Chapter14 PDF

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Chapter 14
Nonlinear Materials
14.1
Basics of Nonlinear Materials
14.2
Step-by-Step: Belleville Washer
14.3
Step-by-Step: Planar Seal
14.4
Review

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1
Basics of Nonlinear Materials
Key Concepts
Elasticity
Linear Elasticity
Hyperelasticity
Plasticity
Plasticity
Linear versus Nonlinear Materials
Yield Criteria
Hardening Rules
Plasticity Models
Hyperelasticity
Required Test Data

Strain Energy Functions
Hyperelasticity Models
Linear/Nonlinear Materials
When the stress-stain relation of a

material is linear, it is called a linear

Stress (Force/Area)

material, otherwise the material is

called a nonlinear material.
For a linear material, the stress-strain

relation is expressed by Hooke's law,
in which two independent material
parameters are needed to
completely define the material.
Orthotropic elasticity is also available

in <Workbench>.
Strain (Dimensionless)
Elastic/Plastic Materials
If the strain is totally recovered after

release of the stress, the behavior is

Stress (Force/Area)

called elasticity.
On the other hand, if the strain is not

totally recoverable (i.e., there is no
residual strain after release of the
stress), the behavior is called plasticity
and the residual strain is called the
Stress (Force/Area)
[1] Elastic
material.
[2] Plastic
material.
plastic strain.
[3] Plastic strain.


The term hysteresis is used for the energy
Stress
Hysteresis
loss in a material during stressing and

unstressing.
Most of materials have more-or-less hysteresis
Strain
behavior. However, as long as it is small

enough, we may neglect the hysteresis
behavior.
Stress
Strain


Hyperelasticity
Nonlinear non-hysteresis elasticity are characterized
by that the stressing curve and the unstressing curve
are coincident: the energy is conserved in the cycles.
Challenge of implementing nonlinear elastic material

models comes from that the strain may be as large
as 100% or even 200%, such as rubber under
stretching or compression.
Additional consideration is that, under such large

strains, the stretching and compression behaviors
may not be described by the same parameters.
This kind of super-large deformation elasticity is

given a special name: hyperelasticity.
Hyperelastic
material.
Stress (Force/Area)


PLASTICITY
Plasticity behavior typically occurs in ductile

metals subject to large deformation. Plastic strain
results from slips between planes of atoms due to
[1] Idealized
stress-strain
curve.
Stress (Force/Area)
Idealized Stress-Strain Curve
[2] Initial yield

point (or
elastic limit).
shear stresses. This dislocation deformation is a

rearrangement of atoms in the crystal structure.
A stress-strain curve is not sufficient to fully

define a plasticity behavior. There are two
additional characteristics that must be described: a
yield criterion and a hardening rule.
[3] The stressstrain relation is

assumed linear
before Yield
point, and the
initial slope is the
Young's modulus.
[4] When the

stress is released,
the strain
decreases with a
slope equal to the
Young's modulus.


Yield Criteria
<Workbench> uses von Mises criterion as the yield criterion, that is, a stress
state reaches yield state when the von Mises stress e is equal to the current
uniaxial yield strength y , or
) (
) (
2
2
2
1
1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 = y
The yielding initially occurs when y = y , and the "current" uniaxial yield
strength y may change subsequently.
If the stress state is inside the cylinder, no yielding occurs. If the stress state is on
the surface, yielding occurs. No stress state can exist outside the yield surface.


This is a von Mises yield surface, which

is a cylindrical surface aligned with the
axis 1 = 2 = 3 and with a radius of
2 y , where y is the current yield
strength.
1 = 2 = 3


Hardening Rules
If the stress state is on the yield surface and the stress state continues to "push" the
yield surface outward, the size (radius) or the location of the yield surface will
change. The rule that describes how the yield surface changes its size or location is
called a hardening rule.
Kinematic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield
surface outward, the yield surface will change its location, according to the "push
direction," but preserve the size of the yield surface.
Isotropic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield
surface, the yield surface will expand its size, but preserve the axis of the yield
surface.
10


[1] Kinematic hardening

assumes that the difference
between tensile yield
strength and the
compressive yield strength
remains a constant of 2 y .
11
[2] Isotropic hardening

assumes that the tensile
yield strength and the
compressive yield strength
remain equal in
magnitude.
2 y
Stress
Strain
Stress
Strain


Plasticity Models in Workbench

[2] To complete a
description of plasticity
model, you must include its
linear elastic properties.
[1] Currently,
<Workbench>
provides six
plasticity models.
12


HYPERELASTICITY
Test Data Needed for Hyperelasticity
In plasticity or linear elasticity, we use a stress-strain curve to describe its

behavior, and the stress-strain curve is usually obtained by a tensile test. Since only
tension behavior is investigated, other behaviors (compressive, shearing, and
volumetric) must be drawn from the tensile test data.
When the strain is large, all the moduli (tensile, compressive, shear, and bulk) can
not assume simple relations.
Therefore, to describe hyperelasticity behavior, we need following test data: (a) a

set of uniaxial tensile test data, (b) a set of uniaxial compressive test data, (c) a set
of shear test data, and (d) a set of volumetric test data if the material is
compressible.
13


It is possible that a set of test data is obtained by superposing two sets of other test
data. For example, the set of uniaxial compressive test data can be obtained by adding a
set of hydrostatic compressive test data to a set of equibiaxial tensile test data.
[1] Uniaxial
compressive test.
[2] Equibiaxial
tensile test.
[3] Hydrostatic
compressive test.
14


300
[2]
Equibiaxial test
data.
Stress (psi)
240
180
[3] Shear test

data.
120
[1] Uniaxial
test data.
60
0.2
0.5
0.7
15

Hyperelasticity
Models in
Workbench

16

Section 14.2 Belleville Washer

Section 14.2
Belleville Washer
Stress-strain
curve of the
steel in this case.
Problem Description
Stress (MPa)
280
270
260
250
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
Plastic Strain (Dimensionless)
17


40 mm
We will compress the Belleville

spring by 1.0 mm and then
release it completely.
A force-displacement curve will

also be plotted.
We will examine the residual

stress after the spring is
completely released.
The Belleville washer is

made of steel, with
thickness of 1.0 mm.
22 mm
18


Force-versus-Displacement Curve
80
Compressive Force (N)
60
40
20
0
-20
[3] Let's explore the

residual stress at this
point when the external
force is completely
released.
-40
-60
-80
[1] The curve is

quite different
between loading
and unloading.
0.2
0.4
0.6
Displacement (mm)
[2] There is no practice use of this
section. It is the force required to pull
the spring back to its original position.
0.8
1.0
19


20
Residual Stress
[1] Residual
equivalent stress.
[2] Residual hoop stress. Note

that the top surface is
dominated by tension, while
the bottom surface is
dominated by compression.

Section 14.3 Planar Seal

21
Section 14.3
Planar Seal
Problem Description
200
[2] Biaxial
test.
The seal is used in the door of a

refrigerator. The seal is a long
strip, and we will model it as a
plane strain problem.
Stress (psi)
160
120
[3] Shear test.

80
[1] Uniaxial
test.
40
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Engineering Strain (Dimensionless)


[4] The upper

plate is displaced
0.85" downward.
1.100
.800
[2] Steel
plate.
R.200
.133
[1] Rubber
seal.
R.150
.867
R.150
R.050
.133
[3] Steel
plate.
Unit: in.
.333
.500
R.200
R.050
22

Results

23


A force-versusdisplacement curve. Note

that the force unit should
be read lbf/in instead of lbf.
24

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Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Linear versus Nonlinear Materials

Required Test Data

When the stress-stain relation of a

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

material, otherwise the material is

For a linear material, the stress-strain

Orthotropic elasticity is also available

If the strain is totally recovered after

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

On the other hand, if the strain is not

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

The term hysteresis is used for the energy

loss in a material during stressing and

behavior. However, as long as it is small

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Challenge of implementing nonlinear elastic material

Additional consideration is that, under such large

This kind of super-large deformation elasticity is

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Plasticity behavior typically occurs in ductile

Idealized Stress-Strain Curve

[2] Initial yield

shear stresses. This dislocation deformation is a

A stress-strain curve is not sufficient to fully

[3] The stressstrain relation is

[4] When the

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

This is a von Mises yield surface, which

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

[1] Kinematic hardening

[2] Isotropic hardening

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Plasticity Models in Workbench

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

In plasticity or linear elasticity, we use a stress-strain curve to describe its

Therefore, to describe hyperelasticity behavior, we need following test data: (a) a

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

[3] Shear test

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials