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    Biochemistry Biochemistry: Setting The Stage

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    FarahDeeba
    This document provides an overview of biochemistry, including: 1. It traces the early history and roots of modern biochemistry through two approaches - physical sciences focusing on structure and biology focusing on living organisms. 2. The paths converged with the characterization of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1952. 3. It describes the basic building blocks or biomolecules that make up living matter, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 4. It explains that biochemical components tend to cluster together, forming increasingly complex structures from simple clusters to living systems made of organelles, cells, tissues, and whole organisms.

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    Biochemistry Biochemistry: Setting The Stage

    Uploaded by

    FarahDeeba
    45 views4 pages
    This document provides an overview of biochemistry, including: 1. It traces the early history and roots of modern biochemistry through two approaches - physical sciences focusing on structure and biology focusing on living organisms. 2. The paths converged with the characterization of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1952. 3. It describes the basic building blocks or biomolecules that make up living matter, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 4. It explains that biochemical components tend to cluster together, forming increasingly complex structures from simple clusters to living systems made of organelles, cells, tissues, and whole organisms.

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    This document provides an overview of biochemistry, including: 1. It traces the early history and roots of modern biochemistry through two approaches - physical sciences focusing on structure and biology focusing on living organisms. 2. The paths converged with the characterization of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1952. 3. It describes the basic building blocks or biomolecules that make up living matter, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 4. It explains that biochemical components tend to cluster together, forming increasingly complex structures from simple clusters to living systems made of organelles, cells, tissues, and whole organisms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    45 views4 pages

    Biochemistry Biochemistry: Setting The Stage

    Uploaded by

    FarahDeeba
    This document provides an overview of biochemistry, including: 1. It traces the early history and roots of modern biochemistry through two approaches - physical sciences focusing on structure and biology focusing on living organisms. 2. The paths converged with the characterization of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1952. 3. It describes the basic building blocks or biomolecules that make up living matter, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 4. It explains that biochemical components tend to cluster together, forming increasingly complex structures from simple clusters to living systems made of organelles, cells, tissues, and whole organisms.

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    of 4

    Biochemistry

    Biochemistry

    Setting the Stage

    Early History of Biochemistry


    Elements in Biomolecules
    Biological Macromolecules
    Organelles, Cells and Organisms

    1!

    Roots of modern biochemistry

    2!

    Roots of modern biochemistry

    3!

    Roots of modern biochemistry

    4!

    Road to modern biochemistry


    Two separate approaches were taken.
    One route can be traced though the
    physical sciences which stressed
    structural characterization
    - chemistry and physics.

    ..

    !"

    O
    ||

    Another path was followed by biologists.


    They tended to characterize living
    organisms and cells.
    The paths converged in 1952 with the
    characterization of DNA - Watson & Crick.
    5!

    6!

    Living matter contains


    C, H, O, N, S and P

    Road to modern biochemistry


    Cell nuclei
    Cell theory

    Genetics
    Discovery of DNA
    Genetics of Drosophila
    Electron Microscope
    DNA function
    X-Ray of protein crystals
    Restriction Enzymes
    Catalytic RNA
    Gene therapy

    1830
    |
    1850
    |
    1870
    |
    1890
    |
    1910
    |
    1930
    |
    1950
    |
    1970
    |
    1990

    Urea Synthesis
    Chemistry used to describe biology

    Description of fermentation
    Crystallization of urease
    Description of glycolysis
    Description of citric acid cycle
    DNA double helix
    Genetic code
    Recombinant DNA
    Polymerase chain reaction
    7!

    Elements in living systems.


    IA
    1!
    2!
    3!
    4!
    5!
    6!

    II A !

    8!

    Biomolecules

    III A IV A V A VI A VIIA VIIIA !

    H!

    He!

    Li! Be!

    B! C!

    Na! Mg! III B IVB V B VIB VIIB

    VIII B

    IB

    IIB ! Al! Si!

    N! O!
    P!

    F! Ne!

    S! Cl! Ar!

    K! Ca! Sc! Ti! V! Cr! Mn! Fe! Co! Ni! Cu! Zn! Ga! Ge! As! Se! Br! Kr!
    Rb! Sr! Y! Zr! Nb! Mo! Tc! Ru! Rh! Pd! Ag! Cd! In! Sn! Sb! Te!

    I! Xe!

    Cs! Ba! La! Hf! Ta! W! Re! Os! Ir! Pt! Au! Hg! Tl! Pb! Bi! Po! At! Rn!

    macronutrients
    trace essential
    trace, possibly essential

    9!

    Heme

    10!

    Biological macromolecules

    Porphyrin rings play


    significant roles in
    a wide range of
    biomolecules.
    Heme has an Fe2+ at
    its center. It forms
    a complex with
    oxygen which is
    used to transport
    O2.

    11!

    12!

    Organelles, cells and organisms.

    Supramolecular assemblies

    In many cases, biochemicals tend to cluster


    together, forming increasing more
    complex structures.
    Even the simplest of these clusters are
    still very large.
    A point is then reached where it is
    considered a living system.
    13!

    Virus

    14!

    Prokaryotic cells

    Head
    DNA
    Body
    Tail filament

    Bacteriophage
    (Complex shape)
    15!

    Prokaryotic cells
    Cell wall

    Eukaryotic cells

    Cell membrane
    Pili

    More advanced type of cell. All advanced


    lifeforms are of this type.
    !Larger cells - 10-100m.
    !Presence of organelles - membrane
    enclosed packages of organized
    macromolecules - nucleus, endoplasmic
    reticulum, mitochondria.
    !Specialized organelles based on cell type.
    Example - Plant cells have chloroplasts
    and animal cells have lysosomes.

    Flagella

    Nucleotide

    Mesosome

    16!

    Ribosome
    17!

    18!

    Eukaryotic cells
    Golgi
    complex
    Nucleus
    Mitochondria
    Endoplasmic
    reticulum
    Vesicle

    19!

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