8) ELECTROMAGNETISM

8.1
ITEM
Electromagnet
Elektromagnet

Magnetic field
Medan magnet
Catapult field
Medan lastik
Direct current motor
Motor arus terus
Electromagnetic
induction
Aruhan
elektromagnet
Induced e.m.f.
D.g.e. teraruh
Induced current
Arus teraruh
Faraday's law
Hukum Faraday
Lenz's law
Hukum Lenz
Direct current
Arus terus
Alternating current
Arus ulang alik
Transformer
Transformer
Step-up transformer
Step-down
transformer
Transformer
injak
turun
Ideal transformer
Transformer unggul
Transmission
electricity
Penghantaran
elektrik
National
Network
Rangkaian
Nasional
NOTE

of

Grid
Grid

MEANING / DEFINITION
An electromagnet is a device in which
magnetism is produced by an electric
current. It is a temperory magnet. It
acts as a magnet when the current is
flow and ceases to be a magnet when
the current is switched off.
A magnetic field is a region in which a
magnetic material experiences a force.
The resultant field produced when a
straight wire carries a current in a
uniform magnetic field.
A direct current motor is used to
convert
electrical
energy
into
rotational kinetic energy.
The production of an electromotive
force in a conductor due to a changing
magnetic flux.

1. An electromagnet is made by winding a coil of insulated

wire round a sof iron core where is becomes magnetised
when a current flows.
2. The pattern of the magnetic field due to a current depend on
the shape of conductor while the direction of the magnetos
field depends on the direction of the current.
Magnetic field pattern
Field around a straight wire

A transformer where the output power

is equal to the input power and the
efficiency is 100%
The transmission of electricity from
the power station to consumers
(industries and residential areas) by
electric cables
The national grid is a network of
electrical cables connecting electrical
power stations to consumers of
electricity.

Direction of megnetic field

Right-hand Grip
Rule
+

An emf produced in a conductor when

there is a changing magnetic flux or
cutting of magnetic flux by the
conductor
Induced current is produced in a
circuit when there is a changing
magnetic flux or cutting of magnetic
flux by a conductor
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is
directly proportional to the rate at
which a conductor cuts through the
magnetic flux.
Lenz's Law state that an induced
electric current always flows in such a
direction as to oppose the change in
magnetic flux.
Current which flows in one direction.
Current which flows back and forth in
two opposite directions
A device which steps up or steps down
the voltage of an alternating current.
A transformer that steps up voltage
A transformer that steps down voltage

Analysing the Magnetos Effect of a Current-carrying

Conductor

Current direction

3.
The properties of the
magnetic field is as follows:
(i)
The field lines are
circles around the wire.
(ii) The direction of
the field lines can
be reversed by
reversing the current direction.
(iii) The field strength is stronger at the area which is
closer to the wire.
Field around a coil

1
2
Field

The magnetic field pattern produced by a current flowing

through a circular flat coil.
The right-hand grip rule can be applied to determine the
direction of the magnetic field around a circular flat coil.
around
solenoid

2
3
4
5
1.

A solenoid is a coil made up of a number of turns of wire

The electromagnet is created when the current flows in the

coil.
The hammer is attracted by the electromagnet, causing it to
hit the gong.
This will break the contact and switch off the current.
The hammer is then returned to its original position, causing
the current to flow again.
The process will be repeated as long as the switch is pressed
on.

Electromagnet relay

Figure shows that the direction of the magnetic field around

a solenoid can be indicated using the right-hand grip rule.

1
2
3
4
3
4

The magnetic field around a solenoid is similar to that of a

bar magnet.
The position of the poles depends on the direction of the
current.

A magnetic relay is a device used to switch on and off a

circuit with large current safely.
Figure shows that there are two major circuits inside a relay.
The arm will rotate and closes the switch in circuit B when
a small current is applied to circuit A.
In this way, the circuit B will be switched on.

Earpiece

Magnetic field strength

5

The magnetic field strength can be increase by:

(i) Increasing the current that flows through the wire.
(ii) Increasing the number of turns in the coil for the same
length of solenoid.
(iii) Inserting a soft-iron core into the coil.
1

Electric bell
2
3

8.2

1
The electromagnet is switched on and off rapidly by a
contact breaker as shown in Figure below.

An earpiece is a device used to transform electrical signals

into sounds.
The strength of the magnetic field will change as the varying
currents flows through the electromagnet.
The diaphragm in a microphone will vibrate to create
sound

Understanding the Force on

Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Current-carrying

1. A magnetic force is exerted on a current-carrying conductor

in a magnetic field.
2. The direction of magnetic force can be determined by
Flemings left-hand rule.
Intergrated field

Thumb ( Thrust force )

Force

First Finger
( Field ) 1.
S
2.

Centre Finger 3.
( Current )

An electromotive force is induced in a conductor when

there is a relative motion that causes the conductor to cut the
magnetic field lines.
Faradays law status that the magnitude of the induced
current is directly proportional to the rate of change or the
rate of cutting of the magnetic flux.
Lenzs law status that the direction of the induced current is
such that the change producing it will be opposed.

3. The magnitude of the magnetic force on a current-carrying

conductor depend on the size of the current and the
strength of the magnetic field.
4. A current-carying coil in a magnetic field will experience a
turning effect due to the action of a pair of magnetic forces.
5. The magnitude of the turning effect depends on the size of
the current, the number of turn of the coil.
6. There are two types of electric motor, the direct current
motor and the alternating current motor. Coil
S

U
Carbon
brush

4.
commutator

DC motor

Coil

5.
6.
7.

The direction of the induced current can be determined by

Flemings righ-hand rules.
There are two types of generator, the direct current
generator and the alternating current generator.
A direct current flows in one direction only.
The direction and magnitude of an alternating current
changes with time.

U
Carbon
brush

Highlight
Flemings right-hand rule

commutator

AC motor
7

Figure shows the simplified model of a AC & DC motor.

The current flows into the coil through a pair of carbon

brushes. The carbon brushes push against a commutator.

The commutator changes contact from one brush to another

when the coil is turning to keep the coil rotating
continuously.
Highlight
The speed of rotation of an electric motor can be
increased by:
(i)
increasing the current.
(ii)
increasing the strength of the magnetic
field.
(iii)
increasing the number of turns in the coil.

8.3

Analysing Electromagnetic Induction.

The direction of the induced current which flows

in a wire cutting through a magnetic field can be
identified as shown in Figure above
Application of electromagnetic induction
AC and DC generators
1
2
1

A generator is a device that produces electrical energy by

electromagnetic induction.
Generators are the inverse of motors
The DC generator is produced when the slip rings are
replaced by a commutator.

1. A transformer changes the magnitude of an alternating

current voltage.
2. A transformer consist of 2 coils wires which are known as:
(i) the primary coil
(ii) the secondary coil
3.The electrical energy is transferred from the primary coil to
the secondary coil even they are not connected directly to
each other.

1
2
3

Figure shows a simple DC generator.

The output current varies but still flowing in one direction as
shown in below the dc generator.
The commutator reverses the contacts of the coil when
the coil passes through the vertical position.

3. A step-up transformer supplies an output voltage that is

higher than the input voltage. (VP < VS).
4. A step-up transformer has more turns in the secondary coil
than in the primary coil (NP < NS).
5. A step-down transformer supplies an output voltage that is
lower than the input voltage. (VP > VS).
6. A step-down transformer has more turns in the primary coil
than in the secondary coil (NP > NS).
7. The relationship between the voltages and the number of
turns in the coils is given as:
Primary voltage
Number of turns in the primary coil

Secondary voltage
Number of turns in the secondary coil

VP
N
P
VS
NS

(a)
6
7
1
Figure
shows a simple AC generator.
2
The output current varies during the rotation of the coil as
shown in below picture ac generator
3
The current is zero when the coil is vertical.
4
The current is greatest when the coil is horizontal.
5
The magnitude of the induce voltage can be increased by:
(i) rotating the coil faster.
(ii) using a stronger magnet.
(iii) increasing the number of turns in the coil.
(iv) increasing the area of the coil.
(v) winding the coil on a soft-iron core.

In an ideal transformer, all the power supplied to the primary

coil will be transferred to the secondary coil
This is given as:
Power input

Power output

VPIP =
VSIS
IS
VP

VS
IP
From,

VP
N
P
VS
NS

We get,

IS
N
P
IP
NS

Energy losses in transformer

1
2
8.4

Analysing Transformer.

Some of the energy supplied to the primary coil may be lost

as heat in all practical transformers.
The energy losses are due to:
(i) resistance of coils
(ii) magnetization and demagnetization of the core

(iii) eddy currents in the core.

3

The efficiency of a transformer can be determined using:

Efiiciency

8.5

Output power
100%
Input power

Understanding the generation and tranmission of

ekectricity.
1. Elctricity can be generated from various sources of energy
Duch as fsil fuel, nuclear, hydro, wind and solar.
2. Electricity is transmitted through the National Grid
Network system.
3. Electricity is transmitted at very high voltage to reduce
energy loss.

(a) (i) Name the type of the transformer .

[1 mark]
(ii) State why soft iron is used as the transformer core.
[1 mark]
(b) The number of turns on the primary coil is 1 000. Calculate
the number of turns on the secondary coil.

[2 marks]

4
5
6

Figure shows a model of the National Grid Network.

The National Grid Network is a system which connects all
the power plants, the station and consumers to form a closed
network.
Some of the advantages of the system are:
(i) The power station can be built away from the
populated area.
(ii) The power supply is uninterrupted since the
breakdown in a power station can be supported by
another power station.
(iii) The power supply is distributed according to the
demand to prevent energy wastage.

7 Renewable energy sources such as biomasas, hydro, wind and

solar are replaceable.
8 Non-renewable energy sources such as oil, diesel, natural gas
and coal are not replaceable.

(c) The transformer is used to switch on an electrical appliance.

The current in the primary coil is 0.1 A and the efficiency is 75
%.
(i) Calculate the output power of the transformer.

[2 marks]
(ii) An electrical appliance which needs 20 W of power is
connected to the transformer output. Suggest a
modification to the transformer that enables the appliance
to function correctly.
[1 mark]
(d) A student connects a television which uses direct current to the
output of the transformer. When the television is switched on,
it does not function.
(i ) Why the television does not function ?
[1 mark]
(ii) An electrical component is connected to the output of the
transformer so that the television functions. Name the
electrical component and state how the connection is made.
[2 marks]

1.

EXERCISE
Diagram 7 shows a simple transformer

2. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show two similar magnet bar
is pushed into a solenoid at the speed of 2 m s-1.

Diagram
10.1
(c) The energy losses during the transmission of electricity
depend on the efficiency of a transformer. Suggest and explain
how to build a transformer which can function effectively
based on the following aspects:
(i) The type and characteristic of wire coil
(ii) The material of the core
(iii) The structure and design of the core
Diagram
10.2

(a)
is the meaning of current?

(i)

[10
marks]

What
[1 mark]

(ii)

Observe Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2. Compare

the number of turns of the coil, the deflection of
pointer of the galvanometer and the cross-sectional
area of the coil. Relate the number of turns of the coil
with the deflection of pointer of the galvanometer.
Deduce a physics law from the relationship.
[5 marks]

3. Diagram shows the structure of a simple transformer.

(a) What type of transformer is shown in Diagram 2.1?
(b)
Diagram 10.3 shows a National Grid Network
i) State four advantages of National Grid Network.

[1 mark]
(b) Calculate the output voltage of the transformer
[ 2 marks ]

(c) Why is an alternating voltage applied to coil P of the

transformer?

1 mark ]
(d) In practice, a laminated and insulated soft iron core is used
in a transformer. Explain the reason for this.
[4 marks]

[ 1 mark

a) What is meant by electromagnetic induction?

[ 10 marks]

i) Explain why the galvanometer pointer deflects?

ii) State the polarity of end A and end B of the solenoid.

A : ........................
B : ............................
c) If the spring is replaced by a stiffer spring,

(b) An electric toaster has a heating element of resistance 60

and the current flowing is 4 A. The toaster is used for 1 hour
per day for 7 days.
Calculate
(i) The electrical power produced
(ii) The cost of using the toaster if the rate is RM 0.218 per kW h .
4. (a) Figure 11.1 shows circuits P , Q , R , S and T each
containing an ideal transformer, three light bulbs and
switches.
Key: N p = number of turns in primary coil
N s = number of turns in secondary coil
(i)

[ 5 marks]

What is meant by alternating current

[ 1 mark]

(ii) Explain the working principle of a transformer.

[ 4 marks]

(iii) You are asked to make decoration lights for the stage during
a school play. Study the circuit P , Q , R , S and T and
consider the following aspects :
-

type of transformer
ratio of number of turns in primary coil to secondary
coil
position of the switches in relation to the light bulbs
connection of the light bulbs

Explain the suitability of the above aspects and hence ,

determine the most suitable circuit to make decoration
lights.

5) Diagram 4 shows a bar magnet is hung on a spring that

attached to a retort stand. The bar magnet is displaced
downwards and released so it can oscillate through a solenoid
which is connected to a centre-zero galvanometer.

of magnet used, the angle of deflection of the cooper wire

and the angle of deflection of ammeter indicator.

b) When the bar magnet move towards the solenoid, the

galvanometer pointer deflect for a while.

c) State the relationship between the strength of the catapult field

produced and
(i)number of magnet used

ii) angle of deflection of copper wire

d) Diagram 10.3 shows a set up used to study the effects of
magnetic field of a current-carrying copper rod.

i) state the change to the angle of deflection of the

galvanometer pointer?

Diagram 10.3
ii) Give the reason for your answer.

6) Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show a copper wire carrying

current is placed in a permanent magnetic field. The magnetic
field produced is called catapult field (medan lastik)
i) Explain what happens to the copper rod when the switch is
turned on.

ii) The dry cells are replaced with 12 V a.c. Explain what happens
to copper rod when the switch is turned on.

Diagram 10.4

Diagram 10.1

Diagram 10.2

a) What is meant by catapult field ?

b)

Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2, compare the number

e) Diagram 10.4 shows a d.c. electric motor.

(a) What is meant by magnetic field?

[1 mark]
i) Explain how the motor is able to rotate.

ii) Suggest three modifications that need to be done on the d.c

electric motor to increase the efficiency of the motor. Give an
explanation for each suggestion given.

(b) Using Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 , compare the number
of turn of the coils, the pattern of the iron filings and the
angle of deflection of the ammeter indicator.
[3 marks]

7)
(c) State the relationship between the strength of the magnetic
field and
(i) the pattern of iron filings,

(ii) the number of turn of the coils.

a) Diagram shows the electromagnetic Lifting Machine using the
principle of eletromagnetic. Using suitable physics concept,
explain the modification that must be made to increase the
lifting ability of the machine.
[10 marks]

[2 marks]

9) Diagram 9 shows a wire in magnetic field. The wire moved

upwards when current flows through it.

8) Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show wire coils connected to

Diagram 3.1

Diagram 3.2

the ammeters, switches and d.c. power supply.

a) When the switch is on and iron filings of the same amount is

spread on each of the cardboard surface, the pattern of the iron
filings is formed as shown in the diagrams.

a) Explain why the wire moved upwards