outlet
vent, exhaust fan, etc
4. Why do we use the Boolean operation in flow over an airfoil

In the flow over an airfoil, the Boolean operation is used to subtract the body from
the domain or enclosure which may be overlapping it.
5. What is difference between symmetric and cambered airfoil

Difference between symmetric and cambered airfoil:
Symmetric airfoil Cambered airfoil
The cambered line and the chord line The camber line and the chord line
coincide with each other. represent two different lines.
Only produces the lift at positive angle Can also produce the lift at zero angle of
of attack attack

Experiment -7: SOLUTION FOR THE ONE DIMENSIONAL

WAVE EQUATION USING EXPLICIT METHOD OF LAX -
CODE DEVELOPMENT.
The one dimensional scalar wave equation is given as
This equation represents a linear advection process with wave speed c = constant, which is
the speed of the travelling wave or the speed of propagation. u(x,t) is the signal or wave
information. The wave propagates at constant speed to the right if c > 0 and to the left if c <
0. The spatial domain can vary from - to .
Numerical Solution
Method of descretisation finite difference form
Replace the spatial partial derivative with a central difference expression
Where n is the temporal index and j is the spatial index.

Replace the time derivative with a forward difference formula
We then have
Now let us replace by an average value between grid points j+1 and j-1 as
Substituting this in equation (1) we get the explicit method of Lax for the 1D scalar wave
equations as,
PROBLEM: Test Case for the numerical solution

Solve the one dimensional wave equation in the spatial domain of [0, 2*pi] with an initial
step function condition given by
U0(x,0) = 1 for x pi-1
= 0 otherwise
Choose 100 grid points with and find the wave form at t = 0.2 s.
MATLAB CODE for the one dimensional wave equation
% Solves the one dimensional scalar wave equation du/dt + du/dx = 0 [0,2*pi]
% Using LAX METHOD
clc;
clear;
t0 = 0; tf = 1;
M = 100; % number of points in x direction
N = 100; % number of points in y direction
% define the mesh in space

dx = 2*pi/M;
x = 0:dx:2*pi;
% define the mesh in time

dt = (tf-t0)/N;
t = t0:dt:tf;
% calculate value for lamda

c = 1;
lambda = c*dt/dx
display('lambda should be less than 1 for stability:')
% choose the wave number of the initial data and give its decay rate
u0 = x<=(pi-1);
u = zeros(M+1,N+1);
u(:,1) = u0;

% Implement the time marching Lax scheme:

for n=1:N
for i=2:M
u(i,n+1) = (u(i+1,n)+u(i-1,n))/2-(lambda/2)*(u(i+1,n)-u(i-1,n));
end
% Introduce exact values at the endpoints.
u(1,n+1)=1;
u(M+1,n+1)=0;
end
% plot the result in 21 intervals

for j=0:20
plot(x,u(:,1+5*j),'LineWidth',2);
axis([0,2*pi,-0.5,1.5]);
title('1D wave equation using explicit Lax Method','FontSize',12)
xlabel('x');
ylabel('u');
pause(1)
end %plot(x,u(:,101));

RESULTS:
1D wave equation using explicit Lax Method

1.5
0.5
u
-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
Figure: wave form at t = 0.2 s


Experiment 7
RESULTS
1D Wave Equation
Test Case 1 1.5
1D wave equation using explicit Lax Method
Solve the one dimensional wave

equation in the spatial domain of [0, 1
50] with an initial step function
condition given by
velocity (u)
0.5
U0(x,0) = 1 for x 5
= 0 otherwise
Choose 100 grid points and find the 0
wave form at t = 10 s.
-0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
direction (x)
Test Case 2 1D wave equation using explicit Lax Method

1.5
equation in the spatial domain of [0,
1
condition given by
U0(x,0) = 1 for x 10
velocity (u)
= 0 otherwise
0.5
Choose 200 grid points and find the
0
-0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
direction (x)

5
4
100] with an initial step function 3
condition given by 2
U0(x,0) = 3 for x 35 1
velocity (u)
= -2 otherwise 0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
direction (x)


5
equation in the spatial domain of [0, 4

3
condition given by
U0(x,0) = 4 for x 75 2
velocity (u)
= -2 otherwise
1
wave form at t = 60 s. 0
-1
-2
-3
0 50 100 150
direction (x)
Test Case 5
2
1.5
3*pi] with an initial step function
condition given by
1
U0(x,0) = 2 for x pi
= -1 otherwise
0.5
wave form at t = 30s. 0
-0.5
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5
2*pi] with an initial step function
1
condition given by
U0(x,0) = 1 for x pi-1
= 0 otherwise 0.5
u

wave form at t = 0.2s.
0
-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x

7.1 Viva Questions

1. What is the Mathematical Behaviour of 1D wave equation
1D Wave equation is a hyperbolic partial differential equation
2. How many boundary conditions and initial conditions are required to solve 1D wave
equation
Zero boundary condition and only one initial condition is required to solve 1D
Wave equation
3. What do you mean by explicit method

In explicit method the partial differential equation is Discretize explicitly and the
resulting equation contains only one Unknown
4. What are the restrictions in using explicit method

In explicit method the courant number should be less than or equal to one to get
stable results that is for a particular value to time step (t) there is the restriction
for the space step(x).
5. What are the application of the Wave equation

Special type of the wave equations are used to predict the behaviour of Tsunami,
Earthquakes magnitude, wavelength etc with respect to time

Experiment -8: SOLUTION FOR THE ONE DIMENSIONAL

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION USING
EXPLICIT METHOD (CODE DEVELOPMENT)
The one dimensional transient (unsteady) heat conduction equation is given as
Where is the thermal diffusivity.
This equation represents the conduction of heat energy in time and space. Transient nature of
this equation is represented in the dependence of temperature with time as opposed to a
steady state condition.
Numerical Solution
Method of discretization finite difference form
Replace the time derivative with a forward difference expression
Where n is the temporal index and j is the spatial index.

Replace the second order spatial derivative on the RHS with a central difference formula
We then have
i.e., (2)
Where,
Equation (2) is the final explicit update equation for the one dimensional transient heat
conduction equation.

PROBLEM: Test Case for the numerical solution

A country rock has a temperature of 300oC and the dike a width of 5m, with a magma
temperature of 1200oC. Total length of the rock formation is 100m. Initial conditions are
temperatures of 300oC and 1200oC for the rock and dike respectively. Boundary conditions at
x = -L/2 and x = L/2 are at 300oC (see figure). Find the temperature distribution after 100
days. Use 200 grid points in the x direction with a 1 day time interval.
ROCK DIKE ROCK
300oC 1200oC 300oC
L
MATLAB CODE for the one dimensional transient heat conduction equation
% Solves the 1D heat equation with an explicit finite difference scheme

clear all
clc
%Physical parameters
L = 100; % Length of modeled domain [m]
Td = 1200; % Temperature of magma [C]
Tr = 300; % Temperature of country rock [C]
kappa = 1e-6; % Thermal diffusivity of rock [m2/s]
W = 5; % Width of dike [m]
day = 3600*24; % # seconds per day
dt = 1*day; % Timestep [s]
% Numerical parameters
nx = 200; % Number of gridpoints in x-direction
nt = 100; % Number of timesteps to compute
dx = L/(nx-1); % Spacing of grid
x = -L/2:dx:L/2;% Grid
% Setup initial temperature profile
T = ones(size(x))*Tr;
T(abs(x)<=W/2) = Td;
time = 0;
for n=1:nt % Timestep loop
% Compute new temperature
Tnew = zeros(1,nx);
for i=2:nx-1

Tnew(i) = T(i) + (kappa*dt/(dx)^2)*(T(i+1)-(2*T(i))+T(i-1));

end
% Set boundary conditions
Tnew(1) = T(1);
Tnew(nx) = T(nx);
% Update temperature and time
T = Tnew;
time = time+dt;
end
% Plot solution
plot(x,Tnew);
xlabel('x [m]')
ylabel('Temperature [oC]')
title(['Temperature evolution after ',num2str(time/day),' days'])
% draw the dike boundaries

x1 = -2.5;
x2 = 2.5;
y = linspace(300,800);
% Plot the dike boundaries
hold on
plot(x1,y, x2, y);
RESULTS:
Temperature evolution after 100 days
800
750
700
650
Temperature [oC]
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
x [m]
Figure: temperature distribution after 100 days


Experiment - 8
RESULTS
1D Heat Conduction equation
Test Case 1 Temperature evolution after 100 days
100
A country rock has a temperature of
30oC and the dike a width of 20m, 90
with a magma temperature of
100oC. Total length of the rock 80
formation is 100m. Initial
Temperature [oC]
conditions are temperatures of 30oC 70
and 100oC for the rock and dike 60

respectively. Boundary conditions
at x = -L/2 and x = L/2 are at 30oC 50
(see figure). Find the temperature

40
distribution after 60 days. Use 200
grid points in the x direction with a 30
1 day time interval. -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
x [m]
10 20 30 40 50

90
30oC and the dike a width of 5m,
80
with a magma temperature of
150oC. Total length of the rock
70
Temperature [oC]
conditions are temperatures of 30oC

60
and 150oC for the rock and dike
50
at x = -L/2 and x = L/2 are at 30oC
(see figure). Find the temperature 40
x [m]
20 40 60 80 100

1000
300oK and the dike a width of 25m, 900
with a magma temperature of 800

1000oK. Total length of the rock
700
Temperature [oC]
conditions are temperatures of 600
300oK and 1000oL for the rock and 500

dike respectively. Boundary 400
conditions at x = -L/2 and x = L/2
are at 300oK (see figure). Find the 300
temperature distribution after 365 200
days. Use 300 grid points in the x 100

direction with a 1 day time interval. -300 -200 -100 0
x [m]
100 200 300

A country rock has a temperature of 120

15oC and the dike a width of 15m,
130oC. Total length of the rock
Temperature [oC]
80
conditions are temperatures of 15oC

and 130oC for the rock and dike 60

at x = -L/2 and x = L/2 are at 15oC 40
(see figure). Find the temperature

20
x [m]
10 20 30 40 50

90
with a magma temperature of 85oC.
Total length of the rock formation 70
is 200m. Initial conditions are

Temperature [oC]
temperatures of 25oC and 85oC for 60
the rock and dike respectively. 50

Boundary conditions at x = -L/2
and x = L/2 are at 25oC (see figure). 40
Find the temperature distribution

30
after 90 days. Use 200 grid points
in the x direction with a 1 day time 20
interval -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
x [m]
20 40 60 80 100

800
1200oC. Total length of the rock 650

Temperature [oC]
600
conditions are temperatures of
550
300oC and 1200oC for the rock and
500
dike respectively. Boundary
conditions at x = -L/2 and x = L/2 450
are at 300oC (see figure). Find the 400
temperature distribution after 100 350

days. Use 200 grid points in the x 300
direction with a 1 day time interval. -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
x [m]
10 20 30 40 50

8.1 Viva Questions

1. What is the Mathematical Behaviour of 1D Heat Conduction Equation
1D Heat condition equation is Parabolic in nature
2. How many boundary conditions and initial conditions are required to solve 1D Heat
Conduction Equation
To solve 1D Heat conduction equation one Initial condition and two boundary
conditions will be required
3. Differentiate between the explicit and implicit method
S.No Explicit Approach Implicit Approach

1 It is easy to set up and program It is complicated to setup and
program
2 The approach gives one equation with The approach gives one equation
only one unknown with more than one unknown
3 For particular value of x there is There is no restriction for value of
restriction on the value of t. x and t
4 The Approach is Conditionally stable The Approach is Unconditionally
stable
4. What is the Marching direction to solve 1D Heat Conduction Equation

To solve 1D heat conduction equation the marching direction is the Time direction
5. What are the application of the 1D Heat Conduction Equation

Heat conduction equation is applied to study the heat transfer and temperature
distribution in the rod, plates, in the rock or from any one part of the body to the
other part.

Experiment 9: GENERATION OF THE ALGEBRAIC GRIDS

(CODE DEVELOPMENT)
PROBLEM
Generate an algebraic grid about the upper surface of the NACA 0015 airfoil. Points are
clustered in j direction near the lower surface (using =1.05 in algebraic grid). Make sure the
number of points in i and j are flexible.
Introduction, Theory, & Formulations
A key component of grid generation is the conversion from the physical domain to the
computational domain, in order to allow for equidistant grid lines in rectangular form. In
considering a simple two dimensional case, physical coordinates x and y must be converted
to computational coordinates and . These computational coordinates are furthermore
known via the rectangular grid relations. As a result, they must be converted back into
physical coordinates in order to be of use. For the particular case concerning an airfoil placed
on the x axis, the following relationships exist:
As can be seen, Eq. (1) simply states that the x coordinate is the coordinate, as there exists
no irregularities to alter that axis. The precise relationship in Eq. (2) is due to a required
clustering near the bottom surface. Here, represents the clustering parameter, which is
given, and H represents the total height along the y axis. However, this does not account for
the geometry of the airfoil, wherein its top surface coordinate is a function of the distance
along the x axis. The exact equation is:
Here, y represents the max height of the airfoil, which would thus be the correspond to y=0 in
Eq.(2). Height is determined by subtracting this value from maximum height. This allows a
total expression for the grid y coordinative can be obtained. Note that the x used in Eq. (3)
assumes 0 at the nose of the airfoil and 1 at the tail. The previous equations effectively define
all that is needed to generate an algebraic grid. However, this grid will simply be used as a
starting point for the generation of an elliptic grid. Thus, once x and y are obtained
algebraically, they will be set as initial conditions for the x and y values used in order to
perform iterations of the developed finite difference equations.
MATLAB code for Algebraic Grid Generation

%Algebraic Grid Generation

clear;
clc;
%Assign values for t and beta
t=0.15;
beta=1.05;
%Prompt user for number of grid points
n=input('Enter the number of grid points in the i direction: ');
m=input('Enter the number of grid points in the j direction: ');
%Create zeroes matrix for surface plots
z=zeros(n,m);
%Assign lengths and values for eta and xi
L=3;
eta=linspace(0,1,m);
xi=linspace(0,L,n);
%x is equal to xi
X=xi;
%Find height
ytop=2;
for i=1:n
if X(i) < 1
ybottom(i)=0;
elseif X(i) > 2
ybottom(i)=0;
else
x2(i)=X(i)-1;
ybottom(i)=(t/.2)*(0.2969*x2(i)^.5-0.126*x2(i)-0.3516*x2(i)^2+0.2843*x2(i)^3-
0.1015*x2(i)^4);
end
H(i)=ytop-ybottom(i);
end
%Loop to calculate coordinates
zeta=beta+1;
gamma=beta-1;

alpha=zeta/gamma;
for i=1:n
for j=1:m
chi=1-eta(j);
y(i,j)=H(i)*(zeta-gamma*alpha^chi)/(alpha^chi+1)+ybottom(i);
x(i,j)=X(i);
end
end
surface(x,y,z);
xlabel ('x');
ylabel ('y');
title ('Algerbraic Grid');
RESULTS:
Enter the number of grid points in the i direction: 50
Enter the number of grid points in the j direction: 50
Algerbraic Grid
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
y
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x
Figure: Algebraic grid generated over the NACA 0015 airfoil (=1.05)
Figure shows the algebraic grid generation with the growth rate =1.05 the grids are very fine
at y=0 and it gets coarser as the y increases.
The value of growth rate can be varied and you can see the difference in the growth rate of
the grid.


Experiment 9
RESULTS
Algebraic grid generation
Algerbraic Grid
2
1.8
Test Case 1 1.6
Generate an algebraic
1.4
grid about the upper
surface of the NACA 1.2
0025 airfoil. Points are 1
y
clustered in j direction 0.8
near the lower surface
(using =1.05 in 0.6
algebraic grid) with 100 0.4
grid points. 0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x
Algerbraic Grid
2
1.8
Test Case 2
Generate an algebraic 1.6
grid about the upper 1.4

0020 airfoil. Points are
1
y
clustered in j direction
near the lower surface 0.8
(using =1.10 in 0.6

grid points
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x
Algerbraic Grid
2
Test Case 3 1.8

1
y
(using =1.05 in 0.6

grid points 0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

Algerbraic Grid
2
1.8
Test Case 4 1.6

surface of the NACA
1
y

(using =1.5 in algebraic
0.4
grid) with 60 grid points.
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x
Algerbraic Grid
2
1.8
Test Case 5

1
y
(using =1.01 in 0.6

grid points.
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x
Algerbraic Grid
2
1.8
Test Case 6

1
y
(using =1.05 in 0.6

grid points.
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

9.1 Viva Questions

1. What do you mean by grids generation
Grids are the points at which the physical variables will be calculated and the
process of generation this grid structure is known as grid generation
2. What are the types of grids used in CFD

There are basically two types of the grids used in CFD namely Structured grids
and Unstructured grid. These grids are further classified as H- grid, O-grid, Body
fitted grid, tetrahedral grid, triangular grid etc.
3. What is the use of cluster parameter

The cluster parameter is used to cluster the points near the body in a particular
required direction
4. What type of grid is the Algebraic grid

Algebraic grid is the structured body fitted stretched grid
5. What are the application of the Algebraic grid

Algebraic grid is generally used for flow over flat plate, Airfoil etc

Experiment - 10: GENERATION OF THE ELLIPTIC GRIDS

(CODE DEVELOPMENT)
PROBLEM
Starting with an algebraic grid, generate an elliptic grid about the upper surface of the airfoil.
Points are clustered in j direction near the lower surface (using =1.05 in algebraic grid).
Make sure the number of points in i and j are flexible.
Using a predetermined algebraic grid, an elliptic grid can be generated in order to fine tune
the results for airfoil flow. Coding an algebraic grid necessitates an accounting for the
geometry of the airfoil, as well as clustering via appropriate equations. Once these issues are
addressed, partial differential equations can be utilized in order to generate an elliptic grid.
Introduction, Theory, & Formulations

A key component of grid generation is the conversion from the physical domain to the
computational domain, in order to allow for equidistant grid lines in rectangular form. In
considering a simple two dimensional case, physical coordinates x and y must be converted
to computational coordinates and . These computational coordinates are furthermore
known via the rectangular grid relations. As a result, they must be converted back into
physical coordinates in order to be of use. For the particular case concerning an airfoil placed
on the x axis, the following relationships exist:
As can be seen, Eq. (1) simply states that the x coordinate is the coordinate, as there exists
no irregularities to alter that axis. The precise relationship in Eq. (2) is due to a required
clustering near the bottom surface. Here, represents the clustering parameter, which is
given, and H represents the total height along the y axis. However, this does not account for
the geometry of the airfoil, wherein its top surface coordinate is a function of the distance
along the x axis. The exact equation is:

Here, y represents the max height of the airfoil, which would thus be the correspond to y=0 in
Eq.(2). Height is determined by subtracting this value from maximum height. This allows a
total expression for the grid y coordinative can be obtained. Note that the x used in Eq. (3)
assumes 0 at the nose of the airfoil and 1 at the tail. The previous equations effectively define
all that is needed to generate an algebraic grid. However, this grid will simply be used as a
starting point for the generation of an elliptic grid. Thus, once x and y are obtained
algebraically, they will be set as initial conditions for the x and y values used in order to
perform iterations of the developed finite difference equations.
Two elliptic partial differential equations must be solved in order to fully define the desired
grid. In doing this, boundary conditions are required. For this case, x and y values along the
edges of the defined physical domain will be left in place. These being predefined allows all
interior coordinates to be developed. The following system of elliptic partial differential
equations can be used to define the domain:
Here, the subscripts denote second order derivative of that variable. Notice that these
equations do not express x and y as dependent variables. Rather, they are treated as the
independent variables, requiring a transformation. When such a mathematical transformation
is preformed Eqs. (4) And (5) become, respectively:
Where,

The previously stated equations must all be expressed in terms of finite differences. Once this
is done, x and y at each grid point can be found through iterations. Expanding Equation (8)
through (10) explicitly in central space yields:
Here, the superscript, n, indexes the iteration, where n is the current iteration and n+1 is the
following iteration. These equations are written this way due to the fact that points above and
to the right of the point being evaluated are unknown, and, thus, old values must be used. The
same procedure of finite differencing can be applied to Eqs. (6) and (7). However, results
from these will be of the same form; that is, only the terms x and y will be different.
Considering the expansion of Eq. (6) yields:
Considering,
This equation can then be explicitly solved for the value which is the coordinate of
interest.
Doing so yields:

Similarly,
Considering the expansion of Eq.(7) and solving it for value of :
This formula can then be implemented through coding in order to find all values of x. The
formulation is exactly the same for the y value. Through code, multiple iterations will occur
until convergence is reached; that is, the desired x values will be found once the difference
between and is below tolerance and the desired y values will be found once the
difference between and falls below said tolerance. These values, when plotted,
should produce an elliptic grid that can be utilized to determine flow within the domain
containing the airfoil.

MATLAB code for Elliptic Grid Generation
%Elliptic Grid Generation

clear;
clc;
%Assign values for t and beta
t=0.15;
beta=1.05;
%Prompt user for number of grid points
n=input('Enter the number of grid points in the i direction: ');
m=input('Enter the number of grid points in the j direction: ');
%Create zeroes matrix for surface plots
z=zeros(n,m);
%Assign lengths and values for eta and xi
L=3;
eta=linspace(0,1,m);
xi=linspace(0,L,n);
%x is equal to xi
X=xi;
%Find height
ytop=2;
for i=1:n
if X(i) < 1
ybottom(i)=0;
elseif X(i) > 2
ybottom(i)=0;
else
x2(i)=X(i)-1;
ybottom(i)=(t/.2)*(0.2969*x2(i)^.5-0.126*x2(i)-0.3516*x2(i)^2+0.2843*x2(i)^3-
0.1015*x2(i)^4);
end
H(i)=ytop-ybottom(i);
end
%Loop to calculate coordinates

zeta=beta+1;
gamma=beta-1;
alpha=zeta/gamma;
for i=1:n
for j=1:m
chi=1-eta(j);
y(i,j)=H(i)*(zeta-gamma*alpha^chi)/(alpha^chi+1)+ybottom(i);
x(i,j)=X(i);
end
end
%Elliptic initial conditions

xold=x;
yold=y;
%Calculate computational step sizes
delta_eta=1/(m-1);
delta_xi=L/(n-1);
dx=1; %Conditions to start loop
dy=1; %Conditions to start loop
%Assign tolerance value
tol=.0001;
%Nested loop to determine elliptic grid

xdiff=0;
ydiff=0;
count=0;
while dy > tol || dx > tol
for i=2:n-1
for j=2:m-1
a1=(xold(i,j+1)-x(i,j-1))/(2*delta_eta);
a2=(yold(i,j+1)-y(i,j-1))/(2*delta_eta);
a=a1^2+a2^2;
c1=(xold(i+1,j)-x(i-1,j))/(2*delta_xi);
c2=(yold(i+1,j)-y(i-1,j))/(2*delta_xi);

c=c1^2+c2^2;
b=a1*c1+a2*c2;
alpha=a/delta_xi^2;
beta=-2*b/(4*delta_xi*delta_eta);
gamma=c/delta_eta^2;
theta=1/(2*alpha+2*gamma);
phi_1=beta*(xold(i+1,j+1)-xold(i+1,j-1)-xold(i-1,j+1)+x(i-1,j-1));
x(i,j)=theta*(alpha*(xold(i+1,j)+x(i-1,j))+gamma*(xold(i,j+1)+x(i,j-1))+phi_1);
xdiff=x(i,j)-xold(i,j)+xdiff;
phi_2=beta*(yold(i+1,j+1)-yold(i+1,j-1)-yold(i-1,j+1)+y(i-1,j-1));
y(i,j)=theta*(alpha*(yold(i+1,j)+y(i-1,j))+gamma*(yold(i,j+1)+y(i,j-1))+phi_2);
ydiff=y(i,j)-yold(i,j)+ydiff;
end
end
dx=xdiff;
dy=ydiff;
xdiff=0;
ydiff=0;
xold=x;
yold=y;
count=count+1;
end
fprintf('The solution took %i iterations to converge. \n \n', count);
surface(x,y,z);
xlabel ('x');
ylabel ('y');
title ('Elliptic grid over an Airfoil');

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In the plot of an Elliptical, the Grid lines have been smoothed out due to the elliptic
equations, eliminating extreme jaggedness resulting from the algebraic grid. This would
ensure a more accurate flow model.
Enter the number of grid points in the i direction: 50

Enter the number of grid points in the j direction: 50
The solution took 2434 iterations to converge.
Elliptic grid over an Airfoil

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
y
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x
Figure: Elliptic grid generated over the NACA 0015 airfoil (=1.05)
Overall, an elliptic grid was shown to provide desired results for discretization. It succeeded
in smoothing out otherwise rough edges created through algebraic grid generation. At the
same time, the algebraic grid provided a suitable starting point for the generation of the
elliptic grid.


Experiment 10
RESULTS
Elliptic grid generation
2
Test Case 1
Starting with an 1.8
algebraic grid, 1.6
generate an elliptic 1.4

surface of the NACA
1
y
(using =1.5 in 0.4

grid points
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

2
Test Case 2
1.8
Starting with an
algebraic grid, 1.6

surface of the NACA
1
y

(using =1.2 in 0.4

algebraic grid) with 75
0.2
grid points
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

2
Test Case 3
algebraic grid, 1.6

surface of the NACA
1
y

(using =1.05 in 0.4

algebraic grid) with 0.2
100 grid points
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x


2
Test Case 4
1.8
Starting with an
algebraic grid, 1.6

surface of the NACA
1
y
(using =1.10 in 0.4

0.2
grid points
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

2
Test Case 5
algebraic grid, 1.6

generate an elliptic
1.4
grid about the upper
0020 airfoil. Points are 1

y

near the lower surface
(using =1.01 in 0.6
grid points 0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

2
Test Case 6
1.8
Starting with an
algebraic grid, 1.6

surface of the NACA
1
y


(using =1.01 in
0.4
0.2
grid points
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

10.1 Viva Questions

1. What type of the grid is the Elliptical grid
Elliptical grid is the structured body fitted Curvilinear grid
2. What type of equations are solved to obtain elliptical grids

Elliptical partial differential equation are solved to obtain the elliptical grids
3. What is the pattern of the grid lines in elliptical grids

In an elliptical grid, the grid lines are curvilinear lines
4. What will happen if the cluster parameter is equal to one

If the cluster parameter is equal to one, the grid lines will be equidistance from
each other.
5. What are the applications of the Elliptical grids

The elliptical grids are generally used for flow over a Airfoil, cylinder or any
other blunt bodies.

Table of Contents
Experiment -1: INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING AND SIMULATION TO AERODYNAMIC
PROBLEMS............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Viva Questions .............................................................................................................................. 4
Experiment - 2: LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH PIPE .......................................................................... 5
2.1 Viva Questions ............................................................................................................................ 12
Experiment - 3: FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE ................................................................................. 13
3.1Viva Questions ............................................................................................................................. 20
Experiment 4: SUPERSONIC FLOW OVER A WEDGE ................................................................ 21
4.1 Viva Questions ............................................................................................................................ 29
Experiment -5: FLOW PAST OVER A CYLINDER ........................................................................... 30
5.1Viva Questions ............................................................................................................................. 38
Experiment 6: FLOW OVER AN AIRFOIL ..................................................................................... 39
6.1 Viva Questions ............................................................................................................................ 46
Experiment -7: SOLUTION FOR THE ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE EQUATION USING
EXPLICIT METHOD OF LAX - CODE DEVELOPMENT. .............................................................. 47
7.1 Viva Questions ............................................................................................................................ 53
Experiment -8: SOLUTION FOR THE ONE DIMENSIONAL TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION
EQUATION USING EXPLICIT METHOD (CODE DEVELOPMENT) ........................................... 54
8.1 Viva Questions ............................................................................................................................ 59
Experiment 9: GENERATION OF THE ALGEBRAIC GRIDS (CODE DEVELOPMENT) .......... 60
9.1 Viva Questions ............................................................................................................................ 65
Experiment - 10: GENERATION OF THE ELLIPTIC GRIDS (CODE DEVELOPMENT) .. 66
10.1 Viva Questions .......................................................................................................................... 76

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Computational Aerodynamics

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Document No: Date of Issue Compiled by

VERSION 1.2.2 Date of Revision Verified by

The Computational Aerodynamics Lab Curriculum requires the understanding and

Understanding the basics of C language to enable writing correct program using

In MATLAB: Problem definition, Discretization, Matlab code and Results

Computational Aerodynamics Lab

Computational Aerodynamics Lab

Computational Aerodynamics Lab

Recommended Systems/Software Requirements:

Week 7: MID Exam- I

Week 12: MID Exam-II

Computational Aerodynamics Lab

Computational Aerodynamics Lab

Experiment -1: INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING AND

The term modelling refers to the development of a mathematical representation of a physical

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 1|Page

How to select the best simulation software for an application arises?

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 2|Page

Another type of modelling problem would be to understand and predict, in a

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 3|Page

1.1 Viva Questions

5. What are the applications of the Matlab Software

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 4|Page

Experiment - 2: LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 5|Page

Go to the Workbench Project Page, then (Double Click) Mesh.

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 6|Page

Create Named Selections

Save, Exit & Update

Page and click the Update Project button, .

Problem setup and solution in fluent:

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 7|Page

MaterialsAirCreate/EditSet density as: 1 kg/m^3 and set Viscosity to

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 8|Page

Figure 1: The counters of Velocity vectors at different location

Figure 2: The counters of Static pressure

Figure 3: the counters of Velocity Magnitude

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 9|Page

Sample Experiment with Results Apart from JNTUH curriculum

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 10 | P a g e

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 11 | P a g e

2.1 Viva Questions

2. What is the use of Edge sizing

3. What is use of axis symmetric flow model

4. What do you mean by convergence criteria

5. What will be the velocity profile for flow through pipe

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 12 | P a g e

Experiment - 3: FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE

Surface Body Creation

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 13 | P a g e

Go to the Workbench Project Page, then (Double Click) Mesh.

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 14 | P a g e

Create Named Selections

Page and click the Update Project button, .

Problem setup and Solution in FLUENT:

Computational Aerodynamics Lab 15 | P a g e