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    The French Revolution & Napoleon

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    The French Revolution began in 1789 due to widespread poverty and the unfair system of the French estates. The Third Estate, made up of the common people, stormed the Bastille and established the National Assembly. They abolished privileges of the nobility and created a constitutional monarchy. Radicals gained power and the Reign of Terror began, led by Robespierre, executing thousands. The Directory was established after Thermadorian Reaction overthrew Robespierre, but it failed to solve problems, leading to Napoleon Bonaparte becoming ruler of France.

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    The French Revolution & Napoleon

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    api-52920438
    95 views7 pages
    The French Revolution began in 1789 due to widespread poverty and the unfair system of the French estates. The Third Estate, made up of the common people, stormed the Bastille and established the National Assembly. They abolished privileges of the nobility and created a constitutional monarchy. Radicals gained power and the Reign of Terror began, led by Robespierre, executing thousands. The Directory was established after Thermadorian Reaction overthrew Robespierre, but it failed to solve problems, leading to Napoleon Bonaparte becoming ruler of France.

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    The French Revolution began in 1789 due to widespread poverty and the unfair system of the French estates. The Third Estate, made up of the common people, stormed the Bastille and established the National Assembly. They abolished privileges of the nobility and created a constitutional monarchy. Radicals gained power and the Reign of Terror began, led by Robespierre, executing thousands. The Directory was established after Thermadorian Reaction overthrew Robespierre, but it failed to solve problems, leading to Napoleon Bonaparte becoming ruler of France.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    95 views7 pages

    The French Revolution & Napoleon

    Uploaded by

    api-52920438
    The French Revolution began in 1789 due to widespread poverty and the unfair system of the French estates. The Third Estate, made up of the common people, stormed the Bastille and established the National Assembly. They abolished privileges of the nobility and created a constitutional monarchy. Radicals gained power and the Reign of Terror began, led by Robespierre, executing thousands. The Directory was established after Thermadorian Reaction overthrew Robespierre, but it failed to solve problems, leading to Napoleon Bonaparte becoming ruler of France.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    The French Revolution & Napoleon

    SECTION ONE: KEY TERMS


    Bourgeoisie / Deficit Spending / Louis XVI / Estates General / Bastille
    I.

    II.

    III.

    The Beginning of the Revolution


    a. Storming of the Bastille
    i. Widespread famine and poverty in France.
    ii. Enlightenment thinking questioned traditional French authority.
    iii. Storming of the Bastille on July 14th, 1789
    The French Estates : France was based on a system created in the Middle Ages.
    a. First Estate Clergy
    i. Owned 10% of the land.
    ii. Collected Tithes
    iii. Paid no direct taxes to the state.
    b. The Second Estate Nobility
    i. Had rights to top jobs in the government, the army, the coursts, and
    the Church
    ii. Paid no taxes.
    c. Third Estate Remainder of the population.
    i. Bourgeoisie (aka The Middle Class) / Urban Workers / Rural
    Peasants
    1. Paid taxes on everything from land to soap.
    2. Owed fees and services dating back to medieval times.

    Economic Troubles:
    a. Deficit Spending Government spending while in debt.
    b. Wasted Money
    i. Louis XIVs extravagant court.
    ii. The Seven Years War
    iii. The American Revolution
    c. Other problems
    i. Rising costs of goods and services.
    ii. Bad harvests in the 1780s

    IV.

    d. Government Failures
    i. First two estates refused to pay taxes.
    ii. Louis XV increased debt.
    iii. Louis XVI
    1. http://www.biography.com/people/louis-xvi-9386943
    iv. Jacques Neckers Plan
    1. Reduce extravagant court spending.
    2. Reform government.
    3. Abolish tariffs and internal trade.
    4. Tax the First and Second Estates
    5. Dismissed by Louis XVI after clergy pressure.
    The Revolution Brewing
    a. The Estates General: A general assembly of all the estates that had not
    been called in over 173 years. Called in order to bring the monarchy under
    their control and address issues.
    i. Third Estate Demands
    1. Fairer taxes.
    2. Freedom of the press.
    3. Regular meetings of the Estates General
    ii. Estates General Fails
    1. Voting system favored the first and second estates due to
    equality of voting despite the fact that the thirds estate
    made up 95% of the population.
    iii. The Third Estate becomes the National Assembly
    1. Members of the Third Estate declare themselves the true
    representatives of the people.
    2. Locked out of meeting hall and forced to go to a nearby
    tennis court where they take the Tennis Court Oath, which
    said they would continue to meet until a constitution was
    created.
    b. Storming of the Bastille
    i. The Bastille was a military stronghold in Paris built to defend
    against the British.
    ii. Stormed by members of the Third Estate demanding weapons to
    protect themselves from rumors of royal troops occupying Paris.
    iii. Storming the Bastille
    SECTION TWO: KEY TERMS
    Marquis de Lafayette / Marie Antoinette / Jacobins

    I.

    II.

    The Nation Assemblys Plan


    a. From providing equal rights to all male citizens before the law, to the
    abolishment of their exclusion from taxes, the National Assembly aimed
    to change an unjust system.
    Periods of the French Revolution

    III.

    a. National Assembly
    i. France becomes a constitutional monarchy.
    b. Reign of Terror
    i. Radical phase of reforms.
    ii. Monarchy comes to an end.
    c. Directory
    i. The pushback against radicalism.
    d. The Age of Napoleon
    i. Concentration of power and institutionalization of revolutionary
    reforms.
    ii. Wars throughout Europe.
    Fears and Organization
    a. Rumors
    i. Bad crop performances led to peasants believing government
    troops would seize their crops.
    ii. Widespread fear that medieval rule would return in favor of the
    nobility.
    b. Formation of the Middle-Class Militia called the National Guard
    i. Lead by Marquis de Lafayette
    1. Hero of the American Revolution and French Revolution

    c. Creation of the Paris Commune


    i. Radical government of the Revolution
    ii. Encouraged violent action.
    iii. Replaced the aristocracy.
    d. National Assembly Reaction
    i. The National Assembly reacts to the creations of various factions
    by instituting reforms.
    1. Ends privileges of the nobility.

    a. No special legal status.


    b. Now has to pay taxes.
    c. Gives up private hunting land.
    d. Equality of all male citizens before the law.
    ii. Declaration of the Rights of Man: Modeled after the American
    Declaration of Independence.
    1. Free and equal rights for all men.
    2. Natural rights for all men.
    3. Equality before the law for all men.
    4. Freedom of religion for all citizens.
    5. Taxes levied fairly for all citizens.
    iii. Disappointed People
    1. Women: No new rights under the Declaration.
    2. Louis XVI: Did not want to accept the new rules.
    iv. Poor People Act
    1. Women and other poor French march on the capitol due to
    continued poverty and famine despite burgeoning reforms.
    a. The King and Marie Antoinette are captured and
    forced to live as prisoners.
    b. http://www.biography.com/people/marieantoinette-9398996
    e. More Reforms
    i. Dealing with the Church: The following moves not only upset the
    Pope, clergy, and the peasant class of France.
    1. Church now controlled by the state.
    2. Convents and monasteries dissolved.
    3. No more Papal authority over the French church.
    4. Bishops and priests now elected and paid.
    ii. Constitution of 1791: Created by the National Assembly
    1. Limited Monarchy
    2. Legislative Assembly
    a. Make laws.
    b. Collect taxes.
    c. Decide on issues of war and peace.
    3. Moderate reformers believed that this constitution
    effectively ended the French Revolution. They were
    wrong.
    f. Fears in Europe
    i. Leaders throughout Europe feared the French Revolutions
    especially the Jacobins who were the most radical of
    revolutionaries.

    SECTION III: KEY TERMS


    ROBESPIERRE / REIGN OF TERROR / NAPOLEON
    I.

    II.

    Radicals Gain Control


    a. After the radicals gained control, those who were against the revolution
    were subject to arrest or execution, including the king and queen, who like
    thousands of others (16,500) were sent to the guillotine!
    b. The Wars Abroad:
    i. France attacked Austria and other countries in order to spread the
    revolution, but were not ready to deal with armed conflict.
    c. The War At Home:
    i. French revolutionaries believed the king was in cahoots with
    foreign countries and stormed the palace and prisons where the
    nobility and clergy had been sent.
    d. The Legislative Assembly
    i. Radicals gain control.
    1. Renamed the National Convention
    2. Universal Male Suffrage
    3. Nobles land seized.
    4. Monarchy abolished.
    5. Republic created.
    e. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Executed
    i. Louis Jan. 1793
    ii. Marie Oct. 1793
    The Republic in Shambles
    a. Numerous Divisive Issues

    i.
    ii.
    iii.
    iv.

    War in the Netherlands, Spain, Britain, and Prussia.


    Royalists and priest leading rebellions.
    Lower-class demands from food shortages and inflation.
    Division in the National Convention between Jacobins (extreme
    radicals) and the Girondins (cautious revolutionaries).
    b. Creation of the Committee of Public Safety
    i. Tasked with saving the revolution.
    1. Overran the Netherlands and invaded Italy.
    2. Fought counter-revolutionaries at home by use of terror
    tactics. OFF WITH THEIR HEADS!
    ii. Robespierre Leader of the Committee of Public Safety. He was
    a reformer, but also supported the use of terror tactics to maintain
    control.
    1. Promoted religious tolerance.
    2. Tried to abolish slavery.
    3. Arrested anyone who threatened the revolution.
    a. 300K Arrests
    b. 16,500 Execution via guillotine.
    c. Nearly 40K executed overall.
    4. Executed in 1794.
    a. Ruled a tyrant by Thermadorian Reaction.

    c. Reign of Terror Backfires: The reign of terror created a moderate backlash


    against the revolutionary forces resulting in a moderate constitution in
    1795.
    i. The Directory
    1. Made peace with Prussia and Spain
    2. Continued war with Austria and Great Britain
    3. Created a constitutional monarchy.

    4. Insanely corrupt government that failed to solve any real


    problems.
    5. Made war hero Napoleon Bonaparte the ruler of France.

    d. France in 1799
    i. The term citizen applied to all social classes.
    ii. Elaborate fashions gave way to practical and simple clothing.
    iii. Nationalism rose throughout France.
    iv. State schools replaced religious ones.
    v. Systems were organized to help the poor, old soldiers, and widows.

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