Bcit Slides Mt2 Fall-2014
Bcit Slides Mt2 Fall-2014
Bcit Slides Mt2 Fall-2014
Level II
(CGSB 48-9712)
The Earth's magnetic field resembles that of an enormous bar magnet. The field
lines emerge from the southern half of the earth and re-enter in the northern half.
The earth's magnetic field serves to deflect most of the solar wind, whose charged
particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects the Earth from
harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Lodestone
Opposite poles
attracting
AC
DC
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (30 April 1777 23 February 1855) German mathematician/physicist.
James Clerk Maxwell (June 13, 1831 - November 5, 1879) Scottish physicist
Diamagnetic - Those materials that are feebly repelled by a strong magnet. Small
and negative susceptibility to magnetization. Eg Copper, Silver, Gold.
Paramagnetic - Those materials that will accept magnetism but only slightly. Small
and positive susceptibility to magnetization. Eg. Magnesium, Lithium, Tantalum
Ferromagnetic- Those materials that can be strongly magnetized and are suitable
for magnetic particle inspection. Large and positive susceptibility to magnetization.
Eg, Iron, Nickel, Cobalt
Ferromagnetic material have strong attraction and are able to retain magnetisation
after the magnetizing field is removed; especially hard or tool steel.
The Curie temperature is the critical point where a material's intrinsic magnetic
moments change direction hence loses its magnetism.
The Curie temperature is named after Pierre Curie who showed that magnetism
was lost at a critical temperature
Material
Curietemp.(F)
Curietemp.(C)
Cobalt
2039
1115
Iron (Fe)
1416
770
Fe2O3
1247
675
Nickel
669
354
Hard steel (tool steel) are hard to magnetise and de-magnetise; hence
retain magnetism. They are good for making permanent magnets.
Soft or mild steel is used for fabrication of structures and pressure vessel.
Easy to magnetise and de-magnetise; hence retain little or no residual
magnetism.
Later in the sections on hysteresis loop and de-magnetisation; the hard and
soft steel characteristics will be better defined.
Hans Christian rsted (14 August 1777 - 9 March 1851) Danish physicist
Alternating current (AC) is the most basic source single phase or 3-phase.
A
A
Single phase
3-phase
Direct current (DC) is either from a stored media (eg batteries, capacitors) or
converted from AC (eg. half-wave DC or full-wave DC)
A
Battery
HWDC
FWDC
Derived from AC (single phase) but taking only one half of the wave; hence there
is a pause between each half wave (pulsating)
Good for particle mobility (due to pulsating) and field penetration
Derived from AC (single phase) but taking both halves of the wave; hence there is
no pause between each half-wave.
Good for field penetration but particle mobility is compromised.
Using 3-phase AC it is possible to use rectifiers to produce a FWDC that look very
close to pure DC (little ripples). It can be filtered to pure DC as shown below.
Fuzzyindication
Sharpindication
DCflux nearandsubsurfaceflaws
ACflux surfaceflaws
MichaelFaraday(22September1791 25August1867)Englishphysicist
Circularfield
Headshotusing
contactplates
Headshotusing
contactplates
Headshotusing
centralconductor
Headshotusing
contactplates
Headshotusing
centralconductor
Leech
Clamp
DC increase is even
AC the increase slow then rapid
AC field concentrated near the surface
AC has skin effect (good for surface
discontinuities),
Field strength outside the conductor
decreases exponentially with distance
Portablecoil
Wrappedcoil
Yoke
Residualfieldnbargenerated
byslowbreak
transientcurrentgeneratedflowsinsidethebarresultingin
anearsurfacefield,allowingparttobetrulylongitudinally
magnetizedtotheveryendsofthebar;henceallowing
transverseindicationstobefoundattheveryendofbar
Residualfieldnbargenerated
byquickbreak
Advantages
- No direct induction so no arcing (sparking)
- Good for circumferential or transverse discontinuities
- Good portability (yoke)
Disadvantages
- Not good for longitudinal discontinuities (ie. parallel to field)
- For long part (more 15-18) need more than 1 shot for coverage.
Direct contact
Coil
Magneticfluxduring
magnetizingpulseis
concentratedincore
insertedthroughtest
object
Tabletop,closedlooptransformer
fixtureshowingcloseproximityof
primaryandsecondary(ringshapedtest
object)windingswithcore
Shims(QQI)
Halleffect
meter
Examples:- Weld
- Shaft/bolt
- Small casting (landing gear)
- Large casting (bonnet)
6. Inspection materials
Inspection particles
The magnetic particles used for MPI is essentially iron fillings with a dye (make it more
visible): - Wet particles: suspended in a liquid (vehicle or media)
- Dry particles: just particles and dye.
They can be visible and florescent magnetic particles:- Visible particles are used for visible MPI with white (normal) light
- Florescent particles for use with UV or black-light
Characteristics of magnetic particle:- High permeability (low retentivity)
- Size and shape for consistent results
- Non-toxic
- Free form contaminants (dirt, grease, rust etc.)
6. Inspection materials
Inspection particles
The magnetic particles used for MPI is essentially iron fillings with a dye (make it more
visible): - Wet particles: suspended in a liquid (vehicle or media)
- Dry particles (powder): just particles and dye.
They can be visible and florescent magnetic particles:- Visible particles are used for visible MPI with white (normal) light
- Florescent particles for use with UV or black-light
Characteristics of magnetic particle:- High permeability (low retentivity)
- Size and shape for consistent results
- Non-toxic
- Free form contaminants (dirt, grease, rust etc.)
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Dry particles (powder)
- Assortment of color (depending on the background); grey, black, red, yellow, blue
- Use as supplied; spraying or dusting
- Not affect by cold and heat resistant (upto 600oF/315oC)
- Good for detection of near surface flaws
- Portable equipment on large surfaces (large castings)
- Superior particle mobility
- Easy to remove (falls off)
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Dry particles (powder)
- Large size (#8A red 180microns); less sensitive than wet florescent.
- Not use in confined space without safety breathing apparatus
- Difficult for overhead positions
- Does not leave evidence of coverage
- Low production than wet florescent
- Difficult to adapt to any automatic system
6. Inspection materials
Contrast and background
Contrast
- state of being strikingly different from something else, typically something in close
association
- dye makes an indication more visible to the human eye
- different colored dyes; blue, yellow, and green, but it seemed that the red dye
resulted in best response to visible observation
- term "contrast ratio" is generally used to express "seeability"
- white dye on a white background, the contrast ratio would be one-to-one; no
contrast between the dye and the background.
- red dye, the contrast ratio is said to be six-to-one, making that contrast very
noticeable on a white background surface
- contrast ratio of a fluorescent dye is said to be forty-to-one
- hence, fluorescent penetrant produces a much higher degree of "seeability" or
sensitivity as compared to visible dye penetrants
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Particles in suspension:- particles suspended in a vehicle such as water or light petroleum distillate applied
by flowing. spraying. or pouring
- available in both fluorescent and non-fluorescent concentrates
- premixed with suspending vehicle by the supplier. but usually supplied as dry
concentrate (powder) or paste concentrate (to be mixed by the user)
- suspensions normally used in wet horizontal MPI equipment; dispensed from an
aerosol or other dispensers
Liquid requirements as vehicle/media
- wetability; good wetting for surface of parts
- viscosity about 5 mm2/s (5 centistokes) at room temperature; good particle
mobility.
- flammability; flashpoint of 57oC (135oF) are lowest practical flammability threshold
- odor; not objectionable and no (little) undesirable contaminants (sulfur)
- fluorescence; because most wet suspensions use fluorescent particles and many
oils are also naturally fluorescent, an
- oil with a low level of natural fluorescence is desirable
- non-toxic and does not damage part (eg sulphur, halogen)
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Using water as vehicle/media:- not flammable
- easily available; cheap
- suitable conditioning agents are added which provide proper wet dispersing
(wetability)
- corrosion protection (corrosion inhibitor) for parts being examined and the
equipment used
- disperse the magnetic particles without evidence of particle agglomeration.
- minimize foaming; it should not produce excessive foam which would interfere with
indication formation or cause particles to form scum with the foam
- conditioned water should be essentially odorless (use germicide)
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Using oil or petrol distillate as vehicle/media:- significant advantages for the use of petroleum distillate vehicles the magnetic
particles are suspended and dispersed in petroleum distillate vehicles without use
of conditioning agents (good wettability)
- petroleum distillate vehicles provide a measure of corrosion protection to part and
the equipment used
- disadvantages are flammability. fumes. and availability
- select and maintain readily available sources of supply of petroleum distillate
vehicles that have as high a flash point as practicable
- work area with proper ventilation
ProductName:BAYOL35
ProductDescription:lsoparaffinic
Hydrocarbon
IntendedUse:Solvent
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Advantages of suspension:- small size (7C black: 20microns; 14A: 6microns); more sensitive than dry powder
- able to remain in discontinuities until they are removed
- contrast is invariably higher with wet fluorescent
Disadvantages of suspension
- Hard to remove; oil remnant not good for processes (eg. welding)
- Handling procedures; especially with flammable liquid (petroleum distillate)
- Mixing suspension; additives for water vehicle
- Odor and ventilation requirements
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Mixing procedures for suspension
- pour water or light oil distillate into a container or tank
- weigh or measure the required concentrate
- pour concentrate into the container or tank; stir as required
- take a sample and measure the concentration with centrifuge tube
14A concentrate :
7C concentrate :
Note:useofareferenceconcentrationwhennewsuspensionismixed
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Stationary equipment with circulating bath/suspension
trough
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Mixing suspension - accurate proportions
- Visible : 1.2 to 2.4ml/100ml
- Florescent: 0.1 to 0.4ml/100ml
6. Inspection materials
Liquids (Suspensions) and Powders
Centrifuge tubes
- Visible : with 1.5ml stem
- Florescent: with 1.0ml stem
visible
florescent
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Hysteresis loop/curve
-
magnetic hysteresis loop or curve is a graph that plots magnetizing force and
magnetic field strength
use magnetising and de-magnetising procedures
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Hysteresis loop/curve
Permeability:
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Hysteresis loop/curve
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Hysteresis loop/curve
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Residual magnetism
When the magnetising current is removed not all the magnetic field is removed (see
hysteresis loop/curve)
- Same direction and weaker than the magnetic field
- A stronger magnetic field will overcome a weaker one (useful when de-mag circ
field)
Reasons for requiring demagnetization
- Affect magnetic compass (navigation) and delicate instruments
- Attract metal (shavings, chips) causing wear or binding
- May cause arc blow deflect molten metal in DC welding
- Magnetic particles may not be removed and hence cause problem later
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Residual magnetism
Residual magnetism can be measured using
- Gaussmeter (magnometer)
- Hall effect gaussmeter (fieldmeter)
Gaussmeter
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Residual magnetism
Longitudinal and circular residual fields
- Difficult to judge if a circular field is de-mag as it is difficult o measure as the flux
lines does not leave the part (unlike longitudinal field)
- So a circularly magnetised part should be long mag (stronger field) before demagnetising
To demagnetise a part that has been longitudinally magnetised
- use the reduce and reverse method
Reversing the magnetic field
- Reverse part in the magnetic field
- Reverse the current through the coil
- Reversing the coil (flip it by 180o)
Reducing the magnetic field
- Reduce the magnetising current
- Move the part away from magnetic field (coil)
- Move the coil away from the part
Any combination of the above maybe used.
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Methods of demagnetization
AC Coil Method
- AC flows in one direction (-) and then the opposite direction (+)
- at every cycle the current is reduced
- that means the current is reversing (AC) and reducing with each cycle
- If coil does not have a reducing current rheostat; pull part way from the coil
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Methods of demagnetization
DC Coil Method
- DC does not flow in like AC, so to reverse the direction it has to be done
mechanically (ie reverse the DC current or flip the part)
- reduce first then reverse
- at least 10 reversals but not more than 30 (1 reversal per second)
- DC de-magnetisation is more penetrating than AC; better for large part
Part that have been de-magnetised should be stored in the East-West direction; so
that it does not pick up the earths field.
The amount of residual that is allowed in a prat dependents on the specification. At
times the residual may not reach zero,. For instance in some specification the
maximum allowed residual may be 3 gauss.
If a part is to be heat treated (say pass the Curie temperature); demagnetisation may
not be required.
7. Principles of Demagnetization
Methods of demagnetization
AC Yoke Method
- With AC yoke move the yoke away from the part while the current is on
Purpose/area of test
Spot inspection and small area: yoke
Whole casting, full exam: bench or multi-directional unit
should be capable of handling large and heavy parts with cranes or forrklift
flexibility in use; both circular and longitudinal field or both
need for stationary equipment; better coverage; penetration (DC); efficient on large
repeat quantities; better sensitivity with wet florescent
use of accessories/attachments; coils, central conductor with black light for greater
sensitivity
Incandescent lamps.
Metallic or carbon arcs.
Integrally filtered tubular fluorescent lamps.
Tubular fluorescent lamps
Enclosed mercury vapor arc lamps
Metal halide or halogen lamps..
high pressure, mercury vapor, black light bulb requires a housing, filter, regulating ballast or
transformer, and connecting cables or wires
housing, which may be metal or plastic, serves several functions:
- hold and protect the bulb.
- hold and support the filter.
- prevent leakage of unwanted visible light.
- permit directing the beam on the surface to be inspected.
- provide a means for handling the bulb
filter is a special material that prevents passage of short wavelength ultraviolet (UV-B&-C) and
long wavelength visible light; transmits ultraviolet (peak at 340-380nm: Kopp 41 filter glass)
clean filter regularly and do not use cracked or ill-fitting filter
black light intensity varies almost linearly with line voltage and black light ballast or transformer
does not regulate line variations
below 90-volts, lamps will not sustain the mercury arc and lamp will extinguish, and not restart
until it has cooled
black light lamps should be connected to stable power sources; not available and line voltage
fluctuates, use a constant potential transformer
aging, dust and dirt build up, can result in as much as a 50-percent decrease in ultraviolet
radiation output
usage; a single start can equate to 2 or 3-hours of continuous use on operating life
ultraviolet radiation below 320 nm can be hazardous and may cause permanent effects.
the output of a black light bulb is principally at 365 nm and the amount of radiation at shorter
wavelengths rapidly falls off.
the amount of radiation emitted at or below 320 nm is typically less than 1-percent; however,
this quantity is enough to require a filter
germicidal, sun tanning, and mineral light bulbs that emit short and medium wavelength
ultraviolet light SHALL NOT be used for penetrant inspection
ultraviolet light filtering safety eyewear and gloves shall be used to minimize potential
detrimental health effects.
eyeball fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation
- the fluid in the eye will fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet radiation
- an operator may experience this phenomenon as a clouding of the vision when the
ultraviolet radiation is reflected into the operators eyeball or if ultraviolet radiation is reflected
from highly reflective surfaces
- can usually be corrected by positioning the lamp so the radiation is not directed or reflected
into the inspectors eye
- use of eyewear designed to protect the eyes from UV-A and UV-B will reduce this effect
- inspector entering a darkened area SHALL allow at least 5-minutes for dark adaptation
before examining part.
abilityofthehumaneyetoseein
variousstagesofillumination
perceptionofcontrastandcolorare
atamaximuminbrightlightbutare
rapidlylostinthedark
abilitytodiscernfaintlightsources
isataminimuminbrightlight
(florescence)butatamaximumin
thedark
thiseffectisofutmostimportance
inblacklighttesting
behaviorofhumaneyevsilluminationlevel
whitelightmeter
blacklightmeter
black&whitelightmeter
* minimum UV-A output for a black light SHALL be 1000 W/cm2 measured at a
distance of 15 from the outside face of the filter.
History of part
- Weld on pressure vessel
Manufacturing process
- SMAW, ground smooth
Possible causes of defect
- cracks (too high heat)
Use of part
- Waste water/chemicals
Acceptance and rejection criteria
- ASME VIII Div 1 Appendix 6
Use of tolerances
- No linear indication > 1/16
History of part
- Casting (new)
Manufacturing process
- Sand cast, sand blasted surface
Possible causes of defect
- cracks (due uneven cooling)
Use of part
- Fitting for a hub
Acceptance and rejection criteria
- MSS SP-53
Use of tolerances
- max acceptable 0.3 ( 8 mm) long for
materials up to 0.5 (13 mm) thick
Non
Non-destructive
destructive testing
testing- Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
personnel
2014 edition; published by CSA
Scope:This International Standard specifies requirements for principles for the
qualification and certification of personnel who perform industrial non
nondestructive testing (NDT)
Methods:
a) acoustic emission testing;
b) eddy current testing;
c) infrared thermographic testing;
d) leak testing (hydraulic pressure tests excluded);
e) magnetic testing;
f) penetrant testing;
g) radiographic testing;
h) strain gauge testing;
i) ultrasonic testing;
j) visual testing (direct unaided visual tests and visual tests carried out during the
application of another NDT method are excluded)
*GothrusomeofthestandardrelatingtoMTcertification
generally the top-tier documents, providing a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable
level of safety for manufactured, fabricated or constructed objects
may incorporate regulatory requirements and will often refer out to standards or specifications
for specific details on additional requirements not specified in the Code itself
examples: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (B&PVC) and AWS D1.1 Structural
Welding Code Steel
Standards
-
documents
d
t th
thatt establish
t bli h engineering
i
i or ttechnical
h i l requirements
i
t for
f products,
d t practices,
ti
methods or operations
example those that provide requirements for performing NDT (eg ASTM E709 : Standard
Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing, and ASTM E 1444, Standard Practice for Magnetic
Particle Testing)
g)
Specifications
-
written by companies to describe how an NDT method is carried out in the facility and/or a
specific project or contract
reference codes, standards and/or specifications that may be required for the NDT work to be
p
performed
Written/work instructions
-
Technique sheets
-
Reports
-
written testimony of the NDT work performed and the outcome (eg. accept/reject)
include inspection parameters including acceptance criteria
may include sketches or pictures showing area tested or for disposition (eg repair/scrap)
i l d ttechnicians
include
h i i name and
d certification
tifi ti
Corrective actions
An acceptable part is usually put into use or work to proceed; while and
unacceptable one will be disposition by the owner/end-user (eg. re-work, repair,
scrap, use as is
i etc.)
t )
Who performed
the inspection
What was
the result &
disposition
12. Quality
and processes
y control of equipment
q p
p
Proper functioning of equipment and accessories
-
In order to get the right results; all the equipment and accessories used must be
functioning properly
Either it has to be calibrated or attested that it complies with the specification,
standard and/or code that is specified for the NDT work
C lib i ffrequency iis usually
Calibration
ll specified
ifi d iin the
h codes,
d
standards
d d and/or
d/
specifications
ASTME709
12. Quality
and processes
y control of equipment
q p
p
Proper functioning of equipment and accessories
- Aircraft
f related checks
Helicopter
specification
12. Quality
and processes
y control of equipment
q p
p
Proper magnetic particles and bath suspension
Checking the particle concentration in a bath (wet florescent)
use a 100 ml pear shaped centrifuge tube, or equivalent,
graduated to 1 ml in 0.05 ml increments,
- agitate the suspension a minimum of 30 minutes.
- fill the pear
pear-shaped
shaped centrifuge tube to the 100 ml mark
mark,
- demagnetise and allow the suspension to settle for at least
60 minutes,
- read the volume of settled particles and examine with a
black light
light, for contamination
12. Quality
and processes
y control of equipment
q p
p
Process control
Technique sheets
- detailed steps and/or sequences of
operations for a specific NDT task
- ensure everyone does the work the
same way
- ensure quality of the work
performed as technique sheets
have to approve prior to use
- consistent
i t t outcome
t
or results
lt
12. Quality
and processes
y control of equipment
q p
p
Process control
Control of wet method p
particle concentration
- Brilliance and contamination
-
in-use ink (bath) shall be checked under UV-A against the reference sample stored ; any of
the following conditions are unacceptable and shall require replacement of the in-use ink
a noticeable reduction in the fluorescent brightness of the in-use ink relative to the
reference
f
sample,
l
clouding of the in-use ink (bath) carrier fluid to the extent that the markings on the flask
between 5ml and 25ml cannot be seen through the carrier fluid,
milky white or bluish white fluorescence of the carrier fluid (due to oil or grease
contamination).
)
black light filters shall be verified for cleanliness and integrity; contaminated filters shall be
cleaned and damaged filters shall be replaced.
black light intensity shall be checked using a calibrated radiometer (UV meter) at a distance
of 15" (38cm) from the filter of the lamp; the minimum acceptable radiance shall be 1,000
W/cm2
the inspection area (florescent inspection) shall be verified for background white light; the
maximum intensity shall be 2 foot-candles
foot candles (20 lx),
the white light intensity of the visible inspection, used to verify fluorescent indications shall
be checked, the minimum intensity shall be 100 foot-candles (1,000 lx).
12. Quality
and processes
y control of equipment
q p
p
Process control
Calibration
off current output using shunts
C
-
accuracy of the equipment ammeter shall be verified with a calibrated ammeter shunt
connected to the head and tail stock contacts
comparative readings shall be taken at least at three levels of output current encompassing the
usable range of the equipment
The equipment meter reading shall not deviate from the current level indicated by the shunt by
more than 50 A or 10% of the actual ammeter output of the magnetising equipment,
whichever is the greater
a tangential field strength meter based on the Hall effect and capable of measuring the
specified values,
a set of magnetic flux indicators (flexible laminated strips) compliant with ASTM E 1444,
a set of reference notched shims compliant with SAE AS5371
AS5371,
12. Quality
and processes
y control of equipment
q p
p
Process control
Quick
break test
Q
-