CHAPTER 8: ELECTROMAGNETISM 8.1 Analysing the magnetic effect of a current-carrying conductor. [ ../ 33 x 100 = .

% ] A student is able to : State what an electromagnet is. Draw the magnetic field pattern due to a current in a : i) straight wire, ii) coil, iii) solenoid. State the factors that affect the strength of the magnetic field of an electromagnet. Describe the application of electromagnet in an electric bell.

8.1.1

Magnetic field due to a current in astraight wire 1. Right-hand Grip Rule states that the thumb of the right hand points to the direction of current flow and the other four curled fingers points to direction of its magnetic field lines

2. Using the right hand grip rule, draw the direction of current flow and pattern of magnetic fields lines formed.

8.1.2

Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Circular Coil 1. Draw the direction of current flows and pattern of magnetic fields lines formed.

2. The direction of magnetic field lines can also be determined using the right hand grip rule. 8.1.3 Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid iron core.

1. A solenoid is a combination of coils of wire wound around on some surface or on an

P _

2.

Draw the direction of current flow. To check the poles formed:

i. Look from end P of the solenoid, the current flow is anti-clockwise, the polarity at
end P is north

ii. Look from end Q of the solenoid, the current flow is clockwise, the polarity at end Q
is south iii. Now draw the direction of the compass needle in the space provided.

8.1.4

Factors that affects the strength of an electromagnet 1. Based on the apparatus shown below, the higher the number of paper clips attracted to the solenoid, the greater the strength of that electromagnet.

Factors Number of turns Electric current Use of normal iron-core Use of soft-iron core

Condition increase increase

Number of paper clips attracted increase increase decrease increase

The strength of electromagnetic field increase increase decrease increase

-nil-

8.1.5

Application of Electromagnet in an electric bell.

1. Label the diagram of an electric bell as shown below.

i. When the switch is closed and current flows in the solenoid, the soft iron core is magnetised . ii. The soft iron armature is pulled towards the electromagnet and the hammer hits the gong iii. At the same time, the contact is opened and the soft iron core loses its magnetism. iv. The spring brings the armature back to its original position v. The contact is restored and the process is repeated

8.2 Understanding the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. [ / 40 x 100 = % ] A student is able to : Describe how a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force. Draw the pattern of the combined magnetic field due to a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Explain the factors that affect the magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Describe how a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning force. .Describe how a direct current motor works. State factors that affect the speed of rotation of an electric motor.

8.2.1

Force Acting on a Current-carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field 1. If a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field as shown in the experiment, the conductor will experiences a force.

2. Draw the catapult field ( combination of the two magnetic fields) below and show the direction of force, F acting on the conductor.

3. Flemings left-hand rule can be used to determine the direction of the force acting on the conductor.

Thumb

Force

First Finger (

Magnetic field

Current Centre Finger (

4. The factors that affect the magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field are: i. magnitude of current ii. strength of the magnetic field iii. length of the current-carrying conductor

8.2.2

Turning Effect of a Current-carrying Coil in a Magnetic Field 1. Consider a current-carrying coil ABCD placed between the poles of a magnet as shown in the figure below. As the current flows through the coil from A to B, an upward force acts on the arm AB whereas a downward force acts on the arms CD according to Flemings Left Hand rule.

commutator

Carbon brush

2. Draw the catapult field formed and show with arrows the direction of the forces acting on arms AB and CD.

Direct Current Motor 3. Complete and draw the four stages of the motion of DC motor below

Coil B 2 D
S

Degree : 00 Current flow through carbon brushes: Yes / No Arm AB : upwards / downwards Arm CD : upwards / downwards Rotation : clockwise direction

1 A
current

4 3

Degree : 90 0 Current flow through carbon brushes : Yes / No Arm AB : right / left Arm CD : right / left Rotation : clockwise due to inertia

Degree : 180 0

Current flow through carbon brushes : Yes / No Arm AB : upwards / downwards Arm CD : upwards / downwards Rotation : clockwise

Degree : 270 0 Current flow through carbon brushes : Yes / No Arm AB : right / left Arm CD : right / left Rotation : clockwise due to inertia

8.2.3

The speed of rotation of an electric motor can be increased by: 1. increasing the current 2. using a stronger magnet 3. increasing the number of turns in the coil 4. increasing the area of the coil

8. 3 Analysing electromagnetic induction. A student is able to :

[ ./ 39 x 100 = ..% ]

Describe electromagnetic induction. Indicate the direction of the induced current in a: i) straight wire, ii) solenoid Explain the factors that affect the magnitude of the induced current. Describe applications of electromagnetic induction. Compare direct current and alternating current. Electromagnetic Induction 1. When a conductor is moved to cut through the magnetic flux, an induced current is produced. 2. It requires a relative motion between the magnet and the coil to produce an induced current. 3. The production of electric current by a changing magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction.

8.3.1

8.3.2

Induced e.m.f by a moving conductor

Action The wire is moved upwards The wire is moved downwards The wire is move horizontally Magnet is moved upwards

Observation Galvanometer deflect to left Galvanometer deflect to right No deflection Galvanometer deflect to

Inference Current flows in wire Current flows is reversed No current flows Current flows in wire

right Thumb ( motion ) Flemings Right-hand rule can be used to determine the direction of the induced current produced First finger ( Field )

8 Center finger ( induced current )

8.3.3

Induced e.m.f by coil

Fill in the blanks to explain what happens when the bar magnet is moved in and out of the solenoid

Magnetic field lines are being cut . Current induced

No deflection on the galvanometer. No current is induced

Current induced in opposite direction

Moving the coil towards a magnet also induces current

Lenzs Law states that the direction of the induced current is such that it always oppose .the change producing it.

8.3.4

Faradays Law of electromagnetic induction 1. Faradays Law states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage with the solenoid 2. The magnitude of the induced current in a conductor increases when:

I. the wire is moved faster II. a stronger magnet is used III. the length of conductor is increased
3. The magnitude of the induced current in a coil increases when:

I. the relative motion between the magnet and the coil is increased II. the number of turns on coil is increased III. the strength of the magnetic fieldl is increased
8.3.5 Applications of electromagnetic induction 1. A generator is basically the inverse of a motor. It consists of a rectangular coil rotating in a magnetic field. The axle is turned by some mechanical force from falling water , steam or wind turbine. 2. The d.c generator and a.c generator make use of electromagnetic induction to produce induced current

8.3.6

Alternating and direct current (a.c / d.c)

10

Complete the table of comparison below. AC Current Graphs DC Current

Current, I/A

Time, t/s

Direction Variable 1. ac generator 2. Dynamo Examples of sources 1. dc generator 2. Dry cell Constant

8. 4 Transformer

[ ./ 33 x 100 = .%]

A student is able to : describe the structure and the operating principle of a simple transformer. compare and contrast a step-up transformer and a step-down transformer.

state that

Vp Np = for an ideal transformer. Vs Ns

state that VpIp = VsIs for an ideal transformer. 11 describe the energy losses in a transformer.
describe ways to improve the efficiency of a transformer. solve problems involving transformers

8.4.1

Operating principle of a transformer 1. Complete the diagram below

Laminated soft iron core

Input

output

Primary coil

Secondary coil Symbol

1. When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, it produces magnetic field lines which link the primary coil and the secondary coil 2. The magnetic flux linkage to the secondary coil is cut. 3. The changing magnetic flux cut by the secondary coil induces a current in the secondary coil. 4. When the current in the primary coil decreases, the magnetic field will collapse and again be cut by the secondary coil. An e.m.f. acting in the opposite direction is induced in the secondary coil. Hence, an alternating e.m.f of the same frequency is induced in the secondary coil. 8.4.2 Step-up and step-down transformers 1. The output voltage depends on the ratio of the number of turns of primary and secondary coils. 2. For an ideal transformer, the relationship between the voltages and the ratio of the number of turns in primary and secondary coils is given as follows:

12

Input voltage,Vp = Number of turns in primary coil,Np Output voltage, Vs Number of turns in secondary coil, Ns

3 If Ns is greater than Np, then Vs is greater than Vp . This type of transformer is a step up transformer 4. If Ns is less than Np, then Vs is less than Vp. This type of transformer is a step down transformer 5. For example, if the turns ratio is 1:50, the output voltage is stepped up 50 times

Np Input voltage

Ns Output voltage

Np

Ns

Step down transformer

Step up transformer

If we consider an ideal transformer, there is no loss of energy. Power supplied to the primary coil

= =

Power used in the secondary coil

VpIp

VsIs

Is/Ip

Vp/Vs

Is/Ip = Np/Ns

Comparing with the transformer equation

8.4.3

Energy losses in a transformer 1. An ideal transformer has 100 % efficiency. 2. But in practice, the efficiency of a tranformer is less than100%. 3. The efficiency of a transformer is expressed as follows:

P out P in 13

Efficiency =

x 100%

4. Factors that affect the efficiency of a transfomer and ways to improve it: Complete the table below:

Type of losses
Eddy current

Causes
Changing magnetic flux induces current in

Way to reduce
Used laminated core

the soft iron core.

Heat loss

resistance of conductor also increases.

wire Used soft iron core It is able to be magnetized and demagnetized easily Secondary coil is wound over the primary coil

alternately due to a.c current in primary Hysterisis coil

Flux leakage

coil

8.5 Understanding the generation and transmission of electricity [ ./ 40 x 100 = .% } A student is able to : list sources of energy used to generate electricity. describe the transmission of electricity. describe the energy loss in electricity transmission cables and deduce the advantage of high voltage transmission. state the importance of the National Grid Network. solve problems involving electricity transmission explain the importance of renewable energy explain the effects on the environment caused by the use of various sources to generate electricity. 14

8.5.1: Generation and Transmission of Electricity 1. Sources of Energy The generation of electricity comes from many sources such as : i. hydro power ii . gases iii. nuclear iv. diesel v. coal vi. biomass vii. wind viii. solar 8.5.2 Transmission of Electricity 1. The diagram below shows a model of the transmission of electricity from an ac source.

2. Complete the diagram below which shows the transmission of electricity to consumers.

transmission 132 kV 33 kV
Heav y indust

11 kV
Light indust ry

450 V

240
My house

15

Buildi ngs

Step up transformer

Step down transformer

Step down transformers

33 kV Power plant 3. The National Grid Network is a network of underground cables or pylon connecting
all the power stations and substations in the whole country to the consumers. This network starts at electrical power plant and ends at our houses. 4. The advantages of the National Grid Network are: -- energy loss as heat is reduced,and increases the efficiency of transmission -- efficient energy distribution according to requirements when demand is high/ low -- good energy management when there is a breakdown/ interruption of supply 5. Electrical energy is transmitted from the power station to the consumer using long transmission cables. This will bring to power loss as heat energy. Power loss can be calculated as follow:

Pheat =I2R
6.

I = current flows in the cable R = resistance of the cable

The power loss can be reduced by:

i. Reducing the resistance of the cables ii. Reducing the current or increasing the voltage in the cable
7. 8.5.3 Transformers play an important role in the transmission of electricity at a higher voltage.

Renewable energy 1. 2. Energy plays a very important role in economic development but the reserves of fossil fuels such as oil and gas are very limited. Hence, there is modern trend of the nations harnessing the renewable energy. Renewable energy sources are continually replenished naturally and they are sustainable. 3. Give the example of renewable energy:

16

i. Hydroelectric ii. Solar iii. Wind iv. Geothermal v. Biomass vi. Wave vii. Tidal 4. Give the example of non-renewable energy: i. Fossil fuels a) Oil b) Gas c) coal 5. Give the benefits of using renewable energy in our nation:

i. Avoid depletion of fossil fuels ii. Cleaner sources for little pollution iii. Avoid harming flora and fauna iv. Avoid the disruption of ecological balance

17