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    1origins of Life

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    Ibrahim Albar
    The document discusses theories on the origin of life and key experiments that helped establish the theory of biogenesis over spontaneous generation as the explanation for how life began. It describes Aristotle and others who believed in spontaneous generation, and experiments by Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur that provided evidence supporting biogenesis. While Pasteur's experiments proved biogenesis occurs for existing life, the document notes spontaneous generation may have led to the first heterotrophic cell.

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    1origins of Life

    Uploaded by

    Ibrahim Albar
    26 views62 pages
    The document discusses theories on the origin of life and key experiments that helped establish the theory of biogenesis over spontaneous generation as the explanation for how life began. It describes Aristotle and others who believed in spontaneous generation, and experiments by Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur that provided evidence supporting biogenesis. While Pasteur's experiments proved biogenesis occurs for existing life, the document notes spontaneous generation may have led to the first heterotrophic cell.

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    1Origins of Life

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    The document discusses theories on the origin of life and key experiments that helped establish the theory of biogenesis over spontaneous generation as the explanation for how life began. It describes Aristotle and others who believed in spontaneous generation, and experiments by Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur that provided evidence supporting biogenesis. While Pasteur's experiments proved biogenesis occurs for existing life, the document notes spontaneous generation may have led to the first heterotrophic cell.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    26 views62 pages

    1origins of Life

    Uploaded by

    Ibrahim Albar
    The document discusses theories on the origin of life and key experiments that helped establish the theory of biogenesis over spontaneous generation as the explanation for how life began. It describes Aristotle and others who believed in spontaneous generation, and experiments by Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur that provided evidence supporting biogenesis. While Pasteur's experiments proved biogenesis occurs for existing life, the document notes spontaneous generation may have led to the first heterotrophic cell.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 62

    Origins of Life

    Theories on the Origin of Life


    1. Creationism (religion vs. scientific)
    2. Spontaneous Generation
    3. Biogenesis
    4. Interplanetary or Cosmozooic theory
    5. Creation due to a consciousness or

    intelligent design

    Creationism

    Meteors containing life?

    Significant Events in the


    Formation of Life
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.
    8.
    9.

    Big Bang Theory


    Condensation of Swirling gases into a solid mass
    Formation of simple molecules H2O, O2, N2,
    CH4, NH3
    Formation of Biomolecules carbohydrates, fatty
    acids, proteins, nucleotides
    Formation of Coacervates
    Formation of the first heterotroph prokaryote
    Formation of the first autotrophic prokaryote
    Formation of the eukaryotic cell
    Formation of the multicellular organisms

    Work by Miller and Oparin

    Characteristics of
    Coacervates
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.

    Identity each one has a unique mixture of


    biomolecules; properties of clay
    A water film acts as a barrier like a cell
    membrane
    Grows in size
    When large enough, it breaks down into
    small globules with the same traits as that
    of the parent

    Coacervates in water medium

    Personalities in the Battle


    between the Concept of
    Spontaneous Generation vs.
    Biogenesis
    1. Aristotle

    1. Francesco Redi

    2. Jean Baptiste Von

    2. Lazarro Spallanzani

    Helmont
    3. Anton von
    Leeuwenhoek
    4. John Needham

    3. Louis Pasteur

    Aristotle for Spontaneous


    Generation
    Observed the similarity of inanimate
    environmental structures with semblance to
    certain living things. (geese from trees,
    lambs from melons)
    This theory is based on philosophical
    concepts and limited scientific facts and
    instrumentation

    Aristotles Formula of Life

    Von Helmont for Spontaneous


    Generation
    Wheat kernels + dirty shirt + 21 days = mice
    Appearance of maggots in meat
    Appearance of beetles and wasp in cow
    dung
    Appearance of mice from caked mud

    Francesco Redi for Biogenesis


    No maggots grew
    on container with full
    covering
    Set-up covered with
    cheese cloth still
    developed maggots
    on meat

    Leeuwenhoek for Spontaneous


    Generation
    Invented the
    microscope and
    observed small
    moving forms he
    called animalcules.
    Observed in dirty
    canal water and
    teeth scrapings

    John Needham for Spontaneous


    Generation

    Boiled meat broth transferred container


    incubate cloudy broth
    Conclusion: Broth gave rise to animalcules

    Spallanzani for
    Biogenesis
    Repeated the experiment of John Needham
    with two difference: (a) container was
    covered and (b) the broth not transferred
    No growth was observed
    Argument from scientist supporting
    spontaneous generation: The cover
    prevented the essence of life from the air to
    cause life to form in the container

    Louis Pasteur for Biogenesis

    Used a swan neck flask


    The broth was boiled and allowed to cool
    No growth
    Water trapped in the neck prevent microbes from
    contaminating the broth

    Summary
    Pasteurs experiment established the
    theory of BIOGENESIS as the
    explanation of life.
    However, in terms of the origin of life
    there is still reason to believe that
    spontaneous generation would have led
    to the creation of the first heterotrophic
    cell.

    Next Topic:
    Levels of Organization

    Levels of Organization
    Biosphere
    Ecosystem
    Community
    Population
    Multicellular and

    single cell organism

    Systems
    Organs
    Tissue
    Cells
    Organelle
    Molecules
    Atoms
    Subatomic particles

    Manifestation of Life
    1. Cellular Organization
    2. Metabolism (autotrophic or
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.

    heterotrophic)
    Reproduction (sexual, asexual or both)
    Growth (cellular vs. organismic)
    Responsiveness
    Evolution

    Cellular Organization

    Metabolism

    Reproduction

    Growth

    Responsiveness

    Evolution

    Future appearance of man

    Cell Theory of Living systems


    1. All organisms are composed of a

    basic structural unit called the cell.


    2. The cell is also the unit of function
    3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
    4. Hereditary materials/traits are passed
    from parent to daughter cells.

    Chemistry of Life

    Concepts:
    Matter anything that has mass and
    occupies space
    Atomic theory all elements are composed of
    atoms; each element with a unique number of
    electrons, protons and neutrons
    Elements simplest form that cannot be
    broken down further
    Isotopes elements with a different number
    of neutron from the normal
    Compounds composed of two or more
    elements joined by a chemical bond

    Different Chemical Bonds


    1. Covalents bonds structural

    molecules
    2. Hydrogen bonds nucleotide
    molecules
    3. Ionic bonds nerve conduction
    4. Electrostatic bonds -

    Elements
    found in
    living
    systems

    Elements
    found in
    living
    systems

    Types of Energy
    1. Potential vs. kinetic
    2. Electrical, mechanical, radiation,

    chemical, heat, nuclear


    3. Nuclear fission vs. nuclear fusion
    4. Endothermic vs. exothermic reaction
    5. Entropy vs. equilibrium

    Questions:
    1. What unique properties of water is

    important for life?


    2. What is the difference of organic and
    inorganic molecules?
    3. What are the roles of acids,bases and
    buffers play in living systems

    Properties of Water
    1. Weak polar allows it to become a

    universal solvent, allows surface


    tension and cohesion to occur.
    2. Thermal stability due to high specific
    heat properties.
    3. Unusual properties of density, it is
    densest at 4oC.

    Definition of terms
    Organic matter sometimes referred to
    a natural organic material (NOM) are
    usually derived from living systems
    usually are carbon based. (examples
    biomolecules, wax)
    Inorganic matter synthesized from
    geological systems and usually do not
    involve carbon molecules (e.g. NaCl,
    carbonates, etc.)

    Acidic (pH <7)

    Basic (pH >7)

    neutral (pH~7)

    Biomolecules:
    Carbohydrates immediate source of
    energy of living systems
    Lipids forms fats and oils as storage
    molecule; also includes waxes
    Proteins either a structural or
    enzymatic molecule; most complex
    Nucleotides encodes the information of
    all the characteristics of the organism

    Carbohydrates
    Simple sugars or
    monosaccharides
    forming long chains
    of polysaccharides
    Ranges from a 4C,
    5C or 6C
    monosaccharide
    Useful as an energy
    sources; glucose

    Lipids
    Also known as fatty
    acids; composed of a
    glycerol molecule with
    three fatty acid chains
    Saturated vs.
    unsaturated fatty acid
    Useful as a energy
    storage material and
    heat insulation

    Proteins
    Composed of amino
    acids connected
    together by peptide
    bond
    Either a structural
    molecule or one with
    enzymatic functions
    1o, 2o, 3o, 4o forms

    Primary form
    (note disulfide linkage)

    Secondary Form

    Tertiary Form

    Nucleotides
    Combined together and forms the DNA
    material of living systems
    Composed of a deoxyribose sugar,
    phosphate and a nucleoside molecule
    Nucleoside molecule may either code for
    a adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
    In eukaryotic systems dsDNA are coiled
    around histone proteins
    Chromosomes

    DNA/nucleotide molecule

    Central dogma of
    molecular biology

    Cellular Biology

    History and Discovery of the Cell


    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Anton von Leeuwenhoek invented the


    microscope
    Robert Hooke saw cells in cork
    Mathias Schleiden all plants made of cells
    Theodore Schwan all animals made of
    cells
    Rudolph Virchow cell comes from cells

    Cell Theory
    1. The cell is the unit of structure of

    living things.
    2. The cell is the unit of function of living
    things.
    3. Cells come from pre-existing cells.
    4. Cells contain hereditary materials
    through which traits are passed on
    from parent to daughter cells.

    Cell Diversity
    1. Size small vs. large cells
    2. Shape/form squamosal, cuboidal,

    columnar, spindle shaped, elongate,


    globose
    3. Functions epithelial, connective,
    muscular, nervous, reproductive
    4. Complexity prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

    Function of cell organelles


    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.

    Cell membrane selective permeability


    Cell wall structural integrity
    Nucleus host the cells DNA
    Ribosomes assist in protein synthesis
    Endoplasmic reticulum transport
    Golgi complex - packaging
    Mitochondria site of respiration process

    Function of cell organelles


    8.
    9.
    10.
    11.
    12.
    13.

    Chloroplast site of photosynthesis


    Vacuoles storage of materials
    Lysosomes contains acids/enzymes
    Microtubules cytoplasmic movements
    Cilia and flagella - motility
    Centrioles assist in cell division process

    Part of Cell

    Prokaryote

    Animal

    Plant

    Cell membrane

    YES

    YES

    YES

    Cell wall

    From
    peptidoglycan

    absent

    From cellulose

    Nucleus

    absent

    YES

    YES

    Ribosomes

    70 S

    80 S

    80 S

    Endoplasmic
    reticulum

    absent

    YES

    YES

    Golgi complex

    absent

    YES

    YES

    Mitochondria

    absent

    YES

    YES

    Part of Cell

    Prokaryote

    Animal

    Plant

    Chloroplast

    absent

    absent

    YES

    Vacuoles

    absent;
    inclusions

    small

    large

    Lysosomes

    absent

    YES

    rare

    Microtubules

    absent

    YES

    Cilia and
    flagella

    YES

    YES

    limited

    Centrioles

    absent

    YES

    absent

    Prokaryotic Cell

    Animal Cell

    Plant Cell

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