Jannat Jahannam PDF

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hafrDm htshb, `zfdm v ipc b. zfdm zffrv JtDt (hc) hth. lfsvfqfb dIdvwXkf htshb, `sj zfidb?' zfdm hth,
dYtfm hse, dj zfdm k y mpGflfv zdLjfvD b. (zkh) `mcrfmfl.' lfsvfqfb htshb, `zfdm zfdl rsqdY, spb zfibfv iCshG
skfmvf mCnfv dbje pfW, pfv ns zffr nvfndv jKf hstsYb.' Ist zbA jfsvf ubA lvuf bf Jcdt. ()
kfvf mCnfv dbje pfsh. dj dkdb htshb, `zfdm v spfoA b. dkdb zfsvf hstb, zfmvf (lcdbqfq) nhGswsN sndY, (zfsJvfsk)
skfmvf zffrv jfstmf W kf]v vr nfv dbje pfW.' dj nfW nhGiaKm djqfmsk idk rh hQ zfmvf nhGiaKm uffsk iashw
htshb, `zfdm v ipc b.' zk}iv kfvf mcrfmfl -v jvh. (hcJfvD 238, mcndtm 855bQ)
dbje zfnsh. nckvfQ dkdb lf]Vfshb. zk}iv kf]sj (lvuf sJftfv) mskv msLA nhGiaKm sp ltde uffsk iashw jvsh, kf rt
zbcmdk slWqf rsh. zfv zfmfbk W zfkDqkfv hbsj sYsV mcrfduvDsbv. (dn} nrDrfr 853bQ)
slWqf rsh. nckvfQ Hsq ict dnvfskv lc'dlsj Ffsb W hfsm l]fdVsq
pfsh. zk}iv skfmfslv iaKm lt dhlcAskv mk odksk (zdk dhbf drnfsh uffk iashwjfvD lt
lakshso) ict ifv rsq pfsh. zfdm (zfhC vfvf) httfm, `zfmfv
nhGiaKm jde lt uffsk iashw jvsh. kfslv syrfvf rsh iCdBGmfv
dikf-mfkf zfibfv ubA jcvhfb srfj! dhlcAskv mk odksk ifv
y]fslv mk t. sp lstv mfb rsh nshGfy dwJsv, kfjWqf W
rWqfv zKG dj?' dkdb htstb, kcdm dj slJdb sp, dhlcAk djHfsh
ivsrpofvD rsh nhfv wDsNG hQ zfmt rsh nhsysq m.
syfsJv itsj pfq W zfsn? zk}iv (dkDq lt) hfkfsnv mk
odksk (ifv rsh). kfviv (ivhkGD lt) ifJD Vfv mk hQ vfnCtcfr hstsYb, uffskv iaKm iashwjfvD ltdev zfjxdk
mfbcsNv slZsVv mk odksk. kfslvsj kfslv dbu dbu zfmt iCdBGmf vfskv yf]slv mk rsh. zk}iv kfslv ivhkGD ltde zfjfswv
(dnvfk) ifv jvfsh. zfv skfmfslv bhD ict-dnvfskv iv lf]dVsq nhsysq t b[sv bAfq suAfdkmGq rsh. kfvf (uffsk) siwfh
Kfjshb. dkdb htshb, sr iaH!c hf]yfW, hf]yfW! swN ipG hflfslv jvsh bf, ifqJfbf jvsh bf, KcKc sItsh bf, bfj UfVsh bf. kfslv
zfmtnmCr z[m rsq iVsh. mbdj sjfb sjfb hAd ifYf sY]yXVfsk dyvBD rsh sBGv. kfslv Ofm rsh jvDv bAfq ncomq. kfslv
sY]yXVfsk (ict-dnvfk) ifv rsh. zfv dnvfskv lc ifsw zf]jVf Ucst Lcbcdysk Kfjsh nco jfE. kfslv D rsh zfqkstfybf voB. kfvf
Kfjsh. pfsj Lvfv ubA sn zfdl kfsj Lsv sbsh. zk}iv (djYc njst jde mfbh jfEfsmf, zfdl dikf zflsmv zfjxdksk rsh
stfj) uJm rstW shs]y pfsh. zfv djYc stfjsj mcJ KchsV ufrffsm (pfslv ykf rsh) Nfe rfk ipG. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
sItf rsh. sn nfv jnm, pfv rfsk zfhC vfvfv iafB zfsY! dbyq zbA j hBGbfq zfsY sp, (uffsk) kfslv if rsh sBGv, kfslv
ofsqv Ofm rsh jvDv bAfq ncomq. kfslv iaskAsjv ubA mb
lc'ub D Kfjsh, pfslv snZlspGv lvb mfQn sHl jsv ifsqv btfv zfsvf nv rfufv j'sv (zKGf{, 49 t[) mcndtm uffk iashswv
rfsVv mf slJf pfsh. kfslv msLA sjfb mksHl Kfjsh bf. ncspfo tfH jvsh. (n} ufsm' 6988bQ)
ifvidvj dhsN Kfjsh bf. kfslv njstv zv jde zsvv mk zbA j hBGbf msk nv rfufsvv iaskAj hAdv nfsK zfsvf
rsh. kfvf njft-nAfq kfnhDr ifsE vk Kfjsh. () nv rfufv j'sv mcndtm uffsk iashw jvsh. (zfrmfl, dn} nrDrfr
zffrv vnCt hstb, zfmfv jfsY njt mk siw jvf rt. 1484bQ) zKGf{, msk mcrfmfdlqfv 490 sjfde mfbcN dhbf drnfh W
zfdm slJtfm, sjfb bhDv nfsK jdkiq (3 sKsj 7 ub zbcnfvD) zfpfsh uffsk iashw tfH jvsh.
stfj vsqsY. sjfb bhDv nfsK j zKhf lcub stfj vsqsY. sjfb hvQ iaKsmf hBGbf zbcnfsv mrfb zffrv dkb zdt zdkdv
bhDsj slJtfm k]fv nfsK sj sb. dkmsLA dhvfe jde ufmfzfk mcndtmsj dhbf drnfh W zfpfsh uffk iashswv zdLjfv slWqf rsh.
zfmfv nfmsb siw jvf rt. zfdm msb jvtfm, de zfmfv mk. zfv kfv nQJAf sjht dkdb ufsbb.
dj zfmfsj htf rt sp, de rt mCnf W k]fv mskv ufmfzfk. nhk} zoaofmDslv jKf mrfb zffr jcvzfb jfvDsm
dj zfidb zbA dlos kfjfb. zk}iv kfjfsk zfvW jde hstsYb,
dhvfe ufmfzfk slJsk sitfm. zfmfsj htf rt sp, de rt zfibfv () ( ) ( ) }
mk. zfv kfslv ns vsqsY mb 70 rfufv stfj, pfvf dhbf () { ( )
drnfh W zfpfsh shsrX iashw jvsh.
jKf hst dkdb sE dbu hfnfq iashw jvstb. dlsj stfsjvf zKGf{, zfv zoahdkGoB skf zoahkDG. kfvf rsh SbjeAiaf. kfvf
shsrD stfjslv hAfifsv dhdH zfstfybf v jsv dlt, pfvf dhbf Kfjsh ncJmq uffknmCsr. hnQJAj rsh iChhG kDGslv mLA rsk hQ
drnfh W zfpfsh shsr iashw jvsh. sj sj htt, `nhk} zi nQJAj rsh ivhkDGslv mLA rsk. (Wqfdjzfr } 10-14)
stfsjvf rt kfvf, pfvf zffrv vnCt -v nfrfhf.' djYc stfj
htt, `hvQ nHhk} Wvf rt kfvf, pfvf ntfsm umoarB jsvsY LbDslv kctbfq ovDhvf zfso
hQ zffrv nfsK jfsj wvDj jsvdb.' zfsvf zsbsj zsbj djYc uffsk pfsh
htt. djYc isv zffrv vnCt kfslv dbje shv rsq sn htstb, spsrkc ovDhslv drnfh jm; kfslv pfjfk sb, r sb, mfstv
skfmvf dj hAfifsv zfstfybf jvY? kfvf hAfifv Jcst htst dkdb sjfb drnfh-dbjfw sb, kf kfvf dbUGse LbDslv zfso zfso
htstb, Wvf rt kfvf, pfvf UfVI]cj jsv bf, UfVI]cj jvfq bf hQ uffsk yst pfsh. dj jkdlb zfso?
sjfb dudbnsj zH t[B msb jsv bf, hvQ kfvf sjht zffrv j hBGbfbcnfsv 40 hYv zfso.
iadk Hvnf vfsJ. zffrv vnCt hstsYb, mcrfduvslv ldvlaswaBDv stfsjvf
jKf sb fwfr hsb dmrnfb sE lf]Vfstb hQ htstb sp, LbwftDslv sysq ydw hYv iCshG djqfmskv dlb uffsk iashw
`(sr zffrv vnCt!) zfidb zfmfv ubA lczf jvb, spb zffr jvsh. (mcndtm 2979 bQ)
zfmfsj kfslv ltHc j'sv slb!' dkdb htstb, kcdm kfslv msLA zbA j hBGbf msk 500 hYv zfso.
jub. zk}iv zfv j hAd sE lf]dVsq htt, `zfidb zfmfv vfnCtcfr hstsYb, ovDh mc'dmbvf LbDslv if]ywk hYv iCshG
ubAW lczf jvb, spb zffr zfmfsjW kfslv ltHc j'sv slb.' uffsk iashw jvsh. (dkvdmpD 2351bQ)
dkdb htstb, fwfr ( hAfifsv) skfmfv zoaomb jsvsY. zfnst LbD W ovDhslv zhf sHsl nmsqv ifKGjA rsh. nckvfQ sp
(hcJfvD-mcndtm) ovDh nhGiaKm uffsk iashw jvsh hQ sp LbD nhswsN uffsk iashw
Lc nv rfufv bq, hvQ nv rfufsvv iaskAj rfufsvv nfsK jvsh, kfslv Hsqv nmsqv hAhLfb rsh 500 hYv. zfv sp ovDh

nhswsN uffk iashw jvsh hQ sp LbD nhGiaKm uffk iashw jvsh, uffkD pJb uffskv hfnfsb iashw jvsh, kJb kfv lc'de vD
kfslv Hsqv nmsqv hAhLfb rsh 40 hYv. zfv zffr Hft ufsbb. D kfv dbje sn htsh, `sn zffrv iawQnf, dpdb skfmfsj
zfmfslv ubA hQ zfmfslvsj skfmfv ubA h]fdysq svsJsYb.' kJb
sofbfrofv mc'dmbslv uffk-iashw sn htsh, `zfmfsj pf slWqf rsqsY, kf zbA jfsj slWqf rqdb.'
(mcndtm)
sp sofbfrofv mc'dmbvf kWhf bf j'sv mfvf pfsh hQ zffrv [mf
sKsj hdk rsh, zffrv Yfq kfvf ufrffsm dbLGfdvk nmq ipG
dbdlG wfd sHfo jvsh. kfslvsj nvfndv ufrffsm slWqf rsh zKhf djqfmskv iCshG p]fvf uffsk
ictdnvfk ifv rWqfv nmq ict sKsj diYt sjse ufrffsm idkk iashw jsvsYb
rsh. sj ncifdvswv Ist, sj mrfb zffrv lqfq, zfhfv sj mfbcsNv dkrfsnv iaKm ipGfsq zfdl dikf zflm W mfkf
wfdv smqfl swN rst ufrffm sKsj mcd sisq kWrDslv IpDtsk rfWqfsj uffsk vfJf rsqdYt. mrfb zffr hstb,
uffsk fb tfH jvsh. dj kfslv msLA ufrffsmv Yfi sKsj pfsh }
hQ uffsk kfvf ùfrffmD' hst idvdyk Kfjsh. (hcJfvD)
( ) {
uffsk iashwjfvD nhGswN hAd zKGf{, zfdm httfm, `sr zflm kcdm skfmfv Dnr shsrs hnhfn
uffsk iashwjfvD nhGswN hAd zKhf nhGdbm mfsbv uffkDW dj jv hQ pKf W spKf Yf zfrfv jv, dj hxs[v dbjehkDG rsqf
bf; rst skfmvf zbfyfvDslv zH Gc rsh.' (hfjfvfr } 35)
sYfe uffskv hf jm ncsJv zdLjfvD rsh bf. hAfifsv mrfbhD
hstsYb, nhGswsN sp hAd ufrffm sKsj shv rsq uffsk iashw }
jvsh, kfv nisjG zhwA zfmfv ufbf zfsY. j hAd rfmfdV ( ) {
dlsq (hf hcsj Hv dlsq) yst ufrffm sKsj shv rsh. kJb zffr zKGf{, zfv httfm, `sr zflm! kcdm W skfmfv ndbD uffsk
zfpXpf zufX htshb, `pfW uffsk iashw jv.' nckvfQ sn uffskv hnhfn jv hQ pKf W spKf Yf zfrfv jv. dj hxs[v dbjehkDG
jfsY st kfv LfvBf rsh sp, uffk idviCBG rsq sosY. Ist sn dIsv rsqf bf, rst skfmvf zkAfyfvDslv zHG c rsh.' (zf'vfI } 19)
sn htsh, `sr iaH!c uffk skf idviCBG slJtfm.' zffr zfpXpf dj wqkfsbv iastfHb W yfs isV zflm W rfWqf zffrv
zufX htshb, `pfW, uffsk iashw jv.' kJb sn uffskv jfsY zhfLA rsq sostb. Ist kfv wfd vi Hqsj sn ncJmq uffk
st kfv LfvBf rsh sp, uffk skf Hsv sosY. kf sn zfhfv dIsv sKsj lc}Jmq mfdev LvfLfsm bfdmsq slWqf rt.
sn htsh, `sr iaH!c uffk skf Hvdk slJtfm.' kJb zffr zfpXpf mrfb zffr hstb,
zufX htshb, `pfW uffsk iashw jv. skfmfv ubA Kfjt ixdKhDv ( ) }
nmkctA hQ kfv lwB (idvmfB dhwft uffk)! zKhf skfmfv ubA
ixdKhDv lwB (idvmfB dhwft uffk vt)!' kJb sn htsh, `sr ( )
iaH!c kcdm dj zfmfv nfsK Eff jvY? zKhf zfmfv nfsK rfdn-mufj ( )

jvY zKy kcdm hflwfr (rfdn-Eff skfmfsj swfHf slq bf). ( ) ( )
hBGbfjfvD hstb, kJb zfdm vfnCtcfr -sj mbHfsh rfnsk
( )
slJtfm sp, kf]v syfqfstv lf]kdt iajfdwk rsq sot. dkdb htstb,
rt nhGdbm mfsbv uffkD. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
( ) ( ) slr msLA zhfb jvsh. i[Djcstv zhfbs[ rt (zffrv)
zfvsw Uct lDifhtD. kfvf shsrs spJfsb Yf dhyvB j'sv

shVfsh. zk}iv icbvfq lDifhtDsk dIsv sn zfwaq sbsh. jlf
( ) { kfslv iadkiftj kfslv iadk lxd dIdvsq htstb, `skfmvf dj
zKGf{, zfdm skf dkiCshG zflsmv iadk dbslGw lfb jsvdYtfm. dj (zfsvf) djYc jfmbf jv?' kfvf htt, `zfmvf zfv jD jfmbf jvh?
sn Hcst dosqdYt; zfdm kfsj lxPnQji ifdb. (nvB jv,) pJb zfmvf skf shsrs spJfsb JcwD snJfsb dhyvB jsv shVfdY!' (zffr)
zfdm dIdvfoBsj httfm, `skfmvf zflmsj dnulfr jv', kJb zbcviHfsh kfslvsj dkbhfv iaw jvstb. zk}iv pJb kfvf slJt
htDn hAkDk njst dnulfr jvt; sn zmfbA jvt. zk}iv zfdm sp, djYc bf yfst kfslvsj YfVf rsh bf, kJb kfvf htt, `sr
httfm, `sr zflm! skfmfv W skfmfv Dv w, nckvfQ sn spb zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfmvf jfmbf jdv sp, zfidb zfmfslv
djYcsk skfmfslvsj uffk rsk shv jsv bf slq, dlst skfmvf j zfkfnmCrsj zfmfslv dbu dbu slsr dIdvsq dlb, pfsk zfmvf
ifsh. skfmfv ubA ef Kfjt sp, kcdm uffsk [cLfkG rsh bf hQ zfibfv vfsr dkDqhfv dbrk rsq zfnsk ifdv.'
boW rsh bf. snJfsb diifnfkG rsh bf hQ svfla-djW rsh bf.' zk}iv zffr pJb slJshb sp, kfslv zfv sjfb iasqfub (jfmbf
zk}iv wqkfb kfsj jcmBf dlt. sn htt, `sr zflm! zfdm dj hf nfL) sb, kJb kfslvsj -zhfq sYsV slWqf rsh. (mcndtm
skfmfsj hst slh zb uDhbial hx[ W z[q vfsuAv jKf?' 1887)
zk}iv kfvf kf rsk H[B jvt, kJb kfslv tffb kfslv
dbje iajfw rsq iVt hQ kfvf lAfsbv hx[i fvf dbsuslvsj uffk dyvfqD uffkDvfW dyvDh
zfhxk jvsk tfot. zflm kfv iadkiftsjv zhfLA rt; Ist sn lcdbqf LQn rsq ivjfstv uDhb v rst, sn uDhb rsh zb
iK rsq sot. viv kfv iadkiftj kfsj msbfbDk jvstb. jfstv. zrDb rsh uffk, zrDb rsh uffkDvf. bf uffk LQn
nckvfQ dkdb kfv kWhf jhct jvstb W kfsj iK dbslGw jvstb. rsh, zfv bf uffkDvf hx W mvBfi rsh. hvQ kfvf dyvksvv ubA
dkdb htstb, `skfmvf sj zisvv wvsi j ns uffk rsk YfncsJ snJfsb hnhfn jvsh.
sbsm pfW. isv zfmfv i[ sKsj skfmfslv dbje n{isKv dbslGw mrfb zffr hstb,
st, sp zfmfv iKdbslGw zbcnvB jvsh, sn dhiKofmD rsh bf hQ { }
lc}J-jW ifsh bf. (kfrf } 115-123)
zKGf{, (rjfst) iaKm mxkcAv iv kfvf snJfsb zfv mxkcA zfflb
zfmfslv bhD dm'vfsuv vfs uffk lwGb jsvsYb. YfVf jvsh bf. zfv dkdb kfslvsj ufrffsmv wfd rsk v[f jvshb.
wrDloB djqfmk rWqfv iCshG uffsk hnhfn jsvb. (lcJfb } 56)
mfnvj rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zfmvf zfcfr (dhb mfnl
() }
)sj
( ) {
{ }
zKGf{, dbyq pfvf dhwfn jsv W n{jmG jsv, kfslv zHAKGbfv ubA
(zKGf{, pfvf zffrv isK dbrk rsqsY kfslvsj jJb mxk msb
sY dIvlfsnv lAfb. snKfq kfvf fqD rsh; v idvhskG kfvf
jsvf bf, hvQ kfvf kfslv iadkiftsjv dbje uDdhk W uDdhjfiaf.)
zbA fsb fbfdvk rWqf jfmbf jvsh bf. (jfrXI } 107-108)
(zfst mvfb } 169) zfqfk ians dufnf jvtfm. dkdb htstb,
`swfb! zfmvfW dhNsq (bhD -sj) dufnf jsvdYtfm. dkdb ( ) { }
sv hstdYstb, kfslv (wrDlslv) zfkfnmCr nhcu i[Djcstv zKGf{, dbyq de zfmfv (slWqf) vpD; pfv sjfb swN sb. (nfl } 54)

} zIcv zbclfb. (rCl } 106-108)
zfqfknmCr fvf djYc mfbcN dhfdv dwjfv rsqsY sp,
( ) {
ufrffsmv zfpfh jfsIvslv ubAW dyvfqD bq; hvQ nfmdqj. zKGf{,
zKGf{, nfhLfbDslvsj sp uffskv iadkwadk slWqf rsqsY kfv kkdlb Kfjsh, pkdlb zfjfw W ixdKhD Kfjsh. (kfviv swN rsq
dhhvB vi } Wv iflslsw blD iahfdrk, Wv ItmCtnmCr W Yfqf
pfsh.) dj jKf dEj bq. jfvB Jfsb
dyvfqD; pfvf nfhLfbD ef kfslv idvBfm. zfv zdhwfnDslv idvBfm
rt ufrffm. (vf'l } 35) jKfde zfvhhfnDslv Slbdlb jKfhfkGf W idvHfNf zbcpfqD
mrfbhD hstb, sp hAd uffsk iashw jvsh, sn dyvncsJ zhkDBG rsqsY. zfvhhfnDslv zHAfn dYt sp, pJb kfvf sjfb hv
Kfjsh, sn sjfb j ifsh bf, kfv idvYl icvfkb rsh bf hQ kfv dyvfdqk iamfB jvfv swA rk, kJb kfvf htk, )
spZhbW swN rsh bf. (mcndtm 2836bQ) ( h zfjfw W ixdKhDv mk dyvfqD. sn
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, uffkDvf pJb uffsk iashw jsv pfsh,
idvHfNfsj jcvzfsb hBGbf jvf rsqsY, pfv zKG jfsIv W mcwdvjvf
kJb jub sOfNBfjfvD sOfNBf jvsh sp, skfmfslv ubA Jb zb
uDhb; skfmvf zfv jJsbf mvsh bf. skfmfslv ubA Jb dyv ncfA; dyvjfthAfiD ufrffsm Kfjsh, pf jcvzfb dhdH fsb,
skfmvf zfv jJsbf znc rsh bf. skfmfslv ubA Jb dyv spZhb; w fvf hBGbf jsvsY. kfv dkDq j zKG W jvf rsqsY sp,
skfmvf zfv jJsbf hx rsh bf. skfmfslv ubA Jb dyv ncJ W zfjfw W ixdKhD sKsj swA rt `dubXn' (swaBD). zKGf{, rstZdjj
ivmfbl; skfmvf zfv jJsbf lc}J-j ifsh bf. (mcndtm) zfjfw W ixdKhD; pf LQn rsq pfsh. dj YfVf ifvstZdjj zfjfw W
YfVf rflDsn snsY sp, mxkcAsj lcfv zfjfsv dbsq sn pshr jvf ixdKhD ixKj rsh. spmb jcvzfsb kfv idvjfv hBGbf snsY.
rsh hQ htf rsh, `sr uffkDoB! skfmvf dyvjft hfn jv, zfv
sjfb mxkcA sb. sr ufrffmDoB! skfmvf dyvjft hfn jv, zfv sjfb zKGf{, spdlb ixdKhD idvhdkGk
mxkcA sb.' (hcJfvD-mcndtm) rsq zbA ixdKhD rsh hQ zfjfwmtDW. (hafrDm 48) zfv
iajfw Kfsj sp, ifvstZdjj zfjfw W ixdKhD, uffk W ufrffsmv mk dyvfqD
( ) } rsh. zfqfsk sn ifvstZdjj zfjfw-ixdKhDv jKf htf rsqsY,
rstZdjj zfjfw-ixdKhDv jKf bq, pf LQn rsq pfsh. (hsb jfnDv)
() Hq zsKGv sp sjfb zKG sbWqf rst zfqfskv swA idvIcdek
rsq pfsh hQ ifdik nmnAf lCv rsq pfsh. mfm wWjfbD (v}) v
( ) { zfsvf jsqjde zKG hBGbf jsvsYb, pf fbDvf slJsk ifsvb. (Ifkt jflDv)
zfqfsk ddJk hAdksmv jsqjde zKG hBGbf jvf rsqsY. kfv
zKGf{, zkh pfvf lcHGfoAhfb, kfvf skf rsh slfpsJ; kfsk kfslv
msLA nh sKsj ndEj zKG sp hAdkm kWrDlhflD mc'dmb
yD{jfvW zfkGbfl rsk Kfjsh. kfvf zbjft snJfsb Kfjsh,
pkjft zfjfwmtD W ixdKhD dhlAmfb Kfjsh; pdl bf skfmfv ifiDslv ubA. zKG zbcpfqD v iChG zfqfsk ( lcHGfoAhfb)
iadkiftsjv zbA Yf rq. dbyq skfmfv iadkiftj pf Yf jsvb, wde hAfij Lvsk rsh. zKGf{ jfsIv W ifiD mc'dmb Hqsj
kf niflsb ncdbicB. i[fsv pfvf snZHfoAhfb, kfvf Kfjsh shsrs. hcUfsh. zfv fvf ifiD mc'dmbvf hAdkm rsq pfsh.
snJfsb kfvf zbjft Kfjsh, pkjft zfjfwmtD W ixdKhD zfv sk rvIde v zsKG hAhrfv rsqsY.
dhlAmfb Kfjsh; pdl bf skfmfv iadkiftsjv zbA Yf rq. rsh
dkDq hAdkmdeW ifiD mc'dmbslv ubA. zKGf{, zbA mc'dmbslv mk
sofbfrofv mc'dmbvf iaKm sKsj swN zhdL uffsk Kfjsh bf. hvQ vfnCtcfr hstb, mrfb zffr hstsYb, `zfdm zfmfv icBAhfb
vsk djYc dlb kfslvsj ufrffsm Kfjsk rsh, isv zffrv Yfq hflfslv ubA mb dudbn iak svsJdY, pf sjfb y[c lwGb jsvdb,
zfdqf W mc'dmbslv ncifdvsw kfslvsj ufrffm sKsj shv j'sv uffsk sjfb jBG wahB jsvdb hQ pfv nisjG sjfb mfbcsNv msb LfvBfW
iashw jvfsbf rsh, spmb nrDr rflDn fvf jKf iamfdBk. usmdb.' skfmvf yfst zfqfkde ifE jvsk ifv; pfv zKG,
v zKG rt zKGf{, mb zIcv zbclfb pf sj ufsb bf kfv ubA kfv jxkjsmGv dhdbmq vi bqb-iaDdkjv
swN rWqfv bq. hfjA fvf jKf idvjfv rsq pfsY sp, sp dj icvfv tcdjsq vfJf rsqsY. (nfulfr } 17, hcJfvD-mcndtm)
njt ifiD mc'dmbslvsj ufrffm sKsj sh'v jsv uffsk iashw
jvfsbf rsh, kfvf [BfqD bq, hvQ dyvfqD rsh hQ njt uffskv lvufnmCr
uffkDoB zffr ial zbclfb W k]fv dbqfmk fvf ijxk rsk uffsk dhdH lvuf zfsY. sp lvuf dlsq mc'dmboB iashw jvsh
Kfjsh, kf sjfb jfst jJbW swN rsh bf. (kInDv zfrnfbct hfqfb) hQ iashw jvsh dIdvwXkfoBW. mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { }
uffskv dhhvB zKGf{, dyvfqD uffk, pfv fv mc Kfjsh kfslv ubA. (nfl } 50)
uffk j zkctbDq wfddbsjkb. uffk mc'dmbslv ncsJv hfnf. }
YfncsJv bDV. y[cwDktjfvD zfblftq. dyv fYslAv
{ ( )
iasmfslflAfb. bqb-ucVfsbf kfv mfde. mb mfkfsbf kfv snZvH. rlq-
Htfsbf kfv snZlpG. zKGf{, dyvfqD uffk, kfsk kfvf iashw jvsh hQ kfslv dikf-
uffskv dhtfn-nfmoaD hBGbfkDk, jibfkDk. lcdbqfv sjfb nfmoaD mfkf, idkikD W nfb-ndkslv msLA pfvf n{jmG jsvsY kfvfW.
kfv lfrvB W imf rsk ifsv bf. mfbcN pk y mfsbv ncJ-nfmoaD zfv dIdvfoB kfslv jfsY iashw jvsh iaskAj lvuf dlsq. (kfvf
zfdhjfv jvj bf sjb, uffskv ncJ-nfmoaDv nfsK sjfb kctbf rsh htsh,) `skfmvf SLpGLfvB jsvY hst skfmfslv iadk wfd! jk bf
bf. uffskv zfstf, ncod, zfdtjf, blD-brv, hx[-It, JflA- Hft idvBfm.' (vf'l } 23-24)
ifbDq, nclvD D, sthfn-sifwfj kAfdl nhdjYc buDv-dhrDb. mc'dmboB pJb uffskv jfsY si]ZYsh, kJb sn lvufnmCr sJftf
uffskv dhhvB dlsk dosq mrfbhD hstsYb, (kfv zfdtjfv) rsh. dIdvwXkfoB kfslvsj zHAKGbf ufbfsh. mrfb zffr hstb,
jde e snfbfv, jde e y]fdlv, kfv mfsU nQspfuj rt kDha }
ncomq jvD. kfv ifKv-j]fjv rt mdB-mcf. kfv mfde rt ( ) {
ufIvfb. sp kfsk iashw jvsh, sn ncJD rsh hQ sjfb j ifsh bf. zKGf{, pfvf kfslv iadkiftjsj Hq jvk, kfslvsj lst lst
dyvfqD rsh, mxkcAhvB jvsh bf. kfv sthfn-sifwfj icvfkb rsh bf. uffskv dlsj dbsq pfWqf rsh. pJb kfvf uffskv dbje idk
kfv spZhb b rsh bf. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, lfsvmD) rsh hQ uffskv lvuf Jcst slWqf rsh hQ kfv v[Dvf kfslvsj
mrfb zffr hstsYb, htsh, `skfmfslv iadk nftfm (wfd), skfmvf ncJD rW hQ fqDHfsh
( ) { } hfn jvfv ubA uffsk iashw jv.' (pcmfv } 73)
zKGf{, kcdm slJst snJfsb slJsk ifsh sHfo-dhtfsnv ijvB mrfbhD ufdbsqsYb sp, uffskv lvufnmCr iaskAj hYv vmpfb
hQ dhwft vfuA. (lfrXv } 20) mfsn Jcst slWqf rq.
YfVf mrfb zffr pf svsJsYb, kf mfbcsNv jibfv hfsv. bhD hstsYb, mfsr vmpfsbv zfomb Oest uffskv lvufnmCr

Jcst slWqf rq, ufrffsmv lvufnmCr h jsv slWqf rq hQ pfslv sjfb drnfh-dbjfw rsh bf, kfslvsj Ffb dlsjv lvuf dlsq
wqkfbslvsj wxJdtk jvf rq. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) uffsk iashw jvfW. lvuf YfVf kfvf zbA nh lvufskW njt
mfbcsNv wvDj.
uffskv lvuf zfede zk}iv bhD hstb, p]fv rfsk zfmfv iafB zfsY, kf]v jnm!
mrfbhD hstsYb, idviCBGvsi WpC jsv sp hAd lczf htsh, uffskv jde lvufv iawkf rsY mf W (hfrvfsbv) rfufsvv
`zfwrflc zft tf tf-rf ff- zrlf tf wfvDjf tfr, z mLAhkDG lCvk zKhf mf W (dndvqfv) hcnvfv mLAhkDG lCvskv nmfb.
(hcJfvD-mcndtm)
zfwrflc zff mcrfmflfb zfhlc zvfnCtcr.' kfv ubA uffskv
zfede lvuf Jcst slWqf rsh, sp lvuf dlsq Yf kfsk iashw jvsh. j hBGbfq lvufv lc hfucv msLA hAhLfsbv lCvk htf rsqsY ydw
(mcndtm) hYsvv iK. uffk iashwjfst kf dHsV idviCBG rsq Esh. (mcndtm,
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, uffskv (zfede lvufv) msLA mb jde zfrmfl) zfv zffr Hft ufsbb.
lvuf zfsY, pfv bfm rt `vfqfb'; snJfb dlsq sjht svfpflfvoB
djqfmskv dlsb iashw jvsh. kfvf YfVf zfv sj sndlj dlsq iashw zfede uffskv bfm
jvsk ifvsh bf. sOfNBf jvf rsh svfpflfvvf sjfKfq? kJb kfvf sj sj zfede uffskv bfm sJ jvstW zfnst sn bfmdt
lfqmfb rsh. ( lvuf dlsq kfvf uffsk iashw jvsh) kfviv njt uffskv Bhfyj bfm. zhwA sjfb sjfb uffskv bfm
pJb kfslv nhGswN hAd iashw jvsh, kJb lvufde h j'sv slWqf ik} sJ rsqsY. pfv dhhvB dbmvi }-
rsh. zfv snJfb dlsq zbA sj iashw jvsk ifvsh bf. (hcJfvD W dIvlfn }
mcndtm)
uffk ns mrfb zffr hstsYb,
dkdb hstsYb, sp hAd zffrv vffq sufVf h hAq jsv, kfsj
uffskv lvufnmCr sKsj Ffjf rsh, `sr zffrv hflf! lvufde () }
m (dlsj n).' nckvfQ sp bfmfpDslv ltHc rsh, kfsj ( ) {
bfmfspv lvuf sKsj Ffj slWqf rsh. zfv sp mcufdrlslv ltHc zKGf{, dbyq pfvf dhwfn jsv W n{jmG jsv, kfslv zHAKGbfv ubA
rsh. kfsj durfslv lvuf sKsj Ffjf rsh. sp svfpflfvslv ltHc sY dIvlfsnv lAfb. snKfq kfvf fqD rsh; v idvhskG kfvf
rsh, kfsj `vfqfb' bfmj lvuf sKsj zfrhfb jvf rsh. zfv zbA fsb fbfdvk rWqf jfmbf jvsh bf. (jfrXI } 107-108)
lfkfsj lfsbv lvuf sKsj Ffjf rsh. nh sb zfhC hfjXv ( ) { }
htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfv mfkf-dikf zfibfv ubA jcvhfb zKGf{, zhwA dhwfdnoB nItjfm rsqsY. pfvf|||||| kfvf rsh
srfj, pfsj Ffjf rsh kfv njt lvufv skf sjfb iasqfub sb. vfdLjfvD. vfdLjfvD rsh dIvlfsnv; pfsk kfvf dyvfqD rsh.
(sjbbf mcJA swA rt, sjfbHfsh uffsk iashw jvf.) dj mb (mc'dmbCb } 1-11)
sj rsh dj, pfsj njt lvufnmCr sKsj Ffjf rsh?' dkdb zfbfn hstb, sm vhfsq' dhs hfvf' dpdb rfsvNfr hsb
htstb, r]Af. zfv zfwf jdv, kcdm kfslv ltHc rsh. (hcJfvD W nCvfjfrv mf, dkdb bhD -v dbje sn htstb, `qf vfnCtffr!
mcndtm)
zfmfsj rfsvNfr nisjG djYc htshb bf? sn hlsvv dlsb Jcb
dhbf drnfshv Jfn stfsjvf uffskv Ffb lvuf dlsq iashw jvsh.
rsqdYt. pdl sn uffkD rq, kfrst SLpG LfvB jvh, zbAKf kfv ubA
uffskv lvufv iaW zsbj. rflDsn snsY, djqfmsk ncifdvswv
mb Hsv zkAfdLj jff jvh.' dkdb htstb, sr rfsvNfv mf!
nmq mrfb zffr htshb, sr mcrfmfl! skfmfv mskv msLA
uffskv msLA dhdH iajfsvv uffk zfsY. zfv skfmfv sYst nshGfy
dIvlfn (uffsk) si]ZsY sosY. (hcJfvD) dkdb hstsYb, lc'de uffk y]fdlv, kfv if W nhdjYc y]fdlv. lc'de
mrfbhD hstb, zhwA uffsk jw'de luGf (mpGflf) vsqsY, uffk snfbfv, kfv if W nhdjYc snfbfv. zflXb uffsk (uffkD)
pf zffr k]fv isK durfljfvDslv ubA iak svsJsYb; lcde luGfv stfsjslv lDlfv W kfslv iadkiftsjv mfsU sjht k]fv syrfvfv
mLAhkGD hAhLfb zfnmfb W udmsbv mk. nckvfQ skfmvf (uffk) iv soZvshv yflv Kfjsh. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
yfst `dIvlfn' sysqf. jfvB kf rt uffskv mLAHfo W uffskv Jctl }
idvHfo, zfv kfv isv vsqsY vrmfsbv zfvw. (hcJfvD 2790 bQ) `JctXl' mfsbW dyvfqD. uffk ns mrfb zffr hstb,
zflXb } { }
`zflXb' mfsb dyvfqD. uffk ns mrfb zffr hstb, zKGf{, Wslvsj dufnf jv, `de swaq, bf fqD shsr; pfv
} iadkwadk slWqf rsqsY nfhLfbDslvsj?' de skf kfslv iadklfb W
( ) { iakAfhkGbt. (Icvjfb } 15)
zKGf{, Wef fqD uffk pfsk kfvf iashw jvsh; Wv dbmslsw nfrfhD hsb mfnl lczfq hstdYstb,
blDnmCr iahfdrk; kfvf pf djYc jfmbf jvsh kfsk kfslv ubA kf
Kfjsh; Hfsh zffr nfhLfbDslvsj icvxk jsvb. (bfrXt } 31) .
} zKGf{, sr zffr! zfdm skfmfv dbje zet mfb yf, zIcv
sbqfmk yf hQ zflXb uffskv nhfv isv mcrfmfl ()-v n
yf. (dn} nrDrfr 2301bQ)
( ) {
zKGf{, kfslv ubA sY fqD uffk; pfv dbmslsw blDnmCr bfm }
iahfdrk. snKfq kfslvsj BG-jsB ztxk jvf rsh, kfvf idvLfb `bfm' mfsb nilwftD, ncJmq. uffk ns mrfb zffr
jvsh nC[ W XCt svwsmv nhcu h W nmfnDb rsh ncndk nsb; hstb,
jk nclv sn icvfv W jk m sn waqt. (jfrXI } 31) }
} ( ) {
( ) { zKGf{, dbyq pfvf dhwfn jsvsY hQ Hft jfu jsvsY kfslv
zKGf{, kfvf iaashw jvsh fqD uffsk, spJfsb kfslv BG-dbdmGk iadkiftj kfslv dhwfsnv jfvsB kfslvsj iK ialwGb jvshb, wfdv
jB W mcf fvf ztQjxk jvf rsh hQ spJfsb kfslv sifwfj- lAfbnmCsr kfslv (hfnfsbv) ktslw dlsq blDmftf iahfdrk
idvYl rsh svwsmv. (Ifdkv } 33) Kfjsh. (bcn } 9)
{ } ( ) { }
zKGf{, sn fqD uffk, pfv iadkwadk ivm lqfmq dbu lfnslvsj zKGf{, dbyq pfvf dhwfn jsv W n{jfu jsv, kfslv ubA zfsY
zlxwAHfsh dlsqsYb; dbyq k]fv iadkwak dhNq zhwAHfhD. (mfvqAfm } 61) ncsJv lAfbvfdu. (tcjmfb } 8)
YfVf zfsvf h zfqfsk uffskv jKf ddJk rsqsY. ( ) { }
mrfbhD si zflXb uffk lwGb jsvsYb. (hcJfvD) zKGf{, zffrHDvslv ubA kfslv iadkiftsjv dbje zhwA

sHfo-dhtfniCBG uffk vsqsY. (jftfm } 34) spJfsb zfmfslvsj sjfb iajfv sjw iwG jsv bf hQ iwG jsv bf
hafrDm uffk sysq lczf j'sv hstdYstb, sjfb iajfv jfd.' (Ifdkv } 35)
( ) { } vfqfb }
zKGf{, zfmfsj ncJjv (bfm) uffskv vfdLjfvDslv zH Gc `vfqfb' mfsb kxfrDb. kxf W diifnfq pfvf j sisqsY,
jv. (zfvf } 85) kfslvsj uffk slWqf rsh. uffk ns bhD hstb,
mf'Wqf } uffskv j iashwlfv vsqsY, pfv bfm `vfqfb.' djqfmskv dlb
lfv dlsq svfpflfvoB iashw jvsh. kfvf YfVf zfv sj lfv dlsq
`mf'Wqf' mfsb dEjfbf. uffk ns mrfb zffr hstb,
iashw jvsh bf. svfpflfvoB iadh rsq sost lfv v jvf rsh. Ist
} sn lfv dlsq zfv sj iashw jvsh bf. (hcJfvD 1896 bQ, mcndtm
( ) { 1152 bQ, bfnf, dkvdmpD)
zKGf{, pfvf dhwfn j'sv n{jfu jsv kfslv jxkjsmGv Itvi zflX-lfvt zf-dJvfr }
kfslv zfiAfqsbv ubA uffk rsh kfslv hfnfb. (nfulfr } 19) `zflX-lfvt zf-dJvfr' mfsb ivjfstv zfhfn. uffk ns
{ ( ) ( ) } mrfb zffr hstb,
zKGf{, dbyq sn kfsj zfsvjhfv slsJdYt. dnlvfkct mcbkfrfv }
dbje. pfv dbje zhdk (uffkct mf'Wqf) hfsnflAfb. (bfuXm } 13-15) ( ) {
lfvn nftfm } zKGf{, zfv ifdKGh uDhb skf DVf-sjZkcj h zfv djYc bq hQ
`lfvn nftfm' mfsb wfddbsjkb. uffk ns mrfb zffr pfvf nfhLfbkf zhtb jsv, kfslv ubA ivjfstv zfhfn swaq,
hstb, skfmvf dj (kf) zbcLfhb jv bf? (zfbzfm } 32)
() { } }
zKGf{, kfslv iadkiftsjv dbje kfslv ubA vsqsY wfdv zftq ( ) {
hQ kfvf pf jvk, kfv jfvsB dkdb rshb kfslv zdHHfhj. zKGf{, ivstfsjv zfhfn; pf zfdm dbLGfdvk jdv kfslv ubA pfvf
(zfbzfm } 127) ixdKhDsk k rsk W dhipGq nxd jvsk yfq bf. nfhLfbDslv ubA
{ } H idvBfm. (jfnfn } 83)
zKGf{, zffr (mfbcN)sj wfdv zfhfsnv dlsj zfrhfb jsvb hQ lfvt rfqfWqfb }
pfsj Yf nvt iK ialwGb jsvb. (bcn } 25) `lfvt rfqfWqfb' mfsb dyvuDhsbv Ov. uffk ns mrfb
zffr hstb,
lfvt mcjfmfr } }
`lfvt mcjfmfr' mfsb fqD. uffk ns mrfb zffr hstb, ( ) {
} zKGf{, ifdKGh uDhb skf sJt-kfmfwf YfVf djYc bq. zfv
( ) { ifvstZdjj uDhb skf iajxk uDhb; pdl Wvf ufbk. (zfbjfhCk } 64)
zKGf{, dpdb dbu zbcoasr, zfmfslvsj fqD zfhfn lfb jsvsYb; lfvt jfvfv }
`lfvt jfvfv' mfsb fqD-oxr. uffk ns mrfb zffr hstb, luGfW dHkv rsh. y mfsbv mc'dmbvf y swaBDv luGf ifsh. mrfb
{ } zffr hstb,
zKGf{, sr zfmfv nialfq! ifdKGh uDhb skf zfqD isHfsov { }
h. zfv dbyq ivjft rsY dyvfqD zfhfn. (mc'dmb } 39) zKGf{, zfv pfvf kf]v dbje dhhfnD rsq W n{jmG jsv idk rsh,
zft-mfjfmct zfmDb kfslv ubA zfsY nmcy mpGflfnmCr. (kfrf } 75)
`zft-mfjfmct zfmDb' mfsb dbvfil fb. uffk ns mrfb rjfst spmb njt mc'dmboB j svv bq, ivjfstW nhf j
zffr hstb, svv rsh bf. hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { } }
zKGf{, dbyq nfhLfbDvf Kfjsh dbvfil fsb. (lcJfb } 51) ( )
mfjXzflc dnlXj } ( )
`mfjXzflc dnlXj' mfsb pKfspfoA zfnb. uffk ns mrfb ( )
zffr hstb,
( ) {
{ ( ) }
zKGf{, sj ifdKGh ncJ-nsHfo jfmbf jvst dm pfsj pf Yf
zKGf{, nfhLfbDvf Kfjsh uffsk W brsv. pKfspfoA zfnsb,
nkv dlsq Kfdj, isv kfv ubA ufrffm dbLGfdvk jdv; snJfsb sn
nfhGsHZm[mkfv zdLjfvD nmafsev nfdsLA. (jfmfv } 55)
iashw jvsh dbdlk W zbcoar rsk lCvDjxk zhfq. pfvf dhwfnD rsq
kChf } ivstfj jfmbf jsv hQ kfv ubA pKfpK syf jsv, kfslv syf
mrfbhD hstsYb, hflfv ubA `kChf' sp zffrv isK dbsuv Djxk rsq Kfsj. skfmfv iadkiftj k]fv lfb fvf slv W Wslv
sOfVfv tfofm Lsv iak zfsY. pfv mfKfv sjw zftcKftc, pfv ilpcot (ivstfjjfmD W rstfjjfmD Hqsj) nfrfpA jsvb hQ skfmfv
LCdtmdtb. kfsj ifrfvfv jfsu dbpc jvst, ifrfvfv jfsu dbpc iadkiftsjv lfb zhfdvk. t[A jv, dm djHfsh kfslv j ltsj
Kfsj. zfv kfsj nbAlstv iyfsk (slJfswfbfv jfsu) dbsqfduk zisvv iv swak dlsqdY. zfv dbyq ivjft mpGflfq hxrv W
jvst, nbAlstv iyfsk Kfsj. pdl sn jfsvf nf[fskv zbcmdk yfq, mfrfskAW swakv. (hfbD naft } 18-21)
kfrst kfsj zbcmdk slWqf rq bf hQ jfsvf ubA ncifdvw jvst, zhwA bhD, nfrfhD, wrDl, WtD, ivsrpofv W sofbfrofv njst
kfv ncifdvw oarB jvf rq bf. (hcJfvD 2887, dmwjfk 5161bQ) nmfb bq. spmb bhDoBW mpGflfq njst j nmfb bb. zffr hstb,
fkhA sp, `kChf' uffskv jde ofsYv bfmW htf rsqsY. zKhf }
kfv zKG rt, zfbl, hf jtAfBmq uDhb. (} dmvzfkct mfIfkDr kAfdl)
( ) {
zKGf{, vnCtoB, kfslv msLA jfsj jfsvf iv swak dlsqdY.
(hfjfvfr } 253)
uffskv dhdH v hf swaBD-dhHfo
uffskv mfsU dhdH v zfsY, dhdH swaBD-dhHfo zfsY. nm }
uffk nmfb bq, njt uffkDW nmswaBDv bq. uffkDvf dbu dbu ( ) {
kfjWqf W zfmt zbcpfqD mfb W swaBD tfH jvsh. dhdH uffkDv zKGf{, pfvf jfwmtD W ixdKhDsk sY, kfslvsj skfmfv

iadkiftj HftHfsh ufsbb. dm skf bhDslv jkjsj jksjv (sn dj kfv nmfb, sp kf jsv bf?) ht, `pfvf ufsb hQ pfvf ufsb bf,
iv mpGflf dlsqdY. zfv lflsj dm pfhCv dlsqdY. (hfbD naft } 55) kfvf dj nmfb? hcdmfb stfsjvf sjht islw oarB jsv.' (pcmfv } 9)
mc'dmb rstW njst j ipGfsqv bq, sn jKf rflDsnW snsY. }
mrfbhD hstb, lcht G mcdmb zsi[f nht mcdmb zffrv dbje ( ) {
zdLj m hQ diaq. zfv iaskAsjv msLA jtAfB zfsY.||||
(mcndtm) zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA pfvf dhwfn fib jsvsY hQ pfslvsj fb
luGfq ifKGjA W dHkfv hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstb, lfb jvf rsqsY, zffr kfslvsj h mpGflfq k jvshb. zfv
} skfmvf pf jv, zffr sn nisjG ndhswN zhdrk. (mcufdltfr 11)
mrfbhD hstb, zhwA uffsk jw'de luGf (mpGflf) vsqsY,
pf zffr k]fv isK durfljfvDslv ubA iak svsJsYb; lcde luGfv
( ) { mLAhkGD hAhLfb zfnmfb W udmsbv mk. nckvfQ skfmvf (uffk)
zKGf{, skfmvf zffrv isK sjb hAq jvsh bf? zKy zfjfwmtD yfst dIvlfn sysqf. jfvB kf rt uffskv mLAHfo W uffskv
W ixdKhDv mfdtjfbf skf zffrv. skfmfslv msLA pfvf (mf) idvHfo, zfv kfv isv vsqsY vrmfsbv zfvw. (hcJfvD 2790 bQ)
dhusqv iCshG hAq jsvsY W nQoafm jsvsY (kfvf hQ ivhkDGvf) nmfb bhD hstsYb, zhwA uffkDoB kfslv isvv hftfJfbfv
bq. kfvf mpGflfq swa kfslv zsi[f, pfvf ivhkGDjfst hAq jsvsY zdLhfnDslv mbHfsh slJsk ifsh, spmb skfmvf zfjfswv iChG zKhf
W nQoafm jsvsY. ksh zffr njtsj jtAfsBv iadkwadk dlsqsYb. idym dlos t zofmD kfvjf oHDv lxdsk slJsk ifW. de
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svsJ vnCtoBsj nkA hst dhwfn jsvsY. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
( ) { rqskf hf mrfb zffr j jde oar-b[sv mk uffknmCrsj
zKGf{, dhhfnDslv msLA pfvf z[m bq zKy Osv hsn Kfsj kfvf dhbA jsvsYb. rsk ifsv jde oar rsh jub uffkDv jde
hQ pfvf zffrv isK Dq Lb-iafB fvf durfl jsv, kfvf nmfb bq. uffk. zf zf'tfm.
pfvf Dq Lb-iafB fvf durfl jsv zffr kfslvsj, pfvf Osv hsn uffk sp jk dhwft, kf jibfv hfsv. mrfb zffr uffskv
Kfsj kfslv iv mpGflf dlsqsYb; zffr njtsj jtAfsBv dhwftkf nisj hstsYb,
iadkwadk dlsqsYb. zfv pfvf Osv hsn Kfsj kfslv iv, pfvf durfl }
jsv kfslvsj zffr mrf icvfv dlsq swak lfb jsvsYb. (dbnf } 95) ( ) {
} zKGf{, skfmvf iadkspfdokf (kvf) jv, skfmfslv iadkiftsjv
{ dbje sKsj [mf hQ shsrsv ubA, pfv ia zfjfw W ixdKhDv nmfb,
zKGf{, sp hAd vfdjfst dnulfhbk rsq hQ l]fdVsq hflk pf LmGHDvslv ubA iak vfJf rsqsY. (zfst mvfb } 133)
jsv, ivjftsj Hq jsv hQ k]fv iadkiftsjv zbcoar iakAfwf jsv, }

{ zKy nm stfj dbu dbu ufqof lJt jsvsY hQ dbu dbu zQw
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zbcoar, pfsj Yf dkdb kfsj kf lfb jsvb. zfv zffr mrf rt. zfv Wv nmkctA, Wv nmkctA, Wv nmkctA, Wv nmkctA (zKGf{,
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mrfwCsbA jk dhwft ufqof. sn wCbAosHG vsqsY t[-sjfde oar- zfdm (Wsk) n. kJb zffr htshb, skfmfv ubA ef hQ v
b[. mfbcNsj jde j'sv dlsqW dj kf iCBG rsh? lwB (vfuk skfmfsj slWqf rt). YfVfW skfmfv ubA vt sn
sjfb sjfb uffkDv ubA Kfjsh lc'de uffk. mrfb zffr hstb, nh h, pf skfmfv zv jfmbf jvsh hQ skfmfv y[c kxd isHfo
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(mCnf ) htstb, `sr zfmfv iadkiftj! zfv nshGfy svv
zKGf{, sp hAd kfv iadkiftsjv nfmsb idk rWqfv Hq vfsJ, uffkD jfvf rsh?' zffr kfzftf htstb, `kfvf rsh sn nh hflf,
kfv ubA vsqsY lcde (uffskv) hfofb. (vfrmfb } 46) pfslvsj zfdm yf. zfdm rs pfslv ubA nmfb-hx[ svfiB jsvdY
uffskv jKf hBGbfv iv mrfb zffr zfsvf lc'de uffskv hQ kfv iv nDt-smfrv zQdjk jsv dlsqdY (pfsk kfvf hAdksvsj
jKf sJ j'sv hstsYb, zbA sj kf slJsk bf ifq). nckvfQ sjfb y[c kf lwGb jsvdb, sjfb
( ) { } jBG kf wahB jsvdb hQ sjfb mfbcsNv msb kf jdikW rqdb.
zKGf{, uffk lc'de YfVf zfsvf lc'de uffk vsqsY. ( } 62) (mcndtm)
mrfb zffr lc swaBDv uffskv B W ncJ-nfmoaD hBGbfq ifKGjAW
svsJsYb. iaKm swaBDv uffk rsh bjeAiaf hflfslv ubA hQ uffskv nshGfy fb `znDtfr'
dkDq swaBDv uffk rsh Ffb rfk-Wqftfslv ubA (pfslvsj Ffb uffskv nshGfy fsbv bfm znDtfr. sp fb nshGfy mfbcsNv iafiA.
rfsk zfmtbfmf slWqf rsh.) (kfpdjvfr, jcvkchD 440ix}) zfv dkdb rstb zfmfslv bhD mcrfmfl .
mrfbhD hstsYb, lc'de uffk zfsY, kfv ifnmCr hQ dkdb hstb, mczfpXdpbsj zfpfb dlsk wcbst skfmvfW Wv mk
nhdjYc svZiA-dbdmGk. zfv lc'de uffk zfsY, kfv ifnmCr hQ ht. zk}iv zfmfv iv lvl ifE jv; sjb bf, sp hAd zfmfv
nhdjYc BG-dbdmGk.|||| (hcJfvD-mcndtm) iv jhfv lvl ifE jsv, zffr v dhdbmsq kfv iv lwhfv
spmb uffsk dhdH Uvbf zfsY. j jde Uvbf j j swaBDv vrmk hNGB jsvb. zk}iv skfmvf zfmfv ubA zffrv dbje
uffkDv ubA Jfn rsh. `znDtfr' iafKGbf jv; jfvB, `znDtfr' rt uffskv mb j ncy
fb, pf zffrv hflfslv msLA jde hflfv ubA ipc. zfv zfdm
nshGfy W nhGdbm swaBDv uffkD zfwf vfdJ sp, sn hflf zfdm. nckvfQ sp hAd zfmfv ubA
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, mCnf Dq iaHsc j dufnf jvstb, `znDtfr' iafKGbf jvsh, kfv ubA zfmfv wfIfzfk (ncifdvw) zhLfpG
ùffkDslv msLA nhsysq dbmmfsbv uffkD sj rsh?' zffr kfzftf rsq pfsh. (zfrmfl, mcndtm 384bQ iamcJ, dmwjfk 657bQ)
v dlstb, `sn rsh mb jde stfj, sp nm uffkDoB uffsk
iashw jvfv iv (nhGswsN) zfnsh. kJb kfsj htf rsh, kcdm uffsk y fbnmCr jfslv ubA?
iashw jv. sn htsh, sr iaH!c zfdm djHfsh (sjfKfq) iashw jvh? uffskv y fbnmCr wrDlslv ubA. sn wrDlslv ubA, p]fvf
iaKm jfkfsv sKsj pc jsvb. p]fvf wrDl rWqf ipG diYb dIsv uffsk. spmb }-
kfjfb bf. ]slv hAfifsv mrfb zffr n rsq rfsnb. ]vf rstb
nhGswa wrDl. ]slv sjfb drnfh sb. ]slv ubA vsqsY uffskv
y y fb. (zfrmfl, n} ufsm' 1118bQ) 1. dhLhf W dmnjDbslv zHfh lCvjvsB syfvk hAd.
vfnCtcfr htstb, vfsk lc'ub stfj zfmfv jfsY sn zfmfsj bhD hstsYb, dhLhf W dmnjDbslv zHfh lCv jvfv syfvk
ofsYv iv yVfstf hQ zfmfsj jde nclv W m Osv iashw hAd zffrv vffq durfljfvDv nmkctA. (rflDsnv hBGbfjfvD
jvfstf, Wv yfsk nclv (Ov) zfdm jJsbf sldJdb. kfvf (lc'usb) hstb) zfdm LfvBf jvdY sp, dkdb jKfW htstb, sn bIt
htt, --- Ovde rsY wrDlslv Ov. (hcJfvD) bfmfp zflfqjfvDv mk sp jf rq bf hQ svfpf iftbjfvDv mk
mb djYc jfu zfsY, pf jvst bhD -v jfYfjfdY luGf ifWqf sp svfpf YfsV bf. (hcJfvD)
pfsh. spmb }- 2. zfsvf jdkiq stfj.
mrfbhD hstb zfdm hQ dbsuv zKhf zisvv zbfK vfnCtcfr hstsYb, (ifvstZdjj icvfsv icvxk rWqfv dlj
(kDsmv) kfhLfqj uffsk (ifwfifdw) Kfjh. zfv dhLhf W lc} dlsq) wrDl if]y Lvsbv; (1) siosvfso zff rsq mxk, (2) sisev
mfbcNsj slJfbfjfvD hAd zffrv vffq durfljfvDv nmkctA. svfso zff rsq mxk, (3) ifdbsk Fcsh mxk, (4) mfde yfif isV mxk
(kfhfvfbDv zfWnfk, nrDt ufsm' 1476bQ) hQ (5) zffrv isK Kfjf zhfq mxk. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, zfdm W zbfK (kDsmv) kfhLfqj jlf vfnCtcfr htstb, skfmvf skfmfslv mfsU sjfbX sjfbX
uffsk vi (ifwfifdw) hfn jvh. v nfsK dkdb k]fv kuGbD W hAdsj wrDl hst oBA jv? njst nmsv hst Et, `sr
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jvstb. (hcJfvD 5304 bQ) kfrst skf zfmfv mskv msLA wrDl hV zi. stfsjvf htt,
vfnCtcfr -v Jfslm W zfrst ncIXIfv dhdw hAdk vfhDzfr `kfrst k]fvf sj sj sr zffrv vnCt?' dkdb htstb, sp zffrv
hsb jf'h zfntfmD hstb, zfdm vfnCtcfr -v ns vfk isK dbrk rq sn wrDl, sp zffrv isK mfvf pfq sn wrDl, sp sio
jfefkfm. zfdm kf]v jfsY WpCv ifdb hQ iasqfubDq h sb dlkfm. svfso mfvf pfq sn wrDl, sp sisev svfso iafB rfvfq, sn wrDl hQ sp
(jdlb dkdb JcwD rsq) htstb, kcdm zfmfv jfsY djYc yfW. zfdm ifdbsk Fcsh mfvf pfq snW wrDl. (mcndtm)
httfm, `zfdm zfibfv jfsY uffsk zfibfv nfrypG yf.' dkdb dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp hAd kfv mft-Lb v[f jvsk dosq iafB
htstb, YfVf zfv djYc? zfdm httfm, `hfn Wef.' dkdb rfvfq sn wrDl. sp hAd dbu v (iafB) v[f jvsk dosq dbrk rq
htstb, kfrst kcdm, zdLjfdLj dnulf jsv (zKGf{ iaycv bIt sn wrDl. sp kfv Db v[f jvsk dosq mfvf pfq sn wrDl hQ sp kfv
bfmfp isV) skfmfv ( zfwf iCvsBv) ubA zfmfsj nfrfpA jv. idvhfv v[f jvsk dosq iafB rfvfq snW wrDl. (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD
(mcndtm) rfnfb nrDr)
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zKhf dkbde shfb kfslv mxkcA zKhf dhhfr, zKhf nfhfdtjf rWqf Kfsj. mrfbhD hstb, dbyq zffr uffsk sbj hflfv luGf ]yc
ipG, djQhf hAdv mxkcA ipG pKfKG iadkiftb jsv, sn hAd zfv jsvb. sn kJb hst, `sr zfmfv iadkiftj! dk jDHfsh?'
zfdm (ivjfst) kuGbD W mLAmf zcdtsqv mk ifwfifdw zhfb zffr hstb, `skfmfv ubA skfmfv sYstv [mf iafKGbfv Ist.
jvh. (zfrmfl 3/147-148, hsb drfb 2045 bQ, dntdntfr nrDrfr 296 bQ) (zfrmfl)
p]fvf wrDlslv luGf ifb, k]fvfW k]fslv jfYfjfdY y fb ifshb zfv dkdb hstsYb, zflm nfb mfvf sost kfv nm zfmt

dhdY rsq pfq, zhwA dkbde zfmt dhdY rq bf; nfljfr uf-dvqfr Icvfk. (mcndtm 164bQ)
(fiCkG jmG), tfHlfqj tXm, zKhf sbj nfb sp kfv ubA lczf zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, vfnCtcfr hstsYb, (wfsmv) nfrfb W
jsv Kfsj. (mcndtm 1631bQ iamcJ) ufrfb, (vfsjv) Icvfk hQ (dmnsvv) bDt iaskAj blD uffskv
bl-blDnmCsrv zbAkm. (mcndtm 2839bQ)
uffskv mfde blDdt uffskv mfsb rt, sndtv mCt uffskv; spmb
uffskv mfde dhdH Lvsbv rsh. sjfKfW jvDv mk ncomq. mfbcsNv mCt rt uffk. zKhf blDdtv dhswN hjGskv ubA
(hcJfvD-mcndtm) uffskv blD htf rsqsY. zfv zffr Hft ufsbb.
zfhfv sjfKfW ufIvfsbv mk. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, lfsvmD) uffskv blDmftfv msLA jdev bfm jfNfv; pf swN bhD -sj
zfhfv sjfKfW rsh nflf LhLsh dmdr zfefv mk. (mcndtm, zfrmfl) rWpvsi lfb jvf rsqsY. (nCvf jfNfv) blDv mfde-jflfW jvD.
(hcJfvD) spJfb rsk mrfbhD k]fv mksj djqfmsk ifdb ifb
uffskv blDmftf jvfshb.
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hflfv mbsj zfjxNAmfb jsvsYb. nckvfQ spJfsb dkdb uffskv jvsh kfsj zfv sjfbdlb diifnf iwG jvsh bf. (hcJfvD 6579bQ)
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zKGf{, pfvf dhhfn jsv W n{jmG jsv kfslv wcH nQhfl lfW sp,
kfslv ubA vsqsY uffk; pfv ktslsw blD iahfdrk. (hfjfvfr } 25)
} ( ) {
( ) { zKGf{, nfhLfbDslvsj sp uffskv iadkwadk slWqf rsqsY kfv
lxf rt } Wsk zfsY dbmGt ifdbv blDmftf, zfsY lcsLv blDmftf pfv
zKGf{, dbyq pfvf dhwfn jsvsY hQ Hft jfu jsvsY kfslv
fl zidvhkGbDq, zfsY ifbjfvDslv ubA ncflc ncvfv blDmftf, zfsY
iadkiftj kfslv dhwfsnv jfvsB kfslvsj iK ialwGb jvshb, wfdv
idvswfdLk mLcv blDmftf. zfv snJfsb kfslv ubA zfsY dhdhL It-
lAfbnmCsr kfslv (hfnfsbv) ktslw dlsq blDmftf iahfdrk
mCt W kfslv iadkiftsjv [mf. nfhLfbDvf dj kfslv mk, pfvf
Kfjsh. (bcn } 9)
ufrffsm fqD rsh hQ pfslvsj ifb jvsk slWqf rsh Ice ifdb;
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zKGf{, kfslv ubA sY fqD uffk; pfv dbmslsw blDnmCr yfv swaBDv blDv jKf rflDsnW vsqsY. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD) ksh
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mrfbhD dm'vfsu dosq uffskv yfvde blD lwGb jsvdYstb. lc'de mfsb hV blW jvf rq. zfv nmc rst snef rsh blDv {n, spmb
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smfrv rsY jvDv. zfv kf tfsHv ubA iadkspfoDvf iadkspfdokf
uffskv UvbfnmCr jvj. v dmwaB rsh kfnbDsmv (ifdbv). ef jde ianahB, pf rsk
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uffskv zfsY dhdH ifbDq W fslv Uvbf. hfofsb UvbfW nxd
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zKGf{, zffr-HDvvf Kfjsh Yfqf W UvbfnmCsr. (mcvnftfk } 41)
( ) { } uffskv zfdtjf W k]fhcv dhhvB
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zKGf{, Hq hfofsb zfsY Ydtk lc ianahB. ( } 66)
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zQw dHkv sKsj hQ dHksvv zQw hfdrv sKsj slJf pfsh. kf ifE jvsh, zffr sn hAdv ubA uffsk jde mrt dbmGfB
sb zfhc mfstj zfwzfvD htstb, `sn j[ jfv ubA rsh, sr jvshb. (zfrmfl, iamcJ, dndntfr nrDrfr 589bQ)
zffrv vnCt?' dkdb htstb, sp hAd m jKf hst, zlfb jsv vfnCtcfr hstb, pJb sjfb hflfv nfb mfvf pfq, kJb mrfb
W stfsjvf pJb Ocdmsq Kfsj kJb bfmfsp vk rq; kfv ubA. zffr Dq dIdvfslvsj hstb, skfmvf zfmfv hflfv nfsbv uDhb
(kfhfvfbD, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 611bQ) rbb jsvY dj? k]fvf hstb, rA]f. dkdb hstb, skfmvf kfv rlsqv
uffsk vsqsY hV hV k]fhc. uffkDvf nDj sn k]fhcsk hfn Itsj rbb jsvY dj? k]fvf hstb, r]Af. dkdb hstb, sn nmq zfmfv
jvsh. mrfb zffr hstb, hflf dj hstsY? kfvf hst, sn zfibfv rfmXl (iawQnf) jsvsY W
( ) { } `f dtfdr zf tfdr vf-dub' (zKGf{, zfmvf skfmfv hQ
zKGf{, kfvf k]fhcsk ncvd[k v. (vfrmfb } 72) skfmfv jfsY zhwA dIsv pfh) ifE jsvsY. mrfb zffr hstb,
mrfbhD hstsYb, dbyq uffsk mc'dmbslv ubA jde wCbAoHG zfmfv (nfbrfvf) hflfv ubA uffskv msLA jde oxr dbmfGB jv,
smfdkv kf]hc Kfjsh, pfv SlOAG rsh Nfe mft. v msLA mc'dmbslv ubA zfv kfv bfm vfJ, `hfqkct rfmXl' (iawQnfHhb). (dkvdmpD rfnfb)
jfdLj D Kfjsh. pfslv njstv nfsK mc'dmb nrhfn jvsh. dj zffrv vnCt hstsYb, zbAfsqv nis[ sKsj sp hAd kjG
kfslv sj jfsj slJsk ifsh bf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm) idvrfv jsv kfv ubA uffskv ifwGslsw j oxr dbmGfB jvf rq.
k]fhc rsh jde smfdkv. sn smfdk jk dhwft sp, kfv dHksvv bAfsqv nis[ sKsjW sp hAd kjG idvrfv jsv kfv ubA uffskv
ufqof rsh Nfe mft! mLAst j oxr dbmGfB jvf rq. zfv sp hAd kfv ydvsj nclv jsv
uffsk dhswN djYc stfsjv ubA dhswN Lvsbv zfdtjf Kfjsh. kfv ubA uffskv idvHfso j oxr dbmGfB jvf rq. (zfhc lfl,
spmb mf JflDuf (vfdpqff zfbrf)v ubA Kfjsh hQw-dbdmGk iafnfl. dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, hfrfjD, nrDr kfvoDh 133bQ)
zhwA sn hQw hf h]fw rsh mdb-mcfv. zffrv vnCt duhvDstv zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd hfufsv iashw jsv (dbsbv
i[ sKsj JflDuf (vfdpqff zfbXrf)sj uffsk (kfv ubA mcfv h]fw lczf) hst, zffr kfv ubA lw t[ sbjD dtdih jsvb, lw t[

sofbfr smfyb jsv slb, kfsj lw t[ mpGflfq Dk jsvb hQ dbsuvfW (iv icvsNv iadk) zfjx rsh. kfslv mfKf rsh ]sev drst
shsrs kfv ubA jde oxr dbmGfB jsv slb. pfWqf j]csuv mk. Lvsbv mdrtfvf uffsk iashw jvsh bf hQ
`tf tf-rf ff zrlf tf wfvDjf tf, tft mctjc ztft kfv ncoW ifsh bf. zKy uffskv nco k k lCvskv iK sKsj
rfmlc, qcArqD zqcAmDkc, zqf rfqcAt tf qAfmCkc, dhqAfdldrt Jfv ifWqf pfsh. (mcndtm)
zqf zftf jcd wfdqb jflDv.' (nrDr dkvdmpD 2726 bQ, nrDr hsb zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd isvv hfisj dbsuv hfi hst
mfufr 1817 bQ) lfhD jsv, sn hAd uffskv ncodW ifsh bf. zKy kfv ncod 500
bhD hstb, sp hAd zffrv (nd tfsHv) sswA jde hYsvv lCvhkDG fb sKsjW ifWqf pfsh. (zfrmfl 2/171, hsb mfufr
mndul dbmGfB jsv slq, zffr kfv ubA shsrs jde Ov hfdbsq 2611, nrDt ufsm' 5988bQ)
slb. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dm} 697bQ) zfrmfslv j hBGbfq zfsY 70 hYsvv lCvhkDG fb sKsjW ifWqf
pfsh. (n} kfvoDh 1988bQ)
uffskv suAfdk zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd sjfb nd zKhf ycdh (dpmD)
uffsk Kfjsh dbvhdY zfstf. snJfsb y-nCpG sb, vfk-dlb mfbcNsj rkAf jvsh, sn hAd uffskv nchfnW ifsh bf. zKy kfv
sb. nCspGv kfi sb. mrfb zffr hstb, nchfn 40 hYsv zdkmA lCvhkDG fb sKsjW ifWqf pfsh. (zfrmfl,
hcJfvD, bfnf, hsb mfufr, nrDt ufsm' 6457bQ)
( ) { }
j hBGbfq 70 W 100 hYsv zdkmA lCvhkDG fsbv jKf zfsY.
zKGf{, snJfsb kcdm diifnfkG rsh bf hQ svfla-djW rsh bf. (kfrf (n} kfvoDh 2044bQ)
} 119)
{ } uffskv hx[vfdu W ItmCt
zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf ncndk zfnsb srtfb dlsq hnsh, kfvf uffskv zfsY, nfdv nfdv bfbf vjm hx[vfdu. zfsY bfbf vjsmv
snJfsb svZkfi zKhf zdkwq wDk shfL jvsh bf. (lfrXv } 13) ItmCt. djYc hx[ W ItmCstv jKf sJ j'sv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
iasqfusb rqskf lvuf hf ilGf tfdosq zjfv jvf pfsh. zhwA ( ) { ( ) }
dhswN suAfdk fvf njft-nAf sybfv zbA hAhf Kfjsh. (} hsb
jfNDv 4/471, mfumC IfkfWqf 4/312) zKGf{, dbyq zffrHDvslv ubA vsqsY nItkf; lAfbnmCr W
bfbfdhL zfcv. (bfhf' } 31-32)
uffskv ncod ( ) { }
uffk ncomq ufqof. kfv nco sjht dHksv bq, hvQ kfv zKGf{,Hq (hfofsb) vsqsY iaskAj It lc iajfv. (vfrmfb } 52)
hfsv h lCvhkGD fb sKsj ifWqf pfsh. jk lCvhkGD ufqof sKsj ( ) { }
ifWqf pfsh, kfv sJ jdkiq rflDsn snsY. zKGf{, snJfsb vsqsY ItmCt sJucv W Ffdtm. ( } 68)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, lc iajfv ufrffmD zfdm (Jb ipG) ( ) ( ) }
iakA[ jdvdb (zKGf{, isv kfslv zfdhHGfh Oesh) } (1) j nialfq
() {
pfslv jfsY ovv stsuv mk yfhcj Kfjsh, pf dlsq kfvf uboBsj
iarfv jvsh. (2) j swaBDv mdrtf, pfvf (mb bo) sifwfj ivsh sp, zKGf{, zfv Ffb rfk-Wqftfvf, jk HfoAhfb Ffb rfk-Wqftfvf!
(hfsh) t Kfjsh, (iv icvNsj) dbsuslv iadk zfjNGB jvsh W (pfslvsj Ffb rfsk zfmtbfmf slWqf rsh. kfvf Kfjsh j hfofsb)
snJfsb zfsY j]fefrDb jctofY. jf]dl Hvf jtfofY. (Wqfdjzfr } 27-29)
( ) { } It rsh bf sp, smZnm swN rsq sost sn It zfofmD smZnm ipG
zKGf{, kfslv iYl mk ItmCt. ( } 20) dhtc rsq pfsh. uffskv It Lvsbv Ict-mcjcstv kcv zLDb
rsh bf. hvQ kf nlf-nhGlf ifWqf pfsh. spmb mrfb zffr hstsYb,
( ) { }
( ) ( )
zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf zfnDb rsh srtfb dlsq, snJfsb kfvf pk JcwD
ItmCt W ifbDsqv ubA zfslw slsh. (nfl } 51) zKGf{, iaycv ItmCt; pf swN rsh bf W dbdNW rsh bf. (Wqfdjzfr }
32-33)
( ) { }
}
zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf dbdys dhdhL ItmCt zfbsk htsh. (lcJfb } 55)
( ) {
( ) ( ) }
zKGf{, nfhLfbDslvsj sp uffskv iadkwadk slWqf rsqsY kfv
() { ( ) dhhvB vi } Wv iflslsw blD iahfdrk, Wv ItmCtnmCr W Yfqf
zKGf{, zffr-HDvvf Kfjsh Yfqf W UvbfnmCsr. kfslv hfdk dyvfqD; pfvf nfhLfbD ef kfslv idvBfm. zfv zdhwfnDslv idvBfm
ItmCstv iafycspGv msLA. skfmvf skfmfslv jsmGv icvfv vi kxdv rt ufrffm. (vf'l } 35)
nfsK ifbfrfv jv. Hfsh zfdm n{jmGivfqBslvsj icvxk j'sv uffskv It ofsYv Ffst Ucst KfjstW kf uffkDv rfskv
Kfdj. (mcvnftfk } 41-44) bfofstv msLA Kfjsh. kf sisV sJsk sjfb iajfsvv jhvB hf wam-
uffskv ItnmCsrv bfm lcdbqfv Istv mk rstW, sn nshv fl hAq jvsk rsh bf. mrfb zffr hstb,
dj j bq. spsrkc uffskv nhdjYc zkctbDq, shbpDv. ( ) { }
} zKGf{, pfv Itvfdw Ucst Kfjsh bfofstv msLA. (rf-fr } 23)
( ) { }
( ) { zKGf{, nddrk hx[Yfqf kfslv iv Kfjsh hQ Wv ItmCt
zKGf{, pfvf dhhfn jsv W n{jmG jsv kfslv wcH nQhfl lfW sp, niCBGvsi kfslv zfqfLDb jvf rsh. (lfrXv } 14)
kfslv ubA vsqsY uffk; pfv ktslsw blD iahfdrk, pJb kfslv { }
ItmCt sJsk slWqf rsh, kJb kfvf htsh, `zfmfslvsj (ixdKhDsk zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf srtfb dlsq hnsh icv svwsmv zfvdhdw
zKhf uffsk) iCshG uDdhjfvsi pf slWqf rk, skf kf.' dhYfbfq, lc hfofsbv It rsh kfslv dbjehkDG. (vfrmfb } 54)
kfslvsj iviv j nlxw It lfb jvf rsh. (hfjfvfr } 25) uffskv hxs[v wfJf-iawfJf W i-ishv jKfW mrfb zffrv
(nlxw)v zKG rqskf hf uffskv nm Istv zfjfv-zfjxdk j zft-jcvzfsb sJ jsvsYb. j fsb hstsYb,
vjm rsh zKhf kf lcdbqfv Istv mk slJsk rsh. ksh nflxwA ( ) { }
sjht zfjfv W bfm ipG nDmfh. bsy{ uffskv Istv fslv
zKGf{, Hq h Fftiftfdhdw (ofsY idviCBG). ( } 48)
nfsK lcdbqfv Istv fslv sjfb kctbf sb. uffskv dbqfmskv
zbA fsb hstsYb,
hAfifsv rflDsn snsY, (mb dbqfmk) pf sjfb syfJ slsJdb, sjfb
jfb swfsbdb hQ sjfb mfbcsNv zsv kfv ndEj LfvBf lq rqdb. ( ) {}
(hcJfvD) zKGf{, Ob nhcu (uffskv) hfofb lc'de. ( } 64)
uffskv nm It-ofY hfsvfsmsn. uffskv It mb smZnmD zfv kfv ubA kfv Yfqf rsh Ob. Yfqfv jKf sJ j'sv mrfb

zffr hstsYb, hV hV hQ ifkfdt rfdkv jfsbv mk sTftf sTftf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
( ) { }
zKGf{, kfslvsj dyvdn Ob Yfqfq fb lfb jvh. (dbnf } 57) uffskv hx[-jf
uffsk nCpG sb. nckvfQ snJfsb nhGlf nhGfsb Yfqf zfv Yfqf. uffskv iaskAj ofsYv jf rsh snfbfv. (dkvdmpD) nckvfQ
mrfb zffr hstb, uffskv hfofb sp jk snZlpGmq rsh, kf zbcsmq. zfv sn hfofsb
( ) { } hnhfnjfvDvf jk snZHfoAhfb rsh, kfW zbcsmq.
zKGf{, nianfdvk Yfqf. (Wqfdjzfr } 30)
( ) { } uffsk hx[-nQJAf hxd jvfv ifq
zKGf{, zffr-HDvvf Kfjsh Yfqf W UvbfnmCsr. (mcvnftfk } 41) idvshw v[f W nclv jvfv ubA ofY tfofsbf jde m jfu.
lcdbqfq ofY tfdosq zfmvf idvshwsj msbfvm jvsk ifdv. zfmvf ofY
( ) { } sKsj zdsub if, Yfqf if, JflA if, nco if. zfmvf hst Kfdj,
zKGf{, kfvf hQ kfslv DoB ncwDkt Yfqfq Kfjsh hQ srtfb òfY tfofb, ofY h]fyfb. jde ofY, jde iafB.' ofY tfdosq zfmvf
dlsq hnsh ncndk zfnsb. (qfnDb } 56) zfmfslv hfdVv hfofbsj nclv jdv. dj ivjfstv hfdVsj nclv
uffsk zfsY dhwft dhwft ofY. jde ofsYv jKf sJ j'sv bhD jvfv jKf dj Hfdh?
hstsYb, uffskv msLA mb jde hx[ zfsY, pfv Yfqfq sjfb zfsvfrD zfmvf dj ufdb sp, snJfsbW ofY tfofsbf pfsh lcdbqf sKsj,
{jx, dhswNHfsh iadkifdtk rftjf slsrv lakofmD sOfVfq ysV ofY KfjstW ofY zfsvf hxd jvf pfsh?
jswf hYv ytstW kf zdkm jvsk n[m rsh bf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm) mrfbhD hstsYb, sp hAd `nchrfbffdr zdhrfmdlr' isV, kfv
uffsk `kChf' bfsmv jde ofY zfsY. ofYde 100 hYsvv ubA uffskv msLA jde sJucv hx[ svfiB jvf rq. (dkvdmpD)
zdkmA ufqof ucsV zhdk. v smfYf sKsj uffkDslv h dbdmGk dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, dm'vfsuv vfsk hafrDm -v ns zfmfv
rsh. (zfrmfl, dn} nrDrfr 1985bQ) nf[f{ Ose. dkdb htstb, `sr mcrfmfl! kcdm skfmfv mksj
uffkct mf'Wqfv jfsY `dnlvfkct mcfrf'v jKf jcvzfsb snsY, zfmfv nftfm siw jvsh hQ kfslvsj hst slsh sp, uffskv mfde
( ) ( ) } idh W {jx, kfv ifdb dm. zfv kf jde hx[rDb nmktHCdm.
( ) ( ) ( ) zfv `nchrfbffr', `zftrfmlc dtfr' `tf tfrf ffr' W `zff
zfjhfv' rt kfv svfdik hx[. (dkvdmpD)
( ) {
zKGf{, dbyq sn kfsj zfsvjhfv slsJdYt. dnlvfkct mcbkfrfv
dbje. pfv dbje zhdk (uffkct mf'Wqf) hfsnflAfb. pJb (hlvD) uffskv sJfwhc
hx[desj, pf zfYfdlk jvfv dYt kf zfYfdlk jvt, kfv lxd dhm uffsk Kfjsh bfbfb Lvsbv sJfwhc. jvD, ufIvfb, jiGvC kAfdl.
rqdb, lxd t[AycAkW rqdb. db}nslsr sn kfv iadkiftsjv mrfb sJfwhcv jKf mrfb zffr hstb,
dblwGbfhtD slsJdYt. (bfuXm } 13-18) () { ( ) }
ef rt dm'vfsuv vfsk sp duhvDt -sj kf]v zfnt zfjxdksk zKGf{, nckvfQ pdl sn bjeAiafslv jub rq, kfrst (kfv ubA
slsJdYstb, kfv hBGbf. `dnlXvfkct mcfrf' rt N hf nm vsqsY) zfvfm, sJfwhc W ncJmq shsr. (Wqfdjzfr } 88-89)
zfnmfsb zhdk jde jct (hv) ofY. pfv Itdt jtsnv mk mrfbhD hstb, uffskv nhGswa sJfwhc rt smsrdl (Ict).

(kfhfvfbD, dn} nrDrfr 1420bQ) ( ) {
zKGf{, pfvf dhhfn jsv W n{jmG jsv kfslv wcH nQhfl lfW sp,
uffskv i-i[D kfslv ubA vsqsY uffk; pfv ktslsw blD iahfdrk, pJb kfslv
uffsk ifJD zfsY. sn ifJDv mfQn uffkDslv JflA rsh. mrfb ItmCt sJsk slWqf rsh, kJb kfvf htsh, `zfmfslvsj (ixdKhDsk
zffr hstb, zKhf uffsk) iCshG uDdhjfvsi pf slWqf rk, skf kf.'
( ) {
} kfslvsj iviv j nlxw It lfb jvf rsh hQ snJfsb kfslv
zKGf{, (kfslv snhfq sOfvfsIvf jvsh dyv djswfvvf) kfslv ubA idh nrLdmGBDoB vsqsY, zdLj kfvf snJfsb dyvfqD rsh.
iYlmk ifJDv mfQn dbsq. (Wqfdjzfr } 21) (hfjfvfr } 25)
rflDsn snsY, jfNfsvv dbje mb ifJD zfsY, pfslv olGfb sev }
mk. (dkvdmpD) ( ) {
zfhc mfnl hstb, jde stfj vfnCtcfr -v jfsY zKGf{, zfv pfvf dhhfn jsv W Hft jfu jsv, kfslvsj shsrs
tfofmpc ebD dbsq rfduv rt hQ htt, `de zffrv isK iashw jvfh; pfv iflslsw blDnmCr iahfdrk, snJfsb kfvf dyvjft
(durfslv ubA lfb jvf rt).' vfnCtcfr htstb, djqfmskv Kfjsh, snJfsb kfslv ubA idh ndbD zfsY hQ kfslvsj dyvdn
dlsb skfmfv ubA v dhdbmsq nfkw'de ebD rsh; pfv iaskAjde Ob Yfqfq fb lfb jvh. (dbnf } 57)
tfofmpc rsh. (mcndtm 5005bQ) }
mrfbhD hstsYb, Yfot-sHVfv Jfmfsv bfmfp iV hQ kfv
si]fef mcsY (pk jv). jfvB, kf uffskv zbAkm i. (hfrfjD, dn} ( ) {
nrDrfr 1128bQ) zKGf{, pfvf dhhfn jsv W n{jfu jsv, kfslvsj shsrs
iashwfdLjfv lfb jvh; pfv iflslsw blDnmCr iahfdrk, snJfsb kfvf
uffskv rjlfv jfvf? dyvjft Kfjsh. zffrv iadkwadk nkA. zfv sj zfsY zffr zsi[f
uffskv rjlfv sn mc'dmboB, pfvf sjfbdlb sjfb djYcsj zffrv zdLj nkAhflD? ( } 122)
nfsK wvDj jsvdb. zKGf{, dwjG jsvdb. zKhf dwjG jvfv iv kWhf bf { }
j'sv dwjG dbsq mfvf pfqdb. zKGf{, i[fsv pfvf dhhfn jsvsY (mc'dmb rsqsY) hQ n{jfu
i[fsv pfvf dwjG jsv, dwjG dbsq mfvf pfq, jcIvD jsv, mfsbv jsvsY, kfvf rsh uffskv zdLhfnD; kfvf snJfsb dyvjft Kfjsh.
sjfb dhNqsj zDjfv hf dmKAffb jsv, kfslv ubA uffk rfvfm. (hfjfvfr } 82)
jcvzfb-jfvDsm spJfsb uffskv rjlfvslv jKf htf rsqsY, }
snJfsb jfvB vi mfb W sbj zfmtsj sJ jvf rsqsY. ( ) {
sjfKfW sjfKfW sn sbj zfmstv dhfdvk dhhvBW snsY. kfv djYc
zKGf{, dbyq pfvf dhwfn jsvsY hQ n{jfpGfhtD ni jsvsY,
dbmvi }-
zfv dbsuslv iadkiftsjv jfsY dhbk rsqsY, kfvf rsh
} uffkhfnD; kfsk kfvf zbjft Kfjsh. (rCl } 23)
}

{ sn jfsu zffr JcwD rb, kf dhHfsh zffrv ubA hQ mcrfmflD
zKGf{, zffr dhwfnD icvN W dhwfnD bfvDslvsj mb lAfbnmCsrv kvDjf zbcpfqD jvf rq. dkbsev msLA sp sjfb jde sjfb jfsu
iadkwadk dlsq svsJsYb, spstfv dbbslsw hsk Kfjsh blDmftf, bf ifWqf sost sn jfu Hft jfu bq.
snJfsb kfvf zbjft Kfjsh. zfvW (iadkwadk dlsqsYb) dyvfqD jJsbf uffk pfWqfv jfvB vi htf rsqsY, kfvf mcntmfb dYt.
lAfbnmCsr (uffsk zflXsb) idh hfnfbnmCsrv. zfv zffrv ( ) }
nd rsY nhGfsi[f hV (dbqfmk). ef rsY zdk hV nItkf. () { ( )
(kfWhfr } 72)
zKGf{, sr zfmfv lfnoB! zfu skfmfslv sjfb Hq sb hQ skfmvf
} lc}dJkW rsh bf. pfvf zfmfv zfqfsk dhwfn jsvdYst hQ
( ) { zfknmiGBjfvD (mcndtm) dYst. skfmvf hQ skfmfslv nrLdmGBDoB
zKGf{, dbyq pfvf dhwfn jsvsY hQ Hft jfu jsvsY kfslv nfbsl uffsk iashw jv. (pcJvI } 68-70)
iadkiftj kfslv dhwfsnv jfvsB kfslvsj iK ialwGb jvshb, wfdv jJsbf v jfvB vi htf rsqsY, kfvf zffrv hflsk zfdvj
lAfbnmCsr kfslv (hfnfsbv) ktslw dlsq blDmftf iahfdrk dYt zKhf kfvf zffrv J]fde hflf dYt.
Kfjsh. (bcn } 9) ( ) ( ) }
() } ( ) { ( )
zKGf{, ksh pfvf zffrv dh-dy lfn, kfvf bq. kfslv ubA
zfsY dbLGfdvk vpD. h ItmCt hQ kfvf rsh nmfdbk, ncJmq
hfofbnmCsr. (nf-IXIfk } 40-43)
( ) { jJsbf uffskv rjlfvslv dhdH hflskv jKf sJ jvf rsqsY.
zKGf{, pfvf dhwfn vfsJ W n{jmG jsv, dm kfslvsj icvxk jdv. }
sp Hfstf jmG jsv, dm kfv jmGIt b jdv bf. kfslv ubA sY
fqD uffk; pfv dbmslsw blDnmCr iahfdrk. snKfq kfslvsj BG- ( )
jsB ztxk jvf rsh, kfvf idvLfb jvsh nC[ W XCt svwsmv nhcu ( )
h W nmfnDb rsh ncndk nsb; jk nclv sn icvfv W jk ( ) {
m sn waqt. (jfrXI } 30-31)
zKGf{, sjht kfvf zfmfv zfqfknmCr dhwfn jsv, pfslvsj Wv
() } fvf islw slWqf rst kfvf dnulfq tcdesq isV hQ kfslv
(){ iadkiftsjv niawQn idhkf W mdrmf sOfNBf jsv hQ zrQjfv
zKGf{, zfv pfvf kf]v dbje dhhfnD rsq W n{jmG jsv idk rsh, jsv bf. kfvf wpAf kAfo jsv zfjf[f W zfwQjfv nfsK kfslv
kfslv ubA zfsY nmcy mpGflfnmCr. fqD uffk pfv dbsy blDmftf iadkiftjsj Ffsj hQ zfdm kfslvsj sp vpD ialfb jsvdY, kf rsk
iahfdrk; snJfsb kfvf dyvfqD rsh. zfv icvfv kfslv pfvf kfvf lfb jsv. sj ufsb bf kfv ubA kfv jxkjsmGv dhdbmq vi
idh. (kfrf } 75-76) bqb-iaDdkjv dj icvfv tcdjsq vfJf rsqsY. (nfulfr } 15-17)
hst vfJf Hft sp, zfmt sbj, jmG n{ hf jfu Hft kJb rq, pJb jJsbf zfisl-dhisl W hftf-mnDhsk LpG W zffrv iv Hvnf
vfJfv dhdbmsq uffk tfsHv jKf htf rsqsY,
} zKGf{, dbyq pfvf dhwfn jsvsY hQ n{jfpGfhtD ni jsvsY,
zfv dbsuslv iadkiftsjv jfsY dhbk rsqsY, kfvf rsh
( )
uffkhfnD; kfsk kfvf zbjft Kfjsh. (rCl } 23)
( ) { jJsbf zffr-HDdksj uffk-tfsHv jfvB htf rsqsY.
zKGf{, pfvf dhwfn jsv W n{jfu jsv, zfdm zhwA kfslvsj ( ) { }
uffskv ncy iafnflnmCsr fb lfb jvh; pfv dbsy blDmftf iahfdrk zKGf{, sp hAd kfv iadkiftsjv nfmsb idk rWqfv Hq vfsJ,
Kfjsh, snJfsb kfvf dyvfqD rsh. n{jmGivfqBslv icvfv jk kfv ubA vsqsY lcde (uffskv) hfofb. (vfrmfb } 46)
m! pfvf LpG zhtb jsv W kfslv iadkiftsjv Wisv dbHGv zbcviHfsh jfsIvslv nfsK zvkf bf jvf hQ dbjefkDq
jsv. (zfbjfhCk } 58-59) rstW kfslv nfsK Hfstfhfnf bf vfJf uffk pfWqfv jde jfvB.
jJsbf mfb W Dsbv iv nciadkdk W zet Kfjfv dhdbmsq (mcuflftfr } 22)
uffk tfsHv jKf htf rsqsY. j ns jfdLj n{jmGsj uffk pfWqfv znDtf hst sJ jvf
} rsqsY. (vf'l } 19-24, mc'dmbCb } 1-11, mfzfdvu } 22-35)
( ) rflDsnW iHfsh sjfb sjfb jfsuv jfuDsj
uffkD htf rsqsY. zhwA iaskAj jfsuv nfsK mfb
() rt iCh-G wkG. lfrvB vi spmb }-
( ) { sr mfbcN! skfmvf nftfm iayfv jv, zlfb jv, fdk-hb z[c
zKGf{, dbyq pfvf hst, `zfmfslv iadkiftj zffr' kfviv kfsk vfJ hQ stfsjvf pJb Ocdmsq Kfsj kJb skfmvf bfmfp iV. kfrst
zdhydtk Kfsj, kfslv dbje dIdvf zhkDBG rq (hQ hst), skfmvf dbdhGsO uffsk iashw jvsk ifvsh. (dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr,
`skfmvf Hq sisqf bf, dydk rsqf bf hQ skfmfslvsj sp uffskv rfsjm,nrDr kfvoDh 610bQ)
iadkwadk slWqf rsqdYt kfv ncnQhfl bfW. rjfst zfmvf skfmfslv uffkD rt dkb iajfv hAd; bAfqivfqB lfbwDt kWIDjiaf
hc hQ ivjfstW; snJfsb skfmfslv ubA nm djYc vsqsY pf wfnj, lqfhfb hQ iaskAj zfkDq kKf mcndtsmv iadk sjfmt-rlq.
skfmfslv mb yfq, pf skfmvf zfjf[f jv. yvm [mfwDt, ivm lqftc zfv (zwDtkf W pff) sKsj idh nfbhfb hAd. (mcndtm)
zffrv i[ rsk rsh zfiAfqb.' (rf-mDm nfulfr } 30-32) zffr nchrfbf zkfzftf lcde stfjsj slsJ rfsnb, pfslv
} msLA jub zivubsj rkAf jsv hQ lc'ub uffsk iashw
jvsh. dbrk hAdsj zffrv isK pc jvf zhfq (sjfb jfsIv
() { ( ) jkxGj) rkAf jsv slWqf rt. isv zffr kfzftf rkAfjfvD
zKGf{, dbyq pfvf hst, `zfmfslv iadkiftj zffr' zk}iv jfsIvsj kWhf jvfv kfWIDj ialfb jsvb. Ist sn ntfm oarB
dhhfsn zdhydtk Kfsj, kfslv sjfb Hq sb hQ kfvf lc}dJkW rsh jsv zffrv vffq wrDl rsq pfq. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
bf. kfvf uffskv zdLhfnD snJfsb kfvf dyvfqD rsh, ef kfslv skfmvf zffrsj Hq jv, skfmfslv if]y Wqfsv (Ivp) bfmfp
jmGIt. (zfrjfI } 13-14) iV, skfmfslv vmpfb mfsnv svfpf vfJ, skfmfslv mfstv pfjfk
jJsbf dhbDk rWqfv dhdbmsq uffk tfsHv jKf htf rsqsY. zflfq jv hQ skfmfslv sbkf W wfnjsofDv zfbcokA jv (pdl
} kfslv zfslw wvDqk dhsvfLD bf rq), kfrst skfmvf skfmfslv iaHvc
( ) { uffsk iashw jvsh. (dkvdmpD)

jlf j hAd isK ytdYt. kfsj Jch diifnf tfot. zk}iv zfmfsj uffsk iashw jvfsh.' dkdb htstb, zffrv hsloD
sn jde jCi sit. nckvfQ sn kfsk sbsm ifdb ifb jvt. zk}iv jvsh, zfv kf]v nfsK sjfb djYcsj zQwDlfv dv jvsh bf. bfmfp
shv rsq slJsk sit sp, (WJfsb) jde jcjcv diifnfv uftfq duH jfsqm jvsh, pfjfk slsh hQ zfkDqkfv hb zece vfJsh.
shv jsv rf]ifsY W jflf y]fesY. stfjde (zsv) htt, diifnfv (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
kfVbfq zfdm sp ipGfsq si]ZsYdYtfm, jcjcvdeW sn ipGfsq si]ZsYsY. sp hAdsj zffr kfv lc syfqfstv mLAdk z (durf) W
zkh sn jCsi bfmt kfviv kfv yfmVfv smfufq ifdb HdkG jvt. lc'ifsqv mfUJfsbv z (tffb)v [dk sKsj mc vfJshb, sn
zk}iv sn kf mcsJ Lsv isv Et hQ jcjcvdesj ifdb ifb jvft. uffk iashw jvsh. (dkvdmpD rfnfb)
zffr kfzftf kfv zfmtsj jhct jvstb hQ kfsj [mf jsv zfmfv iaskAjde mk shsrs iashw jvsh, ksh sn bq sp
dlstb. nfrfhfoB htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! ykcil uv iadk (shsrX iashsw) zDjfv jvsh. htf rt, `zDjfv zfhfv sj
lqf ialwGsbW dj zfmfslv nWqfh rsh?' dkdb htstb, iaskAj jvsh sr zffrv vnCt?!' dkdb htstb, sp hAd zfmfv zbcnvB
uDshv iadk lqf ialwGsb sbjD vsqsY. jvsh, sn shsrs iashw jvsh. zfv sp zfmfv bfIvmfdb jvsh, sn
hcJfvDv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, zffr kfzftf kfv zfmtsj zfnst (shsrX iashsw) zDjfv jvsh. (hcJfvD 7280bQ)
jhct jvstb zk}iv kfsj [mf jsv uffsk iashw jvfstb. jlf j hAd bhD v dbje sn htt, `sr zffrv vnCt!
zfdm j hAdsj uffsk sOfvfsIvf jvsk slJtfm. sp zfmfsj mb zfmt dwdJsq slb; pf jvst zfdm uffk iashw jvsk
(ixdKhDsk) vffv mLA rsk jde ofY sjse ndvsq dlsqdYt, spde ifvh.' dkdb htstb, kcdm zffrv nfsK jfsj wvDj (zQwD)
mcndtmslvsj j dldYt. (mcndtm) jsvf bf; pdlW skfmfsj sn hAfifsv wfd slWqf rq hQ icdVsq smsv
sp hAd lc Eff (zKGf{, Iuv W zfnsvv) bfmfp iVsh, sn sItf rq. skfmfv mfkf-dikfv zfbcokA jv; pdlW kfvf skfmfsj
uffsk iashw jvsh. (hcJfvD-mcndtm) skfmfv Lb-nil hQ nm djYc sKsj lCv jvsk yfq. zfv Yfjxk
ydwde n{jmG zfsY kfv msLA ykm rt, lcL ifsbv ubA (sjfb bfmfp kAfo jsvf bf; jfvB, sp hAd Yfjxk bfmfp kAfo jsv kfv
ldvlasj) Yfot nfmdqjHfsh lfb jvf. sp sjfb zfmtjfvD v mLA iv sKsj zffrv lfdqk sE pfq. (kfhfvfbDv zfnfk, nrDr kfvoDh 566 bQ)
rsk sp sjfb jde n{jsmGv iv iadklfsbv zfwf j'sv W kfv sp hAd dbqmdbHfsh dlhfvfs hfsvf vfjzfk bfmfp iVsh sn
iadkwak icvfvsj nkA susb zfmXt jvsh, kfsj zffr kfv uffsk iashw jvsh; spfrsvv (Ivp bfmfspv) iCshG (j nftfsm) yfv
dhdbmsq uffsk iashw jvfshb. (hcJfvD) vfjzfk W isv lc vfjzfk, mfosvshv iv lc vfjzfk, wfv iv
sp hAd zffrv nfsK jfsj zQwDlfv jvsh bf, sn uffsk lc vfjzfk hQ Iusvv (Ivspv) iCshG lc vfjzfk. (bfnf, hQ
iashw jvsh. zfv sp hAd kfv nfsK sjfb dudbnsj zQwDlfv jvsh wdt k]fv, dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, nrDr kfvoDh 577bQ)
(hQ kWhf bf jsv zhfsk sn mxkcAhvB jvsh) sn ufrffsm mdrtf pJb kfv i]fy Wqfsv bfmfp zflfq jsv, kfv vmpfb
iashw jvsh. (mcndtm) mfsnv svfpf iftb jsv, (zShL spZbfyfv sKsj) kfv spZbfsj nQpk
sp hAdv swN jKf `tf tfrf ffr' rsh (zKGf{ jstmf vfsJ hQ kfv fmDv jKf W zfslwmk yst, kJb kfsj htf rq,
iVsk iVsk pfv mxkcA rsh), sn uffsk iashw jvsh. (zfhC lfl, rfsjm) uffskv sp lvuf dlsq Yf kcdm sn lvuf dlsq uffsk iashw
j hAd dbshlb jvt, sr zffrv vnCt! zfdm (nCvf) `jct jv. (hsb drfb, nrDt ufsm' 660 bQ)
Wqff zfrfl' Hfthfdn. dkdb htstb, v Hfthfnf skfmfsj
uffsk iashw jvfsh. (dkvdmpD, hcJfvD dhdY nbsl) uffskv iK nru bq
jde stfj bhD -sj htt, `zfmfsj mb jde zfmt htcb, pf uffk tfsHv iK dbyq nru bq. hvQ sn iK hV hcv, hV

jsv. isv yVf dj nru rsk ifsv? ohAst si]ZsY pfq. nfhLfb! zffrv iBA hV zff. swfsbf!
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, ufrffmsj msbfstfHf dudbnnmCr fvf zffrv iBA rt uffk. (dkvdmpD, rfnfb)
dOsv slWqf rsqsY hQ uffksj dOsv slWqf rsqsY jnfLA jmGnmCr htf hftA sp, uffk W kfv ncJ-nfmoaD spmb zmCtA, skmdb
fvf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm) uffkD nclvD ncbqbf vDslv smfrvW zsbj shdw. nckvfQ sp mb
nckvfQ uffk sisk rst msbfstfHf dudbn sKsj mbsj dhvk ncJ yfq hQ mb D yfq, sn dj iadk bf dbsq hsn Kfjsk ifsv?
vfJsk rsh, stfHbDq jfmbf-hfnbf sKsj mbsj hdk jvsk rsh.
sJqft-JcwD msk ytf rsk dhvk Kfjsk rsh. mb pf yfq, kf jvf uffkDvf ufrffmDslv Wqfsvn rsh
rsk lCsv Kfjsk rsh. zfv kfsk j rsh, Ist LpG Lvsk rsh. sp
jfsu mb zfbl ifsh, nfLfvBk} sn jfu rt ufrffsmv. zfv sp jcvzfb jfvDsm htf rsqsY, uffkDvf uffskv Wqfsvn rsh.
jfsu j zfsY, sn jfu nfLfvBk} uffskv. () { ( ) }
mrfbhD hstsYb, zffr pJb uffk-ufrffm nxd jvstb, zKGf{, (zhwA dhwfdnoB nItjfm rsqsY. pfvf dbsuslv bfmfsp
kJb duhaftsj uffskv dlsj ifdEsq htstb, `pfW, uffk hQ dhbq-bma.)|||||kfvf rsh vfdLjfvD. vfdLjfvD rsh dIvlfsnv;
kfv zdLhfnDslv ubA iakjxk nfmoaD lwGb jv.' nckvfQ dkdb pfsk kfvf dyvfqD rsh. (mc'dmbCb } 10-11)
sostb hQ lwGb j'sv dIsv sn htstb, `zfibfv nmfsbv jnm! ( ) { }
sp sj v jKf bsh, sn sk iashw jvsk yfsh.' zk}iv zffr zKGf{, de uffk, skfmvf skfmfslv jsmGv Itvi pfv zdLjfvD
uffksj jnfLA jmGnmCr dlsq dOsv dlsk zfslw jvstb. kfviv rsqY. (pcJvI } 72)
zfhfv k]fsj htstb, `pfW, uffk hQ kfv zdLhfnDslv ubA ( ) { }
iakjxk nfmoaD lwGb jv.' nckvfQ dkdb sostb hQ lwGb j'sv dIsv
zKGf{, rt sn uffk pfv zdLjfvD jvh zfdm zfmfv lfnslv
sn htstb, `zfibfv nmfsbv jnm! zfmfv zfwf rq sp, sj
msLA nQpmwDtsj. (mfvqAfm } 63)
kfsk iashw jvsk ifvsh bf.'
zk}iv zffr k]fsj ufrffsmv dlsj ifdEsq htstb, `pfW, }
ufrffm hQ kfv zdLhfnDslv ubA iakjxk nfmoaD lwGb jv.' ( ) {
nckvfQ dkdb sostb hQ slJstb, kfv zfsbv j zQw ziv zKGf{, kfvf (iashw j'sv) htsh, ìawQnf zffrv, dpdb
zQswv iv sysi vsqsY. zk}iv dkdb dIsv sn htstb, zfmfslvsj slWqf kf]v iadkwadk iCBG jsvsYb hQ zfmfslvsj
`zfibfv nmfsbv jnm! sp sj v jKf bsh, sn sk iashw HCdmv zdLjfvD jsvsYb; zfmvf uffsk pKf Yf hnhfn jvh.
jvsk yfsh bf.' kfviv ufrffmsj msbfstfHf dudbnnmCr dlsq nlfyfvDslv icvfv jk m!' (pcmfv } 74)
dOsv dlsk zfslw jvstb hQ icbvfq k]fsj htstb, `pfW, ufrffm dj Wqfsvn mfsb mcWqfdvGn zfsY. zfv sn mcWqfdvGn rt
hQ kfv zdLhfnDslv ubA iakjxk nfmoaD lwGb jv.' nckvfQ dkdb jfsIvlt. spsrkc kfvf uffskv rjlfv rsk ifvk, dj dbsuslv
sostb hQ lwGb j'sv dIsv sn htstb, `zfibfv nmfsbv jnm! slfsN sn rj sKsj hdk rsq ufrffsm pfsh. zfv kfslv ufqofv
zfmfv zfwf rq sp, sj idvfB ifsh bf, nhf kfsk iashw vfdLjfvD hfbfsbf rsh mcndtmoBsj.
jvsh.' (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, n} kfvoDh 3669bQ) vfnCtcfr hstsYb, djqfmskv dlb zffr iaskAj mcntmfbsj
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, sp hAd oHDv vfdsj Hq jsv, sn spb jub qflD zKhf Jxfbsj dlsq htshb, skfmfv ufrffm
nAf vfs nIv v jsv. zfv sp hAd nAfvfs ytsk tfso, sn sKsj hf]yfv mcdiB. (mcndtm)

jKfv zKG zbA j rflDsn hdBGk rsqsY; ìaskAsjv ubA shsrs
jde dbdlG fb zfsY hQ slfpsJW zfsY. nckvfQ mc'dmb pJb
shsrs iashw jvsh, kJb slfpsJ kfv tfdHdN rsh jfsIv.'
(hsb mfufr)
uffsk icvsNv nQJAf shwD rsh,
spsrkc sn kfv jcIvDv jfvsB kfv ipc. zfv `mcdiB' zKG bf bfvDv nQJAf?
sp, kcdm slfpsJv nmcJDb dYst; dj de rt skfmfv mcdv dhdbmq. isvfddJk zfstfybfq hcUf pfq, bfvDvf zdLjfQw ufrffmD rsh.
spsrkc mrfb zffr slfpJ Hvdk jvfv ubA jde nQJAf dbLGfdvk kfv mfsb dj bq sp, uffsk bfvDv nQJAf jm rsh. zfnst
svsJsYb. nckvfQ kfvf pJb kfslv jcIvD W ifsiv jfvsB snJfsb uffsk uffkD vDslvsj dbsq bfvDv nQJAf zdLj rsh. zhwA
iashw jvsh, kJb kfvf rsh mc'dmbslv `mcdiB.' zfv mcdmbvf rsh jKfW nkA sp, lcdbqfv mdrtfslv zdLjfQw ufrffmD rsh.
jfsIvslv Wqfsvn. mrfbhD hstsYb, (uffsk) uffkDslv if rsh sBGv, kfslv
ofsqv Ofm rsh jvDv bAfq ncomq. kfslv iaskAsjv ubA mb
uffskv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD jfvf? lc'ub D Kfjsh, pfslv snZlspGv lvb mfQn sHl j'sv ifsqv btfv
rfsVv mf slJf pfsh. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
uffskv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD rsh ldv W lcht G swaBDv mfbcN. nckvfQ icvsNv kctbfq bfvDv nQJAf dB rsh uffsk. zfv
mfbcsNv jfsY lcht G . mfbcN pfsj kfv dhbsqv jfvsB sYfe Hfhsh, ufrffsmW icvsNv kctbfq bfvDv nQJAf shwD rsh. ksh kfvf nhf
ovDdhv jfvsB [c Hfhsh, kfv Hkfsj lcht G kf msb jvsh, kfv rsh lcdbqfv smsq.
iv zkAfyfv jvsh.
mrfbhD hstb, skfmfslv nhsysq Jfvfi smsq kfvf, pfvf
bhD hstsYb, zfdm shsrsv msLA kfdjsq slJtfm, kfv shilGf, zrQjfvD, kfvf jie bfvD, kfslv msLA tft vsMv sE]fe W if-
zdLjfQw zdLhfnD ovDhslv lt. zfv slfpsJv dlsj kfdjsq dhdw jfsjv mk (dhvt) nQJAj shsrs pfsh. (hfrfjD)
slJtfm, kfv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD mdrtf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) Hfhhfv dhNq sp, lcdbqfsk swaBDv mdrtf shwD. zfsvf sp jfvsB
zfdm skfmfslvsj uffkDslv nisjG zhdrk jvh bf dj? (kfvf mdrtfvf zdLjfQw ufrffsm pfsh, kfW kfslv mfsU jm bq.
rt) iaskAj lcht G hAd hQ mb hAd pfsj lcht G msb jvf rq. sn
jlf bhD (mdrtfslvsj nsfLb j'sv) htstb, sr mdrtf
pdl zffrv bfsm jnm Jfq, kfrst kf dkdb dbyq icvf j'sv slb.
njt! skfmvf nfljfr-Jqvfk jvsk Kfj W zdLjmffq doIfv
zfdm skfmfslvsj ufrffmDslv nisjG zhdrk jvh bf dj? (kfvf
jv. jfvB zfdm skfmfslvsj ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfnDvsi
rt) iaskAj vP Hfh, jdEb rlq lfdj hAd. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
slJtfm. jub mdrtf dbshlb jvt, `zfmfslv zdLjfQw
jlf uffk W ufrffsmv dhhfl rt. ufrffm htt, `zfmfv
ufrffmD rWqfv jfvB jD? sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb,
msLA k W zrQjfvD stfsjvf Kfjsh.' zfv uffk htt, `lcht G W
skfmvf zdHwfi shdw jv hQ dbu fmDv zjxkkf jv. hcd W
ldvla hAdvf zfmfv dHksv hnhfn jvsh.' zk}iv zffr kfzftf
LsmG ziCBG rWqf nsW dhy[B hAdv iv skfmfslv yfsk zfv
kfslv msLA Ifqnftf jvstb sp, `kcdm uffk zfmfv vrmk, skfmfv
jfsj shdw iaHfh Jfefsk sldJdb. mdrtfde zfhfv dbshlb jvt,
fvf zfdm pfv iadk Yf zbcoar jvh. hQ kcdm ufrffm zfmfv
`hcd W LsmGv s[s ziCBGkf jD?' dkdb htstb, lc'ub bfvDv nf[A
wfd, skfmfv fvf zfdm pfsj Yf wfd slh. zfv skfmfslv Hqsj
jde icvsNv nf[A nmkctA. (ianshfv Jcb W mfdnj zfnfv)
idviCBG jvf zfmfv lfdqk. (mcndtm)
dlbdtsk mdrtf bfmfp iVf h vfsJ. (mcndtm)
uffsk mb stfj iashw jvsh pfslv zv rsh ifJDv zsvv
mrfbhD hstb, zfdm slJtfm, ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfdnbD
mk. (mcndtm)
rt mdrtf. nfrfhfoB dufnf jvstb, `kf jD ubA sr zffrv kfv mfsqv ubA ufrffm sKsj ilGf rsh.) (hcJfvD 101 bQ, mcndtm 2633 bQ)
vnCt?' htstb, kfslv jcIvDv ubA. k]fvf htstb, `zffrv nfsK htf hftA sp, sp zisvv ubA ufrffsmv ilGf rsh, sn dj
jcIvD?' dkdb htstb, (bf, kfvf fmDv jcIvD (zjxkkf) W ufrffsm pfsh? hvQ Hsq uffsk pfsh. zfv jKf iHfsh
dbmjrfvfdm jsv. kfslv jfsvf iadk pdl nfvf uDhb rnfbD jv, jfdLj rflDsnW snsY sp, mc'dmbslv dw-nfbvfW uffsk pfsh.
zk}iv sn pdl skfmfv dbje nfmfbA de t[A jsv, kfrst h'st (} Ifkt hfvD 3/245)
hsn, skfmfv dbje sjfb mt slJtfm bf zfdm! (hcJfvD, mcndtm) dwvf dikfmfkfv ubA uffsk iCh-G siadvk hAhfisjv mk
rsh. kfvf hafrDm bhD -v kfhLfsb mLAuosk hfn jvsh.
mxk dwslv uffk-ufrffm ksh dbdlGHfsh sjfb dwsj uffkD hst zfJAfqb jvf pfsh bf.
jKf dhdlk sp, jfsIv jcIvDv jfvsB ufrffsm pfsh, zfv mc'dmb spmb uffskv jfu jvstW dbdlG j'sv sjfb mcndtmsj ùffkD'
mfsbv jfvsB pfsh uffsk. dj kfslv zhf jD rsh, pfslv jcIvD hst dhwfn jvf pfsh bf. (mfumC IfkfWqf 4/281)
mfb sb. dw, ifot W mb mfbcN, pfv jfsY ntfsmv lfWqfk i[fsv jfsIvslv dw-nfb, zbcvi pfvf iajxk ntfm
zfslZ si]ZsYdb, kfv zhf ivjfst jD rsh? nisjG djYc ufsbdb, wcsbdb kfslv jfsY hQ ifotslv jfsY
mc'dmbslv dw uffkD dikf-mfkfv nfsK uffsk pfsh. mrfb djqfmsk zffrv zfbcoskAv iv j ivD[f sbWqf rsh. kfsk
zffr hstb, pfvf DBG rsh, kfvf uffkhfnD hQ zhdw slfpJhfnD rsh.
(kfInDv hsb jfNDv 3/29-32)
}
( ) { ufrffmDv kctbfq uffkDv nQJAf
zKGf{, pfvf dhwfn jsv zfv kfslv nfb-ndk dhwfsn kfslv ufrffmDslv kctbfq uffkDslv nQJAf sbrfk jm. lcdbqfv
zbcofmD rq, kfslv nfsK dmdtk jvh kfslv nfb-ndksj hQ mfbcsNv iadk t[A jvst sn nQJAf boBA rWqfv jKf. jfsIvslv
kfslv jmGIt zfdm djYcmf rafn jvh bf. iaskAj hAd dbu mfsU mcndtmslv nQJAf jk? zfhfv mcndtmslv mfsU iajxk
jxkjsmGv ubA lfqh. (kCv } 21) mcndtmslv nQJAf jk?
dwvf Lc uffsk pfsh kf bq, hvQ dikf-mfkf slfpJ pfWqfv (djqfmsk dIdvfslvsj jcm jvf rsh sp,) `skfmvf Wslvsj
rjlfv rst, mrfb zffrv jfsY ncifdvw j'sv kfslvsj shsrwXsk KfmfW. kfslvsj dufnfhfl jvf rsh.' kfviv htf rsh, `Wslv mLA
zfbfv syf jvsh. sKsj ufrffsm siadvkhA lt shv jsv bfW.' dufnf jvf rsh, `jk
bhD hstb, sn nfv wiK; p]fv rfsk zfmfv iafB zfsY! sKsj jk?' htf rsh, ìadk rfufsv bqw' dbvfb ub.' hk}
oHGycAk (mxk) dw kfv bfdHv bfVD Lsv dbsuv mfkfsj shsrsv dlbde k HqQjv rsh sp, dwsj hx hfdbsq slsh hQ dlsb
dlsj sesb dbsq pfsh---pdl mf (kfv oHGifk rWqfv nmq) (mrfb zffr dbu) ifsqv sofYf zbfhxk jvshb. (mcndtm)
nWqfshv zfwf vfsJ ksh. (nrDr hsb mfufr 1305bQ) hsb mfnl hstb, zfmvf iafq ydw ub mfbcN vfnCtcfr -
zbA j hBGbf zbcpfqD, sn kfv dikf-mfkfv jfiV Lsv uffsk v ns jde kf]hcsk dYtfm. zk}iv dkdb htstb, skfmvf dj
dbsq pfsh. (dn} nrDrfr 432bQ) iYl jv sp, skfmvf uffkhfnDslv j ykcKfGQw rsh? zfmvf
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp mdrtfv dkbde dw mfvf pfsh, sn httfm, uD r]Af. dkdb htstb, skfmvf dj uffkhfnDslv j
mdrtfv ubA dwvf ufrffm sKsj ilGf vi rsh. j mdrtf kxkDqfQw rsk iYl jv? zfmvf httfm, uD r]Af. dkdb htstb, k]fv
htt, ` zfv lcde mfvf sost?' dkdb htstb, lcde mfvf sostW. (kfvf wiK, p]fv rfsk mcrfmfslv iafB zfsY, zfdm lxPHfsh iakAfwD sp,

uffkhfnDslv zsLGj skfmvf rsh. ef ubA sp, Lcmf mcndtm ( ) {
iafB YfVf zbA sj uffsk iashw jvsh bf. zfv mcwdvjslv kctbfq zKGf{, (nvB jv) pJb dIdvfoB hstdYt, `sr mfvqAfm! zffr
skfmvf vi, spvi jfstf htslv ofsq (jde) nflf stfm zKhf tft zhwA skfmfsj msbfbDk W idh jsvsYb hQ dhshv bfvDslv msLA
htslv ofsq (jde) jfstf stfm. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) skfmfsj dbhGfdyk jsvsYb. (zfst mvfb } 42)
j hBGbfq htf rsqsY, uffkDslv 120 jfkfv rsh, kfv msLA 80
jfkfv mcrfmflD mfskv hQ hfjD 40 zbAfbA mkslv.
(dkvdmpD, lfsvmD, hfrfjD) nckvfQ uffkDslv lc-kxkDqfQw
uDhwfq uffskv ncnQhfliaf mfbcN
mskv stfj rsh. jKf dhdlk sp, njt zfdqf (zftfdrmcn nftfm) uffkD.
sjht mskv uffkDv rfv rsh dkqfsvv jde. zffrv mrfbhD jkGxj lwub nfrfhD js uffskv ncnQhfl sisqdYstb.
(zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD iamcJ) ]slvsj `zfwfvfsq mchfwXwfvfr' htf
vnCt hstb, qflD jfv lst hQ dJafb hfrfv lst
dLfdhH rsqsY. zfv mk dkqfv lst dhH rsh. pfv rq. ]slv msLA vsqsYb yfv JtDIf.
msLA jde YfVf hfjD nh j'de ufrffsm pfsh. zk}iv jde zfhC mCnf zfwzfvD rsk hdBGk, jlf dkdb dbu hfdVsk WpC jsv
lt ians dufdnk rst dkdb htstb, kfvf rt ufmfzfk. sp hfsv sostb hQ (msb msb) htstb sp, zfu zfdm zhwA zffrv
ufmfzfk zfdm W zfmfv nfrfhf sp mkflswGv iv zfdY, kfv iv vnCt -v nfryspG Kfjh. nckvfQ dkdb mndusl dosq zffrv vnCt
iadkdk Kfjsh. (ncbfb zfvhfzfr, dmwjfk 171-172, dntdntfr nrDrfr nisjG dufnfhfl jvstb. nfrfhDoB v dlstb sp, dkdb
203, 1492bQ) dlsj omb jsvsYb. zfhC mCnf hstb, zfdm kf]v iyfsk ytsk
Kfjtfm hQ kf]v ns dufnf jvsk Kfjtfm. swN ipG dkdb
uffskv nlGfvoB `zfvDn' jcqfv (ndjehkDG jde hfofsb) iashw jvstb. zfdm
uffsk nhf pchj-pchkD. khcW ifdKGh uDhsbv iadk t[A svsJ (hfofsbv) iashw fsvv ifsw hsn Kfjtfm. swN ipG vfnCtcfr
uffsk hxslv nlGfv Kfjshb hQ pchjslvW nlGfv Kfjshb, spmb siwfh-ifqJfbf nmfLf jsv WpC jvstb. zk}iv zfdm sE kf]v dlsj
nlGfv Kfjshb mdrtfslvW. zoanv rtfm. slJtfm, dkdb `zfvDn' jcqfv ifsVv mfUJfsb ifsqv
hxslv nlGfv rshb zfhC hfjXv W mfv (vfdpqff zfbmf). (dn} btf Jcst if lcsef kfsk Ucdtsq hsn zfsYb. zfdm kf]sj nftfm dlsq
nrDrfr 824bQ) zfhfv dIsv sn iashw isK hsn vtfm. zfv msb msb httfm sp,
pchjslv nlGfv rshb rfnfb W nfb (vfdpqff zfbmf). zfu zfdm zhwA zffrv vnCstv fv v[j rh. nckvfQ zfhC hfjXv
(dkvdmpD, rfsjm, kfhfvfbD, zfrmfl) sn lvufq Lff dlstb. zfdm dufnf jvtfm, `zfidb sj?'
mdrtfslv msLA swa uffkhfdnbD rshb JflDuf, Ifskmf, mfvqAfm W dkdb sv htstb, `zfhC hfjXv.' zfdm httfm, `jec Kfmcb.'
zfdnqf. (dn} nrDrfr 1508bQ) kfviv zfdm zffrv vnCt -v dbje dosq dbshlb jvtfm, `sr
mrfbhD mxkcAv iCshG hstdYstb, sr Ifskmf! kcdm dj ef iYl zffr vnCt! db zfhC hfjXv, iashw jvfv zbcmdk yfsYb.' dkdb
jv bf sp, mc'dmb bfvDslv kcdm nlGfv rsh zKhf mskv bfvDslv htstb, `Wsj zbcmdk lfW. zfv kfv nfsK uffskv ncnQhfl ufdbsq
nlGfv rsh? (hcJfvD, wfhtD mcndtsmv) lfW.' nckvfQ zfdm zfhC hfjXv -v dbje sn httfm, ìashw
zhwA mfvqAfm k]fslv msLA nhGswa bfvD. spsrkc dkdb jub jvb. zfv vfnCtcfr zfibfsj uffskv ncnQhfl ufbfsYb.'
bhDv mf. zfv k]fv ubA mrfb zffr hstsYb, zfhC hfjXv iashw jvstb hQ jcqfv ifsV vfnCtcfr -v Ffb dlsj
} ifsqv btfv jfiV kcst if lcJfdb jcqfsk Ucdtsq vfnCtcfr -v

mk hsn iVstb. 4. pfql dhb rfsvNfr . (n} ufsm' 3361bQ)
zfdm icbvfq fv iafs dIsv sn hsn sotfm. zfdm msb msb 5. pfql dhb zfmXv dhb bcIft . ( 3362bQ)
httfm, zfmfv Hfsj WpC jvf zhfq sYsV sndY; (WpCv isv) sn 6. rfsvNfr dhb bc'mfb . (dkvdmpD, rfsjm)
zfmfv iyfsk zfnsh. zffr pdl kfv ubA jtAfB yfb, kfrst kfsj 7. dhtft dhb vfhfr .
(Jfsb) zfbshb. rEf{ jde stfj sn lvuf bVft. zfdm dufnf jlf vfnCtcfr dhtft -sj swA j'sv htstb, sr
jvtfm, sj? sn htt, mfv dhb Jffh. zfdm httfm, jec Kfmcb. dhtft! zfmfsj nhGfdLj zfwfial zfmt ht, pf kcdm ntfm oarsBv
zk}iv zfdm vnCt -v jfsY sn dbshlb jvtfm sp, db mfv. iv hfhfdqk jsvY. sjbbf, zfdm (dm'vfsuv vfsk) uffskv msLA
iashw zbcmdk yfsYb. dkdb htstb, Wsj zbcmdk lfW hQ WsjW zfmfv nmcsJ skfmfv uckfv w sbdY. dhtft htstb,
uffskv ncnQhfl ufbfW. nckvfQ zfdm mfsvv dbje sn httfm, `zfmfv lxdsk v yfsk shwD zfwfial mb sjfb zfmt jdvdb sp,
vfnCtcfr zfibfsj iashw zbcmdk dlsYb hQ uffskv H zfdm pJb vfk-dlsbv msLA sp sjfb nmq idhkf zuGb (WpC,
nQhflW ufbfsYb. nckvfQ dkdb dHksv iashw jvstb hQ jcqfv sofnt hf kfqfmcm) jsvdY, kJb kkecjc bfmfp idV, pkecjc bfmfp
ifsV zffrv vnCt -v hfm ifsw jcqfq if Ucdtsq hsn iVstb. iVf zfmfv HfsoA dtdih Kfsj.' (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zfdm zfhfv snJfsb dIsv sn hsn iVtfm. zfv msb msb htsk 8. zfhcl lfrlfr . db sJucsvv sofef hfofb lfb jsvdYstb.
Kfjtfm, zffr pdl zfmfv Hfsqv mt yfb, kfrst zhwA kfsj kfv ubA mrfbhD k]fsj hstdYstb, zfhc lfrlfv dbdms uffsk
dbsq zfnshb. (kAhnsv) rEf{ jde stfj lvuf bVft. zfdm jk dhwft sJucv ofY (W sJucv) vsqsY! (zfrmfl 3/146, rfsjm 3/20)
dufnf jvtfm, `zfidb sj?' sn htt, `zfdm nmfb hsb 9. zvfjfr dhb bfWIft . (rfsjm, n} ufsm' 7197bQ)
zfIXIfb.' zfdm httfm, `jec Kfmcb.' kfviv zfdm vfnCtcfr -
v dbje sn k]fv nisjG zhdrk jvtfm. dkdb htstb, `Wsj
zbcmdk lfW. zfv uffskv ncnQhfl ufbfW. ksh Wv uDhsb dhipGq
uffk sjfb zfmstv mCtA bq
zfsY.' zfdm dIsv sn kf]sj httfm, ìashw jvb. zfv vfnCtcfr uffk dhwft zmCtA dudbn. uffk sjfb zfmstv dhdbmq bq.
sjfb zfmt fvf q jvf nh bq. zfmt rt uffk tfH jvfv
zfibfsj uffskv ncnQhfl ufbfsYb. ksh zfibfv dhipGq
jfvB hf znDtf mf. uffk zffrv zbcoar, pf dkdb k]fv zbcok
zfsY.' nckvfQ dkdb snJfsb iashw j'sv slJstb sp, jcqfv j ifV
hflfv iadk n rsq icvfv vi lfb jvshb.
iCBG rsqsY. Ist dkdb kf]slv nfmsbv ziv ifsV dosq hsn sostb.
(hcJfvD-mcndtm) mrfbhD hstb, skfmvf (zfmst) zdkvb W zhf ialwGb
ykcKG JtDIf zftD dhb zfhD kfsth . zfv zhdw rstb } jsvf bf. skfmvf ncnQhfl bfW W susb vfJ sp, skfmfslv msLA sj
kftrf, pchfv, zfcv vrmfb dhb zfWI, nf'l dhb zfhD zfn, zfv bf zfdm (zffrv vrmk YfVf) dbu zfmstv hst idvfB sisk
nfl dhb pfql W zfhC hflfr . ifvh. pdl bf zffr zfmfsj k]fv jvBf W zbcoar fvf zfYfdlk
YfVfW p]fvf ixdKhDsk ùffkD' hst sOfdNk rsqsYb, k]fvf jsvb. (zfrmfl, mcndtm, hsb mfufr)
rstb } pdl sjfb hAdsj zffrv ndv isK kfv umdlb sKsj dbsq
hx rsq mxkcAdlb ipG mfdev iv hcV j'sv sesb dbsq shVfsbf rq,
1. wrDlosBv nlGfv rfmpfr dhb zfdt mcfdth . (n} ufsm'
3569bQ) khcW djqfmskv dlb sn kf kcY msb jvsh! (zfrmfl iamcJ, nrDt
ufsm' 5249bQ)
2. uf'Iv dhb zfhD kfsth . (dkvdmpD, zfhC qAf'tf, rfsjm)
mrfb zffr hstb,
3. zfcfr dhb nftfm . (zfrmfl, kfhfvfbD, rfsjm)

() { } (pfslv ykf rsh) Nfe rfk ipG. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
zKGf{, sj ufsb bf kfv ubA kfv jxkjsmGv dhdbmq vi bqb- hcJfvD-mcndtsmv zfv j hBGbfq zfsY, (uffsk) kfslv if rsh
iaDdkjv dj icvfv tcdjsq vfJf rsqsY. (nfulfr } 17) sBGv, kfslv ofsqv Ofm rsh jvDv bAfq ncomq. kfslv iaskAsjv
ubA mb lc'ub D Kfjsh, pfslv snZlspGv lvb mfQn sHl jsv
( ) { }
ifsqv btfv rfsVv mf slJf pfsh. kfslv msLA sjfb mksHl Kfjsh
zKGf{, (kfslvsj zfrhfb j'sv htf rsh sp,) `skfmvf pf jvsk bf. ifvidvj dhsN Kfjsh bf. kfslv njstv zv jde zsvv
kfv iadklfsb skfmfslvsj uffskv vfdLjfvD jvf rsqsY.' mk rsh. kfvf njft-nAfq kfnhDr ifsE vk Kfjsh.
(zf'vfI } 43)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, uffkhfnDvf uffskv msLA ifbfrfv jvsh;
v mfsb bq sp, uffk jxk zfmstv dhdbmq. hvQ jxk
dj ifqJfbf jvsh bf, kfvf bfj UfVsh bf, siwfhW jvsh bf. hvQ
zfmstv jfvsB zKhf jxk zfmstv icvfv vi uffkDvf uffk
kfslv Jfhfv sTjcv W jvDh{ ncomq Ofm (rsq slr sKsj shv
tfH jvsh.
rsq pfsh). kfslv msLA kfnhDr W kfjhDv iVfv qQdq wd
iad[ rsh, spmb hfndqfv wd qQdq jvf rsqsY. (mcndtm)
uffkDslv zfjxdk-iajxdk dkdb zfsvf hstb, uffkDvf uffsk iashw jvsh, kJb kfvf
mrfb zffr hstb, stfm W wwadhrDb rsh. spb kfslv syfsJ ncmGf tfofsbf rsqsY. kfslv
( ) ( ) } hqn rsh (dw zKhf) skdw. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD)
( ) { lcdbqfsk dhwafm oarBjfvDvf dhwafm sbq. sjfb jfd sKsj zfvfm sbq
zKGf{, icBAhfboB skf Kfjsh ivm fYslA . kfvf ncndk zfnsb W oHDvHfsh dbf pfq. uffsk sjfb jfd sb, dbf sb. dbf rst
hsn slJsk Kfjsh. kcdm kfslv mcJmst fYslAv nuDhkf slJsk sp zfvfm W zfbl yst pfsh. kfYfVf dbf rt j iajfv mxkcA.
ifsh. (mckfIXdIIDb } 22-24) uffsk sjfb iajfv mxkcA sb. (dn} nrDrfr 1087bQ)
uffkDoB uffsk idviCBG sbqfmk tfH jvsh. dbu slr W
zfjxdk-iajxdkskW idviCBG wd W snZlpG tfH jvsh. njst zfdl lcdbqfv ncJnfmoaDv nfsK uffskv
dikf zflm -v mk lDOG slrD rsh Nfe rfk. kfslv rlqW rsh ncJ-nfmoaDv kctbf
jde mfbcsNv rlsqv mskf, idh W dbmGt. lcdbqfv ncJnfmoaDv nfsK uffskv ncJnfmoaDv sjfb kctbf rq bf.
uffsk uffkDvf znDm vihfb W vihkD rsh. kfslv dj h hflfv mfb hV lcht G , dhwfn hV [DB. kfvf nfmsb spef ifq,
ziasqfubDq sjfb stfm Kfjsh bf. icvNslv so]fI-lfdVW Kfjsh bf. snefsj swa msb jsv, rfsk rfsk bol spef ifq, snef swN ifWqf
y[cpcot rsh jfuthvB. njst rsh 33 hYsvv pchj. Hfsh. kfslv mb hst,
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, uffskv iaKm iashwjfvD ltdev zfjxdk `bol pf ifW rfk sisk bfW, hfjDv Jfkf wCbA Kfj,
iCdBGmf vfskv yf]slv mk rsh. zk}iv kfslv ivhkGD ltde zfjfswv lCv zfWqfsuv tfH jD sb, mfUJfsb sp shufq I]fj.'
nhsysq t b[sv bAfq suAfdkmGq rsh. kfvf (uffsk) siwfh sj hst,
jvsh bf, ifqJfbf jvsh bf, KcKc sItsh bf, bfj UfVsh bf. kfslv `nh hAKfv WNcL zfsY, rqskf hf kf sb,
dyvBD rsh sBGv. kfslv Ofm rsh jvDv bAfq ncomq. kfslv Kfsj pdl rfk sisk bfW, sysqf bf ztDjsj.'
Lcbcdysk Kfjsh nco jfE. kfslv D rsh zfqkstfybf voB. kfvf sj hst,
njst jde mfbh jfEfsmf, zfdl dikf zflsmv zfjxdksk rsh `sjfKfq zfsY oG-bvj, sj hst kf hlCv?
mfbcsNv mfsU oG-bvj, mfbcsNsk ncvfncv.' mvfb } 14-15)
zKy mrfb nxdjkGf dhwfn nclPx jvfv ubA jk wkHfsh hqfb }
dlsqsYb. hfvhfv hstsYb, ivstfsjv nil rstfsjv nil ( ) {
zsi[f swa. [BfqD uDhbsj iafLfbA dlsq dyvfqD uDhbsj hvhfl
zKGf{, hk} skfmfslvsj pf djYc slWqf rsqsY, kf ifdKGh uDhsbv
jvsk hfvB jsvsYb. spmb }-
sHfo; dj zffrv dbje pf zfsY, kf m W dyvfqD kfslv ubA,
} pfvf dhwfn jsv W kfslv iadkiftsjv Wiv dbHGv jsv. (wCvf } 36)
( ) { ( ) { ( ) }
zKGf{, dj pfvf kfslv iadkiftjsj Hq jsv, kfslv ubA vsqsY zKGf{, hvQ skfmvf ifdKGh uDhbsj iafLfbA dlsq Kfj. zKy
uffk; pfv iflslsw blDmftf iahfdrk, snJfsb kfvf fqD rsh. rt ivjfstv uDhb m W dyvfqD. (zf'tf } 16-17)
zffrv i[ rsk zfdkKA. zfv zffrv dbje pf zfsY kf sHsh slJf spsk ifsv sp, ivjfstv nil zdLj swa sjb?
icBAhfbslv ubA m. (zfst mvfb } 198) ifdKGh nil W sHfodhtfn nDdmk, dj ifvstZdjj nil W
} sHfodhtfn znDm. mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { () { }
zKGf{, zfdm kfslv dhdH swaBDsj ivD[f jvfv ubA ifdKGh uDhsbv zKGf{, ht, ìfdKGh sHfo zdk nfmfbA hQ sp LmGHDv kfv ubA
snZlpG-vi sHfo-dhtfsnv sp ijvB dlsqdY, kfv iadk kcdm ivjft m. zfv skfmfslv iadk sJucsvv z]fdev Ifest ncskf
jJsbfW skfmfv y[clq ianfdvk jsvf bf. skfmfv iadkiftsjv hvfhv (nfmfbA idvmfB)W pctcm jvf rsh bf.' (dbnf } 77)
uDdhjf {jxkv W fqD. (kfrf } 131) vfnCtcfr hstsYb, zfsJvfskv mcjfshtfq lcdbqfv lxf vi,
} spvi skfmfslv sj nmcsla zfct Fchfq hQ (kf shv jsv) slsJ sp,
zfctde nmcslav jkecjc ifdb dbsq dIvsY. (mcndtm)

pfvf znDm ivjfstv iv nnDm rjftsj iafLfbA slq, kfslvsj
( ) islw dlsq hstb,
}
( ) {
zKGf{, bfvD, nfb-ndk, umfjxk snfbf-vifv Hffv, iYln ( ) {
(dydrk) sOfVf, ykcil u W s[k-Jfmfsvv iadk zfnd mfbcsNv zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmfslv dj rstf sp, pJb skfmfslvsj
dbje stfHbDq jvf rsqsY. nh ruDhsbv sHfoA h. zfv zffrv isK (durfsl) shv rsk htf rq, kJb skfmvf Hfvff rsq
zffrv dbjse m zfwaqt vsqsY. ht, zfdm dj skfmfslvsj mfdesk hsn iV. ksh dj skfmvf ivjfstv dhdbmsq ifdKGh uDhb dbsq
nh h rsk {jx sjfb djYcv nQhfl slh? pfvf nfhLfb (ivsrpofv) idvkc rsq sost? hk} ifdKGh uDhsbv sHfodhtfn skf ivjfstv
rsq yst kfslv ubA vsqsY lAfbnmCr pfv iflslsw blD iahfdrk, kctbfq zdk nfmfbA. (kfWhfr } 38)
snJfsb kfvf dyvfqD rsh, kfslv ubA idh ndbD hQ zffrv 2. lcdbqfv dhtfnnfmoaD zfsJvfskv dhtfnnfmoaD zsi[f dbmkv.
nd vsqsY. hk} zffr kfv lfnslv ns nmAj zhdrk. (zfst hvQ Hsqv msLA sjfb kctbf rq bf. uffskv JflA-ifbDq, sthfn-

sifwfj, hfnfb kAfdl lcdbqf sKsj nShGhHfsh swa. hvQ uffskv snKfq njft-nAfq kfslv ubA Kfjsh uDhsbfijvB. (mfvqAfm } 62)
j yfhcj (zKhf j Lbcj) idvmfB ufqof lcdbqf W kmLAdk ( ) { }
nhdjYc sKsj swa. (hcJfvD) zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf sjfb znfv hfjA wcbsh bf. (ofdwqfr } 11)
Dv jKf sHsh slJcb. jk ifKGjA! mrfbhD hstsYb, pdl () { ( ) }
uffkD sjfb mdrtf ixdKhDv dlsj ]dj mfsv, kfrst zfjfw-ixdKhDv
mLAhkGD njt fb t j'sv slsh! Hsqv mfsU snZvsH idviCBG zKGf{, kfvf wcbsh bf sjfb znfv zKhf ifihfjA. nftfm-nftfm
j'sv slsh! zfv kfv mfKfq WVbfJfdb ixdKhD W kmLAdk njt h (wfd) hfBD hAkDk. (Wqfdjzfr } 26)
rsk swa. (hcJfvD) lcdbqfv msbfmfdtsbAv sp suv zhdw Kfjsh, kf ictdnvfk ifv
3. uffskv ncJ-nfmoaD lcdbqfv mdtbkf W zfdhtkf sKsj idh. rWqfv zfso iadkswfL hf [mf rsq pfsh. ictdnvfk ifv rWqfv isv
lcdbqfv JflA W ifbDq JfWqfv iv ianafh-ifqJfbfv iasqfub isV. kfslv rlsq zfv sjfb zfdhtkf Kfjsh bf.
zfv kfsk lcoGW sYfse. i[fsv uffskv ifbfrfsv kf rq bf. mrfbhD hstsYb, ||||kfslv msLA sjfb mksHl Kfjsh bf.
uffsk ianafh-ifqJfbf sb. k k sJsqW rum rsq sjht ifvidvj dhsN Kfjsh bf. kfslv njstv zv jde zsvv mk
ncomq sTjcv zKhf Ofsmv nfsK shv rsq pfsh. rsh. kfvf njft-nAfq kfnhDr ifsE vk Kfjsh. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
lcdbqfv wfvfh ifb jvst mfbcN fbwCbA rsq pfq. i[fsv zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
uffskv wfvfsh kf rsh bf. () { }
lcdbqfv ifdb Jfvfi rq, uffskv ifdb Jfvfi rsh bf. zKGf{, zfdm kfslv zsv sp NGf Kfjsh kf lCv j'sv slh; kfvf
lcdbqfv lcL Jfvfi rsq pfq, uffskv lcL Jfvfi rsh bf. fkxHfsh iviv mcsJfmcdJ rsq zfnsb zhfb jvsh. (druXv } 47)
lcdbqfv D mfdnj, hDpG, nafh kAfdl sKsj idhf bq. uffskv D 4. lcdbqfv ncJ-nil [BfqD. i[fsv uffskv ncJ-nil
idhf. dyvfqD.
lcdbqfv iafq njt mfbcsNv mb drQnf-dhsN kAfdlsk Hvf. mrfb zffr hstb,
uffkDslv mb sn vjm bq. ( ) { }
lcdbqfsk jk sbfQvfdm, zwfd, rfbfrfdb, JcsbfJcdb, oftfofdt, zKGf{, skfmfslv jfsY pf zfsY kf db}swN rsh hQ zffrv jfsY
vfofvfdo rq. uffsk kf rsh bf. pf zfsY kf dyvfqD Kfjsh. (bfrXt } 96)
mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { }
( ) { }
zKGf{, dbyq de zfmfv (slWqf) vpD; pfv sjfb swN sb. (nfl } 54)
zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf sj zisvv dbje rsk oarB jvsh (ml Hvf)
( ) { }
ifb-if, pf rsk ifb jvst sj znfv jKf htsh bf hQ ifi
jsmGW dt rsh bf. (kCv } 23) zKGf{, Wv ItmCtnmCr W Yfqf dyvfqD. (vf'l } 35)
fqD-zfqDv lfrvB dlsq mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { }
}
zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf wcbsh bf sjfb znfv W dmKAf jKf. (bfhf' } 35)
() { } ()
zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf `wfd' YfVf sjfb znfv hfjA bsh bf hQ

( ) { ( ) { ( ) }
zKGf{, kfslv jfsY siw jv imf ifdKGh uDhsbv; ef ifdbv bAfq zKGf{, kfslv iYl mk ItmCt. zfv kfslv iYlmk ifJDv mfQn
pf dm hNGB jdv jfw rsk, pfv fvf HCdmv dl Ob nddh rsq dbsq. (Wqfdjzfr } 20-21)
lXok rq. zk}iv kf dhj rsq mb yCBG-dhyCBG rq sp, hfkfn ( )
Wsj dVsq dbsq pfq. zfv fr nhG dhNsq wdmfb. LSbwpG W zKGf{, zfdm kfslvsj sTv slh It-mCt hQ sof, pf kfvf iYl
nfb-ndk ifdKGh uDhsbv swfHf. zfv n{jfpG, pfv It fqD Wef jsv. (kCv } 22)
skfmfv iadkiftsjv dbje icvfv iafdv ubA swa hQ wf iafdv hvQ sp Jfhfv sJsk msb hfnbf rsh, sn Jfhfv uffkDvf uffsk
hAfifsvW {jx. (jfrXI } 45-46) sJsk ifsh. mrfb zffr hstb,
mfsEv Int W hfofsbv Ict-It mfbcsNv syfsJ ncswfdHk rsq WsE.
() { }
kfviv LDsv LDsv sisj pfq, b rsq pfq. mfbcsNv spZhb LDsv LDsv [q
rsq pfq. nckf yst dosq znckf zfsn. ncJ-fYlA lCvDHCk rsq zKGf{, snJfsb vsqsY mb nm djYc, pf mb yfq hQ pfsk bqb
zncJ-zwfd zfsn. Lb-nil zfsn pfq. zfkDq-idvubW n kx rq. snJfsb skfmvf dyvjft Kfjsh. (pcJvI } 71)
sYsV yst pfq. zfsJvfskv uosk kf rhfv bq. lcdbqfsk j hvB j'sv sp zfmt kfvf jvk, kfv znDtfq ifsh
5. ivjft Hcst rjfstv zfmt jvst zbckfi W tfbf zfsn. Yfmk ifb-sHfusbv hAhf. mrfb zffr kfslvsj htshb,
lcdbqf zfnst sL]fjf W iahbfv ufqof. zfsJvfk kf bq. lcdbqfv ( ) { }
nfItA smfse nfItA bq, zfsJvfskv nfItA iajxk nfItA. zKGf{, skfmvf pf jvsk kfv iadkIt vi skfmvf kxdv nfsK
mrfb zffr hstb, ifbfrfv jvsk Kfj. (kCv } 19)
} snJfsb iaskAj It lc'-iajfv Kfjsh. mrfb zffr hstb,
() { ( ) { }
zKGf{, uDh mf mxkcAv fl oarB jvsh. zfv djqfmskv dlb zKGf{,Hq (hfofsb) vsqsY iaskAj It lc iajfv. (vfrmfb } 52)
skfmfslv jmGIt iCBGmffq ialfb jvf rsh. nckvfQ pfsj zfb vjmfdv Istv hxs[ It Ucst Kfjsh. pf niCBGvsi uffkDslv
(slfpJ) sKsj lCsv vfJf rsh hQ (sp) shsrs iashwtfH jvsh, sn zfqfLDb jvf rsh. uffkDoB hsn hf wqb jsvW It kcst sJsk
rsh nItjfm. zfv ifdKGh uDhb Ytbfmq sHfo hAkDk djYc bq. ifvsh. mrfb zffr hstb,
(zfst mvfb } 185) () { }
zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf srtfb dlsq hnsh icv svwsmv zfvdhdw
dhYfbfq, lc hfofsbv It rsh kfslv dbjehkDG. ( } 54)
uffkDslv JflA ( ) { }
uffskv nhGiaKm zfdkKA rsh dkdm mfY W htslv jdtufv zKGf{, pfv Itvfdw Ucst Kfjsh bfofstv msLA. (rf-fr }23)
zdkdv zQw fvf. ixdKhDv mfde rsh vdevi JflA. (hcJfvD 3329,
mcndtm 315bQ)
( ) { }
shsrsv Jfhfv ipGf iYlmk It-mCt, dnk ifdJv mfQn. zKGf{, nddrk hx[Yfqf kfslv iv Kfjsh hQ Wv ItmCt
mrfb zffr hstsYb, niCBGvsi kfslv zfqfLDb jvf rsh. (lfrXv } 14)
uffsk zfsY sJucv, shlfbf W zfsvf zufbf jk vjsmv It.
mrfb zffr hstb, mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { } ( ) ( ) }
zKGf{, snJfsb vsqsY ItmCt sJucv W Ffdtm. (vfrmfb } 68) ( ) {
snJfsb Kfjsh jct (hv), j]fdl jf]dl jtf. mrfb zffr hstb, zKGf{, kfslvsj Ocsv Ocsv idvshwb jvf rsh iahfdrk wfvfshv
( ) ( ) } ifbif, pf rsh t, ifbjfvDslv ubA ncflc. Wsk [dkjv
( ) { djYc Kfjsh bf hQ Wsk kfvf sbwfoaW rsh bf. (nf-IXIfk } 45-47)
zKGf{, zfv Ffb rfk-Wqftfvf, jk HfoAhfb Ffb rfk-Wqftfvf! nckvfQ uffskv wfvfh rsh nflf, ncflc. pf ifb j'sv mb zfsmsuv
(pfslvsj Ffb rfsk zfmtbfmf slWqf rsh. kfvf Kfjsh j hfofsb) nfsK idvkx rsh. spmb zbA htf rsqsY,
snJfsb zfsY j]fefrDb jctofY. jf]dl Hvf jtfofY. (Wqfdjzfr } 27-29) ( ) { }
uffkDvf Kfjsh hfdk ItmCstv iafycspGv msLA. (zffr htshb,) zKGf{, ifbjfvDslv ubA ncflc ncvfv blDmftf zfsY. (mcrfmfl } 15)
`skfmvf skfmfslv jsmGv icvfv vi kxdv nfsK ifbfrfv jv. nhsysq hV ifKGjA rt, kfsk sbwf rsh bf, mfKf-hAKfW rsh bf.
Hfsh zfdm n{jmGivfqBslvsj icvxk j'sv Kfdj.' (mcvnftfk } 42-44) mrfb zffr hstb,
( )
uffkDslv ifbDq ( ) ( )
uffsk zfsY ifdbv nmc W blD, wfvfshv nmc W blD, mLcv nmc zKGf{, kfslv snhfq sOfvfsIvf jvsh dyv djswfvvf---ifbif,
W blD, lcsLv nmc W blD. kfYfVf UvbfW vsqsY snJfsb. snJfb jcu] f W ianahB db}nxk ncvfiCBG siqftf dbsq. sn ncvf ifsb kfslv
rsk uffkDvf Yfmk ifb jvsk ifvsh. Jfslmslv mfLAsmW ifb mfKfhAKf rsh bf, kfvf fb-rfvfW rsh bf. (Wqfdjzfr } 17-19)
jvfsbf rsh. kf ifb j'sv sj zfshft-kfshft hjsh bf, sjfb zfHfdhj
j Uvbf sKsj jiGvC -dmdwak ifdb ifb jvsh. (lfrv } 5-6) zfyvBW jvsh bf. mrfb zffr hstb,
nftnfhDt Uvbf sKsj zflf-dmdwak ifdb ifb jvsh. ( } 17-18)
( ) { }
kfnbDm Uvbf sKsjW ifb jvsh shsrwXkD ifdb. (mckfIXdIIDb 27-28)
uffkDvf uffsk idh wfvfh ifb jvsh. mrfb zffr hstb, zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf sj zisvv dbje rsk oarB jvsh (ml Hvf)
ifb-if, pf rsk ifb jvst sj znfv jKf htsh bf hQ ifi
}
jsmGW dt rsh bf. (kCv } 23)
( ) { sn j zbA swaBDv dh mdlvf. pfsk Kfjsh jvDv dmwaB. pf
zKGf{, kfslv slsr rsh dmdr nhcu hQ smfef svwmD jfiV, kfvf Kfjsh nDt jvf, smfrv z]fef. mrfb zffr hstb,
ztxk rsh svZiA-dbdmGk jsb, zfv kfslv iadkiftj kfslvsj ( ) }
ifb jvfshb dhwc ifbDq. (lfrXv } 21)
( ) {
shsrwXskv sn wfvfh dj sjfbHfsh lcdbqfv mslv mk bq. lcdbqfv
msl sbwf rq, mfKf sOfsV, sise hAKf rq, hdm rq, svfo nxd rq. kfsk zKGf{, kfslvsj smfrv z]fef dh mdlvf rsk ifb jvfsbf rsh.
mfbcN fbwCbA rq, Hct hsj, mfktfdm jsv. dj uffskv wfvfh v smfrv rsY jvDv. zfv kf tfsHv ubA iadkspfoDvf
nhdjYc sKsj idh. iadkspfdokf jvj. (mckfIXdIIDb } 25-26)
uffkDvf Yfmk Jfsh W ifb jvsh; dj mtmC rsh bf. nh djYc
rusm orDb rfWqf rsq sTjcsvv nfsK zKhf jvDv mk ncomq zKGf{, kfslv ubA sY fqD uffk; pfv dbmslsw blDnmCr
Ofm rsq dboGk rsq pfsh. (mcndtm 2835bQ) iahfdrk. snKfq kfslvsj BG-jsB ztxk jvf rsh, kfvf idvLfb
iaw rsk ifsv, uffkDvf pdl dyvncJD, dyvdhtfnD, uffsk pdl [cLf jvsh nC[ W XCt svwsmv nhcu h. (jfrXI } 31)
sb, diifnf sb, ianafh sb, ifqJfbf sb, kfrst uffkDvf ifbfrfv () { }
jvsh sjb? mrfb zffr skf hstsYb, zKGf{, kfslv slsr rsh dmdr nhcu hQ smfef svwmD jfiV, kfvf
{ ( ) } ztxk rsh svZiA-dbdmGk jsb. (lfrXv } 21)
zKGf{, skfmfv ubA ef Kfjt sp, kcdm uffsk [cLfkG rsh bf hQ uffsk uffkDvf svwsmv vmft hAhrfv jvsh. (hcJfvD)
boW rsh bf. snJfsb diifnfkG rsh bf hQ svfla-djW rsh bf.' wrDl uffkDv mfKfq mcjce swfHf ifsh. pfv jde ycdbv mCtA lcdbqf
(kfrf } 119) W kmLAdk njt h zsi[f shdw. (dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr)
zfnst ifbfrfv [cLf zbcHh jvfv iv bq, [cLf dbhfvsBv ubAW uffsk vsqsY srtfb dlsq ishwsbv ubA svwsmv zfvdhdw
bq. hvQ kf zdkdv ncJ W kxd lfb jvfv ubA. icv Ivfw, BGJdyk zfnb.
mrfb zffr hstb,
uffkDslv nfu-nf ( ) { }
uffsk kfv hfdnlfslvsj BGjb W mcf fvf ztxk jvf rsh zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf srtfb dlsq hnsh icv svwsmv zfvdhdw
hQ kfslv sifwfj-idvYl rsh svwsmv. mrfb zffr hstb, dhYfbfq. (vfrmfb } 54)
} ( ) { }
() { zKGf{, kfvf srtfb dlsq hnsh nhcu hfdtsw W nclv ofdtyfv
zKGf{, pfvf dhwfn jsv W n{jmG jsv, dbyq zffr kfslvsj isv. ( } 76)
iashw jvfshb mb uffsk; pfv dbmslsw blDnmCr iahfdrk, snKfq ( ) { }
kfslvsj ztQjxk jvf rsh BG-jB W mcf fvf hQ snKfq kfslv zKGf{, kfvf hnsh nfdvhHfsh ndk zfnsb srtfb dlsq. (kCv } 20)
sifwfj-idvYl rsh svwsmv. (rf } 23) ( ) { ( ) }
} zKGf{, BGJdyk zfnsb. kfvf zfnsb srtfb dlsq hnsh, iviv
( ) { mcsJfmcdJ rsq. (Wqfdjzfr } 15-16)
zKGf{, kfvf iaashw jvsh fqD uffsk, spJfsb kfslv BG-dbdmGk zfdHufkAni dhtfdnkfv ubA uffsk k mpGflf-ni wpAf
jB W mcf fvf ztQjxk jvf rsh hQ spJfsb kfslv sifwfj- vsqsY wqsbv ubA hQ vsqsY nfdv nfdv ifLfb, dhYfbf, ofdtyf.
idvYl rsh svwsmv. (Ifdkv } 33) mrfb zffr hstb,
kfslv hnb rsh nC[ nhcu svwm W Ct svwm. kfvf ztxk rsh () ( ) ( )
svZiA dbdmGk jsb. ( )
mrfb zffr hstb,
zKGf{, snJfsb vsqsY nmcy h Jfe-ift hQ nlf iak ifb
} ifnmCr W nfdv nfdv hfdtwnmCr. hQ dhYfsbf ofdtyfnmCr. (ofdwqfr }
( ) { 13-16)

uffskv hAhrfpG njt dudbn snfbf zKhf vifv. snJfsb JflA W ( ) {
ifbDq idvshwb jvf rsh snfbfv Kftf W ifb-ifs. (pcJvI } 71) zKGf{, sBGv Kftf W ifb if dbsq Wslv mfsU dIvfsbf rsh, snJfsb
svZiA dbdmGk Idesjv mk Y ifb-if. (lfrXv } 15) kfslv dyvbDW vsqsY mb nm djYc, pf mb yfq hQ pfsk bqb kx rq. snJfsb
rsh BG-dbdmGk. (hcJfvD-mcndtm) skfmvf dyvjft Kfjsh. (pcJvI } 71)
() { }
uffkDslv ncod zKGf{, kfslv iv Ocvfsbf jvf rsh svZiAif hQ Idesjv mk
uffskv mb nco zfsY, pfv OafB h hYsvv lCvhkGD iK sKsjW Y ifb-if. (lfrXv } 15)
ifWqf pfq. khcW uffsk uffkDvf ncod jfsEv sJfwhc hAhrfv
jvsh. kfslv wvDv sKsj sp Ofm shv rsh, kfskW rsh jvDv nco.
(hcJfvD) uffskv hfufv
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, uffsk jde hfufv rsh, spJfsb
uffkDslv Jfslm uffkDoB iaskAj wchfv zfnsh. kJb v dlj sKsj hfqc iahfdrk
uffkDslv zdkdv ncJ-ncdhLfq vfJfv ubA mrfb zffr kfslv rsh, pf kfslv syrfvfq W jfisV nco YdVsq slsh. Ist kfslv
dJlmk W snhfv hAhf svsJsYb. kfslv ubA dyvdjswfv `dotmfb' swfHf-snZlpG zfsvf shsV pfsh. zk}iv kfvf vi-snZlspGv hxd
nxd j'sv svsJsYb uffsk. kfvf Ocsv-dIsv kfslv iasqfubDq dbsq kfslv DosBv jfsY dIvsh. kJb kfvf kfslvsj slsJ htsh,
dJlmk jvsh. `zffrv jnm! zfibfslv vi-snZlpG shsV sosY!' kfvfW hst
zsbsj hstb, sn dyvdjswfsvvf rsh mcndtmslv dwvf, pfvf dw Esh, `zffrv wiK! zfmfslv pfhfv iv skfmfslvW vi-snZlpG
zhfq mfvf sosY. zsbsjv msk, kfvf rsh jfsIvslv dwvf. shsV sosY! (mcndtm)
sn snhj djswfsvvf zfjfsv-sifwfsj hV nclv rsh. kfslv jKf uffsk sjfb dlb, nfr, mfn hf hYv sb. hfv zKGf{,
jcvzfsb htf rsqsY, nfrjft nmq zdkhfdrk rst uffkDvf sn hfufsv umfsqk rsh.
dhtfsnv fl idvhkGsbv ubA j iajfv rfWqf hlstv mk hAhf
{ } zfv dj?
zKGf{, dyv djswfvoB (sotmfb) kfslv jfsY (snhfv ubA) OcvfOcdv
jvsh, kcdm kfslvsj slJst skfmfv msb rsh, kfvf spb dhd[ mcf.
(lfrXv } 19)
uffkDslv iviv nf[f{
uffkDvf uffsk sj zisvv nfsK idvdyk rsq nf[f{ jvsh,
( ) { }
mcsJfmcdJ hsn lcdbqfv jKf zfstfybf jvsh. uffsk iashwfdLjfv
zKGf{, kfslv (snhfq) kfslv djswfsvvf kfslv zfswifsw slWqfv ubA mrfb zffrv iawQnf jvsh. mrfb zffr hstb,
sOfvfsIvf jvsh; spb kfvf ncvd[k mcf nlxw. (kCv } 24)
() { }
jD dJlmk jvsh kfvf? sn jKf mrfb zffr hstb,
zKGf{, zfdm kfslv zsv sp NGf Kfjsh kf lCv jsv dlh; kfvf
{ ( ) }
fkxHfsh iviv mcsJfmcdJ rsq zfnsb zhfb jvsh. (druXv } 47)
zKGf{, kfslv snhfq sOfvfsIvf jvsh dyv djswfvvf---ifbif,
( ) }
jcu
] f W ianahB db}nxk ncvfiCBG siqftf dbsq. (Wqfdjzfr } 17-18)
} ( ) ( )

( ) { zKGf{, sBGv Kftf W ifb if dbsq Wslv mfsU dIvfsbf rsh, snJfsb
zKGf{, kfvf sj zisvv dlsj dIsv dusn jvsh hQ htsh, vsqsY mb nm djYc, pf mb yfq hQ pfsk bqb kx rq. snJfsb
`dbyq zfmvf iCshG idvhfv-idvusbv msLA wQdjk zhfq dYtfm. skfmvf dyvjft Kfjsh. (pcJvI } 71)
zk}iv zfmfslv iadk zffr zbcoar jsvsYb hQ zfmfslvsj ( ) { }
UsVf rfWqfv wfd rsk v[f jsvsYb. dbyq zfmvf iCshGW zKGf{, snJfsb skfmfslv ubA nm djYc vsqsY pf skfmfslv mb yfq,
zffrsj zfrhfb jvkfm. dbyq dkdb jxifmq, ivm lqftc.' (kCv } pf skfmvf zfjf[f jv. (rf-mDm nfulfr } 31)
25-28) ( ) { }
( ) } zKGf{, snJfsb kfslv ubA Kfjsh It-mCt hQ hfdk nm djYc.
( ) ( ) (qfnDb } 57)
uffsk njt Yf iCvB rsh hst j j uffkD j j zfuh
( ) ( )
YfW iajfw jvsh. kfv jdkiq bmcbf dbmvi }-
( ) ( ) jlf bhD jKf htdYstb. k]fv jfsY j shlcbW dYt. dkdb
( ) ( ) ( ) htsk tfostb, uffsk j hAd dbu iadkiftsjv dbje yfN
( ) { ( ) jvfv zbcmdk yfsh. zffr htshb, `kcdm dj YfncsJ hfn jvY bf?
(Yfmk ifbfrfv jvY bf?)' sn htsh, `zhwA. ksh zfdm yfN
zKGf{, kfvf sj zisvv dlsj dIsv dufnfhfl jvsh. kfslv
jvsk Hfthfdn.' nckvfQ sn hDu hib jvsh. zfv dbsmsNv msLA yfvf
sj htsh, zfmfv j nD dYt; sn htk, `kcdm dj sk dhwfnD sp,
zcdvk rsh, Int sisj pfsh hQ ifrfsVv mk umfW rsq pfsh.
zfmfslv mxkcA rst hQ zfmvf mfde W rfsV idvBk rstW zffr kfzftf htshb, `bfW sr zflm nfb! kcdm djYcsk idvkx
zfmfslvsj iadkIt slWqf rsh?' (zffr) htshb, `skfmvf dj rsh bf.
kfsj ]dj smsv slJsk yfW?' zk}iv sn ]dj smsv slJsh hQ Wsj
rflDn sb shlcb hst Et, `zffrv jnm! stfj jcvfwD
ufrffsmv mLAst slJsk ifsh ; htsh, `zffrv jnm! kcdm skf
rsh, bsy{ zfbnfvD. jfvB yfND Wvf. zfmvf yfND b.'
zfmfsj iafq LQn jsvdYst, zfmfv iadkiftsjv zbcoar bf Kfjst
jKf sb zffrv vnCt srsn sItstb. (hcJfvD)
zfmfsjW (skfmfslv mfsU) idk jvf rk. (nkA) dj zfmfslv
zfv mxkcA rsh bf, iaKm mxkcAv iv hQ zfmfslvsj wfdW slWqf rsh mrfbhD hstb, uffsk mc'dmb nfb jfmbf jvst, djYc nmsqv
bf?' dbyq mrfnfItA. vi nfIstAv ubA nfLjslv nfLbf jvf msLA oHGLfvB, umlfb W hq}iafd rsh---spmb kfv jfmbf rsh.
(dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr)
dyk. (nf-IXIfk } 50-61)
j hAd bhD -sj dufnf jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! uffsk dj
uffkDvf ycdbv lc'de Ffbfdhdw sOfVfq ysV spKf JcwD sV shVfsk
e zfsY?' sv dkdb htstb, zffr pdl skfmfsj uffsk iadh
ifvsh. (kfhfvfbD, dn} nrDrfr 3001bQ)
jsvb, kfrst snJfsb skfmfv mb pf yfsh hQ skfmfv syfJ pfsk
kx rsh, skfmfv ubA kf rsh. (dkvdmpD, dn} nrDrfr 3001bQ)
uffk Yf-ncsJv vfuA
}
( ) {

(zft-jcvzfb 7/43,15/47)
uffkDslv lfikA lcdbqfv D shsrwXsk sost, snW fmDv nfsK hfn jvsh. mrfb zffr
snJfsb uffkDslv ubA vsqsY idh ndbD. mrfb zffr hstb, hstb,
} }
() { ( ) {
zKGf{, zfv pfvf dhhfn jsv W Hft jfu jsv, kfslvsj shsrs zKGf{, sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! kcdm kfslvsj fqD uffsk iashw
iashw jvfh; pfv iflslsw blDnmCr iahfdrk, snJfsb kfvf dyvjft lfb jv; pfv iadkwadk kcdm kfslv dlsqY (hQ kfslv) dikf-mfkf,
Kfjsh, snJfsb kfslv ubA idh ndbD zfsY hQ kfslvsj dyvdn idk-ikD W nfb ndkslv msLA (pfvf) n{jfu jsvsY, kfslvsjW
Ob Yfqfq fb lfb jvh. (dbnf } 57, zfsvf } hfjfvfr } 25, zfst mvfb } 15) (uffk iashswv zdLjfv lfW). dbyq kcdm ivfmwftD, iafmq.
(mc'dmb } 8)
shsrD ikD, v hf znvf. kf]slv nfsK uffkDslv dhhfr rsh.
mrfb zffr hstb, }
( ) { } ( ) {
zKGf{, vi Oesh Wslv; zfv zfqkstfybf vslv nfsK kfslv zKGf{, fqD uffk, kfsk kfvf iashw jvsh hQ kfslv dikf-mfkf,
dhhfr slh. (lcJfb } 54) idkikD W nfb-ndkslv msLA pfvf n{jmG jsvsY kfvfW. zfv
( ) { } dIdvfoB kfslv jfsY iashw jvsh iaskAj lvuf dlsq. (vf'l } 23)
zKGf{, kfvf hnsh nfdvhHfsh ndk zfnsb srtfb dlsq; zfdm ( ) { }
kfslv dhhfr slh zfqkstfybf vslv ns. (kCv } 20) zKGf{, skfmvf hQ skfmfslv nrLdmGBDoB nfbsl uffsk iashw
htf hftA, kfslvsj oG-shwAf hf oGDq hfvfbf htf shufq Hct. jv. (pcJvI } 70)
kfvf D. kfvf j fmDv ubA dbdlG Kfjsh. kfvf lcydvf, jctef hf ( ) { }
f bq. kfvf iv icvsNv iadk buv kcstW slJsh bf. zKGf{, kfvf hQ kfslv DoB ncwDkt Yfqfq Kfjsh hQ srtfb
iadk uffkD Dq zfmt zbcpfqD lc hf kskfdLj shsrD D ifsh. dlsq hnsh ncndk zfnsb. (qfnDb } 56)
wrDslv rsh hfrfvde D. ifdKGh Dv vi-ocB shsrD Dslv kctbfq zdLj rsh. shsrwXkD
bhD hstb, zffrv dbje wrDslv ubA vsqsY nfkde mpGflf; voB kfslv ifdKGh nikDv dJlmk jvsh.
v[vsBv vsk kfsj [mf jsv slWqf rq, shsrs sn kfv dbu zdhhfdrk bfvD hQ pfv fmD slfpJhfnD rsh, kfslv Yfmk
fb slJsk ifq, kfsj mfsbv ucf idvLfb jvfsbf rq, (shsrs) uffkD sjfb icvsNv nfsK dhhfr slWqf rsh. jsqjde lcht G rflDsn
72de ncbqbf vDv nfsK kfv dhhfr rsh, jhsvv zfpfh sKsj dbvfif snsY sp, mfvqAfm, zfdnqf W (mCnf bhDv shfb) jctncsmv dhhfr rsh
tfH jvsh, (djqfmsk dlb) mrffn sKsj dbvfisl Kfjsh, kfv msj swN bhD -v nfsK. (dn} pqDIfr 5885, n} ufsm' 1235, 1611bQ)
soZvshv mcjce ivfsbf rsh, pfv jde mf mdB (ycdb) ixdKhD W ixdKhDsk sp bfvDv jfdLj hfv jfdLj icvsNv nfsK dhhfr rsqdYt
kmLAdk njt h zsi[f swa, zfv dbu idvhfsvv 70 ub kfvf njst uffsk sost kfv iYlmk jub fmDv nfsK hfn
stfsjv ubA (zffrv lvhfsv) kfv ncifdvw mcv jvf rsh. jvsh. spsrkc snJfsb mbmskf nhdjYc ifWqf pfsh.
(zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, hfrfjD, nrDt ufsm' 5182 bQ) bsy{ swN fmDv D rsq Kfjsh. (n} ufsm' 6691bQ) jlf pfIf
nikD (nkDb)slv mfsU zfsifsNv sjfb NGf W jtr Kfjsh bf. k]fv Dsj htstb, `kcdm pdl uffsk zfmfv D Kfjsk yfW, kfrst
zfmfv isv zfv jfsj dhsq jsvf bf. jfvB, mdrtf kfv ifdKGh swN kfvf rsh wkvsi zivif nclvD hLC. mrfb zffr hstb,
fmDv zdLjfsv Kfjsh.' (hfrfjD, dn} nrDrfr 1281bQ) ( ) ( ) }
zfv nhk} ubA mrfbhD -v djfstv iv k]fv Dslv ( ) ( )
dhhfr rfvfm dYt. jfvB, k]fvf uffskW k]fv shsrwXkD ikD.
njt DoB nlf idhf Kfjsh. snJfsb kfslv sjfb iajfsvv nafh, ( ) {
mt, jI, KcKc, kc kAfdl djYc Kfjsh bf. (hcJfvD 3327, mcndtm zKGf{, sn njstv mfsU vsqsY m ydvsv nclvDoB. zkh
2835bQ) fmD nrhfsnW dyvjcmfvD hQ zb spZhbf Kfjsh. hDpGifk skfmvf Hsq skfmfslv iadkiftsjv sjfbX sjfbX zbcoarsj dmKAffb
hf sjfb zidhkfW Kfjsh bf. sj sjfbdlb oHGhkDW rsh bf. jvsh? kfvf k]fhcsk ncvd[k v. zkh skfmvf Hsq skfmfslv
zhwA sjfb uffkDv wJ rst kfv Yfmk [sBsj kfv D oHGhkD iadkiftsjv sjfbX sjfbX zbcoarsj dmKAffb jvsh? kfslvsj kfslv
rsh hQ nfb ianh jvsh W hq}iaf rsh. (dkvdmpD 2563, zfrmfl iCshG sjfb mfbcN zKhf dub iwG jsvdb. (vfrmfb } 70-74)
3/80 lfsvmD) nf wpAfndbD, pfslvsj zffrifj uffkDdlsov ubA
shsrD v. v sn mdrtfslvsj htf rq, pfslv syfsJv kfvf Jch dhswNvsi nxd jsvsYb. kfvf dyvjcmfvD, snfrfdobD W nmhqf hQ
jfstf hQ hfjD zQw Jch nflf. slv syfsJv zbA j snZlpG hBGbfq d-spZhbf kvBD.
htf rq, b. kfv mfsb Ffov Ffov syfJdhdw mdrtf. mrfb zffr hstb,
kfvf tf-bma, zfqkstfybf khD---ncvd[k dFsv mk t () ( ) ( ) }
soZvhBG. mrfb zffr hstb, ( ) {
() { ( ) } zKGf{, kfslvsj (vDoBsj) zfdm nxd jsvdY dhswNvsi. kfslvsj
zKGf{, spb kfvf soZvhBG ncvd[k dFm. (nf-IXIfk } 49) jsvdY jcmfvD. siammqD W nmhqf. Ffb rfk-Wqftfslv ubA.
( ) { ( ) } (pfslvsj Ffb rfsk zfmtbfmf slWqf rsh.) snJfsb zfsY j]fefrDb
zKGf{, zfv (kfslv ubA Kfjsh) zfqkstfybf v; ncvd[k mcf jctofY. jf]dl Hvf jtfofY. (Wqfdjzfr } 27-29)
nlxw. (Wqfdjzfr } 22-23) (Wqfdjzfr } 35-38)
sn ncbqbf kvBDoB---pfslvsj iCshG sjfb mfbcN zKhf dub iwG ( ) ( ) ( ) }
jsvdb. kfvf kfslv fmD YfVf zbA icvNsj kfdjsqW slJsh bf. zKGf{, dbyq zffrHDvslv ubA vsqsY nItkf; lAfbnmCr W
iahft W ilvfo-nlxw njt kvBDslv Y jfy nlxw slrjfd bfbfdhL zfcv hQ d-spZhbf nmhqf kvBDoB. (bfhf' } 31-33)
rsh. mrfb zffr hstb, lcdbqfv hxfoBW sndlb pchkDsk idvBk rsh.
( ) } jlf j hxf sn htt, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfidb lczf jsv dlb,
( ) { ( ) pfsk zffr zfmfsj uffsk iashw jvfb.' dkdb mvf jsv htstb,
`hxfvf uffsk iashw jvsh bf. kf wcsb hxf j]flsk j]flsk iafb
zKGf{, sn nshv mfsU vsqsY h zfbk bqbf; pfslvsj kfslv iCshG jvt. dkdb nfrfhfslvsj htstb, Wsj hst lfW sp, hxfhfq W
sjfb mfbcN zKhf dub iwG jsvdb. zkh skfmvf Hsq skfmfslv uffsk pfsh bf. (hvQ sn pchkD rsq pfsh.) (wfmfsqtck dkvdmpD, vfpDb,
iadkiftsjv sjfbX sjfbX zbcoarsj dmKAffb jvsh? kfvf (snZlspG) ofqfkct mfvfm, dmwjfk 4888bQ)
spb ilvfo W iahftnlxw. (vfrmfb } 56-58) spZhb-idvijkfq njt Dv hqn rsh skdw hYv. njstv slr
hfdrv rsk kfslv zd-mLAdk mf idvlx rsh. (mcndtm 2834) rsh sNfVwDv mk, pfslv hcsjv ]yc ]yc ncsFZt bpcot bkmcJD rsq

Tst pfsh bf. uffskv vDvf hV siammqD, ixdKhDsk fmDv j slsJ j ifq.
sn shsrXhfdnbD, vsiv Ffdt, Utmst tfhBAmqD, nchfdnbD sjfb bhD hstb, pJb sjfb mdrtf lcdbqfsk dbu fmDsj j slq,
pchkD pdl ixdKhDv kmnfY zfjfsw ]dj mfsv, kfrst kfv kJb kfv ncbqbf rCv (shsrwXkD) D (zlxwAHfsh) mdrtfv
vifstfsj W snZvsH nfvf uo{ zfstfdjk W ncvdHk rsq Esh. sswA hst, zffr skfsj LQn jvb. Wsj j dlnX bf. W skf skfv
zb spZhbf---mb ncvmfv sjhtmf wDNGdk vDq Jfdb ixdKhD W dbje nfmdqj smrmfb mf. zdysv sn skfsj sYsV zfmfslv jfsY
kmLAdk nh djYc rsk m W mCtAhfb. (hcJfvD 6568bQ) sn pfsh. (dkvdmpD)
zbjft Lsv kfvf hqn dbsq dyvnclv pchj-pchkD rsq
vDslv ofb Kfjsh. (mcndtm 2836) snJfsb spZb-dmtsb zdLj kxdtfH jvsh.
iaskAj uffkDsj jw ub icvsNv nmfb spZb-wd W nm [mkf
shsrwXk nDmfrDb zfblmq fb. msbv zfbsl ofb shv rq. ofb ialfb jvf rsh. (dkvdmpD 2536)
bsk Hft tfso. fmDv msb zfbl idviCBG jvfv ubA mLcv js spsrkc ifb-sHfub, hnbHCNB, hfnHhb hQ bfvD-nQnoG W spZb-
kfvf ofb jvsh uffsk. sn ofsbv bmcbf dbmvi }- nsHfo kAfdlsk mfbcsNv iajxdkok ncJ W ivm zfbl, kf
kfslvsj kfslv iajxdkv ispfoD zHD iadklfb slWqf rsh.
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, uffkDvf pJb uffsk iashw jsv pfsh,
kJb jub sOfNBfjfvD sOfNBf jvsh sp, skfmfslv ubA Jb zb
uDhb; skfmvf zfv jJsbf mvsh bf. skfmfslv ubA Jb dyv ncfA;
zKGf{, zfmvf nydv nclvD lt, nmfdbk nialfsqv D. sp Dvf
skfmvf zfv jJsbf znc rsh bf. skfmfslv ubA Jb dyv spZhb;
wDkt busv lxdifk jvsh.
skfmvf zfv jJsbf hx rsh bf. skfmfslv ubA Jb dyv ncJ W
zbA ws }-
ivmfbl; skfmvf zfv jJsbf lc}J-j ifsh bf. (mcndtm)
kfslv ivisvv zdHhflb rsh nftfm zfv nftfm. wfdhfjA YfVf
kfvf sjfb znsfNubj, dmKAf hf znfv hfjA wcbsh bf.
() { }
zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf wcbsh bf sjfb znfv W dmKAf jKf. (bfhf' } 35)
zKGf{, zfmvf vD nclvD, nmfdbk fmDslv ubA zfdY. zfmvf ( ) { ( ) }
vD (ncbqbf) nclvD, nmfdbk fmDslv ubA irfv. zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf sjfb znfv hfjA wcbsh bf. (ofdwqfr } 11)
( ) { ( ) }
zKGf{, kfvf wcbsh bf sjfb znfv zKhf ifihfjA. nftfm-nftfm
(wfd) hfBD hAkDk. (Wqfdjzfr } 25-26)

() { }
zKGf{, zfmvf sn dyvfqD vmBD, pfvf jJb mfvf pfsh bf, zfmvf
zKGf{, snJfsb kfvf `wfd' YfVf sjfb znfv hfjA bsh bf hQ
sn dbvfil vmBD, pfvf jJb Hq ifsh bf, zfmvf sn fqD
snKfq njft-nAfq kfslv ubA Kfjsh uDhsbfijvB. (mfvqAfm } 62)
hnhfnjfdvBD, pfvf jJb yst pfsh bf. (n} ufsm' 1557, 1598bQ)
( ) }
() { iv djYc ifdb sTst lfW, zKhf zffr uDdhjfvsi skfmfslvsj pf
zKGf{, kfvf htsh, `nm iawQnf zffrv; dpdb zfmfslv lc}J-lclGwf lfb jsvsYb, kf rsk zfmfslvsj djYc lfW.' uffkDvf sv htsh,
lCvDHCk jsvsYb; dbyq zfmfslv iadkiftj hV [mfwDt, BoafrD; ( ) { }
dpdb dbu zbcoasr, zfmfslvsj fqD zfhfn lfb jsvsYb; spJfsb `zffr lc'desj zdhhfnDslv (jfsIvslv) ubA rfvfm (dbdN)
zfmfslvsj sjfb iajfv sjw iwG jsv bf hQ iwG jsv bf sjfb jsvsYb. pfvf kfslv LmGsj DVf-sjZkcjvsi oarB jsvdYt hQ
iajfv jfd.' (Ifdkv } 34-35) ifdKGh uDhb pfslvsj iakfdvk jsvdYt. (zft-jcvzfb 7/50-51)
}
( ) { ufrffmDslvsj dbsq uffkDslv rfdn
zKGf{, snJfsb kfslv hfjA rsh, `nchrfbfjffmf' (sr zffr! ixdKhDsk jk zn{ mfbcN n{ mfbcNslvsj dbsq hA-dhi jsv,
kcdm mrfb idh)! hQ ivisvv zdHhflb rsh nftfm. zfv kfslv kfslvsj shWjcI Hfsh, kfslvsj dbsq rfnfrfdn jsv, jk denX mfsv,
swN hfjA rsh, `zftrfmlc dtfdr vfdt zftfmDb' (nm iawQnf jk jcmhA jsv. dj ivjfst kfvf rsh rfdnv if. zfu
nfvf ufrfsbv iadkiftj zffrv ubA). (bcn } 10) pfslvsj ifot Hfhf rq, jft kfvf rsh vfuf.
mrfb zffr hstb, pfvf zivfLD kfvf mc'dmbslvsj dbsq irfn
jvk hQ kfvf pJb mcdmbslv dbje dlsq spk, kJb syfJ desi
uffkD W ufrffmDslv mfsU jsKfijKb wfvf jvk hQ pJb kfvf zfibusbv dbje dIsv zfnk, kJb
shsrDoB slfpJDslvsj nsfLb j'sv htsh, kfvf dIvk {Ic rsq hQ pJb kfslvsj slJk, kJb htk,
() { } () { }
`zfmfslv iadkiftj zfmfslv mfb W n{jfspGv iv) sp `vf skf iK.' zKy kfslvsj skf slv nQv[jvsi ifEfsbf
iadkwadk dlsqdYstb zfmvf kf nkA sisqdY (uffk sisqdY) rqdb! zfu kf mcdmboB irfn jvsh jfsIvslvsj dbsq. ncndk
skfmfslv iadkiftj skfmfslv (jcIvD W zLsmGv iv) sp iadkwadk zfnsb hsn kfvf slJsk Kfjsh. jfsIvvf pf jvk, kfv It kfvf
dlsqdYstb kf nkA sisqY dj?' Wvf htsh, `r]Af.' sit skf? (mckfIXdIIDb } 29-36)
zk}iv uSbj sOfNBfjfvD kfslv dbje sOfNBf jvsh, ifdislv
iv zffrv zdHnifk. pfvf zffrv isK hfLf nxd jsvdYt hQ
kfsk hkf (W slfN-de) zshNB jsvdYt hQ kfvf dYt uffkDslv zfmt hf jmG
ivjfst zdhhfnD. (zft-jcvzfb 7/44-45) uffk zfmstv ufqof bq, uffk rt zfmstv dhdbmq ifWqfv
jkj uffkhfnD jkj ufrffm (nfjfv)hfnDsj dufnf jvsh, ufqof. kf snJfsb sjfb jmGhAkf djQhf sjfb iftbDq hflk-
hsloD Kfjsh bf. hfndqfv bAfq nlf kfnhDr (nchrfbffr) W
( ) { }
kfrmDl (zftrfmlcdtfr) kfslv mcJ sKsj k}ICkG rsh. sk
`skfmfslvsj djsn nfjfsv dbs[i jsvsY?' Wvf sv htsh, kfslv sjfb zncdhLf rsh bf. (hcJfvD)
`zfmvf bfmfp iVkfm bf, zHfhoasj zfrfpG lfb jvkfm bf, pfvf uffkDslv jde hAkfv jKf mrfb zffr hstsYb,
zbAfq zfstfybf jvk zfmvf kfslv zfstfybfq spfo dlkfm hQ
( ) { }
zfmvf () jmGIt dlhnsj zDjfv jsvdY. (zft-jcvzfb 74/40-47)
ufrffmhfnDvf uffkhfnDslvsj nsfLb j'sv htsh, `zfmfslv zKGf{, dlb shsrwXdkoB zfbsl mo Kfjsh. (qfnDb } 55)
nckvfQ sn mkf, hAkf W mokf rt D dbsq zfbl jvfsk.
wkvif dyvjcmfvD Dslv nfsK dmtsbv zfbsl mo Kfjsh dyvjft. ( ) { ( ) }
efsj pdl `jmG' htf pfq, kfrst shsrwXsk snef kfslv jmG. zKGf{, sndlb h mcJmt t rsh. kfvf kfslv iadkiftsjv
dlsj kfdjsq Kfjsh. (djqfmfr } 22-23)
uffskv swa ifWqf ufvDv hsb zfcfr hstb, j vfsk zfmvf vfnCtcfr -v
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, mrfb iaHc uffkDslvsj nsfLb j'sv jfsY dYtfm. rEf{ dkdb iCdBGmfv vfskv yf]slv dlsj kfdjsq htstb,
htshb, `sr uffskv zdLhfdnoB!' kfvf sv htsh, `sr zfmfslv swfb! dbyq skfmvf skfmfslv iadkiftjsj skmdb i slJsk
iadkiftj! zfmvf rfdpv zfdY, pfhkDq ncJ W jtAfB skfmfv rfsk ifsh, spmb i y]flsj slJsk ifY. kf]sj slJsk skfmvf sjfb
zfsY.' kJb zffr ifj htstb, `skfmvf dj n rsqY?' kfvf dHsVv nmcJDb rsh bf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
htsh, `zfmfslv jD rsqsY sp, n rh bf? sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! lDlfv rsh uffsk. ufrffmDvf sn lDlfv sjfKfq ifsh? kfvf
kcdm skf zfmfslvsj sn dudbn lfb jsvY, pf skfmfv sjfb nxdsj k]fsj n jvsk ifsvdb hst skf k]fv syrfvf lwGsbW hdk rsh.
lfb jvdb.' kJb dkdb htshb, `v sysqW m djYc skfmfslvsj dkdb hstsYb,
lfb jvh bf dj?' kfvf htsh, `v sysqW m h zfv dj rsk ( ) { }
ifsv?' mrfb iaHc uhfsh htshb, `skfmfslv iv zfmfv nd zKGf{, j[sbf bf, zhwA kfvf sndlb kfslv iadkiftj (lwGb)
zdbhfpG jvh. zk}iv zfdm skfmfslv iadk jJsbf zn rh bf. sKsj ilGfhxk Kfjsh. (mckfIXdIIDb } 15)
(hcJfvD-mcndtm)
uffskv nhsysq hV sbqfmk zf'vfIhfdnoB

zf'vfI uffk W ufrffsmv mLAhkDG j ufqofv bfm. mb jkj
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, uffkDvf pJb uffsk iashw j'sv pfsh, mfbcN pfslv sbjD-hlD nmfb rst fsb djYcdlsbv ubA zhfb jvsh
kJb mrfb hjGkmq zffr htshb, `skfmvf dj yfW sp, zfdm hQ isv zffrv vrmsk kfvf uffsk iashw jvsh. sn ufqof sKsj
skfmfslv ubA zfsvf djYc shdw dl?' kfvf htsh, `kcdm dj zfmfslv uffkhfnD W ufrffmhfnDslv zhf zhstfjb jvf pfsh.
mcJmt t jsv lfWdb? zfmfslvsj kcdm uffsk iadh jvdb mrfb zffr hstb, (uffkD W ufrffmD zKhf uffk W
hQ ufrffm sKsj mcd lfWdb?' zk}iv zffr (rEf{ oshGv) ilGf ufrffm) Hsqv msLA ilGf Kfjsh hQ zf'vfsI djYc stfj Kfjsh,
ndvsq slshb (hQ kfvf k]fv syrfvf lwGb tfH jvsh). nckvfQ pfvf iaskAjsj kfv t[B fvf dybsh hQ kfvf shsrhfnDslvsj
uffskv t pfhkDq ncJ-nfmoaDv msLA uffkDslv dbje kfslv iaHvc zfrhfb j'sv htsh, `skfmfslv iv wfd hdNGk srfj.' kfvf kJbW
lwGb (lDlfv) rsh nhsysq shwD diaq. (mcndtm) shsrs iashw jsvdb, dj iashswv zfjf[f jsv.
mrfb zffr hstsYb, zfv pJb kfslv lxd slfpJhfnDslv iadk dIdvsq slWqf rsh, kJb
} kfvf htsh, () { }
( ) { `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfmfslvsj zkAfyfvDslv nD jsvf bf.'
zKGf{, pfvf jtAfBjv jfu jsv, kfslv ubA vsqsY jtAfB zf'vfIhfdnoB djYc stfjsj kfslv t[B fvf dybsk sisv
(uffk) hQ zfsvf zdLj (zffrv lDlfv). kfslv mcJmtsj kfslvsj zfrhfb j'sv htsh, `skfmfslv lt W skfmfslv zrQjfv
mdtbkf zfY jvsh bf hQ tfbfW bf; kfvf rsY uffskv sjfb jfsu zfnt bf. (slJ,) slv ns dj skfmvf wiK j'sv
zdLhfnD, kfvf Wv msLA zbjft hfn jvsh. (bcn } 26) htsk sp, zffr slv iadk lqf ialwGb jvshb bf. (slvsj htf

rsh,) skfmvf shsrs iashw jv, skfmfslv sjfb Hq sb hQ skfmvf }
lc}dJkW rsh bf. (zf'vfI } 46-49)
( ) {
zKGf{, ht, `zfnt [dkoa skf kfvf; pfvf djqfmskv dlb
uffk W ufrffsmv jtr dbsuslvsj W dbsuslv idvubhoGsj [dkoa jsvsY. susb vfJ,
bhD htstb, jlf uffk W ufrffsmv dhhfl rt. ufrffm de nci [dk.' (pcmfv } 15)
htt, `zfmfv msLA k W zrQjfvD stfsjvf Kfjsh.' zfv uffk ufrffm ufrffmDslv hV dbjx dEjfbf, slfpJ slfpJDslv hV dbjx
htt, `lcht
G W ldvla hAdvf zfmfv dHksv hnhfn jvsh.' zk}iv dhwafmfofv, dbjx wqbfofv. mrfb zffr hstb,
zffr kfzftf kfslv msLA Ifqnftf jvstb sp, `kcdm uffk zfmfv
( ) { }
vrmk, skfmfv fvf zfdm pfv iadk Yf zbcoar jvh. zfv kcdm
ufrffm zfmfv wfd, skfmfv fvf zfdm pfsj Yf wfd slh. zfv zKGf{, dbyq kf zfwaqt W hndk drnfsh zkDh dbjx! (Icvjfb } 66)
skfmfslv Hqsj idviCBG jvf zfmfv lfdqk.' (mcndtm) () { ( ) }
zKGf{, rt (nfhLfbDslv ubA) zfv nDmftQObjfvDslv ubA
ufrffm hf slfpJ vsqsY dbjx idvBfm; ufrffm, snJfsb Wvf iashw jvsh, nckvfQ jk
ufrffm sn zfsbv hfnfbsj htf rq, spJfsb svsJ nxdjkGf dbjx sn wqbfofv. (nfl } 55-56)
zffr k]fv zhfLAslvsj wfd slshb. IfvnDsk sj `slfpJ' htf }
rq, hfQtfsk bvj.
desj zfsbv jfvfofv hf sutJfbfW htf spsk ifsv, spJfsb
( ) {
zffrsfrDvf dyvhlD Kfjsh. pfvf zffrsj zdhwfn jsv, uffk-
ufrffm zdhwfn jsv, bhD-vnCtsj dmKAf msb jsv, pfvf ifi jsv, zKGf{, ht, `nkA skfmfslv iadkiftsjv dbje rsk nmfok;
zbAfq W zivfL jsv, kfslv ifvstZdjj dEjfbf rsh slfpJ. nckvfQ pfv Yf dhwfn jvj W pfv Yf iakAfJAfb jvj.' dm
ufrffm rt mfbcsNv nhsysq hV tfbf, nhsysq hV [dk. nDmftQObjfvDslv ubA iak svsJdY zdo, pfv shbD kfslvsj
mrfb zffr sn jKf hstsYb, idvshb jsv Kfjsh. kfvf ifbDq yfst kfslvsj slWqf rsh odtk
Lfkcv bAfq ifbDq; pf kfslv mcJmt l jvsh; jk dbjx sn ifbDq
() { }
hQ jk dbjx sn (zdov) waqt. (jfrXI } 29)
zKGf{, sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! kcdm pfsj slfpsJ iashw jvfsh,
kfsj dbyq tfdk jvsh. zfv zkAfyfvDslv ubA sjfb nfrfpAjfvD
sb. (zfst mvfb } 192)
ufrffm iak zfsY
iChG rsk ufrffm nxd j'sv svsJsYb mrfb zffr; spmb jKf
} iCshG zfstfdyk rsqsY. dkdb hstsYb,
( ) { }
zKGf{, kfvf dj ufsb bf sp, sp hAd zffr W kf]v vnCstv ( ) {
dhvfyvB jsv, kfrst ncdbdykHfsh kfv ubA vsqsY ufrffsmv
zfocb; sn kfsk zbjft Kfjsh. ef rsY yvm tfbf. (kfWhfr } 63) zKGf{, pdl skfmvf kf (zfbqb) bf jv, hQ jJb kf jvsk
ifvsh bf, kfrst sn zfocbsj Hq jv, pfv b rsh mfbcN hQ

ifKv, zdhhfnDslv ubA pf iak vsqsY. (hfjfvfr } 24) ufrffsmv iarvD. zfv zdhhfnDslv ivD[f vi zfdm kfslv
( ) { } nQJAf sJ jsvdY; pfsk djkfhLfvDslv lxP iakAq usm, dhhfnDslv
zKGf{, skfmvf sn zfbsj Hq jv, pf zdhhfnDslv ubA iak dhhfn hdLGk rq hQ dhhfnDvf W djkfhLfvDoB nslr sifNB bf
vfJf rsqsY. (zfst mvfb } 131) jsv. v Ist pfslv zsv hAfdL zfsY, kfvf W zdhhfnDvf htsh,
mrfbhD ufrffm ys[ lwGb jsvsYb. nxd jvfv iv mrfb hBGbfq zffrv swA dj? Hfsh zffr pfsj Yf iK jsvb
zffr duhvDtsj sldJsqsYb. (uffskv dhhvB slJcb) hQ pfsj Yf iK dbslGw jsvb. skfmfv iadkiftsjv hfdrbD nisjG
jmf dkdb ufsbb. (ufrffsmv) hBGbf skf mfbcsNv ubA
islw hfBD. (mcfnXdnv } 26-31)
ufrffsmv kfhLfb zfqfsk jcvfw hQswv mcwdvjslv Jb jvf rsqsY. pJb
ufrffsmv kfhLfsb znQJA dIdvwXkf smfkfsqb zfsYb. sn ufrffsmv kfhLfqj dIdvwXkfslv jKf zffr sJ jvstb, kJb
dIdvwXkfosBv iajxdk ns mrfb zffr hstb, zfhC ufrXt jcvfwslvsj nsfLb j'sv htt, `skfmfslv mLA sKsj
} iaskAj lwusbv jde lt j jub dIdvfv ubA psK bq dj?'
() { sj hstb, jftflfr bfmj j hAd---pfv dbu wdv hAfifsv hV
zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmvf dbsuslvsj hQ skfmfslv idvhfv- zrQjfv dYt---sn htt, `skfmvf sjht lc'ub dIdvfsj nfmst
idvubsj v[f jv zdo rsk, pfv b rsh mfbcN W ifKv, pfsk dbW, zhdw 17 ub dIdvfv ubA zfdm jf psK!' htf hftA,
dbsqfduk zfsY dbmGm-rlq, jsEfv-Hfh dIdvfoB, pfvf zffr pf (jcvzfsb ddJk) nQJAfW kfslv irfn W dhlasiv dhNqvsi
kfslvsj zfslw jsvb, kf zmfbA jsv bf hQ kfvf pf jvsk zfdl idvBk rt. (zfrnfbct hfqfb)
rq, kf jsv. (kfrvDm } 6) 19 ub dIdvwXkf ufrffsmv lfsvfof hst iadn. pfslv jKf
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
ufrffsmv kfhLfqj dIdvwXkfv nQJAf }
ufrffsmv kfhLfqj dIdvwXkfv nQJAf dbw. mrfb zffr hstb, ( ) {
( ) ( ) ( ) zKGf{, ufrffmDvf ufrffsmv iarvDslvsj htsh, `skfmfslv
( ) ( ) iadkiftjsj ht, dkdb spb zfmfslv dbje sKsj jdlsbv wfd
tfOh jsvb.' (mc'dmb } 49)
k]fslv msLA jusbv bfm rt mfstj. mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { }
zKGf{, Wvf dy{jfv j'sv htsh, `sr mfstj (slfpsJv zdLjkGf)!
( ) skfmfv iadkiftj zfmfslvsj db}swN j'sv dlb.' sn htsh, `skfmvf
skf (dyvjft) zhfb jvsh.' (pcJvI } 77)
zKGf{, zfdm kfsj dbs[i jvh nfjfv (ufrffsm). djsn skfmfsj
ufbft, nfjfv jD? Wef kfslvsj (uDdhk zhfq) vfJsh bf, zfv
(mxk zhfqW) sYsV slsh bf. Wef slsrv yfmVf l j'sv slsh. Wv ufrffsmv dhwftkf
kfhLfsb vsqsY dbw ub iarvD. zfdm sIsvfslvsj jsvdY dhw yvfysv mrfb zffrv ufqofv zHfh sb. sp nCpGsj zfmvf

lCv sKsj Hfskv Kftfv mk msb jdv, sn nCpG ixdKhD sKsj iafq ufrffmsj zhfq dbsq zfnf rsh sp, kfv nv rfufv tfofm
13 t[ B hV. zfv kfv nhef zdojc. vjm zfsvf jk hQ Kfjsh. zfv iaskAj tfofsmv nfsK nv rfufv dIdvf Kfjshb. kf]vf
zfsvf hV hV nCpG vsqsY mrfwCsbA. uffk-ufrffmW sjfKfW zfsY. kf efbsk Kfjshb. (mcndtm)
uffk spmb dhwft, ufrffmW skmb. 4. ufrffm k dhwft sp, y]fl-nCpGsj jdk j'sv kfv osHG
ufrffm sp zdk dhwft, kf hcUsk ifvf pfq dbmHfsh }- dbd[ jvf rsh! (dn} nrDrfr 124bQ)
1. dub-bnfb dmst zodBk sjfde nQJAj hAd ufrffsm fb ifsh.
zfhfv sjfb sjfb ufrffmDv slr k dhvfe rsh sp, kfv l]fkef rsh ufrffsmv vnmCr
l ifrfsVv nmfb! lc j]fsLv hAhLfb rsh dkb dlsbv iK! zhfLA mfbcsNv zhfLAkf W zivfL spmb dhdH iajfv, skmdb
iajfw Kfsj sp, l ifrfsVv lOGA iafq 7 djdm| ia iafq 2-3 djdm| ufrffsmv vW zfsY dH dH. zfpfshv jdEbkfW dH dH rsh.
hQ ykf 350 dmefv. pk dbmsvv zfb rsh, kfv fi kk shdw rsh.
ufdb bf, swaBDv ufrffmDv nQJAf hf jk. kf nsW ufrffm mcbfdIjvf spsrkc Ov w, kfslv fvf ntfsmv [dk shdw, kf
idviCBG rsh bf. kfslv E]f rsh ufrffsmv nhGdbm sv. mrfb zffr hstb,
mrfb zffr hstb,
() { }
( ) { }
zKGf{, mcbfdIj (jie) hAdvf zhwA slfpsJv nhGdbb sv
zKGf{, sndlb zfdm ufrffmsj dusn jvh, `kcdm dj iCBG rsq zhfb jvsh hQ kfslv ubA kcdm jJbW sjfb nfrfpAjfvD ifsh bf.
soY?' ufrffm htsh, `zfsvf zfsY dj?' (nCvf jfI 30 zfqfk) (dbnf } 145)
mrfbhD hstb, ufrffm `zfsvf zfsY dj' htsk Kfjsh. uffskv vnmCsrv msLA nshGfy rt nhGswa. zfv ufrffsmv
idvswsN vct pXpk kfhfvfjf zkfzftf kfsk dbu ifsqv ifkf vnmCsrv msLA nhGdbm rt nhGdbjx.
(if) svsJ slshb. kJb sn htsh, `psK, psK, skfmfv pXpskv zsbsj hstsYb, ufrffsmv v rt nfkde. v iaKm sv Kfjsh
jnm!' zfv kfv iviv zQwdt nQjDBG rsq pfsh. (hcJfvD 7384, sofbfrofv mcndtmvf, dkDq sv qflDvf, kxkDq sv dJafbvf, ykcKG
mcndtm 2848bQ, zfhC zfWqfbfr) sv nfhfqDvf, im sv mucnD (zdoiCuj)vf, N sv siZdtjvf
2. ufrffsmv oHDvkf ns rflDn hdBGk rsqsY. zfhC vfvf hQ nhGdbm nm sv Kfjsh mcbfdIjvf.
hstb, jlf zfmvf vfnCtcfr -v nfsK dYtfm. zjmf{ dkdb zsbsj nfkde svv dbdlG bfmW sJ jsvsYb; ufrffm,
sjfb dudbn iVfv zfWqfu bstb. zk}iv dkdb htstb, skfmvf tfpf, kfmfr, nfv, nfjfv, ufrDm W rfdhqfr.
ufb ef jD? zfmvf httfm, `zffr W kf]v vnCt shwD ufsbb.' dj dbdlGHfsh sjfb svv bfm jcvzfb-rflDsn hdBGk rqdb.
dkdb htstb, ef ifKv spdesj nv hYv iCshG ufrffsm dbs[i nckvfQ ndEj jKf sp, bfmdt zfmHfsh ufrffsmv bfm.
jvf rsqdYt, Jb kf ufrffsmv oHDvkfq (ktfq) si]Z]Yt. Ist spmb }-
kfv iVfv zfWqfu skfmvf bsk sist.
ufrffm }
zfhC vfvf hstb, `sn nfv jnm pfv rfsk zfhC vfvfv wde zft-jcvzfsbv 77 ufqofq snsY. j ufqofq mrfb
iafB zfsY! dbyq ufrffsmv oHDvkf nv hYsvv (lCvskv iK).' zffr hstsYb,
(mcndtm)
3. ufrffmsj sesb zfbshb 490 sjfde dIdvwXkf! kfskW kfv () { }
dhwftkf zbcmfb jvf pfq. vfnCtcfr hstsYb, djqfmskv dlb zKGf{, nckvfQ skfmvf ufrffsmv lvufdtsk iashw jv snKfq

dyvfqD Kfjfv ubA. slJ zrQjfvDslv zfhfnt jk dbjx. (bfrXt } 29) zKGf{, spdlb kfslvsj icV j'sv sesb dbsq pfWqf rsh
ufrffsmv dlsj; (sndlb htf rsh) `nfjfv (ufrffsm)v pBf
zfflb jv.' (jfmfv } 48)
tfpf } ( ) ( ) ( ) }
`tfpf' mfsb stdtrfb zfb. mrfb zffr hstb,
() ( ) ( ) } ( ) { ( )
( ) { ufbft, nfjfv jD? Wef kfslvsj (uDdhk zhfq) vfJsh bf, zfv
zKGf{, bf, jJb bq! ef skf stdtrfb zdo. pf slr rsk yfmVf (mxk zhfqW) sYsV slsh bf. Wef slsrv yfmVf l j'sv slsh. Wv
Jdnsq slsh. ufrffm hAdsj Ffjsh, sp ix-ialwGb jsvdYt W kfhLfsb vsqsY dbw ub iarvD. (mcfnXdnv } 26-30)
mcJ dIdvsq dbsqdYt. sn nil icDHCk hQ nQvd[k j'sv ( ) ( ) }
svsJdYt. (mfzfdvu } 15-18)
( ) ( ) ( )
kfmfr }
`kfmfr' mfsb iaudtk zfb. mrfb zffr hstb, ( ) ( )
() ( ) ( ) } ( ) { ( )
(){ ( ) ( ) zKGf{, kfvf Kfjsh uffsk hQ kfvf dufnfhfl jvsh---
zivfLDslv nisjG, `skfmfslvsj djsn nfjfv (ufrffm) dbs[i
zKGf{, jJbW bf, sn zhwA dbd[ rsh kfmfq. djsn skfmfsj
jsvsY?' kfvf htsh, `zfmvf bfmfpDslv zH Gc dYtfm bf. zfmvf
ufbft, kfmf dj? kf rt zffrv iaudtk zdo. pf rlqsj oafn
zHfhoaslvsj zlfb jvkfm bf hQ zfmvf nmfstfybfjfvDslv
jvsh. dbyq kf kfslvsj idvshb j'sv vfJsh. lDOGfdqk
nfsK nmfstfybfq dbmo Kfjkfm. zfmvf jmGIt dlhnsj dmKAf msb
HnmCsr. (mfpfr } 4-9)
jvkfm. idvswsN zfmfslv dbje mxkcA zfomb jvt.' Ist
nfv } ncifdvwjfvDslv ncifdvw kfslv sjfb jfsu zfnsh bf. ( } 40-48)
`nfv' mfsbW iaudtk zfb. bfmdeW h ufqofq snsY. kfv
ufrDm }
msLA j ufqofq mrfb zffr hstsYb,
ùfrDm' mfsb jdEb zdolfr. bfmdeW h ufqofq snsY. kfv
} msLA lc ufqofq mrfb zffr hstsYb,
( ) { { }
zKGf{, wqkfb skfmfslv w; nckvfQ kfsj w drnfsh oarB jv. zKGf{, zfv pfvf zdhhfn jsv hQ zfmfv zfqfknmCrsj dmKAf msb
sn skf kfv lthtsj ubA zfrhfb jsv sp, Wvf spb (nfv) jsv, kfvf (ufrDm) ufrffsmv zdLhfnD. (mflfr } 10, 86)
ufrffmhfnD rq. (Ifdkv } 6)
rfdhqfr }
nfjfv } `rfdhqfr' mfsb oHDv okG, ifkft. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
`nfjfv' mfsb Utdnsq slWqf, odtsq slWqf. mrfb zffr hstsYb, ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) { }

( ) }
zKGf{, dj pfv iff rftXjf rsh, kfv fb rsh rfdhqfr. djsn
skfmfsj ufbft, kf dj? kf zdk zdo. (jf-dvzfr } 8-11) ( )
zsbsj `zt' hf `Wqft'sjW ufrffsmv jde ikAjfv bfm
( ) {
oBA jsvsYb. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
zKGf{, nkAiakAfJAfbjfvDslvsj ufrffsmv dlsj lst lst kfdVsq
( ) { }
dbsq pfWqf rsh. pJb Wvf ufrffsmv dbje idk rsh, kJb kfv
zKGf{, (zt) lcsHGfo sndlb dmKAfwaqDslv. (kCv } 11) lvuf Jcst slWqf rsh hQ ufrffsmv v[Dvf Wslvsj htsh,
( ) { } `skfmfslv dbje dj skfmfslv mLA rsk vnCt zfsndb; pfvf skfmfslv
zKGf{, (zt) LQn kfslv ubA pfvf mfsi jm slq. (mckfIXdIIDb } 1) dbje skfmfslv iadkiftsjv zfqfk zfhxd jvk hQ dlsbv
spmb òf' ufrffsmv jde ikAjfv bfm. mrfb zffr nf[f{ ns skfmfslvsj nkjG jvk?' Wvf htsh, `zhwA
hstsYb, sndYt. dj nkAiakAfJAfbjfvDslv iadk wfdv hfjA hfhfdqk

} rsqsY.' Wslvsj htf rsh, ùfrffsm fqDHfsh hfn jvfv ubA
skfmvf Wsk iashw jv. jk dbjx zrQjfvDslv zfhfnt!' (pcmfv }
( ) { 71-72)
zKGf{, kfslv iv t zilfKG ivhdkGoB, kfvf bfmfp b jvt W ufrffsm iadh rst kfv lvufnmCr h j'sv slWqf rsh. snJfb
iahxdivfqB rt; nckvfQ kfvf zdysv zmt iakA[ jvsh. (mfvqAfm sKsj shv rWqfv sjfb iK Kfjsh bf jfsIvslv. mrfb zffr
} 59) hstsYb,
iajfw Kfsj sp, òf' zKG LQn, zmt, zH idvBfmW jvf
{ ( ) }
rsqsY. spmb `zt'-v zKG lcsHGfo hf LQn jvf rsq Kfsj.
zKGf{, i[fsv pfvf zfmfv dblwGb iakAfJAfb jsvsY, kfvf rt
rkHfoA. kfslv iv vsqsY zhv zdo. (hftfl } 19-20)
ufrffsmv lvufnmCr ( ) { ( ) }
uffskv spmb zfede lvuf zfsY, skmdb ufrffsmv lvuf zfsY zKGf{, dbyq kf kfslvsj idvshb j'sv vfJsh. lDOGfdqk
nfkde. hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstsYb, HnmCsr. (mfpfr } 8-9)
( ) } zhwA djqfmskv iCshG sn lvufnmCr sJftf W h jvf rq. spmb
bhD hstsYb, mfsr vmpfsbv zfomb Oest uffskv lvufnmCr
( ) {
Jcst slWqf rq, ufrffsmv lvufnmCr h j'sv slWqf rq hQ
zKGf{, zhwA (wqkfsbv zbcnfvDslv) kfslv nhfv iadkwak wqkfbslvsj wxJdtk jvf rq. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
fb rsh ufrffm.' Wv nfkde lvuf zfsY; iaskAj lvufv ubA
kfslv mLA sKsj ixKj ixKj lt zfsY. (druXv } 43-44)
drnfshv iv lst lst jfsIvslvsj ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh.
ufrffsmv b
ufrffsmv dbjse si]ZYsbf mf kfv lvufnmCr Jcst slWqf rsh. mrfb ufrffsmv b hf uftfbD rsh j swaBDv mfbcN W j swaBDv
zffr hstb, ifKv. mrfb zffr hstsYb,

} zKGf{, dj pfv iff rftXjf rsh, kfv fb rsh rfdhqfr. djsn
skfmfsj ufbft, kf dj? kf zdk zdo. (jfdvzfr } 8-11)
( ) {
() ( ) }
zKGf{, pdl skfmvf kf (zfbqb) bf jv, hQ jJb kf jvsk
ifvsh bf, kfrst sn zfocbsj Hq jv, pfv b rsh mfbcN hQ ( ) { ( )
ifKv, zdhhfnDslv ubA pf iak vsqsY. (hfjfvfr } 24) zKGf{, zfv hfm rfk-Wqftfvf, jk rkHfof hfm rfk-Wqftfvf!
} (pfslvsj hfm rfsk zfmtbfmf slWqf rsh.) kfvf Kfjsh zdk ovm
hfqc W ifdbsk. jfstfhBG sL]fqfv Yfqfq. pf wDktW bq,
() {
zfvfmlfqjW bq. (Wqfdjzfr } 44)
zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmvf dbsuslvsj hQ skfmfslv idvhfv- htf hftA, ufrffsmv zfb . kfv hfkfnW zdkwq .
idvubsj v[f jv zdo rsk, pfv b rsh mfbcN W ifKv, pfsk kfv ifdbW zdkdv ovm. zfbsj Eff jvfv dudbndtW ovm.
dbsqfduk zfsY dbmGm-rlq, jsEfv-Hfh dIdvfoB, pfvf zffr pf ufrffsm sp Yfqfv jKf htf rsqsY, sn Yfqfv dhhvB snsY zbA
kfslvsj zfslw jsvb, kf zmfbA jsv bf hQ kfvf pf jvsk zfdl fsb. mrfb zffr hstb,
rq, kf jsv. (kfrvDm }6)
( ) ( ) }
j swaBDv dubW rsh ufrffsmv b. mrfb zffr dubslv jKf
hstb, ( ) ( )
( ) { } ( ) { ( )
zKGf{, zivis[ nDmftQObjfvDvf skf ufrffsmv b. (dub } 15) zKGf{, sndlb lcsHGfo dmKAffbjfvDslv ubA. skfmvf pfsj
ixdKhDv hcsj ifnAvsi pf iCduk rq, kfW ufrffsmv uftfbD rsh. dmKAffb jvsk, yt kfv dlsj. yt dkb wfJf dhdw Yfqfv dlsj. sp
mrfb zffr hstb, Yfqf wDkt bq hQ pf v[f jsv bf zdodwJf rsk. ef {s[i
( ) } jvsh hxr{ Icdt zfdtjf kctA. Wef rtcl hvB elstv mk.
(mcvnftfk } 28-33)
( ) { ufrffsmv zfb jkef iaHfhwftD rsk ifsv, sn jKf vsqsY zfv
zKGf{, skfmvf hQ zffrv idvhskG skfmvf pfslv ifnbf jv, j fsb,
sndt skf ufrffsmv b; skfmvf nhf kfsk iashw jvsh. pdl ( ) ( ) ( ) }
kfvf ifnA rk, ksh kfvf ufrffsm iashw jvk bf; kfslv nhf
kfsk fqD rsh. (zfdqf } 98-99) ( ) {
ufrffsmv zfsbv fi ufbft, nfjfv jD? Wef kfslvsj (uDdhk zhfq) vfJsh bf, zfv
ufrffsmv zfb jk ovm W uftfmq rsh, sn jKf jcvzfb dhdH (mxk zhfqW) sYsV slsh bf. Wef slsrv yfmVf l j'sv slsh.
(mcfnXdnv } 26-29)
fsb sJ jsvsY. spmb }- zbA htf rsqsY,
( ) ( ) ( ) } ( ) { }
( ) { zKGf{, pf slr rsk yfmVf Jdnsq slsh. (mfzfdvu } 16)

lcdbqfv zfb nrA jvfv mk bq, kfrst ufrffsmv zfb jk ovm jdEb rst bfmfp Eff (slvD) j'sv iV. (hcJfvD 539bQ, mcndtm 615)
znrAbDq rsk ifsv, kf zbcsmq. mrfbhD hstb, jlf ufrffm kfv iadkiftsjv jfsY
mrfbhD hstb, zfmfslv zfb ufrffsmv nv zQswv zdHspfo ufdbsq htt, `sr zfmfv iadkiftj! zfmfv j zQw
j zQw. htf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! (lcdbqfv zfb) skf psK ziv zQwsj sJsq sItsY!' nckvfQ dkdb kfsj lc'de wfn sbWqfv
dYt!' dkdb htstb, kfsk bnv zQw hxd jvf rsqsY. iaskAj zbcmdk dlstb; jde wDkjfst W zivde oaDmjfst. skfmvf kfv
zQswv fi zfsbv mskf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm) jfvsB iaJv oaDm W iay wDk zbcHh j'sv Kfj. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
iv sn zfb ddmk rWqfv bq, dbhGfdik rWqfv bq. kf hxd ufrffsmv zdkdKslv zfomsbv nmq rst kfv iCshG kfsj
h rafn ifsh bf. mrfb zffr hstsYb, lvmskf iaudtk jvf rsh. mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { } ( ) ( ) }
zKGf{, nckvfQ skfmvf zfflb jv, Jb skf zfdm Lc skfmfslv ( ) {
wfd hxd jvsk Kfjh. (bfhf } 30) zKGf{, ufrffsmv zdosj pJb iaudtk jvf rsh hQ uffksj
} pJb dbjehkGD jvf rsh. kJb iaskAj hAd ufbsh, sn dj dbsq
( ) { idk rsqsY. (kfjhDv } 12-14)
zKGf{, i[fsv pfvf zdhwfn jsv, kfslv ubA vsqsY ufrffsmv
zfb. Wslv mxkcAv zfslw slWqf rsh bf sp Wvf mvsh hQ Wslv ufrffsmv lwGb W jKb
ubA ufrffsmv wfdW tfOh jvf rsh bf. Hfsh zfdm iaskAj ufrffm slJsh W jKf htsh, vfso ouGb YfVsh. mrfb zffr
zdhwfnDsj wfd dlsq Kfdj. (Ifdkv } 36) hstb,
} ( ) }
( ) { ( ) {
zKGf{, djqfmskv dlb dm kfslvsj nmshk jvh kfslv mcsJ Hv zKGf{, hvQ Wvf djqfmksj dmKAf msb jsv. zfv pfvf djqfmksj
dlsq ytf zhfq; z, shfhf W jftf j'sv. kfslv hfnt dmKAf msb jsv, kfslv ubA zfdm ut ufrffm iak svsJdY. lCv
ufrffm; pJb kf ddmk rsh, kJb dm kfslv ubA zdo hxd rsk (ufrffm) pJb Wslvsj slJsh, kJb Wvf kfv c ouGb W
j'sv slh. (hfbD nvft } 97) dy{jfv wcbsk ifsh. (Icvjfb } 11-12)
} ( ) }
( ) { ( )
zKGf{, dbyq pfvf zfmfv zfqfknmCrsj zdhhfn jsv, kfslvsj ( ) {
zfdm zdysv zfsb iadh jvh. pJb kfslv ymG l rsh, kJb
zKGf{, zfv pfvf kfslv iadkiftjsj zDjfv jsv, kfslv ubA
Wv st bCkb ymG nxd jvh, pfsk kfvf wfd sHfo jvsk Kfsj. dbyq
vsqsY ufrffsmv wfd, zfv kf hV dbjx iakAfhkGbt! pJb kfvf
zffr ivfmwftD, iafmq. (dbnf } 56)
kfsk dbd[ rsh, kJb ufrffsmv ouGb wcbsh, zfv kf sdtk
ixdKhDv oaDmkfisj ufrffsmv kfi htf rsqsY.
rsh. svfsN ufrffm spb sIse iVsh, pJb kfsk sjfb ltsj
bhD hstb, oaDsmv iaJv fi slfpsJv zQw. zkh

dbs[i jvf rsh, kJb kfslvsj kfv v[Dvf dufnf jvsh,
`skfmfslv dbje dj sjfb nkjGjfvD zfsndb?' (mctXj } 6-8)
zffrv vnCt hstb, djqfmskv dlb ufrffsmv zfsbv j
mCdkG shv rsh, pfv Kfjsh lc'de syfJ; pfv fvf sn lwGb jvsh, lc'de
jfb; pfv fvf sn wahB jvsh hQ pfv duHW Kfjsh; pfv fvf sn
jKfW htsh. sndlb sn htsh, `dkb iajfv stfjsj wfsqf jvfv ufrffmsj idviCBG
lfdqk zfmfsj slWqf rsqsY; iaskAj k vfyfvD, iaskAj sn ufrffsm zdLjfQw mfbh-lfbh dbd[ rWqfv iv kfsj dufnf
hAd, sp zffrv nfsK zbA ifnAsjW zfrfb (dwjG) jsvsY hQ jvf rsh, `kcdm dj iCBG rsq soY?' ufrffm htsh, `zfvW zfsY dj?'
pfvf Ydh hf mCdkG iak jsvsY. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, dntdntfr nrDrfr (jfI } 30) kJb zffr ifj dbsuv jlm (if) slfpsJ vfJshb.
512bQ)
kJb nQjcdyk rsq sn htsh, `hAnX, hAnX.' (hcJfvD 7384, mcndtm
2848bQ)
ufrffsmv zfsbv vM jfstf
ufrffm W kfv zdo jxfjfv. (dn} pqDIfr 1305bQ) ufrffsm jfsIvslv zfpfh dyvfqD
ufrffmhfnDvfW hDH{n jxjfq. Wslv mcJmt spb zjfv ufrffsm ufrffmDvf dyvfqD hnhfn jvsh. zhwA pdl sjfb ifsiv
dbwDsKv zfvsB zfYfdlk. mrfb zffr hstb, jfvsB sjfb mc'dmb ufrffsm pfq, kfrst j dlb bf jdlb zffrv
lqf W [mfq zKhf jfsvf ncifdvsw zKhf ifiIt sHfo jvfv swsN
}
snJfb sKsj mcd sisq uffsk pfsh. rlsq kWrDl Kfjst zKGf{,
dwjG bf j'sv Kfjst ifiD mcndtmsj ufrffm sKsj shv jvf rsh.
( ) { zffrv vnCt hstb, (ivjfst) zffr htshb, sn hAdsj
zKGf{, pfvf ml jfu jsv, kfvf kfslv ml jfsuv wfd ifsh Wv ufrffm sKsj shv jv, sp `tf tfrf ffr' hstsY hQ kfv rlsq
zbcvi ml. zfv tfbf kfslvsj zfYfdlk j'sv sbsh. zffr (v pshv lfbf idvmfB mt (mfb) zfsY. sn hAdsjW ufrffm sKsj
wfd) rsk kfslv v[fjkGf sj Kfjsh bf. kfslv mcJmt spb shv jv, sp `tf tfrf ffr' hstsY hQ kfv rlsq osmv lfbf
zjfv vfdv zfvsB zfYfdlk. vf rsY ufrffsmv zdLhfnD, idvmfB mt (mfb) zfsY. zfv sn hAdsjW ufrffm sKsj shv
kfvf Wv msLA zbjft Kfjsh. (bcn } 27) jv, sp `tf tfrf ffr' hstsY hQ kfv rlsq zBc idvmfB mt
zkcA hfqc, ifb jvsh ifdb hQ zhfb jvsh (ufrffsmv) (mfb) zfsY. (zfrmfl 3/276, dkvdmpD 2593bQ, rflDsnv mCt vsqsY nrDrfqsb)
jxhBG LCsmav Yfqfq. mrfb zffr hstb, hfjD pfslv mfb sb, sn shmfbvf dyvdlb snJfsb zfpfshv msLA
() ( ) } hnhfn jvsh. kfslv wfd [mf jvf rsh bf, tfOh jvf rsh bf hQ
kfvf hf ufrffm LQn rsq pfsh bf.
( ) { ( ) hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstb,
zKGf{, zfv hfm rfk-Wqftfvf, jk rkHfof hfm rfk-Wqftfvf! { }
(pfslvsj hfm rfsk zfmtbfmf slWqf rsh.) kfvf Kfjsh zdk ovm
zKGf{, pfvf (jfsIv) zdhhfn jsv W zfmfv dblwGbsj dmKAffb
hfqc W ifdbsk. jfstfhBG sL]fqfv Yfqfq. pf wDktW bq, jsv, kfvf zdohfnD snJfsb kfvf dyvjft Kfjsh. (hfjfvfr } 39)
zfvfmlfqjW bq. (Wqfdjzfr } 41-44)
} zhjfwW ifsh bf. (hfjfvfr } 161-162)
( ) { { }
zKGf{, pfvf zfmfv dblwGbnmCrsj dmKAf msb jsvsY hQ zrQjfsv zKGf{, kfvf zfocb sKsj shv rsk yfsh, dj kfvf kf sKsj shv
kf sKsj mcJ dIdvsq dbsqsY, kfvf slfpJhfnD; snJfsb kfvf dyvjft rsk ifvsh bf hQ kfslv ubA fqD wfd vsqsY. (mflfr } 37)
Kfjsh. (zf'vfI } 36) }
} ( ) {
{ zKGf{, zk}iv pfstmslvsj htf rsh, `dyvfqD wfdv fl oarB
zKGf{, zhwA pfvf zfmfv dblwGbfhtDsj dmKAf hst hQ zrQjfsv jvsk Kfsjf, skfmfslvsj skf skfmfslv jxkjsmGv iadkIt slWqf
kf sKsj mcJ dIdvsq sbq, kfslv ubA zfjfswv fv mc jvf rsh rsY.' (bcn } 52)
bf hQ kfvf shsrsW iashw jvsk ifvsh bf pk[B bf nCsyv mxkcAsj lcfv zfjfsv dbsq sn pshr jvf rsh hQ htf rsh, `sr
dYlaisK e iashw jsv. vsi zfdm zivfLDslvsj iadkIt dlsq uffkDoB! skfmvf dyvjft hfn jv, zfv sjfb mxkcA sb. sr
Kfdj. ( } 40) ufrffmDoB! skfmvf dyvjft hfn jv, zfv sjfb mxkcA sb.' (hcJfvD-
mcndtm)
( ) } mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { { }
zKGf{, dbyq zivfLDvf fqDHfsh ufrffsmv wfd sHfo jvsh. zKGf{, (sr vnCt!) kcdm kfslvsj nkjG jsv lfW idvkfsiv dlb
Wslv wfd tfOh jvf rsh bf hQ Wvf kfsk (wfd sHfo jvsk ns, spdlb njt dnf yCVf rsq pfsh; zKy (Jb) kfvf lfnDb
jvsk) rkfw rsq iVsh. (pcJvI } 74-75) zfsY hQ kfvf dhwfn jsv bf. (mfvqAfm } 39)
}
( ) { ufrffm jfsIv W mcwdvjslv
zKGf{, pfvf zdhwfn jsv, kfslv ubA vsqsY ufrffsmv zfb. fqD hfnfb
Wslv mxkcAv zfslw slWqf rsh bf sp, Wvf mvsh hQ Wslv ubA uffk spmb mc'dmbslv fqD hfnOv, skmdb ufrffmW jfsIvslv
ufrffsmv wfdW tfOh jvf rsh bf. Hfsh zfdm iaskAj zdhwfnDsj fqD zfhfnt. snef kfslv dhwafmfofv; pdlW sjfb dhwafm kfslv
wfd dlsq Kfdj. (Ifdkv } 36) sb. snef kfslv wqbfofv; pdlW wqsb sjfb zfvfm kfslv sb.
} hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { ( ) { }
( ) zKGf{, ufrffm rsh kfslv dbhfn. zfv zbfyfvDslv zfhfnt
zdk dbjx! (zfst mvfb } 151)
zKGf{, dbyq pfvf zdhhfn jsv (jfsIv) hQ zdhwfnD (jfsIv)
Kfjf zhfq mfvf pfq, kfslv iv zffr, dIdvfoB hQ njt ( ) { }
mfbcsNv zdHnifk. kfvf dyvjft kfsk (zdHnifk W slfpsJ) zKGf{, stfjslv dbsuslv jxkjsmGv Ist dEjfbf rsh ufrffm.
zhfb jvsh, kfslv wfdsj tOc jvf rsh bf hQ kfvf sjfb (bcn } 8)

} iaLfb iaLfb jfvB
( ) { iaskAj wfdv jef nDmf zfsY. dj sn sjfbX zivfL pfv wfd
zKGf{, sp hAd zffr ns dmKAf vybf jsv zKhf k]fv dbje rsk znDm? jcvzfb jfvDm p]fvf (zKGnr) isVb, k]fvf zhwA sn njt
zfok nkAsj dmKAffb jsv, kfv zsi[f zdLj nDmftQObjfvD zfv zivfL ns zhdrk rshb. Jfsb jdkiq zivfsLv jKf sJ
sj? zdhwfnDslv zfwaqt dj ufrffsm bq? (zfbjfhCk } 68) jvf rt }-
} 1. jcIvD W dwjG }
iaskAj jfsIv mcwdvj bfW rsk ifsv. ksh iaskAj mcwdvj zhwA
( ) { jfsIv. nckvfQ zfmHfsh jcIvD mb j zivfL, pfv ubA dyvfqD
zKGf{, zfu skfmfslv dbje rsk sjfb mcdiB oarB jvf rsh bf ufrffm sHfo jvsk rsh.
hQ pfvf zdhwfn jsvdYt kfslv dbje rskW bq. skfmfslv jcIvD mfsb zDjfv, zdhwfn; zffrsj zdhwfn zKhf zffrv
zfhfnt ufrffm, ef skfmfslv dyvnD. zfv jk dbjx djYcsj zdhwfn. jiekf hf mcbfdIjDv jcIvD, nslr sifNsBv jcIvD,
idvBfm!' (rflDl } 15) djYcsk dhwfn W djYcsk zdhwfsnv jcIvD, zfslw-dbsNL zmfbA jvfv
{ } jcIvD kAfdl.
zKGf{, pJb kfsj htf rq, kcdm zffrsj Hq jv, kJb kfv mrfb zffr hstb,
zfkfdHmfb kfsj zdLjkv ififyfsv dt jsv. nckvfQ kfv ubA }
ufrffm psK hQ dbyq kf zdk ml wqbfofv. (hfjfvfr } 206) ( )
() { ( ) }
( ) {
zKGf{, ufrffm, snJfsb Wvf iashw jvsh, nckvfQ jk dbjx sn zKGf{, Wvf htsh, `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! kcdm zfmfslv lc'hfv
wqbfofv. (nfl } 56)
mxkcA dlsqY hQ lc'hfv zfmfslvsj uDdhk jsvY. zfmvf zfmfslv
( ) { } zivfL Djfv jvtfm. Jb dbjxdkv sjfb iK dmtsh dj?' Wslvsj
zKGf{, slv zfhfnt ufrffm. zfv kf jk dbjx zfhfn! (dbnf } 97) htf rsh, `skfmfslv wfd skf usbA sp, pJb jjHfsh
} zffrsj zfrhfb jvf rk, kJb skfmvf k]fsj zDjfv jvsk. zfv
( ) { k]fv wvDj dv jvf rst skfmvf dhwfn jvsk. nckvfQ ncy, mrfb
zffrv nm jkxGk.' (mc'dmb } 11-12)
zKGf{, dm nDmftQObjfvDslv ubA iak svsJdY zdo, pfv shbD
kfslvsj idvshb j'sv Kfjsh. kfvf ifbDq yfst kfslvsj slWqf }
rsh odtk Lfkcv bAfq ifbDq; pf kfslv mcJmt l jvsh; jk dbjx ( ) {
sn ifbDq hQ jk dbjx sn (zdov) waqt. (jfrXI } 29) zKGf{, kfvf htsh, `skfmfslv dbje dj i dblwGbfhtD nr
( ) { } skfmfslv vnCtoB zfsndb?' (ufrffmDvf) htsh, `zhwA sndYt.'
zKGf{, dbyq kf zfwaqt W hndk drnfsh zkDh dbjx! (Icvjfb } 66) (iarvDvf) htsh, `ksh skfmvf iafKGbf jvsk Kfj. zfv
nkAiakAfJAfbjfvDslv iafKGbf hAKG rq.' ( } 50)
dyvfqD ufrffmD rWqfv ( ) }

( ) dhfdsk dYtfm, pJb zfmvf skfmfslvsj dhhuoskv
iadkiftsjv nmj[ oBA jvkfm.' (zfvf' } 92-98)
( ) ( )
() { }
( )
zKGf{, hvQ Wvf djqfmksj dmKAf msb jsv. zfv pfvf djqfmksj
( ) dmKAf msb jsv, kfslv ubA zfdm ut ufrffm iak svsJdY.
( ) { (Icvjfb } 11)
zKGf{, Wvf oa W zfmfv vnCtslvsj pf dlsq siavB jsvdYtfm, kf }
dmKAffb jsv. nckvfQ wDOa Wvf ufbsk ifvsh. pJb Wslv otslsw
shdV W dwjt Kfjsh, Wslvsj sesb dbsq pfWqf rsh Ice ifdbsk, ( ) {
zk}iv Wslvsj zdosk l jvf rsh; isv Wslvsj htf rsh,
zKGf{, pdl kcdm dhdmk rW, kfrst dhmsqv dhNq kfslv jKf,
`sjfKfq kfvf, pfslvsj skfmvf wvDj jvsk---zffrsj sYsV?' Wvf
`(mxkcAv iv) mfdesk idvBk rWqfv ivW dj zfmvf bkcb uDhb tfH
htsh, `Wvf skf zfmfslv dbje sKsj zlxwA rsqsY; hvQ iCshG zfmvf
jvh?' Wvf Wslv iadkiftjsj zDjfv jsv hQ Wslv otslsw
mb djYcsj zfrhfb jdvdb, pfv sjfb nf dYt.' Hfsh zffr
Kfjsh shdV. Wvf rsh slfpJhfnD, snJfsb Wvf dyvfqDHfsh hfn
zdhwfnDslvsj dhf j'sv Kfsjb. ef jfvsB sp, skfmvf
jvsh. (vf'l } 5)
ixdKhDsk zpKf zfbl jvsk W lH jvsk. Wslvsj htf rsh,
ùfrffsm dyvjft hnhfsnv ubA Wsk iashw jv, jk dbjx 2. djqfmk dmKAf msb jvfv nfsK wvDqskv zfrjfm
kslv zfhfnt.' ( } 70-76) iftb bf jvf }
( ) } hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstb,
( ) { ( ) ( ) }
zKGf{, sp sj rsk mcJ dIdvsq sbsh, Itk} sn djqfmskv dlb ( ) ( ) ( )
(mrfifsiv) shfUf hrb jvsh. (ifsiv wfd)sk Wvf fqD rsh hQ ( ) ( )
djqfmskv dlb shfUf Wslv ubA jk ml rsh. (kfrf } 100-101) ( ) { ( )
( ) } zKGf{, kfvf Kfjsh uffsk hQ kfvf dufnfhfl jvsh---
( ) ( ) zivfLDslv nisjG, `skfmfslvsj djsn nfjfv (ufrffm) dbs[i
( ) ( ) ( ) jsvsY?' kfvf htsh, `zfmvf bfmfpDslv zH Gc dYtfm bf. zfmvf
zHfhoaslvsj zlfb jvkfm bf hQ zfmvf nmfstfybfjfvDslv
( ) { nfsK nmfstfybfq dbmo Kfjkfm. zfmvf jmGIt dlhnsj dmKAf msb
zKGf{, Wslv htf rsh, `kfvf sjfKfq pfslv skfmvf ifnbf jvsk; jvkfm. idvswsN zfmfslv dbje mxkcA zfomb jvt.' Ist
zffrv idvhskG? Wvf dj skfmfslv nfrfpA jvsk zfnsh? bf Wvf ncifdvwjfvDslv ncifdvw kfslv sjfb jfsu zfnsh bf. (mcfnXdnv } 40-48)
zfkv[f jvsk n[m?' zk}iv Wslv hQ iKslv zsLfmcJD
jsv ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh hQ htDsnv hfdrbDv njtsjW . 3. sbkf-hcpcoGslv zbcnvB jvf }
Wvf snJfsb dhksjG dt rsq htsh, `zffrv wiK! zfmvf skf i hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstb,

() } (dbnf } 145)
5. zrQjfv }
vfyfvD zrQjfvDslv ubA ufrffm. zrQjfsvv Ist mfbcN
( ) {
nkA iakAfJAfb jsv. mfb zfbsk bfj dn]ejfq, mfbcNsj kcYfb
zKGf{, Jb Wvf SLpGwDt rstW ufrffm rsh Wslv zfhfn hQ jsv.
Wvf [mfiafKGD rstW [mfiaf rsh bf. zfdm Wslv nD dlsqdYtfm, zrQjfvD ufrffmDslv hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstb,
pfvf Wslv zkDk W HdhNA{sj Wslv lxdsk ncswfdHk j'sv }
sldJsqdYt. Wslv hAfifsv Wslv iChhG kDG dub hQ mfbcNslv bAfq
wfdv jKf hfh rsqsY. dbyq Wvf dYt [dkoa. (rf-mDm nfulfr } ( ) {
24-25) zKGf{, zfv pfvf zfmfv dblwGbnmCrsj dmKAf msb jsvsY hQ
() } zrQjfsv kf sKsj mcJ dIdvsq dbsqsY, kfvf slfpJhfnD; snJfsb kfvf
( ) dyvjft Kfjsh. (zf'vfI } 36)
}
( ) {
( ) {
zKGf{, spdlb zdosk Wslv mcJmt seifse l jvf rsh sndlb
Wvf htsh, `rfq! zfmvf pdl zffrv zfbcokA jvkfm W vnCtsj zKGf{, pfvf zffrv iadk dmKAf zfsvfi jsv, kcdm djqfmskv dlb
mfbA jvkfm!' kfvf zfsvf htsh, `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfmvf kfslv mcJ jfstf slJsh. zrQjfvDslv zfhfnt ufrffm bq dj?
zfmfslv sbkf W hV hV stfj (hcpcoG)slv zfbcokA jsvdYtfm, (pcmfv } 60)
nckvfQ Wvf zfmfslvsj iK jsvdYt. sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! }
Wslvsj dB wfd lfW hQ mrf zdHnifk jv.' (zfrpfh } 66-68)
4. mcbfdIjD, jiekf } ( ) {
zivfsLv dlj sKsj jcIvDv yfsk mcbfdIjD zdLjkv nfQOfdkj. zKGf{, pfvf zffrv iadk dmKAf zfsvfi jsv, kcdm djqfmskv dlb
kf kfv wfdW zdLj. mrfb zffr hstb, kfslv mcJ jfstf slJsh. zrQjfvDslv zfhfnt ufrffm bq dj?
} (zfrjfI } 20)
( ) { mrfbhD hstb, uffk W ufrffsmv dhhfl rt. ufrffm htt,
`zfmfv msLA k W zrQjfvD stfsjvf Kfjsh.' zfv uffk htt,
zKGf{, zffr mcbfdIj icvN, mcbfdIj bfvD W jfsIvslvsj
`lcht
G W ldvla hAdvf zfmfv dHksv hnhfn jvsh.' zk}iv zffr
ufrffsmv zfocsbv iadkwadk dlsqsYb, snJfsb kfvf dyvjft Kfjsh,
kfzftf kfslv msLA Ifqnftf jvstb sp, kcdm uffk zfmfv vrmk,
ef kfslv ubA psK. zffr kfslvsj zdHwfi jsvsYb. zfv skfmfv fvf zfdm pfv iadk Yf zbcoar jvh. hQ kcdm ufrffm
kfslv ubA vsqsY dyvfqD wfd. (kfWhfr } 68)
zfmfv wfd, skfmfv fvf zfdm pfsj Yf wfd slh. zfv skfmfslv
() { } Hqsj idviCBG jvf zfmfv lfdqk. (mcndtm)
zKGf{, mcbfdIj (jie) hAdvf zhwA slfpsJv nhGdbb sv zffrv vnCt hstb, zfdm skfmfslvsj slfpJhfnD jfvf kf
zhfb jvsh hQ kfslv ubA kcdm jJbW sjfb nfrfpAjfvD ifsh bf. hst slh bf dj? iaskAj vP-Hfh, lfdHj, zrQjfvD hAd. (hcJfvD

4918, mcndtm 2853 bQ) khcW zbAfbA zfqfk W rflDsnv dHdsk wfdv sOfNBfsj Lmj
jlf bhD htstb, pfv rlsq zBc idvmfBW zrQjfv Kfjsh hst mfbsk rsh. zKGf{, sjfb mcndtsmv hcsj pdl kfWrDl Kfsj,
sn uffsk pfsh bf. j hAd htt, `stfsj skf iYl jsv sp, kfv kfrst sn jdlb bf jdlb mcd ifsh; pdlW wfd sHfofv isv.
sifwfj W uckf nclv srfj (kfrst sn hAdv dj rsh?)' bhD spsrkc }-
htstb, zhwA zffr nclv hQ dkdb snZlpG iYl jsvb. jlf duhaft bhD -sj htstb, zfibfv mskv msLA
(nckvfQ nclv ufmf-sifNfj ivfq zrQjfv sb.) zrQjfv rt, rj sp hAd zffrv nfsK jfsj wvDj bf jsv mvsh, sn uffsk iashw
(nkA) iakAfJAfb jvf hQ mfbcNsj OxBf jvfv bfm. (mcndtm 91bQ, jvsh. (bhD hstb,) zfdm httfm, pdlW sn hAdHyfv jsv W
dkvdmpD, rfsjm 1/26) ycdv jsv khcW dj? dkdb htstb, pdlW sn hAdHyfv jsv W ycdv
iajfw Kfsj sp, jcIvD YfVf jfhDvf sofbfrv ubA sjfb mc'dmb jsv. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
ufrffsm dyvfqD hfdnlf rsh bf. pfv hcsj ndvNfv lfbf idvmfb mfb mrfbhD hstsYb, sp hAd zffrv nd zuGb jvfv sswA
Kfjsh, sn jdlb bf jdlb uffsk iashw tfH jvsh. pdlW JcbDv (jstmf) `tf tfrf ffr' hst, zffr kfv iv ufrffsmv
hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstsYb, zfb rfvfm j'sv slb. (hcJfvD + mcndtm)
} ipGc zfqfk lc'desk wfd drnfsh dyvfqD ufrffsmv jKf sp
( ) { hdBGk rsqsY, kfv zKG rt, sn pdl kWhf bf jsv, kfrst kfv wfd
zKGf{, sp sj YfjxkHfsh sjfb dhhfnDsj rkAf jvsh, kfv wfd ef rsh, pf mrfb zffr kfv zivfsLv lvb kfsj dlsk ifsvb.
ufrffm. snJfsb sn dyvjft Kfjsh hQ zffr kfv iadk v rshb, zbcvi kWhf bf jvf zhfq dyvfqD ufrffmD rWqfv zKG rt,
kfsj zdHnifk jvshb hQ kfv ubA mrfwfd iak j'sv kfsk nclDOG jft zhfb jvsk rsh. jfvB, jfsIv W mcwdvjvf
vfJshb. (dbnf } 93) sjht ufrffsm dyvfqD rsh. kfYfVf nCl W rkAfv nijG pdlW
zfv nClsJfsvv hAfifsv hstsYb, hflfv zdLjfsvv nfsK, pf sKsj kWhfv mfLAsmW lfdqkmc rWqf
pfq bf, khcW zffr kfzftf Dq jxif W zbcoasr kfv mbHfsh
}
dbid jvsk ifsvb sp, dbdrk hAdW iadklfb sisq pfsh hQ
nClsJfv W rkAfjfvDvW mfI rsq pfsh. (hsb jfnDv W Ifkt jflDv)

( ) { ufrffmDv jmGfhtD
zKGf{, pfvf nCl Jfq kfvf (djqfmsk) sn hAdv mk lfqmfb rsh, mdbsk iaskAj mrfifi W zdk mrfifi ufrffmDv jfu. ksh
pfsj wqkfb iwG fvf ifot j'sv dlsqsY. kf ubA sp kfvf hst, mrfifi zffr Yf jvst [mf jvsk ifsvb, bsy{ wfd sHfofsk
`hAhnf skf nCslv mk.' zKy zffr hAhnfsj ShL W nClsj zShL ifsvb. ksh zdk mrfifi zmfuGbDq zivfL. sp sp jfsuv ubA
jsvsYb. zkh pfv jfsY kfv iadkiftsjv islw snsY, kfviv ufrffm spsk rsh, kfv djYc dbmvi }-
sn (nCl JfWqf sKsj) dhvk rsqsY, nckvfQ (dbdN rWqfv iCshG) pf jcIvD jvf, dwjG jvf, dhlzfk jvf, jiekf jvf, zffr hf k]fv
zkDk rsqsY, kf kfv (ubA [mfrG rsh), zfv kfv hAfifv zffrv vnCstv bfsm dmKAf htf, dmKAf jKf htf, drQnf jvf, zfmfbsk dJqfbk
JdkqfvHc. dj pfvf icbvfq (nCl sJsk) zfvH jvsh, kfvf jvf, pctcm jvf, hAdHyfv jvf, sL]fjf slWqf, I]fdj slWqf, zfkDqkfv
slfpJhfnD; snJfsb kfvf dyvjft Kfjsh. (hfjfvfr } 275) hb sYlb jvf, durfl huGb jvf, jfiGBA jvf, zffrv vrmk sKsj
dbvfw rWqf, zffrv wfd sKsj dbsusj dbvfil Hfhf, dhisl zSLpG

rWqf, ohG jvf, zrQjfv jvf, zffrv sjfb Ivp kAfo jvf, sjfb ns hstb,
dbdN jmG jvf, k]fv nDmf tQOb jvf, zffrv mk zbA jfsj }
Hfthfnf zKhf Hq jvf, zffr YfVf zsbAv iv Hvnf vfJf,

stfjslJfdb jfu jvf, hfdkstv i[ifdkk jvf, zffr, vnCt hf
Dsbv sjfb dhNq dbsq hA-dhi jvf, nkA iakAfJAfb jvf, nkA ( ) {
sofib jvf, nkA nf[A bf slWqf, pflc jvf, mf-hfsiv zhfLA rWqf, zKGf{, zffr zdhwfnDslv ubA bCr W tCskv Dv lxf idk
fmDv zhfLA rWqf, zShL iafB rkAf jvf, kDsmv mft H[B jvf, jsvsYb; kfvf dYt zfmfv lfnslv msLA lc n{jmGivfqB lfsnv
nCl JfWqf, Ocn JfWqf, ycdv-Ffjfdk jvf, pcs[ sKsj itfqb jvf, zLDb. dj kfvf kfslv iadk dhhfnOfkjkf jsvdYt, Ist kfvf (bCr
dmKAf jt vefsbf, zihfl slWqf, kAfdl. W tCk) kfslvsj zffrv wfd rsk v[f jvsk ifvt bf hQ
mrfbhD hstb, ufrffmhfnD i]fy hAd; (1) sn lcht G swaBDv kfslvsj htf rt, ùfrffsm iashwjfvDslv nfsK skfmvfW kfsk
hAd, pfv (ifi W zbAfq sKsj lCsv Kfjfv mk) fb sb. pfvf iashw jv.' (kfrvDm } 10)
skfmfslv zbcok, pfvf idvhfv yfq bf, Lb-nilW yfq bf. (2) Jfsb dJqfbk hf dhwfnOfkjkf htsk lfiskAv dJqfbk hf
dJqfbkjfvD hAd, sp kcY sjfb dudbsnv stfsH iVst kfsk dhwfnOfkjkf swA bq. sjbbf, hAfifsv njst jmk sp, sjfb
dJqfbk jsv. (3) mb hAd, sp njft-nAfq skfmfv idvhfv W bhDv D hAdHyfdvBD dYstb bf. (Ifkt jflDv) dJqfbk htsk hcUfsbf
nislv hAfifsv sL]fjf slq. (4) jxiB hAd hQ (5) lcydv rsqsY, vf kfslv fmDslv iv mfb zfsbdb. kfvf mcbfdIjD W
syfqfV. (mcndtm 7386bQ) jiekfq dt dYt hQ dbsuslv jfsIv ufdkv iadk kfvf nmshlbf
vfnCtcfr -sj dufnf jvf rt sp, sjfbX zfmt mfbcNsj shdw sifNB jvk. spmb, bCr -v D bCr -v hAfifsv stfjslvsj
uffsk dbsq pfsh? dkdb htstb, zffrHDdk W nydv. zfv hst shVfk sp, jub ifot. zfv tCk -v D kfv sofsv
kf]sj (efW) dufnf jvf rt sp, sjfbX zfmt mfbcNsj shdw stfjslvsj dbu hfVDsk zfok zdkdKv nQhfl si]ZsY dlk. sj
ufrffsm dbsq pfsh? dkdb htstb, mcJ W spZbf (zKGf{, Hq fvf sj hstb, vf Hq kfslv ufdkv stfjslv mfsU dbu dbu fmDv
nQOdek ifi). (dkvdmpD rfnfb nrDr nCs) ycodt j'sv shVfk.
bCr hQ tCk kf]vf Hsq dYstb zffrv iqov, zfv
dbdlG jdkiq ufrffmD hAd iqovvf zffrv zdk dbjekm hflfslv msLA oBA rb, kf nsW
sj uffskv jfu jvst kfsj uffkD hQ ufrffsmv jfu kf]vf kf]slv Dslvsj zffrv zfpfh sKsj hf]yfsk ifvshb bf.
jvst kfsj ufrffmD msb jvf dEj bq. jfvB rsk ifsv, sn mvsBv zfhC tfrfh W kfv D } kfslv nisjG mrfb zffr hstb,
iCshG zKhf zffrv jfsY kfv dhivDk rsk ifsv. ksh wvDqk ( ) ( ) }
dbdlGHfsh pfsj ufrffmD hst sJ jsvsY, kfsj ufrffmD msb (){ ( ) ( )
jvsk rsh. spmb } dIvzfb. mrfb zffr kfv ns hstsYb, zKGf{, LQn srfj zfhc tfrfshv rq hQ LQn srfj sn dbsuW.
( ) { } kfv Lb-nil W kfv ifuGb kfv sjfb ijfsv zfnsh bf. zdysv
zKGf{, djqfmskv dlb sn dbu nialfsqv zoaHfso Kfjsh, zk}iv sn dwJf dhdw (ufrffsmv) zfsb iashw jvsh hQ kfv DW; sp
kfslvsj ibDk jvsh slfpsJ. zfv kf zdk dbjx fb pfsk kfvf b hrb jsv. kfv otslsw Kfjsh sJucv z]fswv ifjfsbf vdw. (nCvf
ibDk rsh. (rCl } 98) tfrfh)
bCr W tCk (zftfdrmfn nftfm)-v D } mrfb zffr kfslv zfmXv dhb zfsmv zft-JcpfqD } mrfbhD kfsj ufrffsm dbsuv
bfdVH]cdV sesb dbsq shVfsk slsJsYb. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, zfrmfl) lstv msLA sp ivm lqfmsqv iadk nhGfdLj zhfLA zfdm kfsj sesb
zfmfv -v Ofkj } kfv hAfifsv mrfbhD hstsYb, sn zhwA shv jvh. kfviv zfdm zhwA kfslv msLA pfvf ufrffm
ufrffmD. (n} ufsm' 4170bQ) iashswv zdLjkv spfoA kfslv dhNsq zdLj zhok. (mfvqAfm } 68-70)
ufrffsm iashw jvsk zfslw dlsq htf rsh,
jfsIv dubvfW ufrffmD }
mfbcsNv mk dubslvW Hft-ml Hq zfsY. Hft dubvf spmb
uffsk pfsh, skmdb Jfvfi dubvf pfsh ufrffsm.
() {
mrfb zffr Hq ufdksj hflskv dbslGw dlsqsYb. dkdb
hstsYb, zKGf{,`skfmfslv iCshG sp dub W mfbhlt ok rsqsY kfslv nfsK
skfmvf slfpsJ iashw jv.' pJb sjfb lt kfsk iashw jvsh,
( ) { }
kJb ziv ltsj kfvf zdHnifk jvsh. idvswsN pJb njst
zKGf{, zfdm nxd jsvdY dub W mfbcNsj sjht ubA sp, kfvf Wsk j rsh, kJb kfslv ivhkGDvf iChhG kGDslv nisjG htsh, `sr
zfmfv hflk jvsh. (pfdvqfk } 56) zfmfslv iadkiftj! Wvf zfmfslvsj dhf jsvdYt, nckvfQ kcdm
nckvfQ hflk bf jvst ufrffsm spsk rsh. Wslvsj slfpsJv dB wfd lfW.' zffr htshb, ìaskAsjv ubA
dubsjW rfwsvv mqlfsb umfsqk jvf rsh. mrfb zffr hstsYb, dB vsqsY; dj skfmvf ufb bf.' (zf'vfI } 38)
} nckvfQ dubvf ufrffsm iashw jvsh. spmb zffr hstb,
( ) ( )
( ) { zKGf{, zk}iv Wslv hQ iKslv zsLfmcJD jsv ufrffsm
zKGf{, spdlb dkdb kfslv njtsj j jvshb (hQ htshb,) dbs[i jvf rsh hQ htDsnv hfdrbDv njtsjW. (zfvf' } 94-95)
`sr dub nialfq! skfmvf zsbj mfbcNsj skfmfslv zbcok mrfb zffrv iadkwadk, dkdb dub-bnfb dlsq ufrffm idviCBG
jsvdYst.' zfv mfbh-nmfsuv msLA kfslv hcoB htsh, `sr jvshb. dkdb hstsYb,
zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfmvf iviv iviv fvf tfHhfb rsqdY () { }
hQ kcdm zfmfslv ubA sp nmq dbLGfdvk jsvdYst Jb zfmvf kfsk zKGf{, `zfdm dub W mfbcN Hq fvf ufrffm iCBG jvh' skfmfv
ibDk rsqdY.' zffr htshb, ùfrffm skfmfslv hfnfb, iadkiftsjv hfBD iCBG rsh. (rCl } 119)
snJfsb skfmvf dyvdlb Kfjsh; pdl bf zffr zbA vjm Yf jsvb.'
dbyq skfmfv iadkiftj iafmq, ndhswN zhdrk. (zfbzfm } 128) ufrffmDslv nQJAfdLjA
( ) } iCshG htf rsqsY, ufrffmDslv nQJAf uffkDslv kctbfq zsbj
( ) B shdw rsh. spsrkc nQnfsv zn{ stfsjv nQJAf zdLj, zffrv
hfLA hflf jm, wqkfsbv hfLA softfm shdw. mfbcsNv nxdjkGf W
( ) {
iftbjkGf dbsu sOfNBf dlsqsYb,
zKGf{, nckvfQ wiK skfmfv iadkiftsjv! zfdm zhwA kfslvsj ( ) { }
hQ wqkfbslvsj nmshk jvh. zk}iv zfdm zhwA kfslvsj
bkufbc zhfq ufrffsmv ykcdlGsj idk jvh. zk}iv iaskAj zKGf{, kcdm pk zfoarD rW bf sjb, zdLjfQw stfj dhhfn

jvhfv bq. (ncI } 103) ( ) { }
( ) { } zKGf{, zfv dm vnCt bf ifEfsbf ipG jfsj wfd dl bf. (hfbD
zKGf{, Wslv iv htDn kfv zbcmfb nkA drnfsh iadkdk jvt, naft } 15)
Ist Wslv msLA jde dhwfnD lt YfVf njst kfv zbcnvB jvt. zfv dkdb iaskAj ufdkv dHksv vnCt hf nkjGjfvD ifdEsqsYb.
(nfhf' } 20) dkdb hstb,
dkdb wqkfbsj dhkfdVk jvfv nmq hstdYstb, () { }
( ) { } zKGf{, zfdm skf skfmfsj nkAnr ncnQhfllfkf W nkjGjfvDvsi
zKGf{, skfmfv fvf W Wslv msLA skfmfv njt zbcnfvDslv fvf siavB jsvdY; mb sjfb nialfq sb pfv dbje nkjGjfvD siadvk
zfdm zhwA ufrffm iCBG jvh.' (nfl } 85) rqdb. (Ifdkv } 24)
htf hftA, zdLjfQw dub-bnfb ufrffsmv zdLhfnD. () { }
mrfb zffr zflm -sj zfslw jvshb sp, spb dkdb dbu zKGf{, zhwA zfdm iaskAj ufdkv msLA vnCt ifdEsqdY dbslGw
nfbslv mLA rsk rfufsv 999 ubsj ufrffsmv ubA shv j'sv dlsq sp, skfmvf zffrv ifnbf jv W kfoCk sKsj lCsv Kfj. (bfrXt
slb. jKf sb oHGhkDvf kfslv oHGifk j'sv sItsh, hftjvf } 36)
hx rsq iVsh, zfv mfbcNsj slsJ mfkft msb rsh, zKy kfvf zfnst ( ) { }
mfkft rsh bf; hvQ zffrv zfpfshv Hqfhrkfv ubA vjm zKGf{, iaskAj mskv ubA j jub vnCt dYt. (bcn } 47)
(djQjkGhAdhmCP) rsh. nfrfhfslv jfsY jKf zkA HfvD msb rt, dj zfdqfv lfWqfk oarB bf j'sv nQJAfodv mfbcN ufrffsmv
kfslv syrfvfv vQ ifse sot. bhD kf slsJ htstb Hsqv djYc ipc rsqsY.
sb. 999 usbv nQJAf qAf'uCu-mf'uCsuv mLA rsk rsh zfv sot iaskAj bhDv zbcnfvDv jKf. i[fsv swN bhDsj zdLjfQw
skfmfslv mf jub. skfmfslv nQJAf zbA mfbcNslv kctbfq mb mfbcN zDjfv jvt. zfhfv zbcnfvDslv msLAW bfbf msk dLfdhH
rsh, spmb nflf ovv ofsq jde jfstf stfm zKhf jfstf ovv ofsq rsq 73dev msLA 72de ufrffsmv ipc rt. pfv jfvB dhswNB
jde nflf stfm. zfv zfdm zfwf jdv sp, skfmvf rsh uffskv j jvst hcUf pfq sp, iahxd W nslsrv hwhkGD rsq zdLjfQw mfbcN
ykcKGfQw hf j kxkDqfQw hf zsLGj. kf sb nfrfhfvf zfbsl rsqsY. spsrkc mfbcsNv nxdjkGf hstsYb,
`zff zfjhfv' Ldb yfdvk jvstb. (hcJfvD)
}
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, iaskAj jw'v msLA 99 ub ufrffsm
pfsh. (hcJfvD) rqskf hf nQJAfsk qA'uCu-mf'uCusj oBbfq hfl
slWqf rsqsY. zfv zffr Hft ufsbb. ( ) {
zKGf{, bfvD, nfb-ndk, umfjxk snfbf-vifv Hffv, iYln
ufrffmhfnD zdLj rWqfv jfvB (dydrk) sOfVf, ykcil u W s[k-Jfmfsvv iadk zfnd mfbcsNv
ufrffmhfnD zdLj rWqfv jfvB bq sp, zdLjfQw mfbcsNv dbje stfHbDq jvf rsqsY. nh ruDhsbv sHfoA h. zfv
jfsY ntfm si]ZsYdb. hvQ zdLjfQw mfbcN ntfm oarB jsvdb. zffrv dbjse m zfwaqt vsqsY. (zfst mvfb } 14)
spsrkc sp mfbcsNv jfsY ntfsmv jKf si]ZsYdb, mrfb zffr kfsj zfv sn jfvsB duhvDstv zfwQjf ndEj dYt. mrfb zffr pJb
wfd slshb bf. dkdb hstsYb, k]fsj ufrffsmv dlsj ifdEsq htstb, `pfW, ufrffm hQ kfv

zdLhfnDslv ubA iakjxk nfmoaD lwGb jv.' kJb dkdb sostb hQ zdLjfQw zdLhfnD ovDhslv lt. zfv slfpsJv dlsj kfdjsq
slJstb, kfv zfsbv j zQw ziv zQswv iv sysi vsqsY. slJtfm, kfv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD mdrtf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zk}iv dkdb dIsv sn htstb, `zfibfv nmfsbv jnm! sp sj jcIvD W dwjG YfVfW nQJAfodvkfv zfsvf zbA jfvB dhswNB
v jKf bsh, sn sk iashw jvsk yfsh bf.' kfviv ufrffmsj jvf rsqsY rflDsn.
msbfstfHf dudbnnmCr dlsq dOsv dlsk zfslw jvstb hQ icbvfq jlf bhD (mdrtfslvsj nsfLb jsv) htstb, sr mdrtf
k]fsj htstb, `pfW, ufrffm hQ kfv zdLhfnDslv ubA iakjxk njt! skfmvf nfljfr-Jqvfk jvsk Kfj W zdLjmffq doIfv
nfmoaD lwGb jv.' nckvfQ dkdb sostb hQ lwGb j'sv dIsv sn jv. jfvB zfdm skfmfslvsj ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfnDvsi
htstb, `zfibfv nmfsbv jnm! zfmfv zfwf rq sp, sj idvfB slJtfm. jub mdrtf dbshlb jvt, `zfmfslv zdLjfQw
ifsh bf, nhf kfsk iashw jvsh.' (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, n} ufrffmD rWqfv jfvB jD? sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb,
kfvoDh 3669bQ) skfmvf zdHwfi shdw jv hQ dbu fmDv zjxkkf jv. hcd W
zhwA sn nfsK zfsvf jde jfvB pc jvf pfq, zfv kf rt LsmG ziCBG rWqf nsW dhy[B hAdv iv skfmfslv yfsk zfv
lflciDslv zfbcjvB. mrfb zffr hstb, jfsj shdw iaHfh Jfefsk sldJdb. mdrtfde zfhfv dbshlb jvt,
} `hcd W LsmGv s[s ziCBGkf jD?' dkdb htstb, lc'ub bfvDv nf[A
( ) { jde icvsNv nf[A nmkctA. zfv (ianshfv Jcb W mfdnj zfnfv)
dlbdtsk mdrtf bfmfp iVf h vfsJ. (mcndtm)
zKGf{, Hfsh skfmfv iCshG sjfb ubisl pJb sjfb nkjGjfvD
siavB jsvdY, kJb Wslv msLA pfvf dhwftD dYt kfvf htk, mrfbhD hstb, zfdm slJtfm, ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD
`zfmvf skf zfmfslv iChi G cvNslvsj j mkflswGv zbcnfvD sisqdY rt mdrtf. nfrfhfoB dufnf jvstb, `kf jD ubA sr zffrv
hQ zfmvf kfslv ilf zbcnvB jvdY.' (pcJvI } 23) vnCt?' dkdb htstb, kfslv jcIvDv ubA. k]fvf htstb,
zfv zfnst nsh vsqsY mCtk} wqkfsbv kfshlfdv. mrfb zffr `zffrv nfsK jcIvD?' dkdb htstb, (bf, kfvf fmDv jcIvD
hstb, (zjxkkf) W dbmjrfvfdm jsv. kfslv jfsvf iadk pdl nfvf uDhb
rnfbD jv, zk}iv sn pdl skfmfv dbje nfmfbA de t[A jsv,
}
kfrst h'st hsn, skfmfv dbje sjfb mt slJtfm bf zfdm! (hcJfvD,
( ) { mcndtm)
zKGf{, pJb kfslvsj htf rq, `zffr pf zhkDBG jsvsYb skfmvf
kfv zbcnvB jv', kJb kfvf hst, `zfmfslv hfi-lflfsj pfsk ufrffmDslv slrfjxdkv dhwftkf
sisqdY, zfmvf skf kf smsb yth.' pdlW wqkfb kfslvsj slfpJ- ifsiv wfd zdLjvsi sHfofhfv ubA ufrffmDslv slrfjxdk Jch
pBfv dlsj zfrhfb jsv (khcW dj kfvf hfi-lflfv zbcnvB dhwft jvf rsh. zbcmfb jvfv ubA rflDsn sn dhwftk jsqjHfsh
jvsh)? (tcjmfb } 21) hdBGk rsqsY }-
mrfbhD hstb, jfsIsvv lc j]fsLv mLAhkGD fb rsh kofmD
ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD mdrtf zwfsvfrDv dkb dlsbv iK! (mcndtm)
spmb iCshG zfstfdyk rsqsY sp, ufrffmDslv msLA mdrtfslv dkdb zfsvf hstb, jfsIsvv syfqfstv l]fk rsh l ifrfsVv
nQJAf shdw. nmfb. zfv kfv yfmVfv Ctkf rsh dkb dlsbv iK! ()
bhD hstsYb, zfdm shsrsv msLA kfdjsq slJtfm, kfv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, jfsIsvv yfmVfv Ctkf rsh dhqfdw rfk,

kfv syfqfstv l]fk rsh slv mk (iafq 7 djdm| tf 3 djdm| yWVf ifdb sTst dlsq wfd lfW (hQ ht,) zffl oarB jv, kcdm skf dYst
W 350 dm| ]yc) hQ ufrffsm kfv hnfv ufqof rsh mf W mlDbfv nmfdbk, nf. ef skf sn (wfd) pfv nisjG skfmvf nslr
mLAhkGD ufqof idvmfB. (zKGf{ 425 djdm|.) (dkvdmpD) jvsk. (lcJfb } 43-50)
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, jfsIsvv yfmVfv Ctkf rsh nv rfk, () ( )
kfv hf rsh hfpf ifrfsVv mk, kfv ufQ rsh zsvjfb ifrfsVv mk
( ) ( )
hQ ufrffsm kfv hnfv ufqof rsh zfmfv W vfhfpfv mLAhkGD ufqof
idvmfB. (zfrmfl, rfsjm) ( ) ( )
zKGf{, zk}iv sr dhf dmKAffbjfvDvf! skfmvf zhwA zfrfv
ufrffmDslv JflA jvsh pfcm hx[ rsk hQ Wef fvf skfmvf lv iCBG jvsh. kfviv
ufrffmDslvsj sJsk bf dlsqW wfd slWqf spk. khcW zdLj wfd skfmvf ifb jvsh Ice ifdb. ifb jvsh diifnfkG sev bAfq.
slWqfv ubA kfslv JflA rsh jsqj iajfv. djqfmskv dlb ef rsh kfslv zfdkKA. (Wqfdjzfr } 51-56)
}
1. pBflfqj pfcm hx[ }
hx[ W kfv idvdydk ns mrfb zffr hstb, ( ) {
( ) ( ) } zKGf{, dm sp lxwA skfmfsj sldJsqdY kf hQ jcvsb ddJk
zdHw hx[ Lc mfbcsNv ivD[fv ubA. dm kfslvsj HDdk ialwGb
() ( )
jdv, dj ef kfslv kDha zhfLAkf hxd jsv. (hfbD naft } 60)
( ) nfrfhf W kfshboB lxswAv hAfJAf jsvsYb, yf[cN lwGb.
( ) { ( ) sKsj dm'vfsuv Oebfsj hcUfsbf rsqsY. Oebf zsbj lcht G mfsbv
zKGf{, zfiAfqsbv ubA dj de m, bf pfcm hx[? stfjslv ubA dIkbfv jfvB rsqsY hQ kfvf mckGf rsq sosY. zfv
nDmftQObjfvDslv ubA zfdm nxd jsvdY ivD[fvi; hx[ `hx[' htsk pfcm ofY, pf dm'vfsuv vfsk vnCt ufrffsm
ufrffsmv ktslw rsk lXok rq, v smfyf wqkfsbv mfKfv mk. slsJsYb. ( zdHw) htsk, H[BjfvD. zKGf{, sn ofY pf
nDmftQObjfvDvf kf H[B jvsh hQ kf dlsq lv iCBG jvsh. kfv zdHw ufrffmDvf H[B jvsh.
iv zhwA Wslv ubA Ice ifdbv dmwaB Kfjsh, zk}iv zhwA , sKsj {id pfv zKG } lcoGmq W OxdBk h dost
Wslv iakAfhkGb rsh ufrffsmv dlsj. (nf-IXIfk } 62-68) JfWqf. `pfcm' hxs[v It JfWqfW ufrffmDslv ubA hV jdEb rsh.
() ( ) ( ) } jfvB kf hV lcoGmq, sk]skf hQ zdk OxBA rsh. zsbsj hstb sp,
( ) ( ) ef ixdKhDv jde ofY hQ kf zfvsh idvdyk. jckvh hstb, de
( ) ( ) j iajfv sk]skf ofY, pf dkrfmf bfmj tfjfq ifWqf pfq. zfv
zsbsj hstb sp, ef ixdKhDv sjfb ofY bq, ixdKhDv mfbcsNv dbje kf
( ) { zidvdyk. (Ifkt jflDv) zfvhD-lGc zdHLfsb `pfcm'-v zKG
zKGf{, dbyq pfcm ofY rsh ifdisv JflA; odtk kfmfv mk kf Kcrfv (j]feflfv dhNf ofY) jvf rsqsY. (zfrnfbct hfqfb)
sisev dHkv Icesk Kfjsh, ovm ifdb Icefv mk. (zfdm hth,) Wsj mrfbhD hstb, pfcsmv nfmfbA idvmfB pdl ufrffm rsk
Lv hQ sesb dbsq pfW ufrffsmv mLAst. zk}iv Wv mfKfq Ice ixdKhDsk zfsn ksh ixdKhDv JflA W ifbDq kfv dhNfkfq dhb rsq

pfsh. (dkvdmpD 2585) vsqsY pBflfqj wfd. (hfjfvfr } 174)
2. pfvD' } pfvf kDsmv mft Jfq, kfvf ufrffsmv zffv Jfsh. mrfb zffr
j iajfv jejmq dhNf ocm. pf ufrffmDvf H[B jvsh. mrfb hstb,
zffr hstb, }
() { ( ) } ( ) {
zKGf{, kfslv ubA dhNf jej hAkDk JflA sb. pf ic jsv bf zKGf{, dbyq pfvf dikxrDbslv nil zbAfqHfsh oafn jsv, kfvf
hQ [cLfW dbhfvB jsv bf. (ofdwqfr } 6-7) zfnst dbsuslv lsv zdo H[B jsv. zfv zdysv kfvf ut
3. otfq zfesj pfq mb JflA } zfsb iashw jvsh. (dbnf } 10)
mrfb zffr hstb, zffrv vnCt hstsYb sp, sp hAd zHfh bf Kfjf nsW pfybf
jsv (sJt), sn hAd spb ufrffsmv zfv sJt. (kfhfvfbDv jfhDv,
( ) { ( ) } hsb Jcpfmf, hfrfjD, nrDr kfvoDh 793bQ)
zKGf{, dbyq zfmfv dbje zfsY wxQJt, iaudtk zdo. zfv zfsY zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd y]fdlv ifs ifb jsv, zfnst sn
mb JflA, pf otfq zfesj pfq hQ pBflfqj wfd. (mcpXpfdmt } hAd dbu lsv ufrffsmv zfocb TjXTjX jsv ifb jsv. (hcJfvD 5634,
12-13) mcndtm 2065bQ)
4. dontDb }
ufrffmDslv [kdb}nxk nafh. mrfb zffr hstb, ufrffmDslv ifbDq
( ) ( ) } diifnfq ifdb bf dlsq ufrffmDslvsj wfd slWqf rsh. zfv zdLj
( ) { zfpfh slWqfv ubA kfslvsj jsqj iajfv ifdb ifb jvsk slWqf
rsh }-
zKGf{, zkh dlb snJfsb kfv sjfb ncrl Kfjsh bf hQ sjfb
JflA Kfjsh bf [kdb}nxk icu ] hAkDk; pf zivfLDvf hAkDk sj Jfsh 1. rfmDm }
bf. (rf-fr } 35-37) zkcA Ice ifdb. mrfb zffr hstb,
5. zfsbv zfv } ( ) { ( ) }
pfvf zffrv jftfm shsy Jfq, kfvf ufrffsmv zffv Jfsh. mrfb zKGf{, kfviv skfmvf ifb jvsh Ice ifdb. ifb jvsh diifnfkG
zffr hstb, sev bAfq. (Wqfdjzfr } 54-55)
} pf ifb jvst ufrffmDslv bfdVHc]dV dYdhdY rsq pfsh. mrfb
zffr hstb,

( ) { }
( ) { zKGf{, (ivsrpofvvf dj kfslv mskf,) pfslvsj ifb jvsk slWqf
zKGf{, zffr sp djkfh zhkDBG jsvsYb, pfvf kf sofib jsv W rsh Ice ifdb; pf kfslv bfVDHc]dV dY-dH j'sv slsh? (mcrfmfl } 15)
kfv dhdbmsq ni mCtA oarB jsv, kfvf sjht zfocb dlsq zfib sie
2. ofnXnfj }
iCBG jsv. swN dhyfsvv dlb zffr kfslv nfsK jKf htshb bf hQ
zdkwq lcoGmq dk zKhf dbvdkwq wDkt ifbDq. mrfb zffr
kfslvsj (ifi-idtkf sKsj) idhW jvshb bf; zfv kfslv ubA
hstb, kfv mxkcA Oesh bf hQ kfv isv Kfjsh jsEfv wfd. (hafrDm } 15-17)
( ) ( ) } 4. odtk Lfkc zKhf Sktdjsv bAfq jxhBG, ofP W
( ) { lcoGmq ifbDq }
zKGf{, rt (nfhLfbDslv ubA) zfv nDmftQObjfvDslv ubA vsqsY mrfb zffr hstb,
dbjx idvBfm; ufrffm, snJfsb Wvf iashw jvsh, nckvfQ jk dbjx }
sn wqbfofv. rt Ice ifdb W (ofnXnfj) icu ] . nckvfQ Wvf kf ( ) {
zfflb jvj. (nf-l } 55-57) zKGf{, dm nDmftQObjfvDslv ubA iak svsJdY zdo, pfv shbD
( ) ( ) } kfslvsj idvshb jsv Kfjsh. kfvf ifbDq yfst kfslvsj slWqf
( ) ( ) ( ) rsh odtk Lfkcv bAfq ifbDq; pf kfslv mcJmt l jvsh; jk dbjx
sn ifbDq hQ jk dbjx sn (zdov) waqt. (jfrXI } 29)
( ) {
5. Jfhft blDv ifdb }
zKGf{, dbyq ufrffm W]{ sisk vsqsY---nDmftQObjfvDslv
zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd ml ifb jvsh sn hAdv 40 dlsbv
iakAfhkGbt vsi. snJfsb kfvf pco pco Lsv zhfb jvsh. snJfsb
bfmfp jhct rsh bf. dj viv pdl sn kWhf jsv, ksh zffr kfv
kfvf sjfb Eff (hv) fl oarB jvsk ifsh bf, zfv sjfb ifbDqW kWhf oarB j'sv sbshb. zbAKf pdl sn icbvfq ifb jsv, kfrst zbcvi
(ifsh bf); Ice ifdb W (iahfdrk) iC]u hAkDk. ef (kfslv) kfv 40 dlsbv bfmfp jhct rsh bf. pdl v isvW sn kWhf jsv, ksh
ipc iadkIt. (bfhf' } 21-26) zffr kfv kWhf jhct j'sv sbshb. zbAKf pdl sn kxkDqhfv ifb jsv,
kfrst zbcvi kfv 40 dlsbv bfmfp jhct rsh bf. dj v isvW pdl
3. nflDl } sn kWhf jsv, ksh zffr kfv kWhf oarB j'sv sbshb. zbAKf pdl sn
ufrffmDslv iybwDt [k-dboGk icu ] -v hf Ofm; pf kfslvsj ykcKGhfv kf ifb jsv, kfrst zbcvi kfv 40 dlsbv bfmfp jhct rsh
ifb jvsk slWqf rsh. kfvf zdk js otL}jvB jvsh hQ kf bf. dj visv sn pdl kWhf jsv, ksh zffr kfv kWhf jhct jsvb
otL}jvB jvf iafq znHh rsq iVsh. (kJb) nh dlj sKsj bf, dkdb kfv iadk sfLfdbk rb hQ (ivjfst) kfsj `Jfhft blD'
kfslv dbje mxkcApBf zfnsh, dj mxkcA kfslv Oesh bf. zfv kfvf sKsj ifbDq ifb jvfshb.
jsEfv wfd sHfo jvsk Kfjsh. mrfb zffr hstb, hsb mfv sj dufnf jvf rt, `sr zfhC zfcv vrmfb! `Jfhft-
() ( ) } blD' dj?' sv dkdb htstb, `kf rt ufrffmhfnDslv i]cu fvf
iahfdrk (ufrffsmv) j blD.' (dkvdmpD, rfsjm 4/146, bfnf, nrDt
ufsm' 6312-6313bQ)
( )
zKGf{, iaskAj k rEjfvD hAKGjfm rt. kfslv iaskAsjv nmcsJ ufrffmDslv sifNfj
vsqsY ufrffm hQ iaskAjsj ifb jvfsbf rsh iC]udmdwak ifdb. pf ufrffmDslv sifNfj rsh zftjfkvfv zKhf odtk dikstv hQ
sn zdk js j sTfj j sTfj jsv dotsk Kfjsh hQ kf dotf iafq zfocsbv. mrfb zffr hstb,
znHh rsq iVsh; nhGdlj rsk kfv dbje zfnsh mxkcA-pBf, dj ( )

( ) fvf sn wahB jvsh hQ pfv duHW Kfjsh; pfv fvf sn jKfW htsh.
zKGf{, sndlb kcdm zivfLDslvsj slJsh dwjt fvf h]fLf zhfq. sndlb sn htsh, `dkb iajfv stfjsj wfsqf jvfv lfdqk zfmfsj
kfslv ufmf rsh zftjfkvfv (hf odtk dikstv) hQ zdo zfY slWqf rsqsY; iaskAj k SvfyfvD, iaskAj sn hAd, sp zffrv
jvsh kfslv mcJmt. (hafrDm } 49-50) nfsK zbA ifnAsjW zfrfb (dwjG) jsvsY hQ pfvf Ydh hf mCdkG
dkdb zfsvf hstb, iak jsvsY. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, dntdntfr nrDrfr 512bQ)
pfvf pfjfk slq bf kfslv wfd ns mrfb zffr hstb,

}
() ( ) ( )
( )
()
( ) {
zKGf{, nckvfQ pfvf zdhwfn jsv kfslv ubA iak jvf rsqsY
zfsbv sifwfj; kfslv mfKfv iv sTst slWqf rsh Ice ifdb. pfv zKGf{, pfvf BG W svZiA umf jsv vfsJ hQ kf zffrv isK hAq
Ist kfslv lsv pf zfsY kf hQ kfslv ymG dhodtk jvf rsh. zfv jsv bf, kcdm kfslvsj pBflfqj wfdv ncnQhfl wcdbsq lfW. spdlb
kfslv usbA Kfjsh stZrdbdmGk rfkcdVnmCr. pJb kfvf pBfjfkv ufrffsmv zfocsb stfsj jvf rsh. zk}iv kf dlsq kfslv
rsq ufrffm rsk shv rsk yfsh, kJb kfslvsj dIdvsq slWqf ttfe, ifwGslw W ixslw lfof rsh, (zfv htf rsh,) ` rsY kf pf
rsh; zfv (kfslvsj htf rsh,) `zffl jv lrb-pBf.' (rf } 19-22) skfmvf dbsuslv ubA nq jsv svsJdYst. nckvfQ Jb dbsuslv
ndk dudbsnv fl oarB jv.' (kfWhfr } 34-35)
bhD hstb, sp hAdsj zffr Lb-mft lfb jsvsYb; dj sn
ufrffsmv jdkiq zfpfshv bmcbf hAd kfv sn Lb-mfstv pfjfk zflfq jsv bf, djqfmskv dlb
ufrffsm bfbf Lvsbv zfpfh rsh. jkj iajfv zfpfshv jKf (zfpfshv) ubA kfv nm Lb-mftsj jde mfKfq efj iVf (zdk
jcvzfb-rflDsn ddJk rsqsY, kfv djYc dbmvi }- dhNf) nfsiv zfjxdk lfb jvf rsh; pfv syfsJv iv lc'de jfstf lfo
bhD hstsYb, sp hAdv lcdbqfsk sjfb (iafBDv) dy hfdbsqsY Kfjsh. sn nfisj shdVv mk kfv otfq Ucdtsq slWqf rsh.
kfsj djqfmskv dlsb kfsk vr Ic]jfv ubA hfLA jvf rsh zfv sn vr zk}iv sn kfv Hq jsw LfvB (lQwb) j'sv htsh, `zfdm skfmfv
Ic]jsk ifvsh bf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) mft, zfdm skfmfv sn ndk LbHffv.' viv bhD zfqfk
bhD hstb, sp hAd dmKAf i hBGbf jsv, pf sn slsJdb---sn ifE jvstb,
hAdsj (djqfmskv dlb) lc'de pshv mfsU sufVf tfofsk hfLA jvf
rsh. zKy sn jJb kf ifvsh bf. (pfv Ist kfsj zfpfh sHfo
jvsk rsh.)
sp hAd sjfb nialfsqv jKf jfb sisk bsh zKy kfvf kf ziYl zKGf{, zffrv lfbjxk zbcoasr (Lb-mfst) pfvf jxiBkf jsv, sn
jsv sn hAdv Hq jfsb djqfmskv dlb odtk nDnf Tftf rsh. jfiGBA kfslv ubA mtjv rsh hst kfvf spb LfvBf bf jsv. hvQ
zfv sp hAd sjfb Ydh (hf mCdkG) SkvD jvsh (djqfmsk) kfsj ef kfslv is[ [dkjv iadki rsh. pfsk kfvf jfiGBA jsv sn
nm Lb-nilsj shdV hfdbsq djqfmskv dlb kfslv otfq ivfsbf
zfpfh slWqf rsh zKhf Ydh (hf mCdkG)sk vr I]cjsk hfLA jvf rsh
rsh. (zf-st mvfb } 180 hcJfvD1403bQ, bfnf)
zKy sn kfsk jJb n[m rsh bf. (hcJfvD 7042bQ)
vnCt hstb, sjfb (ovDh) dbjefkDq pJb kfv (LbD)
vnCt hstb, djqfmskv dlb ufrffsmv zfsbv j mCdkG shv
dbjefkDqv dbje sn zffrv lfbjxk zbcoar kfv jfsY iafKGbf jsv
rsh, pfv Kfjsh lc'de syfJ; pfv fvf sn lwGb jvsh, lc'de jfb; pfv

kJb sn (LbD) hAd kf dlsk jfiGBA jvst (ivjfst) zffr kfv iadkwadk zfsY sp, kfsj dkdb ufrffmDslv Ofm zKhf icu ] ifb
ubA slfpJ sKsj jde ùf' bfmj nfi shv jvshb; sp nfi kfv jvfshb. (mcndtm 2002bQ, bfnf)
duh shv jsv mcJ drtfsk Kfjsh. nfisj shdVvi kfv otfq zffrv vnCt hstb, dm'vfsuv vfs pJb zfmfsj zfjfw msB
ivfsbf rsh. (kfhfvfbDv zfnfk W jfhDv, nrDr kfvoDh 883bQ) dbsq pfWqf rt, kJb mb jlt stfsjv ifw shsq zfdm zdkm
zffrv vnCt hstsYb sp, jlf zfdm Ocdmsq dYtfm; mb nmq jvtfm pfslv dYt kfmfv bJ; pfv fvf kfvf kfslv mcJmt W h[t
(si) zfmfv dbje lc hAd idk rstb. k]fvf zfmfv Hq hfv dysv sItdYt. zfdm httfm, `Wvf jfvf sr duhaft?!' duhaft htstb,
LGfQsw Lsv zfmfsj j lcoGm ifrfsVv dbje idk jvstb hQ `Wvf rt sn stfj; pfvf stfsjslv mfQn Jfq (oDhk jsv) hQ kfslv
htstb, `zfidb ifrfsV yVcb.' zfdm httfm, ` ifrfsV yVsk k tcse shVfq. (zfrml 3/224, nrDr zfhC lfl 4082 bQ)
zfdm z[m.' k]fvf htstb, `zfmvf zfibfv ubA yVf nru jsv nfmcvfr hsb ucblch hstb, bhD iafq kf]v nfrfhDslvsj
slh.' nckvfQ zfdm ysV sotfm. zhswsN pJb ifrfsVv yCVfq dosq htskb, skfmfslv sj sjfb i slsJsY dj? vfhD hstb, pfv
si]ZYtfm kJb shw djYc dy{jfv-Ldb bsk sitfm. zfdm dufnf hAfifsv zffrv Yf sn k]fv jfsY i hBGbf jvk. dkdb jdlb
jvtfm ` dy{jfv-Ldb jfslv?' k]fvf htstb, ` rt njfst htstb, okvfs zfmfv jfsY lcub zfoj t. kfvf
ufrffmhfnDslv yD{jfv-Ldb.' icbvfq k]fvf zfmfsj dbsq ytsk zfmfsj Eft, zfv htt, `ytcb.' zfdm kfslv nfsK ytsk tfotfm.
tfostb. rEf{ slJtfm jlt stfj kfslv ifsqv sofVfdtv iv zk}iv zfmvf jfk rsq swfqf j hAdv dbje si]ZYtfm. slJtfm,
smfef dwvfq (h]fLf zhfq) tejfsbf zfsY, kfslv jwstf sjse W ziv j hAd kfv dbje ifKv dbsq lf]dVsq zfsY. sn kfv mfKfq
dY]sV zfsY hQ jwshsq vW UvsY. bhD hstb, zfdm httfm, ifKv dbs[i jvsY. Ist kfv mfKf Ifdesq sItsY. zfv ifKv odVsq
`Wvf jfvf?' k]fvf htstb, `Wvf rt kfvf; pfvf nmq rWqfv iCshG- nsv iVsY. kfviv zfhfv sn ifKvdev zbcnvB j'sv kf icbvfq dbsq
iCshG Ikfv jsv dbk---. (hsb Jcpfmfr, hsb drfb, rfsjm, nrDr zfnsY. dIsv zfnsk bf zfnsk stfjdev mfKf zfsov mk icbvfq
kfvoDh 991bQ) Hft rsq pfsY. dIsv sn zfhfv j zfyvB jvsY; pf iaKmhfv
zffrv vnCt hstsYb sp, djqfmskv dlb j hAdsj idk jsvdYt. (dkdb hstb,) zfdm nfKDqsj httfm, `nchrfbffr! ef
jsv ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh. kfsk kfv bfdVHcd] V shv rsq pfsh hQ jD?' kfvf zfmfsj htt, `ytcb, ytcb.'
sn kfv yfdvifsw snvi Ocvsk Kfjsh, spmb ofLf kfv yfdjv (Ofdbv) nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm, kfviv dy{ rsq swfqf j hAdv
yfdvifsw Ocvsk Kfsj. slsJ slfpJhfnDvf kfv zfsw-ifsw nmshk rsq jfsY si]ZYtfm. JfsbW slJtfm, kfv dbje j hAd stfrfv zf]jVf
htsh, `Wsr zmcj! dj hAfifv skfmfv? kcdm dj zfmfslvsj n{jfsuv dbsq lf]dVsq zfsY. zfv sn kfv syrfvfv jdlsj sn v fvf kfv
zfslw W ml jfsu hfLf dlsk bf?' sn htsh, `(rA]f!) zfdm skfmfslvsj jw sKsj mfKfv diYsbv dlj ipG hQ jHfsh bfsjv dY sKsj
n{jfsuv zfslw dlkfm; dj zfdm dbsu kf jvkfm bf, zfv ml jfsu mfKfv diYsbv dlj ipG hQ zbcviHfsh syfJ sKsj mfKfv diYb
hfLf dlkfm; dj zfdm kf dbsu jvkfm. (hcJfvD 3267, mcndtm 2989bQ) dlj ipG dysv sItsY. kfviv stfjde swfqf hAdv zivdlsj
bhD hstb, zfdm dm'vfsuv vfsk mb jlt stfsjv ifw dlsq pfsY hQ iaKm dlsjv nfsK spvi zfyvB jsvsY zbcvi zfyvB
zdkm jsvdY pfvf zfocsbv j]fdy fvf dbsuslv sE]fe jfedYt. zfdm ziv dlsjv nfsKW jvsY. dlj rsk zhnv rsk bf rsk iaKm
dufnf jvtfm, `sr duhvDt! Wvf jfvf?' dkdb htstb, `Wvf zfibfv dljde zfsov mk Hft rsq pfsY. kfviv zfhfv iaKm hfsvv mk
mskv hflt; pfvf dbsuvf pf jvk bf kf (zivsj jvsk) hst zfyvB jvsY. (dkdb hstb,) zfdm httfm, `nchrfbffr! vf jfvf?'
shVfk. (zfrml 3/120 iaHxdk, hsb drfb, nrDr kfvoDh 120bQ) kfvf zfmfsj htt, `ytcb, ytcb.'
bhD hstb, sp hAd mfljlahA snhb jvsh kfv ubA zffrv nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm hQ (klcv) yctfv mk jde oskGv

jfsY si]ZYtfm. (hBGbfjfvD hstb, zfmfv msb rq, spb dkdb htstb,) zfmvf idk rtfm. zfmvf wrsvv lvufq si]ZYtfm hQ lvuf
zfv snJfsb swfvsoft W bfbf w dYt. zfmvf kfsk ]dj smsv Jctsk httfm. zfmfslv ubA lvuf Jcst slWqf rt. zfmvf kfsk
slJtfm, kfsk shw djYc t bfvD-icvN vsqsY. zfv bDy sKsj iashw jvtfm. kJb snJfsb jkj stfj zfmfslv nfsK nf[f{ jvt,
dboGk zfsbv stdtrfb dwJf kfslvsj iwG jvsY. pJb stdtrfb pfslv zsLGj wvDv k nclv dYt, pk nclv kcdm slsJY, kfv sKsjW
dwJf kfslvsj iwG jvsY, kJb kfvf yvsh dy{jfv j'sv EsY. zdLj. zfv zsLGj wvDv k jc{dnk dYt pk jc{dnk kcdm slsJY,
zfdm httfm, `vf jfvf?' kfvf zfmfsj htt, `ytcb, ytcb.' kfv sKsjW zdLj. nfKDq Wslvsj htt, `pfW blDsk dosq sbsm
nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm hQ jde blDv jfsY dosq si]ZYtfm. iV.' zfv snef dYt nciaw iahrmfb blD. kfv ifdb spb LiLsi
(hBGbfjfvD hstb, zfmfv pklCv msb isV, dkdb htstb,) blDde dYt nflf. Wvf kfsk dosq sbsm iVt. zk}iv Wvf zfmfslv jfsY dIsv
vsv mk tft. zfv slJtfm, sn blDsk j hAd n]fkfv jfesY. t. slJf sot, kfslv jcwaD vi lCv rsq sosY hQ kfvf Jch nclv
zfv blDv kDsv ziv j hAd vsqsY hQ sn kfv jfsY zsbjstf zfjxdkv rsq sosY. (dkdb hstb,) kfvf zfmfsj htt, èf uffsk
ifKv jdk j'sv svsJsY. zfv n]fkfv-vk hAd shw djYc[B zflXb hQ Wef zfibfv hfnfb.' (dkdb hstb,) isvv dlsj zfmfv
n]fkfv jfefv iv sn hAdv jfsY dIsv zfnsY, sp kfv dbje ifKv lxd sost, slJtfm LiLsi nflf smsOv mk jde iafnfl vsqsY. kfvf
jdk j'sv svsJsY. snJfsb sn sn kfv nfmsb mcJ Jcst dlsY hQ zfmfsj htt, èf zfibfv hfnoxr.' (dkdb htstb,) zfdm
hAd kfv mcsJ jde ifKv Tcdjsq dlsY. kfviv sn yst dosq kfslvsj httfm, `zffr skfmfslv mfsU hvjk dlb, zfmfsj sYsV
zfhfv n]fkfv jfesY hQ zfhfv kfv jfsY dIsv zfnsY. zfv pJb lfW; zfdm sk iashw jdv.' kfvf htt, `zfidb zhwA sk iashw
dIsv zfnsY kJb hAd kfv mcsJ ifKv Tcdjsq dlsY. zfdm jvshb. ksh Jb bq.'
kfslvsj dusn jvtfm, `vf jfvf?' kfvf htt, `ytcb, ytcb.' zfdm httfm, `zfdm vfsk zsbj dhnqjv hAfifv slJsk sitfm,
nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm hQ mb jub jc{dnk hAdv stfv kf{ipG jD?' kfvf zfmfsj htt, `zfYf zfmvf zfibfsj
jfsY sn si]ZYtfm, pf skfmfv lxdsk nhGfdLj jc{dnk hst msb rq. hst dldY. sp iaKm hAdsj pfv jfsY zfidb si]ZYstb, pfv mfKf
zfv slJtfm, kfv dbje vsqsY zfb, pf sn uftfsY W kfv ifKv dlsq yCB-G dhyCBG jvf rdYt, sn rt hAd sp jcvzfb oarB
yfdvdlsj Ycse shVfsY. zfdm kfslvsj dusn jvtfm, ` stfjde j'sv---kf huGb jsv. zfv Ivp bfmfp sYsV Ocdmsq Kfsj.
sj?' kfvf htt, `ytcb, ytcb.' zfv hAd pfv jfsY dosq slJstb sp, kfv jw sKsj mfKfv
nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm hQ jef nhcu-wAfmt hfofsb sn diYsbv dlj ipG hQ jHfsh bfsjv dY sKsj mfKfv diYsbv
idk rtfm. snJfsb hnsv nh vjsmv Ict vsqsY zfv hfofsbv dlj ipG hQ zbcviHfsh syfJ sKsj mfKfv diYb dlj ipG dysv
mfsU k shwD lDOGjfq jub icvN vsqsY, zfjfsw pfv mfKf spb sItf rdYt. sn rt hAd sp njfst zfib Ov sKsj shv rsq mb
zfdm slJsk ifdYtfm bf. zfhfv slJtfm, kfv yfvdlsj k shwD dmKAf hst, pf ykcdlGj YdVsq isV.
idvmfB hftj-hfdtjf vsqsY, pk shwD idvmfB zfv jJsbfW zfdm zfv sp njt t bfvD-icvN pfvf (klcv) yctf nlxw oskGv
sldJdb. zfdm kfslvsj httfm, `db sj? vf jfvf?' kfvf zfmfsj zHAsv vsqsY, kfvf rt hAdHyfvD-hAdHyfdvBDv lt.
htt, `ytcb, ytcb.' zfv hAd pfv jfsY si]ZsY slJstb sp, sn blDsk nf]kfv jfesY W
nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm hQ jef dhwft (hfofb hf) ofsYv kfv mcsJ ifKv Tcdjsq slWqf rsY sn rt nClsJfv.
dbje dosq idk rtfm. mb hV hQ nclv (hfofb hf) ofY zfdm zfv jc{dnk hAd sp zfsbv jfsY dYt hQ zfb uftfdYt
zfv jJsbf sldJdb. kfvf zfmfsj htt, `v isv yVcb.' zfmvf zfv kfv yfvifsw Ycse shVfdYt. sn rt mfstj (dIdvf); ufrffsmv
isv yVtfm. swN ipG snfbf-vifv ]sev kvD jde wrsv dosq lsvfof.

zfv lDOGjfq hAd dpdb hfofsb dYstb. dkdb rstb hafrDm . dbje sKsj hBGbf jvf rk. Ist kf dljyhfst si]ZsY spk. zkh
zfv k]fv yfvifsw sp hftj-hfdtjfvf dYt, Wvf rt kfvf, pfvf zfyvB kfv nfsK djqfmk ipG jvf rsh.
(ntfmD) iajxdk dbsq mxkcAhvB jsvsY. hBGbfq zfsvf zfsY, pfv mfKf yCBG-dhyCBG jvsk slJstb, sn dYt
hfvjfbDv hBGbfq zfsY, Wvf kfvf, pfvf (ntfmD) iajxdk dbsq mb hAd, pfsj zffr jcvzfb dwdJsqdYstb. dj sn (kf Hcst) vfsk
umoarB j'sv (mxkcAhvB jsvsY). kJb djYc nQJAj mcndtm Ocdmsq Kfjk hQ dlsb kfv iv zfmt jvk bf. zkh zfyvB
dusn jvstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! mcwdvjslv dw-nfbvfW dj kfv nfsK djqfmk ipG jvf rsh. zfv iaKm sp oxrde zfidb slJstb,
(snJfsb zfsY)?' vfnCtcfr htstb, mcwdvjslv dw-nfbvfW kf rt nfLfvB mc'dmbslv. i[fsv oxrde rt wrDlslv. zfdm
(snJfsb zfsY). duhvDt, zfv db mDjft. zkh zfidb mfKf kctcb. nckvfQ zfdm
zfv nh stfj pfslv zsLGjfQw zdk nclv W zsLGjfQw zdk mfKf kcttfm. kJb slJtfm, zfmfv iv dlsj smsOv mk djYc vsqsY.
jc{dnk dYt, kfvf rt nialfq pfvf n{-zn{ Hq iajfsvv jfu k]fvf htstb, `Wde rt zfibfv oxr.' zfdm httfm, `zfibfvf zfmfsj
dmdwakHfsh jsvsY. zffr kfslvsj [mf j'sv dlsqsYb. (hcJfvD) sYsV dlb, zfdm zfmfv oxsr iashw jdv.' k]fvf htstb, `(lcdbqfsk)
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, zfu vfsk zfdm slJtfm, lc'de stfj sn zfibfv zfqc zhdw zfsY; pf zfidb iCBG jsvbdb. pJb zfidb kf iCBG
zfmfsj idh HCdmv dlsj shv jsv dbsq sot. zk}iv Oebf hBGbf jvshb, kJb zfidb zfibfv oxsr yst zfnshb. (hcJfvD)
jvstb. dkdb htstb, nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm hQ (klcv) zfpfhdt mLAuoskv hst ddJk rsqsY. rsk ifsv kf
yctfv mk jde oskGv jfsY si]ZYtfm; pfv iv dljef nQjDBG dYt ufrffsmW rsh.
hQ dbsyv dljef iaw. kfv dbsy zfb utdYt. kfv msLA t zfpfshv ubA zfsY dwjt. kf dlsq kfslvsj sh]sL vfJf rsh. (zft-
h bfvD-icvN dYt. zfb pJb iv dlsj EdYt, kJb kfvfW jcvzfb 76/4) pfv SlOGA nv rfk. (zft-jcvzfb 69/32) hQ Wslv
(zfsbv nfsK) isv EdYt. mbdj iafq kfvf (yctf) sKsj shv otslsw shdV ivfsbf rsh. (zft-jcvzfb 34/33) zfv Wslv ubA
rWqfv im rdYt. zfv pJb zfb ddmk rsq sbsm pfdYt, iak vfJf rsqsY ilshdVW. (zft-jcvzfb 73/12)
kJb (kfv nfsK) kfvfW dbsy dIsv pfdYt. sjfb sjfb jfsIvsj ril wxJdtk zhfq ufrffsmv sjfb
hBGbfq zfsY, jde vsv blDv jfsY tfm. hBGbfjfvD sk nQjDBG fsb dbs[i jvf rsh. kJb kfvf snJfsb dbsuslv LQn jfmbf
nslr jsvbdb. sn blDv mfUJfsb jde stfj l]fdVsq vsqsY. zfv jvsh. kJb Wslv htf rsh, `zfu skfmvf jhfsvv ubA LQn jfmbf
blDv kDsv jde stfj vsqsY, pfv nfmsb ifKv vsqsY. zk}iv blDv jsvf bf, hvQ hhfv LQn rWqfv jfmbf jvsk Kfj.' (zft-jcvzfb
mfsUv stfjde pJb sE zfnsk yfsY, kJb kDsvv stfjde kfsj ifKv 25/13-14)
Y]csV smsv sn dlsj dIdvsq dlsY, spJfsb sn dYt. Hfsh pJb sn blD zdLj W dyvfqD wfd zfflb jvfhfv ubA pJb zdolfsr kfslv
sKsj shv rsq zfnsk yfsY, kJb stfjde kfv mcsJ ifKv Y]csV ymG l rsh, kJb Wv st bCkb ymG nxd jvf rsh. (zft-jcvzfb
mfvsY. Ist sn spJfsb dYt, snJfsb dIsv pfsY. 4/56)
hBGbfq zfsvf zfsY, kfvf Hsq zfmfsj dbsq (hfofb hf) skmdb kfslv slsrv Ctkf zkA hxd jvf rsh. jub jfsIsvv
ofsY sE sot. zk}iv snJfsb mb jde oxsr zfmfsj iashw lc sv mLAhkDG zQw lakofmD zfsvfrDv dkb dlsbv iK-nm lDOG
jvft, pfv sysq zdLj nclv oxr zfdm jJsbf sldJdb. snJfsb h hx rsh! jde l]fk l ihGknm hQ kfv ysmGv Ctkf rsh dkbdlsbv
W pchj stfj dYt. iK! (mcndtm 2851, 2852) zKhf dhqfdw rfk. zfv ufrffsm kfv
hBGbfq zfsvf zfsY, zfv pfsj zfidb kfv dbu jw dyvsk zhfb s[ rsh mf W mdlbfv mLAhkDG fb hvfhv. (zKGf{ 425
slJstb, sn rt hV dmKcAj; sp dmKAf jKf htk, zk}iv kf kfv djdm|.) (dkvdmpD 2577, zfrmfl 2/26) nh dhdy rstW zffrv jfsY
zhfhkfv djYc sb.
zdov shbD ufrffmDslvsj idvshb j'sv vfJsh. (zft-jcvzfb }
18/29) zdols Wslv mcJmt hDH{n rsq pfsh. (zft-jcvzfb
23/104)
( ) {
ufrffsm sev mk hxrlfjfv mb niG zfsY, pdl kf jhfv zKGf{, pfvf zdhhfn jsvsY ixdKhDsk pf djYc zfsY, pdl kfslv kfv
jfsj lQwb jsv, ksh ydw hYv kfv dhNf pBf dhlAmfb Kfjsh. nm Kfsj hQ kfv nfsK nmidvmfB zfsvf Kfsj hQ djqfmskv dlb
Jysvv mk mb hV hV dhYf zfsY pfv lQwb uftf ydw hYv wfd rsk mcdv ubA iBvi kf dlsk yfq, khcW kfslv dbje rsk
hkGmfb Kfjsh. (zfrmfl 4/191) kf oxrDk rsh bf hQ kfslv ubA mmGl wfd hkGmfb. (mflfr } 36)
slfpsJ jfsIvslvsj ef j'sv mcsJv iv Hv dlsq efbf rsh. () ( ) }
(zft-jcvzfb 54/48) ( ) { ( )
zsbj wfd rsh zivfsLv zbcvi. zffrv vnCt hstb, sp zKGf{, zivfLD sn dlsb wfdv hlst dlsk yfsh dbu nfb-
hAd sjfb ifrfV rsk dbsusj sIst zfkrkAf jvsh, sn hAd ndksj. kfv D W Hfsj. kfv fdk-sofDsj, pfvf kfsj zfwaq
ufrffsmW nhGlf W dyvjfstv ubA dbsusj sIst zbcvi wfdsHfo dlk. hQ ixdKhDv njtsj, pfsk mcdiB kfsj mcd slq.
jvsh. sp hAd dhN sJsq zfkrkAf jvsh, sn hAd ufrffsmW nhGlf (mfzfdvu } 11-14)
dyvjfstv ubA dhN ifb j'sv pfkbf sHfo jvsh. zfv sp hAd sjfb mrfbhD hstb, ufrffsmv nhsysq jm zfpfshv jde stfjsj
stZrJ (Ycdv kAfdl) fvf zfkrkAf jvsh, sn hAd ufrffsmW zffr kfhfvfjf zkfzftf dufnf jvshb, `skfmfv pdl lcdbqf W
stZrJ fvf nhGlf W dyvjfstv ubA dbsusj zfOfk j'sv pfkbf sHfo kmLAdk nh djYc rskf, kfrst mcdiB drnfsh kf dlsq dj mcd
jvsk Kfjsh. (hcJfvD 5778, mcndtm 109bQ iamcJ) dbsk?' sn htsh, `r]Af.' zffr htshb, `kcdm pJb zflsmv disE
zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd I]fdn dbsq zfkrkAf jvsh, sn dYst, kJb zfdm skfmfv dbje sKsj v yfsk nru dudbn
hAd slfpsJW zbcvi I]fdn dbsq zfpfh sHfo jvsh. zfv sp hAd hwGf sysqdYtfm sp, kcdm dwjG jsvf bf, skfmfsj ufrffsm slh bf. dj kcdm
hf YcdvjfOfk fvf zfkrkAf jvsh, sn hAd slfpsJW zbcvi hwGf hf dwjG jsvY.' (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
YcdvjfOfk fvf (dbsu dbsu) zfpfh sHfo jvsh. (hcJfvD 1365bQ) uffskv zhBGbDq ncJ slsJ uffkD spmb lcdbqfv njt lc}J-hAKf
ufrffsm zsbsjv kfv ifsqv o]fe ipG, jfsvf r]fec ipG, jfsvf Hcst pfsh, skmdb ufrffsmv jdEb zfpfh slsJ ufrffmD lcdbqfv
sjfmv ipG hQ jfsvf otf ipG zdol rsh. (mcndtm 2845) njt ncJ-fYlA dhmxk rsh.
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, djqfmskv dlb ufrffmDslv mLA rsk mb
ufrffsmv nhsysq sYfe zfpfh j hAdsj dbsq zfnf rsh, sp lcdbqfv nhsysq ncJD W dhtfnD dYt.
ufrffmDsj zfocsbv SkvD jsufVf uckf ivfsbf rsh, pfv kfsi zk}iv kfsj ufrffsm jhfv (mf) ychfsbf rsh, kfviv kfsj htf
mfKfv mou eoho jsv Icesk Kfjsh. zfpfh bhD -v dikxhA rsh, `sr zflm nfb! kcdm dj jJsbf Hft dudbn slsJY? skfmfv
zfhc kfsthsj slWqf rsh. (mcndtm 212, dmwjfk 5667) dbjse dj jJsbf ncJ-nfmoaD snsY?' sn htsh, `bf. zffrv jnm!
sr iaH!c ' zfv uffkDslv mLA rsk mb j hAdsj dbsq zfnf rsh,
sp lcdbqfv nhsysq lc}JD W zHfhD dYt. kfsj uffsk (mf jhfv)
ufrffsmv zfpfshv Hqfhrkf ychfsbfv iv htf rsh, `sr zflm nfb! kcdm dj (lcdbqfsk) jJsbf j
ufrffsmv zfpfh k jdEb W Hqfbj rsh sp, kfv mcdiB drnfsh slJY? skfmfv isv dj jJsbf dhil sosY?' sn htsh, `bf. zffrv
lcdbqfv nhdjYc dlsk ifvst kf dlsq ufrffmD mcd jfmbf jvsh. jnm! zfmfv iv sjfbdlb j zfsndb hQ zfdm jJsbf sjfb
mrfb zffr hstb, dhilW sldJdb. (mcndtm)
iahstvf htsh, `zfmvf njst skf ufrffsm zfdY, dbyq zffr k]fv
ufrffmDslv zfdkG W zfduG lfnslv mfsU Ifqnftf j'sv dlsqsYb.' ufrffmDvf ufrffsmv
zfpfshv jdEbkfq ufrffmDvf HDNB yD{jfv W zfkGbfl jvsk iarvDslvsj htsh, `skfmfslv iadkiftjsj ht, dkdb spb zfmfslv
Kfjsh. (zft-jcvzfb 11/106) dj Wvf skf fqDHfsh ufrffsm wfd dbje sKsj jdlsbv wfd tfOh jsvb.' kfvf htsh, `skfmfslv
sHfo jvsh. Wslv wfd tfOh jvf rsh bf hQ Wvf wfd sHfo jvsk dbje dj i dblwGbfhtD nr skfmfslv vnCtoB zfsndb?'
jvsk rkfw rsq iVsh. (zft-jcvzfb 43/74-75) (ufrffmDvf) htsh, `zhwA sndYt.' (iarvDvf) htsh, `ksh
Wslv mxkcAvW zfslw slWqf rsh bf, sp Wvf mvsh. Wvf zfkGbfl skfmvf iafKGbf jvsk Kfj. zfv nkAiakAfJAfbjfvDslv iafKGbf hAKG
jsv htsh, `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfmfslvsj dbjxdk lfW, zfmvf rq.' (nCvf mc'dmb 47-50 zfqfk)
n{jfu jvh. iCshG pf jvkfm, kf zfv jvh bf.' zffr htshb, nhf zffrv dbje idk rsh; pfvf zrQjfv jvk lchsG tvf
`zfdm dj skfmfslvsj k lDOG uDhb lfb jdvdb sp, kJb sj nkjG kfslvsj htsh, `zfmvf skf skfmfslv zbcnfvD dYtfm; Jb skfmvf
rsk yfst nkjG rsk ifvk? skfmfslv dbjse skf nkjGjfvDW dj zffrv wfd rsk zfmfslvsj djYcmf v[f jvsk ifvsh?' kfvf
sndYt. nckvfQ wfd zfflb jv; pfstmslv ubA sjfb nfrfpAjfvD htsh, `zffr zfmfslvsj n{isK idvyfdtk jvst zfmvfW
sb. (zft-jcvzfb 35/36-37) skfmfslvsj n{isK idvyfdtk jvkfm; Jb zfmfslv SLpGycAk rWqf
Wvf zfsvf htsh, `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! lcHGfoA zfmfslvsj dOsv zKhf SLpGwDt rWqf j jKf; zfmfslv sjfb dbjxdk sb.' pJb
dYt hQ zfmvf iK rsqdYtfm. sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! zdo nh djYcv Ifqnftf rsq pfsh, kJb wqkfb htsh, `zffr
rsk zfmfslvsj fv jv, zk}iv zfmvf pdl icbvfq jcIvD skfmfslvsj iadkwadk dlsqdYstb nkA iadkwadk. zfv zfdmW
(zdhhfn) jdv, ksh skf zfmvf zhwA nDmf tQObjfvD (pfstm) skfmfslvsj iadkwadk dlsqdYtfm; dj zfdm skfmfslvsj ial
rh.' zffr htshb, `skfvf rDb zhfq Jfsb Kfj hQ zfmfv iadkwadk v[f jdvdb; zfmfv skf skfmfslv iv sjfb zfdLikA dYt
ns sjfb jKf hdtn bf. zfmfv hflfslv msLA jlt dYt pfvf htk, bf, zfdm Lc skfmfslvsj zfrhfb jsvdYtfm hQ skfmvf zfmfv
sr zfmfslv iadkiftj, zfmvf mfb sbdY (dhhfn fib jsvdY) zfrhfsb nfVf dlsqdYst. nckvfQ skfmvf zfmfv iadk slfNfsvfi jsvf
kcdm zfmfslv [mf jv W lqf jv, kcdm nhGswa lqftc. dj kfslvsj bf, skfmvf skfmfslv dbsuslv iadk slfNfsvfi jv. zfdm skfmfslv
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