Advance Quantum Mechanics PHD, First Semester: Dr. Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi

Advance Quantum Mechanics
PhD, First Semester

Dr. Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi
2016-2017
Syllabus
1. Angular momentum by ladder operators
The raising and lowering operators.
Eigen values of angular momentum operators.
The angular momentum eigen functions.
Angular momentum matrices.
Electron spin.
Spin orbital interaction.
2. Addition of angular momentum

The total angular momentum.
The wave function of the total angular momentum and Clebsch-Gordan coefficients.
Irreducible tensors and applications.
Wickner-Echart theorem and reduced matrix elements.
3. Approximation method I: time independent perturbation theory

Non-degenerate systems.
Degenerate systems.
Stark. effect
The fine structure of hydrogen.
The Zeeman effect.
Hyper fine splitting.
4. Approximation method II: The variation method

Theory.
The ground state of Helium.
The Hydrogen molecule atom
5. Approximation method III: time dependent perturbation theory.

Perturbation that are harmonic in time.
Adiabatic and sudden perturbation.
Emission and absorption.
Spontaneous emission.
4. Scattering theory
Differential and total cross section.
The partial wave treatment od scattering.
Born approximation.
The Green function method of scattering.
Angular momentum by ladder operators
n , l and
l and m are
The stationary states of the hydrogen atom are labelled by three quantum numbers,
m l . The principal quantum number n determines the energy of the state,
related to the angular momentum.

Classically, the angular momentum of a particle (with respect to the origin) is given by the
formula L r p
In quantum mechanics L, r, p are operators having representations
in Cartesian coordinate
L Lx , L y , Lz
p px , p y , pz
r x , y , z
In the Schrdinger Representation, use Q.M. operators for x and p, etc.

p x i
,
x
L i
L x yp z zp y Lx i ( y
L x
z L y zp x xp z Ly i (z
px
py
pz
L z xp y yp x Lz i (x
L r p
radius vector linear
from origin momentum
The corresponding quantum operators are
L x i y
i z
,
z
y
L y i z
i x
,
x
z
L z i x
i y
y
x
Commutation relations:
This terminology is an interpretation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
When some operators commute that this means the corresponding observables are 'compatible'
and that there exists a mutual eigen basis or eigen function
[L x , L y ] i L z
[L y , L z ] i L x
[L z , L x ] i L y
[L y , L y ] [L x , L x ] [L z , L z ] 0
or
[ Li , L j ] i ijk L k
ijk 1 for even permutation and 1 for odd permutation

ijk 0 any indices same
Even permutation
(+1)
1 if i j
recall ri , Pj i ij where ij
x , p x i , y , p y i ,
0
if
i
Prove:
z , pz i
L x , L y i L z
L x , L y y p z z p y , z p x x p z
y p z , z p x y p z , x p z z p y , z p x z p y , x p z
yy pp zz zz pp xx
zz ppxx yy ppzz yy ppzz xx ppzz xx ppzz yy ppzz z p y z p x z p x z p y z p y x p z x p z z p y
y p x p z ,z
y pz
p z , x
0
L x , L y i y p x i x p y i
x p
L x , L y i L z
Similarly we can prove that
L y , L z i L x ,
Lz , Lx i
Ly
y px
z px
p y , z or
z py
z , p x
0
x p y z , pz
Commutation relations with L2

L2 L2x L2y L 2z
In general the operators Lx , L y , Lz do not mutually commute. But each of them is

commute with L 2 L 2x L 2y L 2z .
i.e.
Prove:
L2 , L x L 2 , L y L 2 , L z 0
L2 , L x L 2 L x L x L 2
L2x L2y L2z L x L x L 2x L 2y L 2z

L2x L x L 2y L x L 2z L x L x L 2x L x L 2y L x L 2z
L2x , L x L 2y , L x L 2z , L x
0
L2y , L x L 2z , L x
Using the rule A 2 , B A A , B A , B A
we get
L y L y , L x L y , L x L y L z L z , L x L z , L x L z
i L y L z i L z L y i L z L y i L y L z
So L2 , L x 0 similarly L 2 , L y 0 and L 2 , L z 0
L2 , L 0
L2 is compatible with each components of L . There are simultaneous eigen function

of L2 each and each component of L , but there are not simultaneous eigen functions
of the components of L , since L x , L y 0,...
The Ladder Operators

It is a wonderful algebraic method which allow us to climb up and down in energy
Define L L x iL y
L z , L L z , L x iL y
L z , L x i L z , L y
i L y i i L x i L y L x
Lz , L
iL y
L2 , L 0, since L 2 , L x L 2 , L y 0
Since L2 , L 0 , then all the four operators L2, Lx, Ly and Lz commute with H , but since they
do not commute with each other, we can not find simultaneous eigen function to all of them, so
we choose L2 and one of L , say L z , which they have simultaneous eigen function.
as an eigen state of L2 and Lz with eigen values
Consider the state
respectively
L2
Lz
L2 L
L L2
is an eigen state of
where L2 , L commute
L2 with the same eigen value 2 .
and ,
Now: Lz L
add and subtract
Lz L L Lz L Lz
Lz , L L
L L
Lz L
1 L
is an eigen state of
L z with the new eigen value
1 .
So L is a raising operator, it increase the eigen value of L z by one unit of
L is a lowering operator, it decreases the eigen value of L z by one unit of
The eigen Values

L2 L2x L2y L2z
We know that:
(1)
L L x iL y
and
L L L x iL y L x iL y
L L L2x L2y iL x L y iL y L x
and
L2x L2y L L iL x L y iL y L x
LL i L y Lx Lx L y
L L i L x , L y
L L i i Lz
L L i L y , L x
L L i i L z
(2)
sub. Equ (2) in Equ (1) we get:
L2 L L L z L 2z
L L L 2x L 2y iL x L y iL y L x
in the same way:
L2x L2y L L iL y L x iL x L y
L L i Lx L y L y Lx
L2x L2y L L L z
L L x iL y
L2x L2y L L L z
(4)
sub. Equ (4) in Equ (1) we get:
(3)
L2 L L L z L 2z
(5)
So:
L LL Lz L
2
or
2
z
L2 L L L z L 2z
L2 L L L z L 2z
L raises the eigen state by one unit. If = 1, where 1 is the maximum value of , then L 1 0
So L2 equation becomes :
L L L 1 L z 1 L 1
2
2
z
L 0 1
0 2 1 2 2
1 1 1 0
2
2
1
2
1
12 1 0
1 1 4
1
2
recall:
L2 1
L z 1
(6)
Quadratic formula
a x 2 bx c 0
L lowers the eigen state by one unit. If = 2, where 2 is the minimum value of , then
L 2 0
L2 L L L z L2z
So L2 equation becomes :
L2 0
22
22
2 2 1
22 2 0
1 1 4
2
2
(7)
From Equs. (6) and (7) we get:
1 1 1 2 2 1
Since 1 is the maximum value and 2 is minimum value of , then 1 is positive, so we have to
choose
1 1
1 1 4
2 2
since 0
If we choose the positive sign of the root for 2 , i.e.
1 1
2 1 4
2 2
since 0
then
2 1 1, that is not possible, because 1 is the maximum value of . So we have to

choose the negative sign of 2.
1 1
1 1 4 ,
2 2
So
1
2
(8)
2 1 ,
from Eq.(8) we get
1 1 1
Let L2 operate on the eigen state 1
So
L2 1 1 1 1
and
Lz 1
1 1
1
1 4
2
(9)
Usually in Quantum Mechanics, 1 l and m l ,

So
L2 l m l l l 1
and
Lz l m l m l
l ml
l ml
l ml l
l 0, 1, 2,..., for each value of l there are 2l 1 values of m l

Also the eigen state can be written in term of total angular momentum J and m J
J l s , J 1 / 2, 3 / 2,... for each value of J there are 2J 1 values of m J
The eigen Values of the raising and lowering operators
Let L l m l A l m l m l 1
L Act on
and raise it to an eigen

function with eigen value higher by .
Hence L is called raising operator
Taking the complex conjugate we get:
l m l L A l*m l m l 1
l m l LL l m l Al ml
so
L L L 2 L z L 2z
We know previously that
L L l m l L 2 l m l L z l m l L 2z l m l
Operate on the wave function
L L l m l l l 1
Multiplying both sides by l m l
Al ml
Al ml
So
lm
L l m l
l ml ml
we get
l m l l l 1 m l 2 m l l m l
l l 1 m l m l 1
l l 1 m l m l 1 l m l 1
l ml ml 2
l ml
Also L l m l B l m l l m l 1
Taking the complex conjugate we get:
l m l L B l*m l l m l 1
so
l m l L L l m l B l ml
We know previously that

Operate on the wave function
L L L 2 L z L 2z
L L l m l L 2 l m l L z l m l L 2z l m l
l l 1 2 l m l m l 2 l m l m l 2
B l ml
B l ml
So
L l m l
l m l l l 1 m l 2 m l l m l
l l 1 m l m l 1
l l 1 m l m l 1 l m l 1
l ml
or L
l ml
l l 1 m l m l 1 l m l 1
Summary
m
m 2
L2 l m l l l 1 l m l
Lz l m l m l l m l
m 1
l ml l
m 0
m 1
m 2
For a given value of l , there are 2l 1 values of m
Problem set (1)

(1)
Prove the following relations
(a ) L 2 . L z 0 ;
(b ) L L i L
(2)
(3)
1
(4)
Hint
d
i
Q H , Q
dt

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Advance Quantum Mechanics

PhD, First Semester

2. Addition of angular momentum

3. Approximation method I: time independent perturbation theory

4. Approximation method II: The variation method

5. Approximation method III: time dependent perturbation theory.

Angular momentum by ladder operators

m l . The principal quantum number n determines the energy of the state,

related to the angular momentum.

In the Schrdinger Representation, use Q.M. operators for x and p, etc.

The corresponding quantum operators are

ijk 1 for even permutation and 1 for odd permutation

Commutation relations with L2

In general the operators Lx , L y , Lz do not mutually commute. But each of them is

L2x L2y L2z L x L x L 2x L 2y L 2z

L2 is compatible with each components of L . There are simultaneous eigen function

The Ladder Operators

Consider the state

L2 with the same eigen value 2 .

add and subtract

L z with the new eigen value

So L is a raising operator, it increase the eigen value of L z by one unit of

L is a lowering operator, it decreases the eigen value of L z by one unit of

The eigen Values

sub. Equ (2) in Equ (1) we get:

sub. Equ (4) in Equ (1) we get:

From Equs. (6) and (7) we get:

If we choose the positive sign of the root for 2 , i.e.

2 1 1, that is not possible, because 1 is the maximum value of . So we have to

from Eq.(8) we get

Let L2 operate on the eigen state 1

Usually in Quantum Mechanics, 1 l and m l ,

l 0, 1, 2,..., for each value of l there are 2l 1 values of m l

J l s , J 1 / 2, 3 / 2,... for each value of J there are 2J 1 values of m J

The eigen Values of the raising and lowering operators

and raise it to an eigen

Taking the complex conjugate we get:

We know previously that

Operate on the wave function

We know previously that

For a given value of l , there are 2l 1 values of m

Problem set (1)

Prove the following relations

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