EE2351 Power System Analysis

A.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SUB.NAME: POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS BRANCH : EEE YEAR : III SEMESTER : VI UNIT I INTRODUCTION PART A 1. Explain the requirements of planning the operation of a power system. 2. Define steady state operating condition. 3. What is a disturbance and what are the two types of disturbances? 4. What is a small disturbance? Give example. 5. What is a large disturbance? Give some examples. 6. When is a power system said to be steady-state stable? 7. When is a power system said to be transiently stable? 8. What is the advantage of per unit method over percent method? 9. Define per unit value of any electrical quantity. 10. What are the quantities whose base values are required to represent the power system by reactance diagram? 11. What is the need for base values? 12. List the advantages of per unit computations. 13. Write the equation for converting the per unit impedance expressed in one base to another. 14. Give the equation for transforming base kV on LV side to HV side of a transformer and Vice-versa. 15. Give the equation for base current and base impedance of a balanced three phase circuit. 16. Why the three phase KVA directly used for per unit calculation in three phase systems? 17. What are the elements of y bus matrix? 18. What are the elements of Z bus matrix? 19. What is impedance and reactance diagram? 20. What are the approximations made in impedance diagram? 21. What are the approximations made in reactance diagram? 22. What is a bus? 23. What is bus admittance? 24. Name the diagonal and off diagonal elements of bus admittance matrix. 30. What is bus impedance matrix? 31. Name the diagonal elements and off diagonal elements of bus impedance matrix. 32. What are the methods available for forming bus impedance matrix? 33. Write the four ways of adding impedance to an existing system so as to modify bus impedance matrix. PART B 1. What is the need for system analysis in planning and operation of power system? Explain. 2. Define the per unit value of a quantity. How will you change the base impedance from one set of base values to another set? 3. a) Why is Per phase analysis done in a symmetrical three-phase system. A.R.Engineering College,Villupuram 1 (8) (8) (16)

b) What are the advantages of using per unit system?

EE2351 Power System Analysis (8) (8) (8) (16) (16)

4. (a) Explain the per phase generator model with required diagrams. (b). With neat diagrams, explain the transformer model used for per phase analysis. 5. Discuss in detail about the modeling of transmission lines. 6. Explain the basic components of a power system? transmission line through a transformer rated 150MVA, 230/18KV (Star/Delta) with X=0.15p.u. (i)Calculate the p.u.reactance by taking generator rating as base values. (ii) Calculate the p.u.reactance by taking transformer as base values. (iii) Calculate the p.u.reactance for a base value of 100MVA and 220KV on H.T side of transformer. 8. Draw the reactance diagram using base 100 MVA, 220KV in 50 ohm line.

7. A 120MVA, 19.5KV generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.15p.u and it is connected to a (5) (5) (6) (16)

Generator

: 40MVA, 25KV, X=20%

Synchronous Motor: 50MVA, 11KV, X=30% Star-Star Transformer: 40MVA, 33/220 KV, X=15% Star-Delta Transformer: 30MVA, 11/220 KV, X=15% 9. (i) What are the step by step procedures to be followed to find the per-unit impedance diagram of a power system? (4) (ii) Draw the structure of an electrical power system and describe the components of the system with typical values. (12) 10. Draw the structure of an electrical power system and describe the components of the system with typical values. (16) 11. Obtain the per unit impedance (reactance) diagram of the power system shown in Fig. (16) Generator No. 1: 30 MVA, 10.5 kV, X = 1.6 Ohm Generator No. 2: 15 MVA, 6.6 kV, X = 1.2 Ohm Generator No. 3: 25 MVA, 6.6 kV, X = 0.56 Ohm

A.R.Engineering College,Villupuram

EE2351 Power System Analysis

Transformer T1 (3phase): 15 MVA, 33/11 kV, X = 15.2 Ohm per phase on HT side Transformer T2 (3phase): 15 MVA, 33/6.2 kV, X = 16 Ohm per phase on HT side Transmission line: 20.5 Ohm/phase Load A: 15 MW, 11kV, 0.9 p.f. lagging Load B: 40 MW, 6.6 kV, 0.85 lagging p.f. UNIT II POWER FLOW ANALYSIS PART-A 1. Write the most important mode of operation of power system and mention the major problems encountered with it. 2. Why power flow analysis is made? 3. What is power flow study or load flow study? 4. What is the information that are obtained from a load flow study? 5. What is the need for load flow study? 6. What are the works involved in a load flow study? 7. What are the different types of buses in a power system? 8. Define voltage controlled bus (generator bus/PV bus). 9. What is PQ bus (load bus)? 10. What is swing bus (slack bus/reference bus)? 11. What is the need for slack bus? 12. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in the load flow solution algorithm. 13. How will you account for voltage controlled buses in the load flow algorithm? 14. Why do we go for iterative methods to solve load flow problems? 15. What do you mean by a flat voltage start? 16. When the generator bus is treated as load bus? What will be the reactive power and bus voltage when the generator bus is treated as load bus? 17. What are the advantages of Gauss-Seidel method? 18. What are the disadvantages of Gauss-Seidel method? 19. How approximation is performed in Newton-Raphson method? 20. What is Jacobian matrix? How the elements of Jacobian matrix are computed? 21. What are the advantages of Newton-Raphson method? 22. What are the disadvantages of Newton-Raphson method? 23. Mention (any) three advantages of N-R method over G-S method? 24. How the convergence of N-R method is speeded up? A.R.Engineering College,Villupuram 3

EE2351 Power System Analysis 25. How the disadvantages of N-R method are overcome? 26. Write the equation for power flow in the transmission line. 27. Define primitive network. 28. What is a bus? 29. What is bus admittance matrix? 30. Mention the advantages of bus admittance matrix. PART-B 1. With the help of a neat flow chart, explain the Newton-Raphson method of load flow solution when the system contains voltage controlled busses in addition to swing bus and load bus. (16) 2. Compare Gauss-Seidel method and Newton-Raphson method of load flow studies. (16) 3. Explain clearly with detailed flowchart, the computational procedure for load flow solution using N-R method when the system contains all types of buses. (16) 4. Explain the step by step computational procedure for the Newton-Raphson method of load flow studies. (16) 5. Explain bus classification in power flow analysis with their known and unknown quantities. (16) 6. Derive the static load flow equations of n-Bus system. (16) 7. Explain the step by step computational procedure for the Gauss-Seidel method of load flow Studies. (16) 8. Derive the basic equations for the load flow study using Gauss-Seidel method. With respect to this method, explain the following: a. Acceleration factor. (8) b. Handling of PV buses. (8) 9. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Gauss-Seidel method and Newton-Raphson method of load flow analysis. (16) 10. Write the equations to calculate Slack bus power, Transmission losses and Line flows. (16) 11. (a) Find the bus admittance matrix for the given network. Determine the reduced admittance matrix by eliminating node 4. The values are marked in p.u. (8)

(b). Find the bus impedance matrix for the system whose reactance diagram is shown in fig. All the impedances are in p,u. (8)

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EE2351 Power System Analysis 12. Eliminate the buses 3 and 4 in given bus admittance and form new bus admittance matrix 1 1 -j9.8 2 Ybus = 3 j4.0 4 j5.0 j2.5 -14.0 j5.0 j8.0 j8.0 j18.0 (8) (8) 0.0 2 0.0 j8.3 3 j4.0 j2.5 4 j5.0 j5.0

13. (i) Derive the power flow equation in polar form. (ii)Write the advantages and disadvantages of Gauss-Seidel method and Newton-Raphson Method. UNIT III FAULT ANALYSIS-BALANCED FAULTS PART-A 1. What is the need for short circuit studies or fault analysis? 2. What is the reason for transients during short circuits? 3. What is meant by a fault? 4. Why faults occur in a power system? 5. How are the faults classified? 6. What is meant by symmetrical fault? 7. For a fault at a given location, rank the various faults in the order of severity? 8. What is meant by fault calculations? 9. What are the assumptions made in short circuit studies of a large power system network? 10. What is synchronous reactance? 11. What is the significance of sub transient reactance and transient reactance in short circuit studies? .12. How symmetrical faults are analyzed? 13. Define doubling effect and DC off-set current. 14. What is the significance of sub transient reactance and transient reactance in short circuit studies? 15. Define short circuit capacity (SCC) 16. What are the objectives of short circuit analysis?

PART-B 1. A synchronous generator and a synchronous motor each rated 25 MVA, 11 KV having 15% subtransient reactance are connected through transformers and a line as shown in fig. The transformers are rated 25 MVA, 11/66 KV and 66/11 KV with leakage reactance of 10% each. The line has a reactance of 10% on a base of 25 MVA, 66 KV. The motor is drawing 15 MW at 0.5 power factor leading and a terminal voltage of 10.6 KV. When a symmetrical 3 phase fault occurs at the motor terminals, Find the sub-transient current in the generator, motor and fault. (16) A.R.Engineering College,Villupuram 5

EE2351 Power System Analysis

2.A 25,000 KVA, 13.8 kV generator with Xd = 15% is connected through a transformer to a bus which supplies four identical motors as shown in Fig. 7 The sub transient reactance Xd of each motor is 20% on a base of 5000 KVA, 6.9 kV. The three-phase rating of the transformer is 25,000 KVA, 13.8/6.9 kV, with a leakage reactance of 10%. The bus voltage at the motors is 6.9 kV when a three-phase fault occurs at point p. for the fault specified, determine (i) the sub transient current in the fault (ii) the sub transient current in breaker A and (iii) the symmetrical short-circuit interrupting current in the fault and in breaker A. (16)

3. A three phase transmission line operating at 33 KV and having a resistance and reactance of 5 Ohms and 15 Ohms respectively is connected to the generating station bus-bar through a 5000 KVA step up transformer which has a reactance of 0.05 p.u. Connected to the bus-bars are two alternators, are 10,000 KVA having 0.08 p.u. reactance and another 5000 KVA having 0.06 p.u. reactance. Calculate the KVA at a short circuit fault between phases occurring at the high voltage terminals of the transformers. (16) 4. A generator is connected through a transformer to a synchronous motor the sub transient reactance of generator and motor are 0.15 p.u. and 0.35 p.u. respectively. The leakage reactance of the transformer is 0.1 p.u. All the reactances are calculated on a common base. A three phase fault occurs at the terminals of the motor when the terminal voltage of the generator is 0.9 p.u. The output current of generator is 1 p.u. and 0.8 p.f. leading. Find the sub transient current in p.u. in the fault, generator and motor. Use the terminal voltage of generator as reference vector. (16) 5. Explain the step by step procedure for systematic fault analysis using bus impedance matrix. (16) 6. Explain the procedure for making short-circuit studies of a large power system networks using digital computers. (8) 7. With the help of a detailed flow chart, explain how a symmetrical fault can be analysed using ZBus. (16) 8. Explain the short circuit model of a synchronous machine under short circuit conditions. (16)

A.R.Engineering College,Villupuram

EE2351 Power System Analysis UNIT IV FAULT ANALYSIS-UNBALANCED FAULTS PART-A 1. What are symmetrical components? 2. Define unsymmetrical fault? 3. Define negative sequence and zero sequence components. 4. What assumption is made at the star / delta transformer? 5. What is an unsymmetrical fault? List the various unsymmetrical faults. 6. What is the purpose of analyzing unsymmetrical fault? 7. Name the fault in which zero sequence networks current is zero? 8. Name the fault in which three sequence networks are to be connected in parallel? 9. What are called shunt type fault? 10. Name the fault in which positive, negative and zero sequences currents are equal? 11. What are called series type fault? 12. What are the various types of shunt fault? PART-B 1. Explain the need for short circuit studies. (16) 2. Draw the relationship between the phase components and the sequence components. (16) 3. The phase b of a three phase circuit is open. The currents in phases c and a are I and I respectively. Determine the positive, negative and zero sequence components of the current in phase a. (16) 4. What are the various types of faults? Discuss their frequency of occurrence and severity? Find the fault current when an L-L-G fault occurs at the terminals of an unloaded generator. (16) 5. Derive an expression for the positive sequence current Ia1 of an unloaded generator when it is subjected to a double line to ground fault. (16) 6. (a) What is symmetrical components? (3) (b) Explain the symmetrical component transformation. (13) 7. What is meant by sequence impedance? Explain the sequence network of an unloaded generator. (16) 8. Develop the connection of sequence network when a line to line fault occurs in a power network. (16) 9. Derive the expression for fault current in double line to ground fault on unloaded generator. Draw an equivalent network showing the inter connection of networks to simulate double line to ground fault. (16) 10. Derive the expression for fault current in Line-to-Line fault on an unloaded generator in terms of symmetrical components. (16) UNIT V STABILITY ANALYSIS PART A 1. Define Stability. 2. Define steady state stability. 3. Define transient stability. A.R.Engineering College,Villupuram 7

EE2351 Power System Analysis 4. Write any three assumptions upon transient stability. 5. What is meant by steady state stability limit? 6. What is transient stability limit? 7. How to improve the transient stability limit of power system? 8. What is stability study? 9. How do you classify steady state stability limit. Define them. 10. What are the machine problems seen in the stability study. 11. Give the expression for swing equation. Explain each term along with their units. 12. What are the assumptions made in solving swing equation? 13. Define swing curve. What is the use of swing curve? 14. Give the control schemes included in stability control techniques? 15. What are coherent machines? 16. State equal area criterion. 17. What are various faults that increase severity of equal area criterion? 18. List the types of disturbances that may occur in a single machine infinite bus bar system of the equal area criterion stability. 19. Define critical clearing angle? 20. What is Multimachine stability? 21. What is meant by an infinite bus? 22. List the methods of improving the transient stability limit of a power system. 23. What is meant by stability study? 24. What are the factors that affect the transient stability? PART-B 1. Derive the swing equation for a single machine connected to infinite bus system. State the assumptions if any and state the usefulness of this equation. Neglect the damping. (16) 2. Discuss the various factors affecting the transient stability of the system. (16) 3. With the help of a neat flowchart, explain the modified Euler method of solving the swing equations. (16) 4. State the bad effects of instability. Distinguish between steady state and transient stability. (16) 5. Write short notes on assumptions made in deducing equal area criterion. (16) 6. (a) State and explain equal area criterion. (8) (b) How do you apply equal area criterion to find the maximum additional load. (8) 7. Describe the equal area criterion for transient stability analysis of a system. (16) 8. Derive the swing equation of a synchronous machine swinging against an infinite bus. Clearly state the assumptions in deducing the swing equation. (16) 9. Explain critical clearing time and critical clearing angle, derive the expressions. (16) 10. Explain the solution of swing equation by Runge Kutta Method. (16) 11. (a) Derive swing equation for a synchronous machine. (8) (b) A 50 Hz generator is delivering 50% of the power that it is capable of delivering through a transmission line to an infinite bus. A fault occurs that increases the reactance between the generator and the infinite bus to 500% of the value before the fault. When the fault is isolated, the maximum power that can be delivered is 75% of the original maximum value. Determine the critical clearing angle for the condition described. (8) A.R.Engineering College,Villupuram 8

EE2351 Power System Analysis 12. Find the critical clearing angle for clearing the fault with simultaneous opening of the breakers 1 and 2. The reactance values of various components are indicated on the diagram. The generator is delivering 1.0 p.u. power at the instant preceding the fault. The fault occurs at point p as shown in the figure. (16)

13. (a) What are the steps followed for multi machine stability. (b). Derive swing equation for synchronous machine.

(8) (8)

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A.R.Engineering College,Villupuram