Digital Modulation: - Continuous-Wave (CW) Modulation (Recap)
Digital Modulation: - Continuous-Wave (CW) Modulation (Recap)
Digital Modulation: - Continuous-Wave (CW) Modulation (Recap)
Digital Modulation
• Continuous-wave(CW) modulation (recap):
– A parameter of a sinusoidal carrier wave is varied
continuously in accordance with the message signal.
∗ Amplitude
∗ Frequency
∗ Phase
• Digital Modulation:
– Pulse Modulation: Analog pulse modulation: A periodic
pulse train isused as a carrier. The following parameters of
the pulse are modified in accordance with the message
signal. Signal is transmitted at discrete intervals of time.
∗ Pulse amplitude
∗ Pulse width
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∗ Pulse duration
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s(t)
m(t)
T t
Ts
+∞
X
s(t) = m(nTs )h(t − nTs )
n=−∞
= 1, 0≤t≤T
h(t) = = 12 , t = 0, t = T
= 0, otherwise
+∞
X
mδ (t) = m(nTs )δ(t − nTs )
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n=−∞
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– Therefore, we get
Z +∞
mδ (t) ∗ h(t) = mδ (τ )h(t − τ ) dτ
−∞
Z +∞ +∞
X
= m(nTs )δ(τ − nTs )h(t − τ ) dτ
−∞ n=−∞
+∞
X Z +∞
= m(nTs ) δ(τ − nTs )h(t − τ ) dτ
n=−∞ −∞
+∞
X
s(t) = mδ (t) ∗ h(t) = m(nTs )h(t − nTs )
n=−∞
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−jω T2
ω T2
– Since, we use flat top samples, H(ω) = T sinc e .
This results in distortion and a delay of T2 . To correct this
1
the magnitude of the equalizer is chosen as T
.
T sinc ω 2
– The message signal m(t) can be recovered from the PAM
signal s(t) as shown in Figure 2.
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The other two types of modulation schemes are shown in
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Figure 3.
m(t)
t
0
(a)
t
(b)
(c) t
(d) t
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Uniform Quantisers
• Quantiser type: The quantiser characteristic can be of midtread
or midrise quantizer. These two types are shown in Figure 4.
output output
level level
4 4
2 2
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4 input
input level
−2 −2
level
−4 −4
Q=M −V
• Analysis of error in uniform quantisation:
– The input M has zero mean, and the quantiser assumed to
be symmetric =⇒ Quantiser output V and therefore the
quantization error Q also will have a zero mean.
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2mmax
∆= L
where, L is the total number of representation levels.
– The quantization error Q will have its sample values
bounded by −∆2 ≤q ≤ 2.
∆
1, −∆
≤q≤ ∆
∆ 2 2
fQ (q) =
0, otherwise
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the mean square value.
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2
σQ = E[Q2 ]
Z + ∆2
= q 2 fQ (q) dq
−∆
2
+∆
1
Z 2
= q 2 dq
∆ −∆
2
∆2
=
12
– Typically, the L-ary number k, denotes the kth
representation level of the quantiser,
– It is transmitted to the receiver in binary form.
– Let R denote the number of bits per sample used in the
construction of the binary code. We may then write
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L = 2R
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R = log2 (L)
Hence, we get
2mmax
∆= 2R
also,
2
σQ = 13 m2max 2−2R
– Let P denote the average power of the message signal m(t).
We may then express the output signal to noise ratio of a
uniform quantiser as
P
(SN R)O = 2
σQ
3P
= 2 .22R
mmax
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• Example: Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
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Non Uniform Quantisers
The main advantages of using non-uniform quantizer are:
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1. Protection of weak passages over loud passages.
2. Enable uniform precision over the entire range of the voice
signal.
3. Fewer steps are required in comparison with uniform quantizer.
A nonuniform quantiser is equivalent to passing the baseband
signal through a compressor and then applying the compressed
signal to a uniform quantizer. A particular form of compression law
that is used in practice is µ - law, which is defined as follows
log(1+µ|m|)
|v| = log(1+µ)
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where, m and v are the normalized input and output voltages and
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µ is a positive constant.
Another compression law that is used in practice is the so called A
- law defined by
A|m| 1
1+log A , 0 ≤ |m| ≤ A
|v| =
1+log(A|m|) , 1
≤ |m| ≤ 1
1+log A A
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µ − law A − law
1 1
µ=100 A=100
A=2
µ=5
0 1 0 1
|m| |m|
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m[k]
d[k] d [k] To channel
quantizer q
sum
− +
^
m [k] sum
q
+
Predictor
m [k]
q
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d q[k] m q[k]
Σ
m q[k]
Predictor
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Delta Modulation
• Delta Modulation uses a first order predictor.
• It is a one bit DPCM.
• DM quantizer uses only two levels(L = 2)
• The signal is oversampled(atleast 4 times the Nyquist rate) to
ensure better correlation among the adjacent samples.
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m(t)
staircase
T Approximation
s
m q(t)
t
0
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– The basic principles of delta modulation is the following set
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of discrete-time relations:
e[n] = m[n] − mq [n − 1]
eq = ∆sgn(e[n])
mq [n] = mq [n − 1] + eq [n]
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– The transmitter and receiver of the DM is shown in Figure
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9.
+ε
m(t) + d (t) Sampler
d(t) q
Σ
−ε Comparator
− m q (t)
Integrator
Transmitter
d q(t)
m(t)
LPF
Integrator
Receiver
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