ICTAC-IUPAC-TA Nomenclature 2014 PDF
ICTAC-IUPAC-TA Nomenclature 2014 PDF
ICTAC-IUPAC-TA Nomenclature 2014 PDF
IUPAC Recommendations
Trevor Lever, Peter Haines, Jean Rouquerol*, Edward L. Charsley, Paul Van Eckeren
and Donald J. Burlett
Keywords: differential scanning calorimetry; differential thermal analysis; evolved gas analysis; Interna-
tional Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC); IUPAC Physical and Biophysical Chemis-
try Division; sample-controlled thermal analysis; thermal properties; thermodilatometry; thermogravimetry.
*Corresponding author: Jean Rouquerol, Aix-Marseille Universit-CNRS, Laboratoire MADIREL, Marseille, France,
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Trevor Lever: Trevor Lever Consulting, Wells, Somerset, UK
Peter Haines: Oakland Analytical Services, Weybourne, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Edward L. Charsley: Centre for Thermal Studies, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
Paul Van Eckeren: Safety and Security Department, TNO Defence, Rijswijk, Netherlands
Donald J. Burlett: Gates Corporation, Rochester Hills, MI, USA
Article note: Sponsoring body: IUPAC Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division: see more details on p. 552.
1 Scope
The scope of this document is to provide scientists working in the field of thermal analysis (TA) with a con-
sistent definitions of terms that are commonly used within the field to allow precise communication and
understanding. Since the scope of the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
(ICTAC) also covers calorimetry, a further document dealing with this latter part of nomenclature is planned,
once a satisfactory international consensus is reached on this matter.
In considering all the matters of nomenclature, the current ICTAC Nomenclature Committee has followed
the advice of the late Robert Mackenzie in that
terminology should be simple, and
names based on particular instruments should be discouraged.
2 Intent
This document acknowledges that nomenclature develops without regulated definition as the field of thermal
analysis develops. Some terms used by authors and scientists rapidly become accepted by the scientific com-
munity, even if the term is not consistent with past definitions or is not grammatically correct. However, if
such a term is widely used and understood, it is reported here.
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546T. Lever etal.: ICTAC nomenclature of thermal analysis
4 Techniques
A technique exists for each property or physical quantity that is measured versus temperature. A summary of
some of these are presented below.
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T. Lever etal.: ICTAC nomenclature of thermal analysis547
Note: Each entry listed below is followed by n. or adj. indicating if the term is either a noun or an adjective.
atmosphere, n.
Gaseous environment of the sample, which may be controlled by the instrumentation or generated by the
sample.
combined, adj.
Application of two or more techniques to different samples at the same time. This can include thermal and
nonthermal analytical techniques. Different from simultaneous.
cooling curve, n.
Experimental result of measuring the temperature of the sample as a function of time during cooling. Heating
curves are obtained for temperature-time experiments during heating.
derivative, adj.
Pertaining to the 1st derivative (mathematical) of any curve with respect to temperature or time.
differential, adj.
Pertaining to a difference in measured or measurable quantities usually between a sample and a reference or
standard material.
dynamic, adj.
Indicates, especially in the mechanical analysis of materials, that a parameter changes continuously during
the experiment; opposite of static.
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548T. Lever etal.: ICTAC nomenclature of thermal analysis
gas flow, n.
Passage of gas from one part of the system to another. The gas may be either inert (carrier gas) or reactive,
either introduced into the system or evolving from the sample.
isothermal, adj.
Applied to a technique to indicate that the temperature is maintained constant throughout the experiment
material, n.
The substance which is studied and from which the sample is taken.
micro-, prefix
Prefix used to denote that the technique measures small quantities, either with respect to the amount of
sample studied, or with respect to the change in the properties measured. Mathematically, 1 micro =1 =106.
Note 1: This prefix has been applied to many thermal methods, and the equipment associated with
them, for example, microbalance, microreactor, microcalorimeter and also to the technique
itself: microthermal, microscopic, and the property studied: microstructural.
Note 2: The opposite prefix, macro-, is also occasionally used.
modulated, adj.
Indicates that a parameter changes in a periodic manner during the experiment.
Note 1: As an example, a DSC experiment carried out with a modulated temperature program would
be modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MT-DSC).
Note 2: Other modulated techniques are possible, such as modulated force TMA, modulated rate
SCTA, etc.
Note 3: The prefix TM is occasionally used instead, but not recommended.
photo-, prefix
Indicates that the experiment involves the illumination of the sample or measures the amount of light emitted
from a sample. Where possible, the wavelength range of the light should be specified.
sample, n.
The material under study during the entire experiment (starting material, intermediates, and final products)
and its close atmosphere. This is equivalent to the thermodynamic system.
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T. Lever etal.: ICTAC nomenclature of thermal analysis549
Note: The generic term for all TA techniques making use of such feedback is sample-controlled TA
(SCTA), whereas specific names will be of the form sample-controlled TGA (SC-TGA), etc.
scan, n.
(Discouraged) A term used to describe the data produced from a thermal analysis experiment. More correct
usage is a thermal analysis curve, or, for a specific technique thermogravimetric curve, etc.
scanning, adj.
Indicates that a specified experimental parameter, if not temperature, is changed in a controlled manner.
scanning calorimetry, n.
Techniques where heat is measured as a function of temperature.
simultaneous, adj.
Indicates the measurement of two or more properties of a single sample at the same time. Different from
combined.
Note: A hyphen is used to separate the abbreviations of the techniques; for example, simultaneous
measurement of mass and heat flow rate (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scan-
ning calorimetry) would be TGA-DSC.
static, adj.
Indicates, especially in the mechanical analysis of materials, a constant parameter during the experiment.
The opposite of dynamic.
stepwise, adj.
Indicates discrete, discontinuous changes in an experimental parameter, e.g., force, temperature, etc.
tan , n.
The dimensionless ratio of energy lost to energy returned during one cycle of a periodic process. For example,
tan =E/E, in DMA.
thermal curve, n.
(Discouraged) Any graph of any combination of property, time, temperature derived from a thermal analysis
technique.
Note: Thermal curve is a loose abbreviation of the more correct term thermoanalytical curve.
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550T. Lever etal.: ICTAC nomenclature of thermal analysis
Note 1: By extension, the same name and abbreviation (TSC) are given to the thermal analysis tech-
nique based on the measurement of this current.
Note 2: See also thermally stimulated depolarization.
thermo-, prefix
Indicating the use of changing temperature during the experiment, when in the name of a thermal analysis
technique.
thermoacoustimetry, n.
A technique whereby the characteristics of sound waves passing through the sample are measured.
thermoanalytical, adj.
Of, or pertaining to, thermal analysis.
thermodiffractometry, n.
A technique where the X-ray diffraction of the sample is measured.
thermodilatometry (TD), n.
A technique where one or more dimensions of the sample are measured under negligible load.
thermogravimetry (TG), n.
See thermogravimetric analysis.
thermoluminescence, n.
A technique where light emission from the sample is measured.
thermomagnetometry, n.
A technique where a magnetic property of the sample is measured.
thermomanometry, n.
A technique where the gas pressure is measured.
thermomicroscopy, n.
A technique where the optical properties of the sample are observed and measured through a microscope.
thermoptometry, n.
A technique where the optical properties of a sample are measured.
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T. Lever etal.: ICTAC nomenclature of thermal analysis551
thermosonimetry, n.
A technique where the sound emitted by the sample is measured.
thermospectrometry, n.
A group of techniques where a spectrum of the sample is measured.
length l m (metre)
mass m kg, g*, mg* (kilogram, gram, milligram)
time t s, min*, h* (second, minute, hour)
electric current I A (ampere)
thermodynamic temperature T K (kelvin)
Celsius temperature C (degree Celsius)
heating rate =(dT/dt) Ks1 (kelvin per second)
fraction reacted
heat q, Q J (joule)
heat flow rate =(dq/dt) W (watt)
heat capacity at constant pressure Cp JK1mol1 (joule per kelvin and per mole)
heat capacity at constant volume CV JK1mol1 (joule per kelvin and per mole)
pressure p Pa (pascal)
modulus of elasticity E Pa (pascal)
In general, symbols for physical quantities should be in italic type, or, if vectors, in bold italic type.
The symbols for units do not take plural.
Subscripts should generally be restricted to single letters.
If the subscript relates to an object or property, it should be a CAPITAL letter:
mS =mass of sample S
TR =temperature of reference R
TC =Curie temperature
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552T. Lever etal.: ICTAC nomenclature of thermal analysis
If the subscript refers to a specific event, time or point, it should be lower case or figures:
Ti =initial temperature
mf =final mass
Tp =peak temperature
t1/2 =half-life of the reaction
Symbols for the physical state of the material should be put in brackets after the formula symbol:
vapH =H(g) H(l)
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T. Lever etal.: ICTAC nomenclature of thermal analysis553
Acknowledgments: This work was sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
through the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC), an Associated Organ-
ization of IUPAC. The Recommendation received its final form with the help of the IUPAC Physical and Bio-
physical Chemistry Division and in particular Prof. Ron Weir whom we especially wish to thank.
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need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgment, with full reference to the source, along with use of the
copyright symbol , the name IUPAC, and the year of publication, are prominently visible. Publication of a translation into another
language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization.
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