1352 Muhamadfadlibinsamsudin2011

TRANSMISSION LINES FAULT ANALYSIS USING BUS IMPEDANCE
MATRIX
MUHAMAD FADLI BIN SAMSUDIN
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
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TRANSMISSION LINES FAULT ANALYSIS USING BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX
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NOTES
MAY 2011
PM DR. MOHD WAZIR MUSTAFA

NAME OF SUPERVISOR
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'lB MAY
2011
lf the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, pleose ottoch wifh the letfer fiom
the orgonisotion with period ond reosons for confideniiolity or restriction.
it O*l*
&af l,fus!&, @'thiE wort md in my opinion this work is aqua*e

in torm of seope md quality fc the purpose of a$rarding a Bachelor of
Engirering (Elc'ticat).'
Name of Supavisor
PM DR MOIID WAZR ${USTAFA
:1t6MAY2011
TRANSMISSION LINES FAULT ANALYSIS USING BUS IMPEDANCE

MATRIX
A project report is submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2011
I declare thd this project rport entitlcd 'oTnnsmission Lines Fault Analysis Using Bus
Itn@ace l\,Iatrix"
is tb lesult of my onm work exscpt as cited in the rrferpncss. The
projest rcpofthes not been
rc@for
any &gne aod is notconcuneotly submitted in
cdidanne of any other degr6.
Namo
krc
:MUHAMADFADLIBINSAMSUDIN
: l8ffiMAY2oll
iii
To my beloved mother and father
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. Thanks to
Allah that gives me guidance, health and good ability to complete this undergraduate
project. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my respected supervisor, Assoc.
Prof. Dr. Mohd Wazir Mustafa for guidance, encouragement, motivation and
friendship.
My sincere appreciation also tends to my beloved mother and father. Their

loves, prayers and encouragement have given me motivation to complete this project
successfully.
Last but not least, I want to thank to all friends and my coursemates as the
kindness given. May Allah bless to all of you.
ABSTRACT
Fault analysis is the important analysis in power system. Fault or short

circuits and other abnormal conditions often occur on a power system. Faults on
transmission and distribution lines are caused by overvoltage such as lightning and
switching surges and external conducting objects falling on overhead line. In this
work there are two methods of fault analysis that will be considered. The first
method is the bus impedance to analyze the fault. The Thevenins theorem is another
method has been review to conduct this work. However, the bus impedance is more
proper to apply because it can be utilize for largest system as IEEE bus system. The
Thevenins theorem is not appropriate for large system because it usually use for
basic system. In power system analysis, there are two types of fault which is
symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault. In this work the symmetrical fault will be
considered because it easier for practical compare to unsymmetrical fault. Next, there
are three types of IEEE bus system namely such as 14 bus system, 30 bus system and
118 bus system has been taken to perform the analysis. The Matlab is the software
that applied to simulate and analyze the data. In conclusion shown that without using
fault impedance will acquire the highest fault current occur at bus compare to fault
current using fault impedance.
vi
ABSTRAK
Analisis kerosakan adalah analisis yang penting dalam system kuasa.

Kerosakan atau litar pintas dan keadaan abnormal yang lain sering berlaku pada
sistem kuasa. Kerosakan pada pusat penghantaran dan pengedaran disebabkan oleh
voltan tinggi seperti petir dan suis lonjakan dan objek luaran yang jatuh pada talian
arus tinggi. Di Dalam kerja ini terdapat dua kaedah analisis kesalahan yang akan
dipertimbangkan. Kaedah pertama adalah galangan bas yang digunakan untuk
menganalisis kerosakan. Teori thevenin adalah kaedah lain yang telah dirujuk untuk
melakukan kerja ini. Namun, galangan bas lebih sesuai untuk digunakan kerana ia
boleh dimanfaatkan untuk sistem yang lebih besar seperti sistem IEEE bas. Teori
thevenin tidak sesuai digunakan untuk sistem yang lebih besar kerana ia biasanya
digunakan untuk sistem asas atau biasa. Untuk analisis sistem tenaga elektrik,
terdapat dua jenis kerosakan iaitu simetri dan tidak simetri. Kerosakan simetri akan
dipertimbangkan kerana ia lebih praktikal berbanding dengan kerosakan tidak
simetri. Seterusnya, terdapat tiga jenis sistem IEEE bas seperti sistem 14, 30 dan 118
bas yang akan dipertimbangkan untuk menggunakan galangan bas berdasarkan
simulasi. Matlab seperti perisian yang digunakan untuk simulasi dan analisis
maklumat. Kesimpulannya menunjukkan bahawa tanpa menggunakan galangan
kerosakan akan menghasilkan kerosakan arus yang lebih tinggi pada bas berbanding
arus kerosakan dengan menggunakan galangan kerosakan.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Review of Fault
1.3
Objective
1.4
Scope of Project
1.5
Report Outline
POWER SYSTEM FAULTS
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Fault Analysis
2.3
Type of Faults
2.4
Symmetrical or Balanced Three Phase Fault Analysis
2.4.1
2.5
Three Phase Fault Analysis
Unsymmetrical or Unbalanced Faults
7
10
2.5.1
Symmetrical Components
10
2.5.2
Single Line To Ground Faults Analysis
13
viii
2.5.3
Line To Line Faults Analysis
16
2.5.4
Double Line To Ground Faults Analysis
18
2.6
Fault Analysis Software
21
2.7
Summary
21
BUS IMPEDANCE METHOD
23
3.1
Introduction
23
3.2
Methodology
23
3.3
Procedure For Symmetrical Fault Current
26
3.4
Methods for Fault Analysis
27
3.4.1
Bus Admittance and Bus Impedance Matrix
28
3.4.2
Thevenins Theorem and Bus Impedance
31
3.5
Node Elimination or Kron Reduction
37
3.6
Fault Calculation Using Bus Impedance
42
3.7
Fault Calculation Using Bus Impedance Equivalent
45
Circuits
3.8
3.9
IEEE Bus Systems
47
3.8.1
4 Bus Test System
47
3.8.2
IEEE 14 bus system
48
3.8.3
IEEE 30 bus system
50
3.8.4
IEEE 118 bus system
53
Summary
55
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
56
4.1
Introduction
56
4.2
Fault Calculation
57
4.3
Fault Analysis Using IEEE Bus System
61
4.3.1
IEEE 14 Bus System
61
4.3.2
IEEE 30 Bus System
62
4.3.3
IEEE 118 Bus System
64
4.4
Result Analysis
68
4.4.1
4 Bus Test System
68
4.4.2
IEEE 14 Bus System
69
ix
4.5
4.4.3
IEEE 30 Bus System
71
4.4.4
IEEE 118 Bus System
72
Summary
74
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
75
5.1 Conclusions
75
5.2 Recommendations
76
REFERENCES
77
APPENDICES
79
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Line data for 4 bus system
48
3.2
Line data for IEEE 14 bus system
49
3.3
51
3.4
54
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
The result for 4 bus test system with and without fault
impedance
The result for 14 bus system with and without fault
impedance
impedance
impedance
The result for 4 bus test system fault in magnitude
The result from 14 bus system fault impedance in
magnitude
magnitude
magnitude
61
62
63
64
68
70
71
73
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
NO.
2.1
Four Type of Faults
2.2
A balanced three-phase fault
2.3
One line diagram of a simple three-bus power system
2.4(a)
Impedance network for fault at bus 3
2.4(b)
Thevenins equivalent network
2.5
Thevenins equivalent network simplified
2.6
Representation of symmetrical components
11
2.7
Single line-to-ground fault through Zf
14
2.8
A single line-to-ground fault sequence network
16
2.9
Line-to-line fault through Zf
16
2.10
A line-to-line fault sequence network
18
2.11
Double line-to-ground fault through Zf
19
2.12
A double line-to-ground fault sequence network
21
3.1
Four bus test system reactance diagram
24
3.2
Flowchart of Methodology
26
xii
3.3
Four bus system diagram
29
3.4
Original network with Bus m and reference node
32
extracted
3.5
Thevenin equivalent circuit at Node m
32
3.6
Original network with current sources Ij At Bus j and
34
Im At Bus k
3.7
Original network with Thevenin equivalent circuit and
36
short circuit connection

3.8
A simple four bus system
38
3.9
Reactance diagram of a power system network
42
3.10
Three phase fault at Bus 2
43
3.11
Thevenin equivalent between Buses j and k of system
45
with no perfault load current

3.12
The 4 bus system diagram
47
3.13
49
3.14
51
3.15
53
4.1
Reactance diagram of 4 bus system network
57
4.2
The magnitude of Bolted Fault versus Unbolted Fault for
69
4 test bus systems

4.3
70
14 bus systems
4.4
The Magnitude of Bolted Fault versus Unbolted Fault for
72
30 Bus Systems
4.5

118 bus systems
74
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A
The 4 Bus System Programming
Appendix B
The IEEE 14 Bus System Programming
Appendix C
Appendix D
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
A fault in a circuit is any failure that interferes with the normal flow of
current to the load. Faults on transmission and distribution lines are caused by
overvoltage such as lightning and switching surges and external conducting objects
falling on overhead line In most faults, a current path forms between two or more
phases, or between one or more phases and the neutral (ground). While the
impedance of a new path is usually low, an excessive current may flow. Almost 70%
of all faults are single line to ground faults. Nowadays, the fault analysis is become
very important because it will be apply to reduce the fault occur at transmission line
and generally in power system.
2
1.2
Review of Faults
The faults analysis is most important analysis in power system. There are two
methods that will be considered in this work. The methods are faults analysis using
bus impedance matrix and fault analysis using Thevenin theorem. In this work, the
faults analysis using bus impedance matrix will be applied because it can use for
large system as IEEE bus system. The bus impedance matix is important to calculate
the impedance at bus. Then, the bus impedance has been chosen because it easy to
analysis the fault current at bus and also can utilize for a larger power analysis
system. Therefore, in this work the bus impedance will be considered to analyze the
faults.
1.3
Objective
The objectives are as follows:
i.
To review and study for the bus impedance matrix and Thevenin theorem and
the types of fault in power system analysis.
ii.
To simulate the large interconnection using bus impedance matrix system

based on Matlab.
iii.
To analyze and compare the result with the calculation and simulation and the
different between bolted and unbolted faults.
3
1.4
Scope of Project
There are four major scopes which are:
i.
Review the methods such as bus impedance matrix and Thevenin

theorem that will be considered for this work in faults analysis.
ii.
Develop the bus impedance matrix (Zbus ) for IEEE bus systems which
are 14 bus, 30 bus and 118 bus to analyze the fault current occur.
1.5
iii.
Simulate using Matlab to analyze fault on various test systems.
iv.
Analyze and verify the result obtain.
Report Outline
This work is reported in five chapters. Chapter 1 is introduction chapter

which will elaborate on the background, objective and the scope of the project.
Chapter 2 is explaining the method that will be considered to apply in this work. This
chapter also describes briefly about the types of fault as symmetrical and
unsymmetrical fault.
Chapter 3 is briefly about the methodology for this project. This chapter also
describe about the fault calculation using bus impedance. These chapters also show
the line data of the bus impedance from the each of IEEE bus system.
Chapter 4 presents the result and followed by discussion for the each of bus
system. It also shows about the comparison between the bolted and unbolted fault.
Finally, Chapter 5 will conclude the results from this project and give some
recommendation for future work.
CHAPTER 2
POWER SYSTEM FAULTS
2.1
Introduction
Chapter 1 has discussed the introduction of this work. Chapter 2 will review
the methods that available literature in analyzing the fault. This chapter will describe
the types of fault and it classification.
2.2
Fault Analysis
A fault in a circuit is any failure which interferes with the normal flow of
current. The most faults on transmission lines of 115kV and higher are caused by
lightning, which result in the flashover of insulators [1].The magnitude of these
current can be of the order of tens of thousands of amperes, and consequently, the
magnitude of the fault current must be accurately calculated in order that mechanical
and thermal stresses on equipment may be estimated [2]. There are two types of fault
5
that occur on transmission lines such as balanced or symmetrical faults and
unbalanced or unsymmetrical faults.[3].
2.3
Type of Faults
The common type of faults occurrence at the transmission lines are [1, 2]:
i.
Balanced or symmetrical three-phase faults.
ii.
Single line-to-ground faults.
iii.
Line-to-line faults.
iv.
Double line-to-ground faults.
(i) Balanced or symmetrical three-phase faults

(iii) Line-to-line faults
(ii) Single line-to-ground faults

(iv) Double line-to-ground faults
Figure 2.1: Four types of fault
6
2.4
Symmetrical or Balanced Three Phase Fault Analysis
The symmetrical or balanced faults affect each of the three-phases equally. In

transmission line faults, roughly 5% are symmetric. It is the most infrequent fault but
the most severe type of fault encountered because the network is balanced, it is
solved on per-phase basis. The two phases carry identical current except for the
phase shift [2, 4]. Balanced three phase fault is also called as symmetric fault as
Figure 2.2:
Figure 2.2: A balanced three-phase fault.
Generally, the subtransient reactance is used for determining the interrupting

capacity of the circuit breakers while for relay setting and coordination the transient
is used. However, the fault is referred to as the bolted fault or the solid fault, if the
fault impedance is zero. Therefore, fault network can be analyzed using Thevenins
method for small network and using bus impedance matrix for large network as IEEE
bus system [4]. For Thevenins method, there are few assumptions must be taken as
consideration likes an emf behind the subtransient or transient reactance, the network
resistance are neglected, shunt capacitance are neglected and having no load and all
generators are running at their rated voltage and rated frequency[4].
The power analysis network is the largest interconnection system therefore

there are two technique or method will be considered to calculating and analysis the
fault occur at bus for symmetrical fault.
7
2.4.1
Three Phase Fault Analysis
One line diagram of a simple three-bus power system and a balanced three
phase fault with fault impedance Zf occurs at Bus 3 [2].
Figure 2.3: One line diagram of a simple three-bus power system.
This fault is simulated by switching on the impedance Zf at Bus 3 as shown

in Figure 2.3. Thevenins theorem stated that the changes in the network caused by
the added branch (the fault impedance) shown in Figure 2.4(a) is equivalent to those
caused to the added voltage V3(0) with all other sources short-circuited as shown in
Figure 2.4(b) [2].
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.4: (a) Impedance network for fault at Bus 3. (b) Thevenins equivalent
network
Figure 2.5: Thevenins equivalent network simplified
From Figure 2.5, the fault current is [2]:
Ik(F) =
k(
kk
)
f
3(
33
)
f
Where Vk( ) is the Thevenins voltage or the prefault bus voltage.

Zkk is the Thevenin impedance view to the fault bus.
Zf is the fault impedance at bus
(2.17)
9
Another method of determining fault current is using the Zbus method
[2].Analyze the basic n-bus network to obtain the Bus Admittance Matrix (Ybus),
from the line impedance. Consider impedance network from Figure 2.3 and fault at
bus 3:
Ybus =
22
23
32
33
Zbus = Ybus-1
(2.18)
where Zbus is bus impedance matrix

Ybus is bus admittance matrix
Thus, the fault current
I3(F) =
3(
33
)
f
Where I3(F) is fault current at bus 3

V3(0) is the prefault voltage at bus 3
Zf is fault impedance
(2.19)
10
2.5
Unsymmetrical or Unbalanced Faults
There are three types of unsymmetrical faults which are single line-to-ground
faults, line-to-line faults and double line-to-ground fault. Unsymmetrical faults will
use the symmetrical components to calculate its types more easily.
2.5.1
Symmetrical Components
The symmetrical components allows to solving unbalanced systems using

balanced techniques. This method was introduced by C.L. Fortescue in 1918. The
theory of Fortescue was proposed in which, an unbalanced system of "n" related
phasors can be resolved into "n" systems of balanced phasors called Symmetrical
Components of the original phasors. The n" phasors of each set of components are
equal in length, and the angles between adjacent phasors of the set are equal.
Applying Fortescue's theorem to three unbalanced phasors of a three phase system,
the following balanced sets of components can be obtained [3,4].
i.
Positive sequence components consisting of a set of balanced three phase

components with a phase sequence abc.
ii.
Negative sequence components consisting of a set of balanced three phase

components with a phase sequence acb.
iii.
Zero sequence components consisting of three single phase components all in

equal but with the same phase angles.
11
Figure 2.6: Representation of symmetrical components
By convention, the direction of rotation of the phasors is taken to be

counterclockwise. The three phasors are written as [5]:Ia1 = Ia1 0 = Ia1
Ib1 = Ia1 240 = a2Ia1
Ic1 = Ia1 120 = aIa1
(2.5)
Where an operator a that causes counterclockwise rotation of 120 such that:
a = 1120 = -0.5 + j0.866

a2 = a* = 1240 = 1-120 = -0.5 - j0.866
(2.6)
The order of phasors is abc. This is a positive phase sequence and if the order
is acb it is known as negative phase sequence and the equation is given by [4, 5]:
Ia2 = Ia2 0 = Ia2

Ib2 = Ia2 120 = aIa2
Ic2 = Ia2 240 = a2Ia2
(2.7)
12
The zero phase sequence is another phasors that founded in phase e with each
other. Zero phase sequence currents would be designated as [4, 5]:
Ia0 = Ib0 = Ic0
(2.8)
Combining the equations (2.7) and (2.8), the unbalanced phasors can be
rewritten into symmetrical components [3, 4]:
Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2

Ib = Ib0 + Ib1 + Ib2
Ic = Ic0 + Ic1 + Ic2
(2.9)
The terms of the "a" components will be expressed to all the currents and its
matrix form rewritten as:
Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2

Ib = Ia0 + a2Ia1 + aIa2
Ic = Ia0 + aIa1 + a2Ia2
a
b
c
(2.10)
(2.11)
a2
The phasors current Iabc is transform into the components of current I012 using
the symmetrical components transformation matrix (A) as [4, 5]:
13
A=
(2.12)
Using matrix inversion:
Ia012 = A-1 Iabc
(2.13)
and the inverse matrix is given by
A-1 =
(2.14)
Using the equation (2.14), the symmetrical components can be found by

substituting the A-1 into equation (2.13) as follows [4,5] :
Ia0 = ( Ia + Ib + Ic ) / 3
Ia1 = ( Ia + aIb + a2Ic ) / 3
Ia2 = ( Ia + a2Ib + aIc ) / 3
2.5.2
(2.15)
Single Line-To-Ground Faults Analysis
Suppose a line-to-ground fault occurs on phase a through

Figure 2.5.
as shown in
14
Figure 2.7: Single line-to-ground fault through Zf.
Assuming the generator is initially on no-load, the conditions at the fault

point are [4]:
Va = Zf Ia
(2.16)
Ib = Ic = 0
(2.17)
Substituting for equation (2.17), then, the symmetrical components of

currents from this equation are:
a
a
a2
(2.18)
Solving equation (2.18) get
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia / 3
Then, the symmetrical components of voltage are given as:
(2.19)
15
a
a
a2
(2.20)
a2
The phase a voltage is
Va =. Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = Ea (Z1 + Z2 + Z3) Ia0
(2.21)
The combining the equations (2.16), (2.17), (2.19) and (2.21) will produce the
fault current as:
3Zf Ia0= Ea (Z1 + Z2 + Z3) Ia0

If = Ia = 3Ia0 =
3 a
2
3 f
(2.22)
If the generator neutral is solidly grounded the neutral impedance is zero

(Zn = 0) and also bolted fault or fault impedance is zero (Zf = 0):
The Thevenin impedance for single line-to-ground faults at the point of fault
is obtained for each sequence network. The three sequence networks are placed in
series as shown in Figure 2.6.
16
Figure 2.8: A single line-to-ground fault sequence network.
2.5.3
Line-To-Line Fault Analysis
Figure 2.7 shows a three phase generator with fault through impedance Zf
between phase b and c
Figure 2.9: Line-to-line fault through Zf.
. By assuming the generator is initially on no-load, the boundary conditions at

the fault point are [3, 4, 6]:
17
Vb Vc = Zf Ib
Ib + Ic = 0
Ia = 0
(2.24)
By substituting equation (2.24), the symmetrical components of current are
a
a
a2
(2.25)
Then, Ia1 = Ia2 and the voltage sequence is
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + aVa2
Vc = Va0 + aVa1 + a2Va2
(2.26)
Therefore, the faulted lines between phase a and b. Then, the resulting
voltage at these phase are
Vb Vc = (a2 a)(Va1 Va2)

= Zf Ib
(2.27)
By substituting for Va1 and Va2, from equation (2.20) into equation (2.27) will get
Ia1 =
a
2
(2.28)
18
The phase current is
a
b
=
-
(2.29)
Finally, the fault current is

If = Ib = Ic = (a2a) Ia1 = j3Ia1
(2.30)
From the equations (2.25) and (2.29) that will be represented the positive and
negative sequence network in opposition as shown in Figure 2.8. For bolted faults,
the fault impedance will equal to zero (Zf = 0).
Figure 2.10: A line-to-line fault sequence network
2.5.4
Double Line-To-Ground Faults Analysis
Figure 2.9 shows a three-phase generator with a fault on phase b and c

through impedance Zf to ground.
19
Figure 2.11: Double line-to-ground fault through Zf.
By assuming the generator is initially is no-load, the boundary conditions at

the fault point are
Vb = Vc = Zf (Ib + Ic)
(2.31)
Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 = 0
(2.32)
Therefore, the phase voltages Vb and Vc are
Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + aVa2

Vc = Va0 + aVa1 + a2Va2
(2.33)
For Vb = Vc, from above its given that Va1 = Va2. By substituting or the
symmetrical components of current in equation (2.31) will get
Vb = Zf (Ia0 + a2Ia1 + aIa2 + Ia0 + aIa1 + a2Ia2)

= Zf (2Ia0 Ia1 Ia2)
= 3Zf Ia0
(2.34)
20
From substituting for Vb from equation (2.34) and Va1 = Va2 into equation
(2.33) will get
3Zf Ia0 = Va0 + (a2 + a)Va1 = Va0 Va1
(2.35)
Solve the Ia0 by substituting the symmetrical components of voltage from

equations (2.20) into (2.35), and get
Ia0 =
- a
3 f
a-
3 f
(2.36)
Also substituting for the symmetrical components of voltage, Va1 = Va2 then
Ia2 =
a-
(2.37)
Then, solve the Ia1 by substituting for Ia0 and Ia2 into equation (2.36) that has
Ia1 =
a
2(
2
3 f)
f
(2.38)
Therefore, fault current is
If = Ib + Ic = 3Ia0
(2.39)
21
For double line to ground fault, the sequence network can be represented by
connecting the positive sequence impedance in series with parallel combination of
the negative sequence and, zero sequence network as Figure 2.10. For bolted fault
Zf=0.
Figure 2.12: A double line-to-ground fault sequence network.
2.6
Fault Analysis Software
A software package to perform power system fault analysis using the Ybus and
Zbus method along with the symmetrical method. Provision is also provided for
various types of connection of transformers and grounding of generators [2]. The
author used MATLAB to build the software package to perform the fault analysis.
22
2.7
Summary
This chapter review the types of fault and it classification. Fault analysis
using bus impedance matrix has also been explained in this chapter. There are also
recounting about the method to calculate the fault current at bus. In the following
chapter, the fault current will explain more detail using the bus impedance. Chapter 3
also exposed the line data or line impedance of the IEEE system that will be
simulating using the software as Matlab.
CHAPTER 3
BUS IMPEDANCE METHOD
3.1
Introduction
In Chapter 2, the classification of fault has been explained so detail. The

chapter also gives explanation on the methods to calculate the fault current at bus.
Chapter 3 will demonstrate and explain the fault analysis using bus impedance more
detail. This chapter also develops the line data or line impedance for the larger
interconnection system as IEEE system. The IEEE system also will use the bus
impedance to calculate the fault current using the Matlab is simpler because its
system is larger.
3.2
Methodology
Methodology is the part that the work flow will describe further and to get a
result. The methodology will show step by step to get a successful result. The first
step is known about the type of faults that will be use in this work. The type of faults
24
that is more appropriate for used on transmission line is symmetrical or balanced
fault because on transmission lines the fault will assume as symmetrical fault. This is
happen because a transmission line is the larger connection or interconnection line.
Other than that the bus impedance matrix will be apply in this work to calculate fault
current.
The next step is doing some calculation by using symmetrical or balanced

fault analysis. This part will test the four bus system diagram shows as Figure 3.1 to
be calculated and become the reference to the other larger bus system as IEEE bus
system. It will calculate the faults current that happen at each bus system with the
fault impedance (Zf = 0.16i) or without fault impedance (Zf = 0)
Figure 3.1: Four bus test system reactance diagram.
After calculate the fault current by using a four bus test system, this step will
describe with more widen using a larger bus system. This step will test a larger
interconnection or transmission lines as IEEE bus system. The standard IEEE bus
system will be tested in this work to analyze the fault current at each bus. However,
the IEEE bus system is a larger interconnection system then by using a calculation
will take a long time to get the result. Analysis the large system as IEEE bus system
will use a software that can help to analyze the fault current. The software that will
25
be used is MATLAB Programming because it more easily to handle and their term
easy to understand. In this work, there are three type of IEEE bus system as 14 bus
systems, 30 bus systems and 118 bus systems. Therefore by using the MATLAB
programming terms to create a command and run it until get the fault current at each
bus.
The last method is to analyze the result from the basic calculation and
simulation by using MATLAB. This result will show that the objective of the project
is success or not. The result that will be analyzed is 14 bus systems, 30 bus systems
and 118 bus systems. It also includes the result for bus that use the fault impedance
or without fault impedance. Then, by comparing and analysis the result it will show
that the result is valid or not. This is the flowchart for the methodology that
considered to this project as Figure 3.2.
26
Project planning
Literature review
Mathematical
analysis
Software/Simulation
Result/Discussion
Analysis/Validation
Figure 3.2: Flowchart of Methodology
3.3
Procedure for Symmetrical Fault Current
The following steps are helpful in solving 3-phase faults as procedure for
symmetrical fault currents [4]:
27
a) A single line diagram is to be drawn indicating :
i.
The capacity, voltage, reactance and resistance of all synchronous

plants.
ii.
The capacity, type, reactance, resistance and length of all cables and
overhead lines with spacings where it is necessary.
iii.
The capacity and reactance of transformers.
iv.
The value of any artificial reactance applied in the system.
b) A single line reactance diagram showing one phase of the system and neutral
is to be drawn. The following points are also to be kept in mind:
i.
The resistance of generators or transformers being small can be

neglected.
ii.
The transformer is represented by the reactance in series.
iii.
Resistance in case of long overhead transmission lines and cable

assume appreciable value and cannot be neglected. The transmission
line is expressed by series reactance and resistance.
c) After drawing the reactance diagram, the total reactance is to be calculated to

the point of fault occur.
d) The short circuit MVA will be calculated.
3.4
Methods for Fault Analysis
There are two types of method is assessment for fault analysis in this section.
The methods are bus admittance (Ybus) and Thevenins theorem that utilize to obtain
the bus impedance from the circuit analysis.
28
3.4.1
Bus Admittance and Bus Impedance Matrix
The interconnection system is the important network in power system. The

bus admittance matrix (Ybus) will represented to find the application in determining
the network solution at large system. This happen because each bus or node in power
system is connected to the most three or more other buses.
The bus admittance matrix is referred to determine the network solution. In

this work, the bus admittance will be considered to solve the branch impedance in
order to get the bus impedance. The bus impedance is important to calculate the fault
current at next chapter. The steps in developing the bus admittance matrix or Ybus for
a given network are as follows [1, 4]:
i.
The bus admittance matrix is symmetric.
ii.
The diagonal of self-admittance (Yii) is equal to the sum of the

primitive admittances of all the components connected to the ith node
or bus.
iii.
The off-diagonal element (Yij) or ijth element is equal to the negative

of the primitive admittance at all components connected between
nodes i and j.
iv.
The bus admittance matrix is inversely to the bus impedance matrix
29
There are example will be regard as:
Figure 3.3: Four bus system diagram.
Calculate the branch impedance at each bus:
Z30
Z13 = Z31
Z23 = Z32
Z12 = Z21
Z14 = Z41
Z24 = Z42
Z40 =
Z11 = Z12 + Z13 + Z14
Z22 = Z12 + Z23 + Z24
Z33 = Z30 + Z31 + Z32
Z44 = Z40 + Z41 + Z42
(3.1)
30
In matrix form:
Z=
(3.2)
Then calculate the bus admittance from the branch impedance:
Y12 = (1/Z12)
Y13 = (1/Z13)
Y14 = (1/Z14)
Y23 = (1/Z23)
Y24 = (1/Z24)
Y30 = (1/ Z30)
Y40 = (1/Z40)
(3.3)
The bus admittance is
Y11 = y12 + y13 + y14

Y22 = y21 + y23 + y24
Y33 = y30 + y31 + y32 + y34
Y44 = y40 + y41 + y42 + y43
Y12 = Y21 = -y12
Y13 = Y31 = -y13
Y23 = Y32 = -y23
Y34 = Y43 = -y34
Y14 = Y41 = - y14
Y24 = Y42 = - y24
(3.4)
31
The bus admittance matrix form is
Y=
(3.5)
The bus impedance is inversely to the bus admittance as:
Zbus = Ybus-1
(3.6)
where Zbus is bus impedance matrix

Ybus is bus admittance matrix
3.4.2
Thevenins Theorem and Bus Impedance
The Zbus provides important information regarding the power system network.
In this section, the connection between the elements of Zbus and the Thevenin
impedance accessible by the network at each of its buses will be assessment [1, 4].
32
Figure 3.4: Original network with Bus m and reference node extracted
Figure 3.5: Thevenin equivalent circuit at Node m
To start notation, let represent the bus voltages matching to the initial values
I0 of the bus current I by V0 is equal to ZbusI0. The measure can apply the voltmeter
between the buses of the network and reference node because the voltages V10 to VN0
are open circuit voltages. The new values I0 is equal to I when the bus current is
changed from the initial.
The superposition equation from the new bus voltages are known as:
V = Zbus (I0 + I)
= ZbusI0 + ZbusI
(3.7)
33
where V0 = ZbusI0and V = ZbusI is represent the changes in the bus voltages
from the original values. Therefore, the network indicated by the incremental
quantities V1 to Vn written as:
m
m
m
mm
(3.8)
Through the only nonzero access in the current vector equal to Im in row
m.The incremental bus voltages is
Im
(3.9)
Which are numerically equal to the entries in column k of Zbus multiplied by

the current Im. This voltages change to the original voltages is added at the buses
according to equation (2.7) yield at bus m.
Vm = Vm0 + Zmm Im
(3.10)
Figure 2.4 is shown the obvious that the Thevenin impedance Zth at the
representative bus m of the system is given as
34
Zth = Zmm
(3.11)
where Zmm is the diagonal entry in row m of Zbus
The Thevenin impedance between any two buses j and m of the network can
be calculated. As shown in Figure 2.5, the dead network is energized by current
injections Ij at bus j and Im at bus m.
Figure 3.6: Original network with current sources Ij at Bus j and Im at Bus k
Denoting the changes in the bus voltages resulting from the combination of these two
current injections by by V1 to VN written as
m
m
m
mm
m
35
jj
jm
mj
mm
(3.12)
Therefore, the right hand vector is numerically equal to the product of Ij and
column j added to the product of Im and column m of the system Zbus. According to
equation (2.7), the voltage changes are added to the original bus voltages at buses j
and m obtain:
Vj = Vj0 + ZjjIj + ZjmIm
(3.13)
Vm = Vm0 + ZmjIj + ZmmIm
(3.14)
Adding and subtracting ZjkIj in equation (2.13) and also ZmjIm in equation
(2.14) given as
Vj = Vj0 + (Zjj Zjm) Ij + Zjm(Ij + Im)
(3.15)
Vm = Vm0 + (Zmm Zmj) Im + Zmj(Ij + Im)
(3.16)
36
Figure 3.7: Original network with Thevenin equivalent circuit and short circuit
connection
While Zbus is symmetrical Zjm equal to Zmj. As Figure 2.6 is represents the
Thevenin equivalent circuit of the system between buses j and m. and the open circuit
voltage from bus m to bus j is Vm0 Vj0 and impedance encountered by short circuit
current Isc from bus m to bus j is obviously the Thevenin impedance.
Zth,jm = Zjj + Zmm 2Zjm
Where Zth is Thevenin impedance

Zjj is bus impedance at bus j
Zmm is bus impedance at bus m
Zjm is bus impedance at bus j to m
(3.17)
37
3.5
Node Elimination or Kron Reduction
Kron reduction is system which those nodes with zero current injections are
eliminated. The system can be Kron reduced without have to rearrange the equation
because it can inject any node to be zero current. For example, if Ip = 0 in the nodal
equation of the N-bus system. The system can directly calculate the elements of the
new, reduced bus impedance matrix by choosing Zpp as an axis and eliminating bus p
using the formula
Zjk(new) = Zjk
jp pk
pp
(3.18)
Where Zjk is bus impedance at bus j to bus k

Zjp is bus impedance at bus j to bus p
Zpk is bus impedance at bus p to bus k
Zpp is bus impedance at bus p
For example using the four bus system. If the four bus system is prefault, the
bus impedance matrix written as
38
Figure 3.8: A simple four bus system
At the prefault, calculate branch impedance or line impedance at each bus:
Z30 = j0.30
Z13 = Z31 = j0.25
Z23 = Z32 = j0.25
Z12 = Z21 = j0.125
Z14 = Z41 = j0.4
Z24 = Z42 = j0.2
Z40 = j0.30
Z11 = Z12 + Z13 + Z14 = j0.775
Z22 = Z12 + Z23 + Z24 = j0.575
Z33 = Z30 + Z31 + Z32 = j0.8
Z44 = Z40 + Z41 + Z42 = j0.9
(3.19)
39
In matrix form:
Z=
j .
j .
=
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
(3.20)
j .
If the faults occur at the Bus 2, the branch impedance cannot be applied because it is
before the faults occur. Then the bus admittance from the branch impedance must be
calculated to obtain bus impedance that will use to analysis the fault current at each
bus:
Y12 = (1/Z12) = (1/0.125) = -j8

Y13 = (1/Z13) = (1/j0.25) = -j4
Y14 = (1/Z14) = (1/j0.4) = -j2.5
Y23 = (1/Z23) = (1/j0.25) = -j4
Y24 = (1/Z24) = ( 1/j0.2) = -j5
Y30 = (1/ Z30) = (1/j0.3) = - j3.33
Y40 = (1/Z40) = (1/j0.3) = -j3.33
The bus admittance is
Y11 = y12 + y13 + y14 = ( -j8 j4 j2.5 ) = -j14.5

Y22 = y21 + y23 + y24 = ( -j8 j4 j5) = -j17
Y33 = y30 + y31 + y32 + y34 = ( -j3.33 j4 j4) = -j11.33
Y44 = y40 + y41 + y42 + y43= ( -j3.33 j2.5 j5) = -j10.83
Y12 = Y21 = -y12 = j8
Y13 = Y31 = -y13 = j4
Y23 = Y32 = -y23 = j4
Y34 = Y43 = -y34 = 0
(3.21)
40
Y14 = Y41 = - y14 = j2.5
Y24 = Y42 = - y24 = j5
(3.22)
The matrix form is
-j
Y=
j
-j
j
j
j
j
j .
j
j
-j
j .
j
.
-j
(3.23)
The bus impedance is inversely to the bus admittance as:
Zbus = Ybus-1
(3.24)
-j
Zbus = inv
j
-j
j
j
j
j
j .
j
j
Zbus =
j
j
.
.
.
.
j
j
j
j
.
.
.
.
j
j
-j
j .
j
.
-j
j
j
j
j
.
.
.
.
(3.25)
j
j
j
j
.
.
.
.
(3.26)
Then, if the faults occur at Bus 2 using the kron reduction to eliminate the row 2 and
column 2 in equation (3.26). Using equation (3.18) to find the new bus impedance
that will become 3 bus system.
41
Z11(new) = Z11
= j0.2437
Z13(new) = Z13
= j0.1545
Z14(new) = Z14
= j0.1458
Z33(new) = Z33
= j0.1956
Z34(new) = Z34
= j0.1047
Z44(new) = Z44
= j0.1047
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
= j0.0799
(3.27)
= j0.0282
(3.28)
= j0.0184
(3.29)
= j0.0983
(3.30)
= j0.0065
(3.31)
= j0.0057
(3.32)
Therefore, the new matrix (3x3) bus system is
Z=
j .
= j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
j .
(3.33)
The kron elimination method is suitable to apply for a large interconnection power
system.
42
3.6
Fault Calculation using Bus Impedance
This is a method of fault calculations for general network. Figure 3.1 shows a
reactance diagram of a power system [4].
Figure 3.9: Reactance diagram of a power system network
By assuming, three phase fault occur at Bus 2 is simulated as Figure 3.4. The
source voltage Vf and Vf in series which a short circuit branch. Then, the branch
will become a short circuit and the branch current is If as shown in Figure 3.5. The
current If distributes itself throughout the system from the reference node before
flowing out of bus through the Vf source[4].
43
Figure 3.10: Three phase fault at Bus 2.
Then -Vf is the only source if Ea, Eb and Vf are short circuit with -If is
the only current flow the network from external sources at Bus 2. Therefore, as the
only source is -Vf, the network has the nodal impedance equation in the Zbus form :
(3.1)
It will changes in the bus voltages due to If as
olumn
of
us
Therefore, the second row of this equation shows that:
(3.2)
44
If =
(3.3)
At Bus 2, Z22 is the diagonal element of Zbus representing the Thevenins

equivalent impedance of the network. By substituting If into equation (3.2) given by
Vf
(3.4)
Apply the principle of superposition, it can be obtain the bus voltage
f-
f
f
f
f-
= Vf
f-
f-
(3.5)
In general, if three phase occur on bus k of a large scale power system. The
equation will be like this:
If =
f
kk
(3.6)
By neglected prefault load current, the voltage at bus j during the fault is
45
Vj = Vf ZjkIf = Vf
jk
kk
Vf
(3.7)
After that, it can calculate the subtransient current Iij from bus i to bus j in
the line impedance Zb connecting those two buses:
Iij =
3.7
i- j
k
= If
ik - jk
ik - jk
kk
(3.8)
Fault Calculation Using Bus Impedance Equivalent Circuits
The Thevenin equivalent circuit is very helpful for illustrating the

symmetrical faults equations. As Figure 3.6, bus k is assumed to be the fault bus and
bus j is unfaulted [1, 4].
Figure 3.11: Thevenin equivalent between Buses j and k of system with no perfault
load current
46
The elements of the network Zbus directly correspond to the impedances. If
load current are neglected, all prefault bus voltage will be same. There is no short
circuit and no current flow in branch if the switch S is open between bus k. When S
is closed to represent the fault on bus k, current flows in the circuit toward bus k. The
current is
If =
(3.9)
kk
The induces a voltage drop in direction from the reference node toward bus j
is
V=
ji
kk
(Vf)
(3.10)
When the voltage from bus j to the reference changes the equation will
written as:
Vf
jk
kk
Vf
(3.11)
where Vf is fault voltage

Zjk is bus impedance at bus j and k
Zkk is bus impedance at bus k
If S is closed, the circuit reflects the voltage of representative bus j with

respect to reference while the fault is on bus k.
47
3.8
IEEE Bus System
The IEEE bus system is the large system that available in our country. These
systems have a lot of advantages. Therefore, this project will test three types of IEEE
bus system and it will show at next section.
3.8.1
Basic 4 Bus System
The 4 bus system is a basic system in power system analysis. In this part will
show the diagram as Figure 3.6 and its reactance value as Table 3.1. For this system,
it will compare by using calculation and simulation because it small connection and
more easy to calculate.
Figure 3.12: The 4 bus system diagram [1, 5].
48
Table 3.1: Line data for 4 bus system [1, 5].
Line Data
3.8.2
Line Impedance
From Bus
To Bus
p.u
0 + 0.125i
0 + 0.250i
0 + 0.400i
0 + 0.250i
0 + 0.200i
IEEE 14 Bus System
This is one of the large interconnection system that will use for this project to
analyze the fault occur at each bus. As a Figure 3.7 show the IEEE 14 bus system
diagram and its reactance value at each bus at the line as Table 3.2.
49
Figure 3.13: The 14 bus system diagram [5, 8].
Table 3.2: Line data for IEEE 14 bus system [7].

Line data
Resistance
Reactance
From Bus
To Bus
(p.u.)
(p.u.)
0.01938
0.05917
0.04699
0.17632
0.05811
0.22304
0.05403
0.17388
0.05695
0.17103
0.01335
0.04211
0.01335
0.04211
0.25202
0.20912
0.17615
50
3.8.3
0.55618
10
0.03181
0.0845
11
0.09498
0.1989
12
0.12291
0.25581
10
14
0.12711
0.27038
10
11
0.08205
0.19207
11
13
0.06615
0.13027
12
13
0.22092
0.19988
13
14
0.17093
0.34802
IEEE 30 Bus System
The 30 bus system is another large interconnection in IEEE bus system. In

this project, its also to e analyze the fault occur at each us. There are a diagram as
Figure 3.8 and its line data at each bus as Table 3.3.
51
Figure 3.14: The 30 bus system diagram [8].

Line data
Resistance
Reactance
Susceptance
From Bus
To Bus
(p.u.)
(p.u.)
(p.u.)
0.0192
0.0575
0.0528
0.0452
0.1652
0.0408
0.057
0.1737
0.0368
0.0132
0.0379
0.0084
0.0472
0.1983
0.0418
0.0581
0.1763
0.0374
0.0119
0.0414
0.009
0.046
0.116
0.0204
0.0267
0.082
0.017
0.012
0.042
0.009
0.208
52
6
10
0.556
11
0.208
10
0.11
12
0.256
12
13
0.14
12
14
0.1231
0.2559
12
15
0.0662
0.1304
12
16
0.0945
0.1987
14
15
0.221
0.1997
16
17
0.0524
0.1923
15
18
0.1073
0.2185
18
19
0.0639
0.1292
19
20
0.034
0.068
10
20
0.0936
0.209
10
17
0.0324
0.0845
10
21
0.0348
0.0749
10
22
0.0727
0.1499
21
22
0.0116
0.0236
15
23
0.1
0.202
22
24
0.115
0.179
23
24
0.132
0.27
24
25
0.1885
0.3292
25
26
0.2544
0.38
25
27
0.1093
0.2087
28
27
0.396
27
29
0.2198
0.4153
27
30
0.3202
0.6027
29
30
0.2399
0.4533
28
0.0636
0.2
0.0428
28
0.0169
0.0599
0.013
53
3.8.4
IEEE 118 Bus System
As a Figure 3.10, it shows that system was connected with each bus and its
one of the largest interconnection in IEEE bus system. The Table 3.4 has described
about its line data for the IEEE 118 bus system.
Figure 3.15: The 118 bus system diagram [8].
54
Line data
Resistance
Reactance
Susceptance
From Bus
To Bus
(p.u.)
(p.u.)
(p.u.)
0.0303
0.0999
0.0254
0.0129
0.0424
0.01082
0.00176
0.00798
0.0021
0.0241
0.108
0.0284
0.0119
0.054
0.01426
0.00459
0.0208
0.0055
0.00244
0.0305
1.162
0.0267
10
0.00258
0.0322
1.23
11
0.0209
0.0688
0.01748
11
0.0203
0.0682
0.01738
11
12
0.00595
0.0196
0.00502
12
0.0187
0.0616
0.01572
12
0.0484
0.16
0.0406
12
0.00862
0.034
0.00874
11
13
0.02225
0.0731
0.01876
12
14
0.0215
0.0707
0.01816
13
15
0.0744
0.2444
0.06268
14
15
0.0595
0.195
0.0502
12
16
0.0212
0.0834
0.0214
15
17
0.0132
0.0437
0.0444
16
17
0.0454
0.1801
0.0466
55
3.9
Summary
This chapter is descri ing a out the methodology of the project and its also
measure how to calculate the fault at each buses. From the above, its show the line
data of the IEEE bus systems as 14 bus system, 30 bus system and 118 bus system.
This data will be use to do in the simulation for calculate and analysis the fault at
each bus. Then, the next chapter will describe more about result and discussion. Its
will discuss for the basic bus system and the IEEE bus system and analyze the data
from the result.
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
The previous chapter has discussed about the methods of bus impedance
matrix and the data of line impedance for the IEEE bus systems that will be use in
the simulation part. Chapter 3 also shows the methods to calculate the bus test
systems and next will be as a reference for the large bus systems. Therefore, Chapter
4 is more to discuss and compare the result for the bolted and unbolted fault. This
chapter is also to analyze the data from the simulation part to see the logically
comparing to the theoretical.
57
4.2
Fault Calculation
This is the calculation based on the theoretical as Figure 4.1 show:
Figure 4.1: Reactance diagram of 4 bus system network.
The bus impedance data from calculation rewritten as:
Z=
(4.1)
Z=
(4.2)
58
The prefault voltage at each bus will assume as 1.00 p.u and bolted fault
(Zf = 0). The fault occur at Bus 2 and the calculation as
(4.3)
(4.4)
Therefore, fault current contributed to Bus 2 by adjacent unfaulted buses are [4]
I1 =
= -1.2448i pu
(4.5)
I3 =
= -1.3960i pu
(4.6)
I4 =
= -1.7190i pu
(4.7)
I1 + I3 + 14 = If
(4.9)
If = 1.2448i + ( 1.3960i ) + (1.7190i)
(4.10)
= 4.3598i pu
(4.11)
59
To measure the fault current at Bus 2 also can use this equation :
If =
(4.12)
If =
(4.13)
If = - 4.3573i
(4.14)
If there are the fault impedance ( Zf = 0.16i) this is calculation as below
(4.15)
(4.16)
Therefore, fault current contributed to Bus 2 by adjacent unfaulted buses

are[4]
I1 =
= - 0.8768i pu
4.17)
60
I3 =
I4 =
= - 0.8224i pu
(4.18)
= - 1.0110i pu
(4.19)
I1 + I3 + 14 = If
(4.20)
If = 0.8768i + ( 0.8224i ) + ( 1.0110i)
(4.21)
= 2.7102i pu
(4.22)
To measure the fault current at Bus 2 also can use this equation:
If =
(4.23)
If =
(4.24)
If = 2.5667i
(4.25)
This is the result for 4 bus test system that has been analyzed using
simulation and calculation. It also shows the different between bolted fault and
unbolted fault. This is the result as Table 4.1:
61
Table 4.1: The result for 4 bus test system with and without fault impedance.
Fault at
bus
4.3
Bolted fault (Zf = 0)
Unbolted fault (Zf = 0.16i)
Simulation
Calculation
Simulation
Calculation
(p.u.)
(p.u.)
(p.u.)
(p.u.)
-4.1056i
-4.1034i
- 2.4779i
-2.4771i
-4.3581i
-4.3573i
- 2.5677i
-2.5667i
-1.7834i
-1.7808i
- 0.9806i
-0.9816
-1.7834i
-1.7808i
- 0.9806i
-0.9816
Fault Analysis Using IEEE Bus System
There are three types of IEEE bus system will be test to analyze the fault. It is
14 bus system, 30 bus system and 118 bus system. Other section will show the result
of this three system.
4.3.1
IEEE 14 Bus System
This is result for bolted and unbolted fault based on 14 bus system. The result
from the each of bus will be analyzed.
62
Table 4.2: The result for 14 bus system with and without fault impedance.
Fault at bus
4.3.2
Simulation(p.u.)
Simulation(p.u.)
0.1154 - 4.7175i
0.0375 - 2.6887i
0.1177 - 4.7187i
0.0382 - 2.6892i
0.2750 - 3.8874i
0.1045 - 2.3995i
0.2174 -4.2255i
0.0774 - 2.5226i
0.1463 -4.5624i
0.0489 - 2.6379i
0.0495 - 4.6744i
0.0162 - 2.6744i
0.0159 -3.3615i
0.0067 - 2.1859i
0.0085 - 3.1853i
0.0037 - 2.1099i
0.2033 -1.7904i
0.1228 - 1.3948i
10
0.2382 -1.7995i
0.1435 - 1.4015i
11
0.2757 -2.0738i
0.1553 - 1.5623i
12
0.3491 -1.5016i
0.2265 - 1.2209i
13
0.3136 -1.7500i
0.1911 - 1.3747i
14
0.3001 -1.4412i
0.1979 - 1.1789i
IEEE 30 Bus System
This is result from the 30 bus system that between the bolted and unbolted
faults. Fault at each bus will be test and analyze.
63
Fault at bus
Simulation(p.u.)
Simulation(p.u.)
4.3171 - 1.4094i
2.5068 - 3.2329i
5.2057 - 1.1483i
2.6277 - 3.3564i
5.9499 - 2.0107i
2.2454 - 3.1453i
6.5856 - 1.4472i
2.5085 - 3.3301i
4.2938 - 2.6866i
1.7140 - 2.7084i
4.9162 - 0.8345i
2.7565 - 3.4438i
5.1882 - 2.3904i
1.9986 - 2.9335i
4.6541 - 1.4659i
2.4838 - 3.2304i
3.4924 - 3.4260i
1.2892 - 2.6783i
10
3.4112 - 3.2809i
1.3003 - 2.6169i
11
1.0092 - 2.4285i
0.5164 - 1.8090i
12
2.8737 - 3.1383i
1.1645 - 2.4457i
13
1.2866 - 2.5399i
0.6368 - 1.8992i
14
1.6951 - 2.0030i
0.9328 - 1.7084i
15
2.3595 - 2.6390i
1.0897 - 2.1448i
16
2.0378 - 2.5748i
0.9704 - 2.0476i
17
2.5145 - 2.8667i
1.0982 - 2.2682i
18
1.6691 - 2.1255i
0.8939 - 1.7642i
19
1.6937 - 2.1638i
0.8982 - 1.7881i
20
1.8125 - 2.2812i
0.9308 - 1.8690i
21
2.7306 - 2.8841i
1.1736 - 2.3243i
22
2.7183 - 2.8563i
1.1757 - 2.3114i
23
1.7277 - 2.1166i
0.9247 - 1.7721i
24
2.1198 - 2.3308i
1.0600 - 1.9595i
25
1.4215 - 1.9582i
0.8001 - 1.6296i
26
0.6562 - 0.9430i
0.4914 - 0.8642i
27
1.4229 - 2.3320i
0.7345 - 1.8201i
28
5.6373 - 2.1538i
2.1544 - 3.0541i
29
0.7052 - 1.2353i
0.4873 - 1.0774i
30
0.6425 - 1.1316i
0.4571 - 0.9979i
64
4.3.3
IEEE 118 Bus System
This is result from the 118 bus system that between the bolted and unbolted
faults. Fault at each bus will be test and analyze using simulation.
Fault at bus
Simulation(p.u.)
Simulation(p.u.)
5.8136 - 8.4697i
1.0179 - 4.0719i
6.8560 - 9.3586i
1.0088 - 4.2584i
7.2897 - 9.8433i
0.9931 - 4.3388i
14.704 - 14.6922i
0.8955 - 5.0568i
17.2323 - 15.2835i
0.8948 - 5.1948i
10.3014 - 12.3939i
0.9295 - 4.7193i
11.0231 - 12.3963i
0.9547 - 4.7716i
16.7361 - 17.6246i
0.7928 - 5.2301i
7.7831 - 12.7249i
0.8461 - 4.6345i
10
4.2779 - 9.5612i
0.8035 - 4.0765i
11
15.2809 - 13.7062i
0.9593 - 5.0774i
12
16.4541 - 3.343i
0.9908 - 5.1431i
13
5.6997 - 9.4344i
0.9065 - 4.1510i
14
6.4201 - 10.0842i
0.9045 - 4.2722i
15
15.4469 - 18.5576i
0.7274 - 5.1615i
16
5.8733 - 10.3209i
0.8385 - 4.2431i
17
20.8483 - 22.3963i
0.6582 - 5.3902i
18
9.5283 - 15.3883i
0.7119 - 4.7924i
19
12.1769 - 16.5984i
0.7426 - 4.9717i
20
3.9055 - 7.8954i
0.8643 - 3.7925i
21
3.2815 - 6.6708i
0.9138 - 3.5342i
22
3.22863 - 6.87013i
0.8798 - 3.5605i
23
8.79984 - 13.3609i
0.8036 - 4.6657i
65
24
5.35912 - 10.6275i
0.7733 - 4.2319i
25
7.70378 - 13.8315i
0.7144 - 4.6174i
26
6.59829 - 14.4871i
0.6347 - 4.6123i
27
8.20847 - 10.4137i
1.0009 - 4.4680i
28
4.8572 - 7.9011i
0.9827 - 3.9007i
29
5.8476 - 8.5781i
1.0078 - 4.0848i
30
21.7779 - 26.8409i
0.5591 - 5.4705i
31
7.3778 - 10.0748i
0.9768 - 4.3627i
32
10.3806 - 11.8777i
0.9759 - 4.7160i
33
4.6097 - 9.6876i
0.7743 - 4.0746i
34
12.5210 - 17.6854i
0.7009 - 5.0161i
35
8.1965 - 13.7417i
0.7433 - 4.6390i
36
8.6557 - 13.9668i
0.7526 - 4.6782i
37
14.2012 - 19.3357i
0.6719 - 5.1244i
38
14.176 - 25.873i
0.4844 - 5.2745i
39
5.2605 - 9.0676i
0.8984 - 4.0701i
40
6.0190 - 8.9791i
0.9830 - 4.1439i
41
4.1222 - 7.0648i
0.9913 - 3.7019i
42
4.3068 - 9.4495i
0.9258 - 3.5939i
43
2.5215 - 6.3685i
0.8158 - 3.3868i
44
2.9497 - 6.0795i
0.9312 - 3.3844i
45
4.7955 - 7.8841i
0.9776 - 3.8915i
46
4.9403 - 8.5486i
0.9182 - 3.9821i
47
7.2904 - 11.8060i
0.8231 - 4.4665i
48
6.4810 - 10.3247i
0.8844 - 4.2929i
49
21.023 - 25.8914i
0.7887 - 5.1635i
50
5.8428 - 9.24814i
0.9336 - 4.1432i
51
6.7806 - 8.6093i
1.0856 - 4.1945i
52
4.5613 - 6.8635i
1.0803 - 3.7353i
53
3.8015 - 6.8300i
0.9802 - 3.6304i
54
11.9502 - 13.5024i
1.0161 - 4.7389i
55
11.9502 - 13.5024i
1.0036 - 4.6057i
56
12.3025 - 13.2020i
1.0287 - 4.7716i
66
57
5.0289 - 7.8505i
1.0081 - 3.9149i
58
5.8962 - 8.0192i
1.0786 - 4.0386i
59
11.9862 - 17.1616i
0.7328 - 4.8694i
60
9.7351 - 15.5403i
0.7123 - 4.8096i
61
11.654 - 17.2349i
0.6957 - 4.9626i
62
8.82053 - 14.768i
0.7155 - 4.7278i
63
10.9222 - 17.6754i
0.6563 - 4.9482i
64
15.0959 - 20.7684i
0.6415 - 5.1938i
65
23.1654 - 29.3319i
0.5177 - 5.5187i
66
16.5028 - 26.9676i
0.5566 - 5.1118i
67
4.30869 - 10.2579i
0.6906 - 4.1062i
68
22.5229 - 29.5611i
0.5070 - 5.5036i
69
16.5403 - 24.7738i
0.5429 - 5.3016i
70
8.39531 - 13.2082i
0.7947 - 4.6330i
71
6.0014 - 9.8953i
0.8870 - 4.2177i
72
2.5706 - 6.2401i
0.8396 - 3.3671i
73
3.1517 - 6.9658i
0.8476 - 3.5615i
74
6.1355 - 10.6134i
0.8366 - 4.2909i
75
9.7479 - 13.8864i
0.8120 - 4.7496i
76
4.8989 - 9.1340i
0.8579 - 4.0446i
77
21.4403 - 27.6444i
0.6752 - 5.1977i
78
12.5993 - 17.9341i
0.6902 - 5.0231i
79
9.5823 - 16.2784i
0.6674 - 4.8297i
80
23.716 - 30.1404i
0.5648 - 5.3175i
81
15.1575 - 26.2014i
0.4874 - 5.2951i
82
12.0284 - 15.324i
0.8040 - 4.9286i
83
8.7254 - 11.7495i
0.9109 - 4.5752i
84
5.5782 - 7.2863i
1.1386 - 3.9209i
85
8.2190 - 8.9001i
1.1501 - 4.3783i
86
3.0683 - 4.4299i
1.2277 - 3.0658i
87
0.9527 - 2.4136i
0.9705 - 1.9608i
88
5.3221 - 7.7792i
1.0469 - 3.9402i
89
13.8272 - 20.2741i
1.0800 - 4.2955i
67
90
5.6997 - 8.9013i
1.0619 - 3.7043i
91
4.3575 - 6.8798i
1.0473 - 3.7060i
92
16.7825 - 19.1008i
0.9677 - 4.7702i
93
7.03171 - 10.4796i
0.9134 - 4.3554i
94
14.6576 - 15.6182i
0.8470 - 5.0735i
95
9.4693 - 13.4122i
0.8256 - 4.7043i
96
13.8892 - 17.2541i
0.7532 - 5.0681i
97
5.7359 - 12.6305i
0.6558 - 4.4155i
98
4.1825 - 10.2865i
0.6757 - 4.1001i
99
5.1158 - 10.6046i
0.7458 - 4.2042i
100
17.0248 - 15.5443i
0.8818 - 5.1939i
101
4.4889 - 8.5976i
0.8602 - 3.9393i
102
5.9123 - 9.5033i
0.9151 - 4.1737i
103
10.6625 - 11.1165i
1.0440 - 4.7072i
104
8.3034 - 9.1747i
1.1246 - 4.4018i
105
9.9466 - 8.6815i
1.2509 - 4.5595i
106
6.6632 - 8.0421i
1.1465 - 4.1397i
107
3.1183 - 5.2285i
1.1013 - 3.2514i
108
6.8818 - 6.6114i
1.3567 - 4.0492i
109
6.4502 - 6.2125i
1.3846 - 3.9487i
110
6.2571 - 5.8766i
1.4287 - 3.8958i
111
3.0558 - 4.3587i
1.2350 - 3.0436i
112
3.3935 - 4.3827i
1.3084 - 3.1238i
113
9.9016 - 15.3361i
0.7296 - 4.8101i
114
6.4549 - 8.9525i
1.0200 - 4.1841i
115
6.3086 - 8.8347i
1.0207 - 4.1585i
116
18.5590 - 27.5959i
0.5010 - 5.3865i
117
2.0786 - 5.0446i
0.8884 - 3.0371i
118
6.1395 - 10.2530i
0.8680 - 4.2620i
68
4.4
Result Analysis
This section is to analyze the fault occur at each bus. The fault will be
comprised with the bolted and unbolted fault. Therefore, the result show a good
response when the simulation is simulate at bolted fault and unbolted fault because
when bolted fault occur the value of fault at bus must be larger than unbolted fault.
There are the results will be explain at next section.
4.4.1
4 Bus Test System
The result from the 4 bus test system will be analyze and compare with the
bolted and unbolted faults. The result for unbolted faults is decreasing because the
effect of fault impedance.
Table 4.5: The result for 4 bus test system fault in magnitude.
Fault at
bus
Bolted fault
(Zf = 0)
Unbolted fault
(Zf = 0.16i)
Simulation(p.u.)
Simulation(p.u.)
4.1056
2.4779
4.3581
2.5677
1.7834
0.9806
1.7834
0.9806
69
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Bolted fault (Zf
= 0)
2.5
2
Unbolted fault
(Zf = 0.16i)
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
Figure 4.2: The magnitude of Bolted Fault versus Unbolted Fault for 4 bus test
system
4.4.2
IEEE 14 Bus System
70
Table 4.6: The result from 14 bus system fault impedance in magnitude.
Fault at bus
Bolted fault
(Zf = 0)
Unbolted fault
(Zf = 0.16i)
Simulation(p.u.)
Simulation(p.u.)
4.7189
2.6889
4.7202
2.6895
3.8971
2.4018
4.2311
2.5238
4.5648
2.6384
4.6747
2.6744
3.3615
2.1859
3.1853
2.1099
1.8019
1.4002
10
1.8152
1.4088
5
4.5
4
3.5
Bolted fault
(Zf = 0)
3
2.5
Unbolted
fault (Zf =
0.16i)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
10
Figure 4.3: The magnitude of Bolted Fault versus Unbolted Fault for 14 bus system
71
4.4.3
IEEE 30 Bus System
Fault at bus
Bolted fault
(Zf = 0)
Unbolted fault
(Zf = 0.16i)
Simulation(p.u.)
Simulation(p.u.)
4.5413
4.0909
5.3308
4.2627
6.2805
3.8645
6.7427
4.1692
5.065
3.2052
4.9865
4.4111
5.7124
3.5496
4.8785
4.0749
4.8923
2.9724
10
4.7329
2.9221
72
8
7
6
5
Bolted fault
(Zf = 0)
Unbolted
fault (Zf =
0.16i)
3
2
1
0
1
10
4.4.4
IEEE 118 Bus System
73
Fault at bus
Bolted fault
(Zf = 0)
Unbolted fault
(Zf = 0.16i)
Simulation(p.u.)
Simulation(p.u.)
10.2731
4.2199
11.6012
4.3763
12.2466
4.451
20.7861
5.1354
23.0332
5.2713
16.1162
4.2814
16.5884
4.8662
24.3048
5.2898
14.9164
4.7111
10
10.4746
4.1549
74
30
25
20
15
Bolted fault
(Zf = 0)
10
Unbolted
fault (Zf =
0.16i)
0
1
10
4.5
Summary
This chapter is show the result from the IEEE bus test system that was be
analyzed by using the bus impedance matrix. A matlab programming is used to
calculate and analysis the fault at each bus. This analysis is also consider to use fault
impedance at each bus to seen the different. The next chapter will conclude this work
and the recommendation for the future work.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Conclusions
In this work, the fault analysis will consider the type of fault which
symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault that will be use in this project. The symmetrical
is the three phase fault that will consider for the larger interconnection system as
IEEE bus systems. For unsymmetrical faults it has three type of faults which is single
line to ground fault, line to line fault and double line to ground fault.
Next, there are two methods has been explain in this project which are bus
impedance matrix and Thevenins theorem. In this work the software that has been
used is Matlab programming which to calculate and analysis the data of fault. It will
measure the fault occur at each bus systems. The programming can make this larger
interconnection become more easy to calculate and analyze.
76
Therefore, the result from this project is successful which can calculate and
analyze the fault by using Zbus impedance based on IEEE bus system with the Matlab
programming.
5.2
Recommendations
For future research,
The other software will be considered to be use for calculate and analyze the
fault by bus system more easy.
Using intelligent software that can analysis the fault and its type more
efficiently. It also can give a good response for the next generation to use a
new method.
REFERENCES
[1]
John J. Grainger & William D Stevenson, Jr , Power System Analysis,

International Edition 1994, Volume 1, pp 380 527, 1994.
[2]
Mohd Fitry Bin Ismail , Toolbox For Power System Fault Analysis Using
Matlab ,University Malaysia Pahang,
[3]
Savas Ko & Zafer Aydomus , A Matlab/Gui Based Fault Simulation Tool

For Power System Education , Mathematical And Computational
Applications, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 207-217, 2009.
[4]
Mohd Wazir Mustafa, Power System Analysis, Symmetrical and

Unsymmetrical Faults, Teaching Module, 3rd Edition, pp 3.1-4.21, 2011.
[5]
Azhar Khairudin , Symmetrical Components And Unsymmetrical Fault ,

Lecturer Note, Chapter 4, 2011.
[6]
Adel A. Elbaset,Dept. of Electrical Engineering,Modeling and Computer

Simulation of Fault Calculations for Transmission Lines,Assiut
University,Eygpt,December 20-23,2009.
78
[7]
Power Systems Test Case Archive, IEEE Bus Data (14,30 &
118),University of Washington, Electrical Engineering.
[8]
P.Subburaj , N.Sudha, K.Rajeswari, K.Ramar & L.Ganesan, Optimum

Reactive Power Dispatch Using Genetic Algorithm, Dept Of Electrical
Engineering ,National Engineering College, Volume 21, 2007.
[9]
Nan Zhang & Mladen Kezunovic, Implementing an Advanced Simulation

Tool for Comprehensive Fault Analysis, Conference & Exhibition: Asia and
Pacific Dalian, China, IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution, 2005.
[10]
Mesut E. Baran & Ismail El-Markaby, Fault Analysis on Distribution

Feeders With Distributed Generators, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol. 20, No. 4, November 2005.
[11]
Laurentiu Nastac, Om Nayak & Paul Wang, Advanced Fault Analysis

Software System (or AFAS) for Distribution Power Systems, 39th North
American Power Symposium (NAPS 2007), 2007.
[12]
Che Rahim Che Teh, Matlab Programming : Mathematics Approach ,

Programming For Scientists And Engineers, Department Of Mathematics ,
Faculty Of Science, Utm, Edition 2009.
79
APPENDIX A
%%
THE 4 BUS SYSTEM
%synchronous reactance and synchronous internal of the machine(per

unit)
%
Bus bus
z
%
nl
nr
p.u.
linedata=[ 1
2
0.125i
1
3
0.250i
1
4
0.400i
2
3
0.250i
2
4
0.200i ];
% impedance at the generator
%
Bus bus
R
%
nl
nr
p.u.
busdata=[
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
X
p.u.
0
0
0.3i
0.3i
bs=input('Fault at Bus:');
Vff=input('Value for Vf in p.u. :');
Zf =0i; % solid fault to ground
% fault impedance = 0.16i
%% Y bus calculation
a=linedata(:,1:2);
b=busdata(:,1);
nbr=length(a);
nbus=length(b);
for d=1:nbus
if busdata(d,4)~=0
c(d,1)=1/(busdata(d,4));
else
c(d,1)=0;
end
end
];
80
for k=1:nbr
y1(k,1:2)=a(k,1:2);
y1(k,3)=1/(linedata(k,3));
end
for d=1:nbr
y2(a(d,1),a(d,2))=-y1(d,3);
y2(a(d,2),a(d,1))=-y1(d,3);
end
for k=1:nbus
y4(k,k)=-sum(y2(k,:))+c(k,1);
end
ybus=y2+y4;
Z=inv(ybus);
%% FAULT
Iff=Vff/(Z(bs,bs)+Zf);
for d=1:nbus
v(d,1)=1-(Z(d,bs)/(Z(bs,bs)+Zf));
end
for d=1:nbr
if a(d,1)==bs
If(d,1)=(v(a(d,2),1)-v(bs,1))/linedata(d,3);
elseif a(d,2)==bs
If(d,1)=(v(a(d,1),1)-v(bs,1))/linedata(d,3);
elseif a(d,1)~=bs && a(d,2)~=bs
If(d,1)=0;
else
end
end
If1(:,1)=real(If(:,1));
If1(:,2)=imag(If(:,1));
fprintf('\n Fault at:')
for d=1:nbr
if If(d,1)~=0
fprintf('\n Line %d-%d =
%g+(%g)i',
a(d,1),a(d,2),If1(d,1),If1(d,2));
else
end
end
fprintf('\n\nFault Current at Bus %d is
(%g+(%g)i)p.u.\n',bs,sum(If1(:,1)),sum(If1(:,2)))
81
APPENDIX B
%%
IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM
%
Bus bus
%
nl nr
linedata=[1
2
2
3
2
4
1
5
2
5
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9 10
8 11
9 12
10 14
10 11
11 13
12 13
13 14
R
p.u.
0.01938
0.04699
0.05811
0.05403
0.05695
0.01335
0.01335
0
0
0
0
0.03181
0.09498
0.12291
0.12711
0.08205
0.06615
0.22092
0.17093

%
Bus bus
R
%
nl
nr
p.u.
busdata=[
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
10
0
0
11
0
0
12
0
0
13
0
0
14
0
0
X
p.u.
0.05917
0.17632
0.22304
0.17388
0.17103
0.04211
0.04211
0.25202
0.20912
0.17615
0.55618
0.08450
0.19890
0.25581
0.27038
0.19207
0.13027
0.19988
0.34802
X
p.u.
0.500i
0.700i
0
0
0
0.500i
0
0.600i
0
0
0
0
0
0
];
];
82
Zf = 0i; % solid fault to ground
a=linedata(:,1:2);
b=busdata(:,1);
nbr=length(a);
nbus=length(b);
R=linedata(:,3)+(linedata(:,4))*i;
for d=1:nbus
if busdata(d,4)~=0
else
c(d,1)=0;
end
end
for k=1:nbr
y1(k,1:2)=a(k,1:2);
y1(k,3)=1/(R(k,1));
end
for d=1:nbr
y2(a(d,1),a(d,2))=-y1(d,3);
y2(a(d,2),a(d,1))=-y1(d,3);
end
for k=1:nbus
y4(k,k)=-sum(y2(k,:))+c(k,1);
end
ybus=y2+y4;
Z=inv(ybus);
%% FAULT
for d=1:nbus
v(d,1)=1-Z(d,bs)/(Z(bs,bs)+Zf);
end
for d=1:nbr
if a(d,1)==bs
If(d,1)=(v(a(d,2),1)-v(bs,1))/R(d,1);
elseif a(d,2)==bs
If(d,1)=(v(a(d,1),1)-v(bs,1))/R(d,1);
If(d,1)=0;
else
end
end
If1(:,1)=real(If(:,1));
If1(:,2)=imag(If(:,1));
83
for d=1:nbr
if If(d,1)~=0
%g+(%g)i',
a(d,1),a(d,2),If1(d,1),If1(d,2));
else
end
end
fprintf('\n\nFault Current at Bus %d is (%g+(%g)i)
p.u.\n',bs,sum(If1(:,1)),sum(If1(:,2)))
84
APPENDIX C
%%
IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM
%
%
linedata=[
Bus bus
nl
nr
1
1
2
3
2
2
4
5
6
6
6
6
9
9
4
12
12
12
12
14
16
15
18
19
10
10
10
10
21
15
22
23
24
25
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
10
12
13
14
15
16
15
17
18
19
20
20
17
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
R
p.u.
X
p.u.
B
p.u.
0.0192
0.0452
0.0570
0.0132
0.0472
0.0581
0.0119
0.0460
0.0267
0.0120
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1231
0.0662
0.0945
0.2210
0.0524
0.1073
0.0639
0.0340
0.0936
0.0324
0.0348
0.0727
0.0116
0.1000
0.1150
0.1320
0.1885
0.2544
0.0575
0.1652
0.1737
0.0379
0.1983
0.1763
0.0414
0.1160
0.0820
0.0420
0.2080
0.5560
0.2080
0.1100
0.2560
0.1400
0.2559
0.1304
0.1987
0.1997
0.1923
0.2185
0.1292
0.0680
0.2090
0.0845
0.0749
0.1499
0.0236
0.2020
0.1790
0.2700
0.3292
0.3800
0.0528
0.0408
0.0368
0.0084
0.0418
0.0374
0.0090
0.0204
0.0170
0.0090
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
85
25
28
27
27
29
8
6
27
27
29
30
30
28
28
0.1093
0
0.2198
0.3202
0.2399
0.0636
0.0169

%
Bus bus
R
%
nl
nr
p.u.
0.2087
0.3960
0.4153
0.6027
0.4533
0.2000
0.0599
0
0
0
0
0
0.0428
0.0130
X
p.u.
busdata=[
1
0
0
0.500
2
0
0
0.700
3
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
6
0
0
0.500
7
0
0
0
8
0
0
0.600
9
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
16
0
0
0
17
0
0
0
18
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
22
0
0
0
23
0
0
0
24
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
26
0
0
0
27
0
0
0
28
0
0
0
29
0
0
0
30
0
0
0
Zf = 0i; % solid fault to ground
a=linedata(:,1:2);
b=busdata(:,1);
nbr=length(a);
nbus=length(b);
B=(linedata(:,5))/2;
for d=1:nbus
if busdata(d,4)~=0
else
c(d,1)=0;
end
end
];
];
86
for k=1:nbr
y1(k,1:2)=a(k,1:2);
y1(k,3)=1/(R(k,1));
end
for d=1:nbr
y2(a(d,1),a(d,2))=-y1(d,3);
y2(a(d,2),a(d,1))=-y1(d,3);
B1(a(d,1),a(d,2))=B(d,1);
B1(a(d,2),a(d,1))=B(d,1);
end
for k=1:nbus
y4(k,k)=-sum(y2(k,:))+c(k,1)+sum(B1(k,:));
end
ybus=y2+y4;
Z=inv(ybus);
%% FAULT
for d=1:nbus
end
for d=1:nbr
if a(d,1)==bs
If(d,1)=(v(a(d,2),1)-v(bs,1))/R(d,1);
elseif a(d,2)==bs
If(d,1)=(v(a(d,1),1)-v(bs,1))/R(d,1);
If(d,1)=0;
else
end
end
If1(:,1)=real(If(:,1));
If1(:,2)=imag(If(:,1));
for d=1:nbr
if If(d,1)~=0
%g+(%g)i',
a(d,1),a(d,2),If1(d,1),If1(d,2));
else
end
end
fprintf('\n\nFault Current at Bus %d is
(%g+(%g)i)p.u.\n',bs,sum(If1(:,1)),sum(If1(:,2)))
87
APPENDIX D
%%
%
%
IEEE 118 BUS SYSTEM
Bus bus
nl
nr
linedata=[ 1
2
1
3
4
5
3
5
5
6
6
7
8
9
8
5
9
10
4
11
5
11
11 12
2
12
3
12
7
12
11 13
12 14
13 15
14 15
12 16
15 17
16 17
17 18
18 19
19 20
15 19
20 21
21 22
22 23
23 24
23 25
26 25
25 27
27 28
28 29
30 17
R
p.u.
0.0303
0.0129
0.00176
0.0241
0.0119
0.00459
0.00244
0
0.00258
0.0209
0.0203
0.00595
0.0187
0.0484
0.00862
0.02225
0.0215
0.0744
0.0595
0.0212
0.0132
0.0454
0.0123
0.01119
0.0252
0.012
0.0183
0.0209
0.0342
0.0135
0.0156
0
0.0318
0.01913
0.0237
0
X
p.u.
0.0999
0.0424
0.00798
0.108
0.054
0.0208
0.0305
0.0267
0.0322
0.0688
0.0682
0.0196
0.0616
0.16
0.034
0.0731
0.0707
0.2444
0.195
0.0834
0.0437
0.1801
0.0505
0.0493
0.117
0.0394
0.0849
0.097
0.159
0.0492
0.08
0.0382
0.163
0.0855
0.0943
0.0388
B
p.u.
0.0254
0.01082
0.0021
0.0284
0.01426
0.0055
1.162
0
1.23
0.01748
0.01738
0.00502
0.01572
0.0406
0.00874
0.01876
0.01816
0.06268
0.0502
0.0214
0.0444
0.0466
0.01298
0.01142
0.0298
0.0101
0.0216
0.0246
0.0404
0.0498
0.0864
0
0.1764
0.0216
0.0238
0
88
8
26
17
29
23
31
27
15
19
35
35
33
34
34
38
37
37
30
39
40
40
41
43
34
44
45
46
46
47
42
42
45
48
49
49
51
52
53
49
49
54
54
55
56
50
56
51
54
56
56
55
59
59
60
60
61
63
63
64
38
64
30
30
31
31
32
32
32
33
34
36
37
37
36
37
37
39
40
38
40
41
42
42
44
43
45
46
47
48
49
49
49
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
54
54
55
56
56
57
57
58
58
59
59
59
59
60
61
61
62
62
59
64
61
65
65
0.00431
0.00799
0.0474
0.0108
0.0317
0.0298
0.0229
0.038
0.0752
0.00224
0.011
0.0415
0.00871
0.00256
0
0.0321
0.0593
0.00464
0.0184
0.0145
0.0555
0.041
0.0608
0.0413
0.0224
0.04
0.038
0.0601
0.0191
0.0715
0.0715
0.0684
0.0179
0.0267
0.0486
0.0203
0.0405
0.0263
0.073
0.0869
0.0169
0.00275
0.00488
0.0343
0.0474
0.0343
0.0255
0.0503
0.0825
0.0803
0.04739
0.0317
0.0328
0.00264
0.0123
0.00824
0
0.00172
0
0.00901
0.00269
0.0504
0.086
0.1563
0.0331
0.1153
0.0985
0.0755
0.1244
0.247
0.0102
0.0497
0.142
0.0268
0.0094
0.0375
0.106
0.168
0.054
0.0605
0.0487
0.183
0.135
0.2454
0.1681
0.0901
0.1356
0.127
0.189
0.0625
0.323
0.323
0.186
0.0505
0.0752
0.137
0.0588
0.1635
0.122
0.289
0.291
0.0707
0.00955
0.0151
0.0966
0.134
0.0966
0.0719
0.2293
0.251
0.239
0.2158
0.145
0.15
0.0135
0.0561
0.0376
0.0386
0.02
0.0268
0.0986
0.0302
0.514
0.908
0.0399
0.0083
0.1173
0.0251
0.01926
0.03194
0.0632
0.00268
0.01318
0.0366
0.00568
0.00984
0
0.027
0.042
0.422
0.01552
0.01222
0.0466
0.0344
0.06068
0.04226
0.0224
0.0332
0.0316
0.0472
0.01604
0.086
0.086
0.0444
0.01258
0.01874
0.0342
0.01396
0.04058
0.031
0.0738
0.073
0.0202
0.00732
0.00374
0.0242
0.0332
0.0242
0.01788
0.0598
0.0569
0.0536
0.05646
0.0376
0.0388
0.01456
0.01468
0.0098
0
0.216
0
1.046
0.38
89
49
49
62
62
65
66
65
47
49
68
69
24
70
24
71
71
70
70
69
74
76
69
75
77
78
77
77
79
68
81
77
82
83
83
84
85
86
85
85
88
89
89
90
89
89
91
92
92
93
94
80
82
94
80
80
80
92
94
95
96
98
66
66
66
67
66
67
68
69
69
69
70
70
71
72
72
73
74
75
75
75
77
77
77
78
79
80
80
80
81
80
82
83
84
85
85
86
87
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
92
93
94
94
95
96
96
96
97
98
99
100
100
96
97
100
0.018
0.018
0.0482
0.0258
0
0.0224
0.00138
0.0844
0.0985
0
0.03
0.00221
0.00882
0.0488
0.0446
0.00866
0.0401
0.0428
0.0405
0.0123
0.0444
0.0309
0.0601
0.00376
0.00546
0.017
0.0294
0.0156
0.00175
0
0.0298
0.0112
0.0625
0.043
0.0302
0.035
0.02828
0.02
0.0239
0.0139
0.0518
0.0238
0.0254
0.0099
0.0393
0.0387
0.0258
0.0481
0.0223
0.0132
0.0356
0.0162
0.0269
0.0183
0.0238
0.0454
0.0648
0.0178
0.0171
0.0173
0.0397
0.0919
0.0919
0.218
0.117
0.037
0.1015
0.016
0.2778
0.324
0.037
0.127
0.4115
0.0355
0.196
0.18
0.0454
0.1323
0.141
0.122
0.0406
0.148
0.101
0.1999
0.0124
0.0244
0.0485
0.105
0.0704
0.0202
0.037
0.0853
0.03665
0.132
0.148
0.0641
0.123
0.2074
0.102
0.173
0.0712
0.188
0.0997
0.0836
0.0505
0.1581
0.1272
0.0848
0.158
0.0732
0.0434
0.182
0.053
0.0869
0.0934
0.108
0.206
0.295
0.058
0.0547
0.0885
0.179
0.0248
0.0248
0.0578
0.031
0
0.02682
0.638
0.07092
0.0828
0
0.122
0.10198
0.00878
0.0488
0.04444
0.01178
0.03368
0.036
0.124
0.01034
0.0368
0.1038
0.04978
0.01264
0.00648
0.0472
0.0228
0.0187
0.808
0
0.08174
0.03796
0.0258
0.0348
0.01234
0.0276
0.0445
0.0276
0.047
0.01934
0.0528
0.106
0.0214
0.0548
0.0414
0.03268
0.0218
0.0406
0.01876
0.0111
0.0494
0.0544
0.023
0.0254
0.0286
0.0546
0.0472
0.0604
0.01474
0.024
0.0476
90
99 100
0.018
100 101
0.0277
92 102
0.0123
101 102
0.0246
100 103
0.016
100 104
0.0451
103 104
0.0466
103 105
0.0535
100 106
0.0605
104 105
0.00994
105 106
0.014
105 107
0.053
105 108
0.0261
106 107
0.053
108 109
0.0105
103 110
0.03906
109 110
0.0278
110 111
0.022
110 112
0.0247
17 113
0.00913
32 113
0.0615
32 114
0.0135
27 115
0.0164
114 115
0.0023
68 116
0.00034
12 117
0.0329
75 118
0.0145
76 118
0.0164
%
Bus bus
R
%
nl
nr
p.u.
busdata=[
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
10 0
0
11 0
0
12 0
0
13 0
0
14 0
0
15 0
0
16 0
0
17 0
0
18 0
0
19 0
0
20 0
0
21 0
0
22 0
0
23 0
0
24 0
0
25 0
0
26 0
0
27 0
0
28 0
0
29 0
0
30 0
0
0.0813
0.1262
0.0559
0.112
0.0525
0.204
0.1584
0.1625
0.229
0.0378
0.0547
0.183
0.0703
0.183
0.0288
0.1813
0.0762
0.0755
0.064
0.0301
0.203
0.0612
0.0741
0.0104
0.00405
0.14
0.0481
0.0544
X
p.u.
0.955
0.971
0.968
0.998
1.002
0.99
0.989
1.015
1.043
1.05
0.985
0.99
0.968
0.984
0.97
0.984
0.995
0.973
0.963
0.958
0.959
0.97
1
0.992
1.05
1.015
0.968
0.962
0.963
0.968
0.0216
0.0328
0.01464
0.0294
0.0536
0.0541
0.0407
0.0408
0.062
0.00986
0.01434
0.0472
0.01844
0.0472
0.0076
0.0461
0.0202
0.02
0.062
0.00768
0.0518
0.01628
0.01972
0.00276
0.164
0.0358
0.01198
0.01356
];
91
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.967
0.964
0.972
0.986
0.981
0.98
0.992
0.962
0.97
0.97
0.967
0.985
0.978
0.985
0.987
1.005
1.017
1.021
1.025
1.001
0.967
0.957
0.946
0.955
0.952
0.954
0.971
0.959
0.985
0.993
0.995
0.998
0.969
0.984
1.005
1.05
1.02
1.003
1.035
0.984
0.987
0.98
0.991
0.958
0.967
0.943
1.006
1.003
1.009
1.04
0.997
0.989
0.985
0.98
0.985
0.987
1.015
0.987
1.005
0.985
0.98
92
92 0
0
0.993
93 0
0
0.987
94 0
0
0.991
95 0
0
0.981
96 0
0
0.993
97 0
0
1.011
98 0
0
1.024
99 0
0
1.01
100 0
0
1.017
101 0
0
0.993
102 0
0
0.991
103 0
0
1.001
104 0
0
0.971
105 0
0
0.965
106 0
0
0.962
107 0
0
0.952
108 0
0
0.967
109 0
0
0.967
110 0
0
0.973
111 0
0
0.98
112 0
0
0.975
113 0
0
0.993
114 0
0
0.96
115 0
0
0.96
116 0
0
1.005
117 0
0
0.974
118 0
0
0.949
Zf = 0i;
% solid fault to ground
a=linedata(:,1:2);
b=busdata(:,1);
nbr=length(a);
nbus=length(b);
B=(linedata(:,5))/2;
for d=1:nbus
if busdata(d,4)~=0
else
c(d,1)=0;
end
end
for k=1:nbr
y1(k,1:2)=a(k,1:2);
y1(k,3)=1/(R(k,1));
end
for d=1:nbr
y2(a(d,1),a(d,2))=-y1(d,3);
y2(a(d,2),a(d,1))=-y1(d,3);
B1(a(d,1),a(d,2))=B(d,1);
B1(a(d,2),a(d,1))=B(d,1);
end
for k=1:nbus
y4(k,k)=-sum(y2(k,:))+c(k,1)+sum(B1(k,:));
end
ybus=y2+y4;
Z=inv(ybus);
];
93
%% FAULT
for d=1:nbus
end
for d=1:nbr
if a(d,1)==bs
If(d,1)=(v(a(d,2),1)-v(bs,1))/R(d,1);
elseif a(d,2)==bs
If(d,1)=(v(a(d,1),1)-v(bs,1))/R(d,1);
If(d,1)=0;
else
end
end
If1(:,1)=real(If(:,1));
If1(:,2)=imag(If(:,1));
for d=1:nbr
if If(d,1)~=0
%g+(%g)i',
a(d,1),a(d,2),If1(d,1),If1(d,2));
else
end
end
fprintf('\n\nFault Current at Bus %d is (%g+(%g)i)
p.u.\n',bs,sum(If1(:,1)),sum(If1(:,2)))

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TRANSMISSION LINES FAULT ANALYSIS USING BUS IMPEDANCE

MUHAMAD FADLI BIN SAMSUDIN

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT

MUHAMAD FADLI BIN SAMSUDIN

TRANSMISSION LINES FAULT ANALYSIS USING BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

declore thot this thesis

{Contoins confidentiol information under the Officiol Secret

(Contoins reslricted informoiion os specified by the

ogree thot my lhesis to be published os online open occess

ocknowledged thot Universiti Teknologi Moloysio reserves the right os follows

NIVERSITI TEKNOI.OGI MALAYSIA

The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Moloysio.

PM DR. MOHD WAZIR MUSTAFA

&af l,fus!&, @'thiE wort md in my opinion this work is aqua*e

PM DR MOIID WAZR ${USTAFA

TRANSMISSION LINES FAULT ANALYSIS USING BUS IMPEDANCE

MUHAMAD FADLI BIN SAMSUDIN

A project report is submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

is tb lesult of my onm work exscpt as cited in the rrferpncss. The

projest rcpofthes not been

any &gne aod is notconcuneotly submitted in

cdidanne of any other degr6.

To my beloved mother and father

My sincere appreciation also tends to my beloved mother and father. Their

Fault analysis is the important analysis in power system. Fault or short

Analisis kerosakan adalah analisis yang penting dalam system kuasa.

POWER SYSTEM FAULTS

Symmetrical or Balanced Three Phase Fault Analysis

Three Phase Fault Analysis

Unsymmetrical or Unbalanced Faults

Single Line To Ground Faults Analysis

Line To Line Faults Analysis

Double Line To Ground Faults Analysis

Fault Analysis Software

BUS IMPEDANCE METHOD

Procedure For Symmetrical Fault Current

Methods for Fault Analysis

Bus Admittance and Bus Impedance Matrix

Thevenins Theorem and Bus Impedance

Node Elimination or Kron Reduction

Fault Calculation Using Bus Impedance

Fault Calculation Using Bus Impedance Equivalent

IEEE Bus Systems

4 Bus Test System

IEEE 14 bus system

IEEE 30 bus system

IEEE 118 bus system

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Fault Analysis Using IEEE Bus System

IEEE 14 Bus System

IEEE 30 Bus System

IEEE 118 Bus System

4 Bus Test System

IEEE 14 Bus System

IEEE 30 Bus System

IEEE 118 Bus System

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS