Externals 1fhgfh

April 10th 2016
Discussion Session with our Aero-children

UNIT 1
Easy Na ?
Definitions are easy to mug up but do it properly without any mistake ;
if you know the correct unit just mention since every examiner loves to
ask such definitions like Pressure, Velocity, Total and Static properties
like temperature, pressure etc. then Lift Coefficient, Drag Coefficient,
Pitching Moment coefficient for 2D Aerofoils ( but not to forget the other
two moment coeffs. Rolling and Yawing Moment coeff for Finite Wings!)
Yes get the proper formulae also wherever required.
Then comes the definition of Aerofoil related terms. There is some
confusion in my (?) note about Aerodynamic Centre and Centre of
Pressure. And please draw any sketch using properly sharpened soft B1
or HB pencil and label every important item. Treat the diagrams with
adequate sincerity NO sab kuchh chaltai hai philosophy !
First recall what is the net effect of airflow past a 2D aerofoil. Dont forget
to distinguish between the upper and lower part
Manifests as two positive effects :
Static pressure distribution on surface which is along the local
normal to surface at the point of action [ p = f(x/C, angle of
attack, chord based Reynolds number, Mach no. if compressible]
Wall shear Stress on surface along the local tangent to surface at
the point of action [ = f(x/C, angle of attack, chord based
Reynolds number, Mach no. if compressible].
At any point on the surface these two forces may be resolved along the
flow and across the flow direction ( tangential for shear stress and
normal for pressure). But the point of application of these forces also
vary along the aerofoil surface. So the net effect of these surface forces
at different points is equivalent to net force along(X) the flow (Drag), net
force normal (Y) to flow direction (Lift) and a couple about the axis
normal (Z) to the 2D aerofoil plane which physically allows the pitching of
the foil as nose up and nose down mode depending on the sign of the
moment. This is called the Pitching Moment.
Practice for a given geometry and oncoming flow vector how to express
Cl, Cd and Cm in terms of integration of distribution of p and on the
foil surface. These are non-dimensionalised by the corresponding inlet
dynamic head [ 0.5V2 ] and the aerofoil chord length.
Pi Theorem should simply be memorized and check deduction of
Anderson pp 34 - 38 to show all force or moment coefficients as function
of Re and Ma
Practice Example 1.4 and 1.5 Anderson pp. 41-43
The next issue is Pitot Tube and Venturimeter or Orifice Plates.
Operating principles must be absolutely clear. Check whether you can
compute the flow rate or velocity if the pressure drop across the Venturi
or Orifice Plate is given. Dont ignore the Pitot tube Question done in
Internals 2. One should draw neat sketches and clearly explain the
location of the holes and also that the total head tube must be along the
velocity vector direction for correct measurement. If not, the
measurement is incorrect; multiple holes around the outermost tube pick
up the average static pressure. Be sure that given the readings you can
compute the flow velocity correctly. Same is the case with Venturimeter.
Practice Example 1.1 p 26 , Example. 1.2 p 30 Anderson

Correct Definition of Centre of Pressure :
Read p 32 Anderson and realize the Centre of Pressure is located on the
chord at such a point that the resultant forces normal to the chord
produces the same moment created by the forces around the leading
edge. Fig. 1.25 and Ex 1.3 on p 33 Anderson are quite self explanatory.
Keep an Eagles Eye to Fig. 1.43 p 61 Anderson what one presents to
explain the different flow regimes.
Correct Definition of Aerodynamic Centre
It is the point on the aerofoil about which the aerodynamically generated
moment is independent of angle of attack.
See Anderson pp 338-340 along with example Ex 4.6 on p 340,
Anderson. What does this say ?
Assume the Aerodynamic Centre at x = xac whereas the lift L, drag D and
Pitching Moment Mx/C=0.25 about the point x/C= 0.25 .
Now if x/C = xac/C is the aerodynamic centre location in non-dimensional
coordinate (xbarac), the balance of moment about the point x/C=0.25 is
Mac = L(C xbarac-0.25C) + Mc/4
Non dimensionalisation diving each term by 0.5V2Sc gives
( S is the spanwise length of the aerofoil)
Cm,ac = Cl(xbarac-0.25) + Cm,0.25C
Differentiating both sides wrt angle of attack
dCm,ac /d = dCl /d(xbarac-0.25)+ dCm,c/4 /d
If pitching moment about Aerodyn. Centre is independent of
dCm,ac /d=0 hence xbarac=-m0/a0 + 0.25
where dCl /d= a0 and dCm,c/4 /d=m0

So once the liftline slope a0 and the slope of the moment about quarter
chord m0 is known, it is possible to find the Aerodynamic Centre
coordinate.
While working out the problem on evaluation of forces and moments for
Hypersonic Flow ( 3rd Internal problem) with given Cp Vs Theta. Now Cp
is non zero only in two sectors out of four, but when we find the forces
and moments, Force along X = Cp (R d) cos , so one needs to put the
value of Cp and integrate over the two arcs on which p is non-zero and
that integration computes the total drag force.and the area to be
considered will be the projected area 2R.L This was universally wrong in
the Internals 3. All of you missed this cos due to inclination of the line
of action of the pressure along with the cos already present as part of p
distribution.
So .. can I be confident now about your promise of not missing a
single mark in UNIT 1.?
A LOUD YE ..ES .!
Let us now shift to UNIT 2 ..

Externals 1fhgfh

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April 10th 2016

Discussion Session with our Aero-children

Practice Example 1.1 p 26 , Example. 1.2 p 30 Anderson

where dCl /d= a0 and dCm,c/4 /d=m0

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