Ch. 23 The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815 I. Revolution Threatens the French King A.

. Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution B. Throughout history, economic and social inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments. C. The Old Regime the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution, the system of feudalism left over from the Middle Ages 1. The Privileged Estates a. First Estate clergy 2% of income to government b. Second Estate rich nobles paid almost no taxes 2. The Third Estate (everyone else) a. Bourgeoisie merchants and artisans well educated, believed strongly in Enlightenment ideals b. Workers cooks, servants, etc. - low wages, often out of work c. Peasants paid half their income to nobles, tithes, and taxes D. The Forces of Change 1. Enlightenment Ideas a. questioned current structure of society inspired by American Revolution began to believe in equality, liberty, democracy 2. Economic Woes a. population growth, heavy taxation, bad weather causes widespread crop failure b. extravagant spending by Louis XVI borrowed to help American revolutionaries 3. A Weak Leader a. indecisive, paid little attention to government advisers b. married to Marie Antoinette (Madame Deficit) spent so much on luxury items c. Second Estate forced him to call meeting of the Estates-General an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. E. Revolution Dawns 1. The National Assembly (organized by Third Estate) a. insisted that each delegate have their own vote b. National Assembly a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people c. proclaimed the end of absolute monarchy and the beginning of representative government d. pledged the Tennis Court Oath a pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution. 2. Storming the Bastille a. Louis tried to make peace by yield to their demands; yet he stationed his mercenary army of Swiss guards in Paris b. people gathered to get weapons; a mob overwhelmed the king's soldiers, and took control of Bastille a great symbolic act of revolution F. A Great Fear Sweeps France a. rumors that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize peasants b. Great Fear a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789 c. men and women marched to Versailles, demanding Louis and Marie come to Paris

II. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror A. The revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power. B. Some governments that lack the support of a majority of their people still use terrorism to control their citizens. C. The Assembly Reforms France 1. The Rights of a Man a. Declaration of the Rights of a Man a statement of revolutionary ideals adopted by France's National Assembly in 1789 did not apply to women b. reflected Enlightenment ideals and of the Declaration of Independence c. men born free and equal in rights . . . aim of all political association is preservation of the natural . . . rights of man . . . rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression d. equal justice, freedom of speech, freedom of religion slogan: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity 2. A State-Controlled Church a. National Assembly took over church lands, church officials and priests to be elected by property owners and paid as state officials b. Catholic Church lost both its land and its independence c. alarmed devout peasants changes caused peasants to often oppose future revolutionary changes. 3. Louis Tries to Escape a. June 1791, tried to escape to Austrian Netherlands but was caught by postmaster b. increased the influence of his radical enemies D. Conflicting Goals Cause Divisions 1. A Limited Monarchy a. limited constitutional monarchy b. Legislative Assembly had power to create French law c. September 1791, National Assembly completed new constitution, Louis reluctantly approved handed power over to Legislative Assembly a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the Constitution of 1791 2. Factions Split France a. old problems such as food shortages and government debt remained; Revolution's leaders turned against one another b. Legislative Assembly split into three general groups c. Emigres people who leave their native country fro political reasons, like the nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French Revolution - hoped to restore Old Regime d. san-culottes in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages. E. War and Extreme Measures 1. War with Austria a. French radicals wanted to spread their revolution to all the peoples of

Europe b. Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792 c. Prussia later joined Asutria d. French forces were poorly equipped e. citizens brough the law into their own hands Parisians raided and killed over 1000 prisoners 2. Radicals Execute the King a. both men and women joined political clubs b. Jean Paul Marat prominent radical leader c. Louis the XVI beheaded by guillotine a machine used for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution 3. France's Citizen Army a. Great Britain, Holland, and Spain sided with Prussia and Austria b. demanded draft F. The Terror Grips France 1. Robespierre Assumes Control a. Maximilien Robespierre slowly gathered control b. Calendar changed to be more scientific divided a year into 12 months of 30 days c. became leader of Committee of Public Safety a committee established during the French Revolution to identify enemies of the republic d. governed nearly as a dictator Reign of Terror the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed. e. Marie Antoinette was a victim of the Terror f. enemies of the republic were fellow revolutionaries who challenged his leadership g. death sentences pronounced on many of the leaders who had first helped set up the republic, only crime was that they were less radical Georges Danton G. End of the Terror a. members of the National Convention turned on Robespierre b. conspirators demanded his arrest Robespierre went to the guillotine c. new plan of government by moderates placed power firmly in the hands of the upper middle class and called for two-house legislature, exec body of five men Directory five were moderates d. some enriched themselves at public expense, despite corruption, gave country a period of order e. found Napoleon Bonaparte as general to command France's armies

III. Napoleon Forges an Empire A. A military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte, seized power in France and made himself emperor. B. In times of political turmoil, military dictators often seize control of nations, as in Haiti in 1991. C. Napoleon Grasps the Power 1. Hero of the Hour a. Napoleon and his gunners successfully defended the delegates of the National Convention from rebel royalists with a cannonade. b. 1796, Directory appointed Napoleon to lead a French army against Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia Napoleon won a series of remarkable victories, crushing the Austrian troops' threat. c. Attempted to protect French trade interests and to Egypt naval forces defeated by British; managed to keep reports of his defeat out of the press. 2. Coup d'Etat a sudden seizure of political power in a nation. a. by 1799, the Directory had lost control of the political situation, and the confidence of the French people; only directors' control of the army kept them in power. b. Napoleon urged by Abbe Sieyes to seize political power. c. Napoleon met with influential persons, his wife Josephine used her connections to influence the directors with their decisions. d. One chamber of members of national legislation were driven out; legislature voted to dissolve Directory, replaced by three consuls one was Napoleon. e. France was still at war, British diplomats assembled Second Coalition of anti-french powers Britain, Austria, and Russia. f. As a result of war and diplomacy, all three nations signed peace agreements with France. D. Napoleon Rules France a. pretended to be the constitutionally chosen leader. b. plebiscite held to approve a new constitution a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal c. people voted in favor, and gave power to Napoleon as first consul 1. Restoring Order at Home a. kept many of the changes of Revolution supported laws that strengthened the central government and achieved goals of the Revolution, such as a stable economy and more equality in taxation. b. set up efficient tax-collection system and est. a national bank. c. dismissed corrupt officials, set up lycees government-run public school in France. - included children of ordinary citizens as well as wealthy appointed according to merit. d. Napoleon signed a concordat (- a formal agreement especially one between the pope and a government, dealing with the control of church affairs) with Pope Pius VII, new relationship between church and state rejected church control in national affairs. f. Government would appoint bishops, bishops appointed parish priests. g. believed his greatest work to be the Napoleonic Code a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon promoted order and authority over individual rights took

away some rights from women that they gained during the Revolution h. freedom of speech and of the press restricted slavery restored 2. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor a. 1804, decided to make himself emperor, French voters supported him b. December 2, 1804 took the crown from the pope and placed it on his own head. E. Napoleon Creates an Empire 1. New World Territories a. ideas of revolution reached planters in Saint Domingue demanded National Assembly give them the same privileges as people of France. Slaves demanded freedom b. Civil war erupted under leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture. c. 1801, Napoleon decided to recapture the island to restore its sugar industry d. Sold Louisiana Territory to the U.S for $15 million 2. Conquering Europe a. annexed the Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy to France, set up puppet government in Switzerland. b. Britain persuaded Russia, Austria, and Sweden to join in a third coalition against France. c. Crushed the opposition, other countries signed peace treaties 3. The Battle of Trafalgar a. Napoleon only lost the Battle of Trafalgar an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by the British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson. b. This defeat was more important all the other victories on land. c. Horatio Nelson outmaneuvered the larger French-Spanish fleet 4. The French Empire a. by 1812, only major European countries free from Napoleon were Britain, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Sweden. b. controlled Spain, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and a number of German kingdoms in central Europe. c. Russia, and Prussia, and Austria loosely attached through alliances d. easily manipulated through threats of military action

IV. Napoleon's Empire Collapses A. Napoleon's conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall. B. In the 1990s, nationalistic feelings contributed to the breakup of nations such as Yugoslavia. C. Napoleon's Three Costly Mistakes 1. The Continental System a. November 1806, signed a decree for a blockade (the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region) to prevent trade + communication b/t Great Britain and other European nations. b. Policy called the Continental System Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy c. Blockade not tight enough, smugglers brought cargo from Britain to Europe d. Napoleon's allies disregarded his policy, even his brother Louis, king of Holland e. Weakened trade, but did not destroy it. f. Britain responded with own blockade; ships forced to sail to British port to be searched and taxed more successful cuz they had better navy. g. American ships stopped, caused War of 1812 ended in draw h. hurt economy of Napoleon's land more than Britain. 2. The Peninsular War a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleon's French troops out of Spain a. Portugal ignored Continental System, sent an army through Spain to invade Portugal b. when Spanish towns protested, Spanish king deposed, brother Joseph put on the throne c. enflamed Spanish nationalistic feelings d. guerrillas (a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country) struck French armies in Spain 3. The Invasion of Russia a. Alexander I was Napoleon's ally, but refused to stop selling grain to Britain suspected each other of having competing designs on Poland b. June 1812 marched in to invade Russia man of his troops not French, felt little loyalty to Napoleon c. Alexander pulled back his troops, practiced scorched-earth policy the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land d. Finally clashed at Battle of Borodino Napoleon narrowly won when Russians retreated took Moscow e. Alexander set fire the Moscow Napoleon stayed, expecting peace offer none came f. Russian raiders attacked Napoleon's ragged retreating army D. Napoleon's Downfall a. Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden joined forces to form a Fourth Coalition + Austria Napoleon hoped his marriage to Marie Louise would keep Austria 1. The Coalition Defeats Napoleon a. faced enemies outside Leipzig (German) in October 1813 army consisted of inexperience soldiers b. March 1814, Russian czar and Prussian king led troops in triumphant parade through French capital Napoleon's generals refused to keep fighting c. surrendered in April 1814, gave up throne allowed small pension, banished to Elba, tiny island off Italian coast

2. A Comeback Fails a. Bourbon king arrived to rule France Louis XVIII became unpopular among subjects suspected him of wanting to undo reforms of the Revolution b. Napoleon escaped from Elba, urged French to rally to him citizens welcomed him back ranks of army filled with volunteers c. Napoleon became emperor again in a few days d. European allies marshaled armies British army led by Duke of Wellington prepared for battle near village of Waterloo in Belgium e. Napoleon attacked on June 18, 1815 f. Prussian army later arrived, drove Napoleon's troops away g. ended Hundred Days the brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French king and again becoming emperor of France h. Napoleon shipped to St. Helena, remote island in South Atlantic

V. The Congress of Vienna Convenes A. After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna tried to restore order and reestablish peace. B. International bodies such as the United Nations play an active role in trying to maintain world peace and stability today. C. Metternich Restores Stability a. foreign minister of Austria Prince Klemens von Metternich b. distrusted democratic ideals of French Revolution c. had three goals at Congress of Vienna ci. wanted to prevent future French aggression by surrounding French with strong countries cii. wanted to restore a balance of power (a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others) ciii. wanted to restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleon's conquests 1. The Containment of France a. Austrian Netherlands + Dutch Republic = Kingdom of Netherlands b. 39 German states = German Confederation ruled by Austria c. Switzerland recognized independent d. Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy + Genoa = strengthened 2. Balance of Power a. afraid if they severely punished Europe, might encourage French to take revenge b. if they broke France, another country might threaten all c. France kept some overseas possessions, army, and independent gov. 3. Legitimacy the hereditary right of a monarch to rule a. rules who Napoleon had driven from the throne would return b. believed return would stabilize political relations among nations c. Congress of Vienna did not sow seed for future wars d. Peace lasted until 1853, Crimean War e. Countries came to one another's aid D. Political Changes Beyond Vienna 1. Conservative Europe a. Holy Alliance a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna b. Concert of Europe a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions c. nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out d. conservatives held firm control of gov. e. Liberals wanted the king to share more power with the Chamber of Deputies to grant middle class the right to vote 2. Revolution in Latin America a. in colonies, royalist peninsulares wanted to restore their power and control b. liberal Creoles saw chance to retain and expand powers c. revolts broke out in Spanish America d. Mexicans rose in revolt and successfully threw off Spain control 3. Long-Term Legacy a. ideas of basis of power and authority had changed permanently as a result of the French Revolution principles of democracy seen as best way