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    AB Bromination

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    waheed2286
    The document discusses bromine-based microbiocides that are increasingly being used in cooling water treatment programs. Bromine has advantages over chlorine like being more effective at higher pH levels. It is also generally less corrosive and forms byproducts in cooling systems that are less harmful to the environment than chlorine byproducts. Bromine can be fed into cooling towers simply through solid or liquid feeders to control microbiological growth.

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    AB Bromination

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    waheed2286
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    The document discusses bromine-based microbiocides that are increasingly being used in cooling water treatment programs. Bromine has advantages over chlorine like being more effective at higher pH levels. It is also generally less corrosive and forms byproducts in cooling systems that are less harmful to the environment than chlorine byproducts. Bromine can be fed into cooling towers simply through solid or liquid feeders to control microbiological growth.

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    The document discusses bromine-based microbiocides that are increasingly being used in cooling water treatment programs. Bromine has advantages over chlorine like being more effective at higher pH levels. It is also generally less corrosive and forms byproducts in cooling systems that are less harmful to the environment than chlorine byproducts. Bromine can be fed into cooling towers simply through solid or liquid feeders to control microbiological growth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    58 views2 pages

    AB Bromination

    Uploaded by

    waheed2286
    The document discusses bromine-based microbiocides that are increasingly being used in cooling water treatment programs. Bromine has advantages over chlorine like being more effective at higher pH levels. It is also generally less corrosive and forms byproducts in cooling systems that are less harmful to the environment than chlorine byproducts. Bromine can be fed into cooling towers simply through solid or liquid feeders to control microbiological growth.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    DREW INDUSTRIAL DIVISION COOLING WATER TREATMENT

    Bromination: Advances in Oxidizing Microbiocides

    Bromine microbiocides are increasingly becoming Figure 1


    mainstays in todays advanced cooling water treatment
    programs. Bromine demonstrates several distinct HYPOHALOUS ACID (UNDISSOCIATED)
    advantages over chlorine and even many non-oxidizing IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
    biocides. This bulletin reviews the technology and
    application benefits of bromine-based microbiocides.
    Percent HOCl or HOBr
    100
    pH Considerations
    80
    Bromine, like chlorine, has long been known to act as an HOBr
    oxidizing microbiocide. The active toxicant is hypobromous 60
    acid (HOBr) which can be formed from several different
    40 HOCl
    bromine donors. Hypobromous and hypochlorous acid will
    both dissociate according to the following equations:
    20
    - +
    HOBr <------> OBr + H
    0
    (Hypobromous Acid) (Hypobromite Ion) (Hydrogen ion) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    pH
    HOCl <------> OCl- + H+
    (Hypochlorous Acid) (Hypochlorite Ion) (Hydrogen Ion)
    Hydrochloric acid reacts with system alkalinity and drives
    The degree of dissociation is significant due to the fact that pH downward, increasing the corrosion potential of mild
    the hypohalous acid form (HOCl, HOBr) is approximately steel, copper and copper alloys while chloride ions also
    80 times more toxic than the corresponding hypohalite ion. accelerate corrosion mechanisms. There are even some
    The dissociation is pH dependent and greatly favors laboratory results showing that chlorine exerts 2 to 3 times
    bromine over chlorine above pH 7.5. Figure 1 shows the the corrosive influence of bromine on 90/10 copper/nickel
    percent available HOBr vs. HOCl over the range of at equivalent oxidant levels and pH of 8.1-8.3. Additionally,
    commonly encountered cooling water pH. Thus, for the generally lower use rates of bromine mean less corrosion
    systems operating at above pH 7.5, bromine is increasingly from excessive oxidant levels.
    more efficient than chlorine. This benefit is particularly
    important in highly alkaline cooling waters (pH 8.0-9.3)
    where only a very small percent of chlorine is available as Environmental Aspects
    HOCl. Discharge limitations for chlorine are becoming increasingly
    strict, primarily due to the formation of undesirable
    chlorinated organics in cooling systems.
    Corrosion Concerns
    Application of a bromine microbiocide is generally less These chlorinated by-products can be carcinogenic,
    aggressive toward system metallurgy than gaseous nondegradable and acutely toxic to aquatic life. Therefore,
    chlorine. When gaseous chlorine is dissolved in water, it total residual oxidant (TRO) discharge limits have often
    hydrolyzes according to the following equation: been placed on chlorine.

    Cl2 + H20 ------> HCl + HOCl


    (Gaseous Chlorine) (Hydrochloric Acid) (Hypochlorous Acid)


    Registered trademark of Ashland Inc.
    *Registered service mark of the Chemical Manufacturers Association.

    1990, 1995 Ashland Inc. All Rights Reserved. Created in U.S.A OX-AB-020

    All statements, information and data presented herein are believed to be accurate and reliable but are not to be taken as a guarantee, express warranty or
    implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, or representation, express or implied, for which seller assumes legal responsibility, and
    they are offered solely for your consideration, investigation and verification. Statements or suggestions concerning possible use of this product are made
    without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patent.

    For more information on Ashland Specialty Chemical Company and its divisions, visit our Internet web site at http://www.ashspec.com

    DREW INDUSTRIAL DIVISION One Drew Plaza, Boonton, New Jersey 07005 Tel: (973) 263-7600 Fax: (973) 263-4483
    Environmentally, bromine chemistry again differs Application
    significantly from chlorine. Bromamines, for example, have
    a half-life of minutes compared to many hours for Feeding of bromine-based biocides is simple and easy to
    chloramines, thereby being less persistent in the control. Solid products can be fed via a shot feeder and timer
    environment. Additionally, bromamines are toxic to mechanism or simply added to an area of the tower basin
    microorganisms where as chloramines are significantly less that maintains enough flow for dissolution to occur. Liquid
    active. This is particularly advantageous in systems sodium bromide needs to be activated with sodium
    contaminated with ammonia. The rate of decay trend is also hypochlorite or gaseous chlorine. When hypochlorite is
    followed for organobromides and their chlorine analogs. used, two chemical metering pumps and a static mixer are
    Figure 2 shows the relative decay ratios of bromamine and employed to insure adequate contact and mixing before
    chloramine. introduction into the tower water. Chlorine gas may also be
    used as an activator but requires the normal feed equipment
    associated with gaseous chlorination.
    Figure 2
    Activation reactions for sodium bromide are as follows:
    RELATIVE DECAY RATIOS
    (1) Sodium Hypochlorite

    NaOCl + H2O ---------> HOCl + NaOH


    6
    Concentration, ppm

    5 Bromamine HOCl + NaBr ---------> HOBr + NaCl


    4
    Chloramine
    (2) Gaseous Chlorine
    3
    2 Cl2 + H20 ---------> HOCl + HCl
    1
    HOCl + NaBr ---------> HOBr + NaCl
    0
    0.05 0.25 0.45 0.65 0.85 1.05 1.25 1.45 As with chlorine, contaminants in the system water may
    exert a demand on hypobromous acid. This demand must
    Time, Hours
    be satisfied before a free residual bromine can be detected.
    Before determining the dosage for a particular system, it is
    advisable to determine the system's "bromine demand".
    Safety Concerns
    Bromine is available as a safe, easy-to-apply solid product or Summary
    as liquid sodium bromide which is relatively non-
    hazardous. In many cases, gaseous chlorine can be Bromine is a viable option for controlling microbes in
    completely eliminated from the plant site when changing to cooling systems. It demonstrates many advantages over
    bromine donors. Additionally, utilizing bromine as a traditional chlorination techniques and is often the
    toxicant allows plants to operate their cooling systems at microbiocide of choice with todays advanced corrosion and
    alkaline pH and eliminate the hazards and risks involved deposit control programs.
    with handling concentrated acid.

    OX-AB-020

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