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    CE6101 2009-10 Solution

    Uploaded by

    Gan Chin Phang
    This document contains solutions to exam questions on soil mechanics. Question 1 provides the stress-strain relations for an elastic material under triaxial loading and calculates the change in stresses given strain increments. It also calculates the stresses on an initially isotropic sample after loading. Question 2 discusses different stress paths for drained and undrained triaxial tests, and plots the stress paths and yield locus for a soil with properties c'=10kPa, φ'=30°, ψ=5°. Question 3 derives the stress ratio η that must be maintained for associated flow in Modified Cam Clay model, and provides properties for a soil with PI=0.55, LL=0.85 and cu decreasing from 200kPa

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    CE6101 2009-10 Solution

    Uploaded by

    Gan Chin Phang
    122 views9 pages
    This document contains solutions to exam questions on soil mechanics. Question 1 provides the stress-strain relations for an elastic material under triaxial loading and calculates the change in stresses given strain increments. It also calculates the stresses on an initially isotropic sample after loading. Question 2 discusses different stress paths for drained and undrained triaxial tests, and plots the stress paths and yield locus for a soil with properties c'=10kPa, φ'=30°, ψ=5°. Question 3 derives the stress ratio η that must be maintained for associated flow in Modified Cam Clay model, and provides properties for a soil with PI=0.55, LL=0.85 and cu decreasing from 200kPa

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    CE6101 2009-10 Solution

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    This document contains solutions to exam questions on soil mechanics. Question 1 provides the stress-strain relations for an elastic material under triaxial loading and calculates the change in stresses given strain increments. It also calculates the stresses on an initially isotropic sample after loading. Question 2 discusses different stress paths for drained and undrained triaxial tests, and plots the stress paths and yield locus for a soil with properties c'=10kPa, φ'=30°, ψ=5°. Question 3 derives the stress ratio η that must be maintained for associated flow in Modified Cam Clay model, and provides properties for a soil with PI=0.55, LL=0.85 and cu decreasing from 200kPa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    122 views9 pages

    CE6101 2009-10 Solution

    Uploaded by

    Gan Chin Phang
    This document contains solutions to exam questions on soil mechanics. Question 1 provides the stress-strain relations for an elastic material under triaxial loading and calculates the change in stresses given strain increments. It also calculates the stresses on an initially isotropic sample after loading. Question 2 discusses different stress paths for drained and undrained triaxial tests, and plots the stress paths and yield locus for a soil with properties c'=10kPa, φ'=30°, ψ=5°. Question 3 derives the stress ratio η that must be maintained for associated flow in Modified Cam Clay model, and provides properties for a soil with PI=0.55, LL=0.85 and cu decreasing from 200kPa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    CE6101 2009-10 Exam

    Solutions

    Question 1:

    x 1 0 x
    E 1
    (a) y = 1 2 1 0 y (1)
    xy 0 0 1
    xy
    2
    E 40000
    In this problem: = kPa = 76923.08kPa
    1 2 1 (1 2 * 0.3)(1 0.3)
    From Eq. 1, x = 76923.08 [0.7*x + 0.3*y]
    = 76923.08 [0.7*-0.0005 + 0.3*0.001] = -3.85kPa
    y = 76923.08 [0.3*x + 0.7*y]
    = 76923.08 [0.3*-0.0005 + 0.7*0.001] = 42.31kPa
    z = (x + y) = 0.3 (-3.85 + 42.31) = 11.54kPa

    (b) Initially: s = (100 + 100) = 100kPa


    t = 0kPa
    After stress increment:
    x = 100 3.85kPa = 96.15kPa
    y = 100 + 42.31kPa = 142.31kPa
    s = (142.31 + 96.15) = 119.23kPa
    t = (142.31 96.15) = 23.08kPa

    (c) Initially, 1 = 100kPa and 3 = 70kPa


    s' = (100 + 70) kPa = 85kPa
    t = (100 70) kPa = 15kPa
    For undrained triaxial test on elastic material, s t stress path is a straight with gradient of 3.

    At failure, t 15 = 3 (s 85) (1)


    And t = 0.5s (2)
    Subtituting (2) into (1) leads to
    0.5s 15 = 3s - 255
    => s = 96kPa, t = 48kPa.

    (d) M = 0.9, = 0.3, = 3.5


    Initial state p = 100kPa, q = 0 kPa, specific volume v = 2.3.
    Undrained test:
    v = 2.3 = 3.5 0.3 ln pf => pf = 54.6kPa
    qf = 0.9*54.6 = 49.1kPa
    Excess pore pressure u = 100 54.6 + (49.1)/3 = 61.8kPa
    Total pore pressure = 200 + 61.8 = 261.8kPa

    (e) Method A in Plaxis refers to the use of effective strength parameters i.e. c and in
    undrained analysis with Mohr-Coulomb model. It biggest problem for soft clays is that the
    Mohr-Coulomb model does not have a compression cap. As a result, all stress states below
    the failure line is assumed to be elastic and, in triaxial situations, the p-q stress path is a
    vertical straight (the same goes for the s-t stress path in biaxial situations) whereas the actual
    stress path would curve towards the q axis. As a result, the deviator stress at failure, and
    therefore the undrained shear strength is over-estimated by the Mohr-Coulomb model.

    Question 2:

    (a) Drained isotropic compression: horizontal straight line. Path 1 below.


    Drained triaxial compression: straight line with gradient 3. Path 2 below.
    Undrained triaxial compression of elastic material: vertical straight line. Path 3 below.
    Undrained triaxial compression with A = 0.8:
    u = B [3 + A(1 3)]
    B= 1 for saturated soil, 3 = 0 for triaxial compression, 1 = q
    u = 0.8 q
    p = p u = ( - 0.8) q = - 0.467q
    Or q = - 2.143 p
    Hence p q stress path is a straight line with gradient = - 2.143. Path 4 below.
    ' 0.4
    In drained K0- compression, x = y = y = 0.667y
    1 ' 1 0.4
    p = (y + 2 x) = (y + 2 * 0.667y) = 0.778y
    q = y - x = (1 0.667) y = 0.333 y
    q/ p = 0.333/0.778 = 0.429
    Hence p q stress path is a straight line with gradient of 0.429. Path 5 below.
    6 sin ' 6 sin 30
    ' = 30 => M = = = 1.2
    3 sin ' 3 sin 30
    Hence stress paths with gradients > 1.2 or < 0 will converge towards the failure line, i.e.
    drained triaxial compression, undrained triaxial compression of elastic material and
    undrained triaxial with A = 0.8. Isotropic and K0- compression will not converge towards
    failure.
    6 sin ' 6 sin 30
    (b) (i) Yield locus: M = = = 1.2
    3 sin ' 3 sin 30
    6 c' cos ' 6 *10cos30
    C= = = 20.78kPa
    3 - sin ' 3 - sin30
    6 sin 6 sin 5
    Angle of dilation: N = = = 0.18
    3 sin 3 sin 5
    p
    q, d s

    0.18
    1

    Plastic
    1.2 potentials

    20.78kPa

    p
    p (kPa) d v

    (ii) Initially p = 200kPa, q = 0kPa.


    Drained test, below yield surface, soil is elastic => p q stress path is a straight line with
    gradient of 3.
    At failure, q = M p = 1.2 * p + 20.78 = 3*(p 200)
    1.8p = 620.78kPa => p = 344.88kPa
    q = 1.2p + 20.78 = 1.2*344.88 + 20.78 = 434.63kPa
    vp
    (iii) = -N = - 0.18.
    sp

    Question 3:

    (a) Modified Cam Clay yield locus: M2p2 + q2 = M2p0p


    Elastic strain assumed negligible, v = ve + vp ~ vp
    And s = se + sp ~ sp
    v vp
    If = 2, then ~2
    s sp
    vp dp' dp ' dq
    Normality: = -1 => 2 = -1 => = -2
    s dq
    p
    dq dp '
    Differentiating the yield locus w.r.t. p:
    dq
    2M2p + 2q = M2 p0
    dp'
    dq
    Since = -2, 2M2p - 4q = M2 p0
    dp'
    From the yield function: M2p0 = M2p + q, so that
    2M2p - 4q = M2p + q
    Which reduces to 2 + 4 M2 = 0

    Giving = -2 4M2

    Since > 0, thus = 4M2 - 2

    For M = 0.8, = 4 (0.8) 2 - 2 = 0.154 = q/p


    Hence a stress ratio of 0.154 needs to be maintained at all times.
    Since p = (a + 2r) and q = (a r),
    3( a ' r ' )
    q/p = = 0.154
    ( a 2 r ' )
    r ' 3(1 R)
    Let R = , then = 0.154
    a ' (1 2 R)

    r '
    R= = 0.86
    a '

    6 sin ' 6 sin 24


    (b) M = = = 0.94
    3 sin ' 3 sin 24
    Plasticity index PI = 0.85 0.3 = 0.55
    Assuming Gs = 2.6,
    PI G s 0.55 2.6
    = = = 0.31 ~ 0.3
    4 .6 4.6
    = 0.2 * ~ 0.6
    cu = 170 exp (-4.6 LI) kPa
    0.65 0.3
    LI = = 0.636
    0.55
    cu = 170 exp(-4.6*0.636)kPa = 9.1kPa ~ 9kPa
    From the notes on relation of critical state to index properties

    w+ ln cu = { - ln (2/M) - 1}/Gs (5)
    Gs

    Substituting in the values of the various parameters:


    0.31
    0.65 + ln 9.1 = { - 0.31 ln (2/0.94) - 1}/2.6
    2.6
    => = 3.61 ~ 3.6
    Additional information, cu decreases by 100x between PL and LL but cuPL = 200kPa
    Then cu = 200 exp(-4.6*0.636)kPa = 10.7kPa ~ 11kPa.

    Question 4:

    (a) The limitations of the original Cam Clay model in modelling real soil behaviour are
    (i) The original Cam Clay work equation implies much higher shear strain increment than is
    normally observed in real soils. This arises because the only energy dissipation mechanism
    allowed for in the original Cam Clay is by plastic shear strain increment dsp. This is
    d sp
    particularly serious at low stress ratio where the original Cam Clay predicts p 0,
    d v
    which is counter-intuitive.

    M Real data falls here

    pv
    M
    sp
    (ii) There is also significant divergence between the original Cam Clay yield locus and that
    which is normally observed in real soils, at low . This is related to the first limitation in the
    energy equation at low .
    q
    CSL

    Model
    Real data (?)
    p

    These limitations are overcome in the modified Cam Clay work equation

    p' d pv qd sp M 2 p' 2 d sp2 p' 2 d p2


    v

    which allows energy to be dissipated by both shear and volumetric strain increments. By so
    d sp
    doing, is reduced at low stress ratios and the yield locus is rounded off.
    d pv
    (b) v = 100kPa, h = 0.65*100kPa = 65kPa
    p' = (v + 2h) = (100 + 2*65) = 76.67kPa
    q = (v h) = 100 65 = 35kPa
    Original Cam Clay State Boundary Surface:
    ( v )
    ln p ' (1)
    M
    ( )
    where = 0.2/0.3 = 0.667

    = q/p = 0.4565
    Substituting in Eq. 1
    0.4565 * 0.667 (3.5 v)
    ln 76.67 0.667
    0.9 0.3
    v = 2.3
    Thus, e = v 1 = 1.3
    Sr e = Gs w => 1.0* 1.3 = 2.6 *w
    w = 0.5 or 50%
    ( v )
    (c) ln p' (1)
    M
    Undrained test: v is unchanged = 1.3
    q = a r = 110 65 = 45kPa
    Eq. 1 can be written as
    45 * 0.667 (3.5 2.3)
    ln p' 0.667 = 4.677
    0.9 p' 0.3
    33.35
    + ln p = 4.677
    p'
    Solve for p by trial and error:
    Try p = 60kPa, LHS = 4.65 > 4.677
    Try p = 65kPa, LHS = 4.687 > 4.677
    Try p = 63kPa, LHS = 4.67 OK
    Thus p = 63kPa
    p = 76.67 + (45-35)kPa = 80kPa.
    Excess pore pressure u = p p = 80 63kPa = 17kPa.

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