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    Phase Transformations

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    abhinav
    This document discusses phase transformations in materials. It covers various topics such as nucleation and growth rates during phase transformations and how they depend on temperature. Time-temperature-transformation diagrams are introduced to show the different phases that form during heating and cooling processes. Specific examples discussed include the solidification of metals, phase transformations in steel including austenite transforming to pearlite or bainite, and austenite rapidly transforming to martensite during quenching. Martensite is discussed in more detail, including its body-centered tetragonal crystal structure and how it forms from austenite due to a rapid expansion and contraction along different crystal axes.

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    Phase Transformations

    Uploaded by

    abhinav
    24 views20 pages
    This document discusses phase transformations in materials. It covers various topics such as nucleation and growth rates during phase transformations and how they depend on temperature. Time-temperature-transformation diagrams are introduced to show the different phases that form during heating and cooling processes. Specific examples discussed include the solidification of metals, phase transformations in steel including austenite transforming to pearlite or bainite, and austenite rapidly transforming to martensite during quenching. Martensite is discussed in more detail, including its body-centered tetragonal crystal structure and how it forms from austenite due to a rapid expansion and contraction along different crystal axes.

    Original Description:

    a question sheet on linear algebra and ode

    Original Title

    Lecture 40

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    This document discusses phase transformations in materials. It covers various topics such as nucleation and growth rates during phase transformations and how they depend on temperature. Time-temperature-transformation diagrams are introduced to show the different phases that form during heating and cooling processes. Specific examples discussed include the solidification of metals, phase transformations in steel including austenite transforming to pearlite or bainite, and austenite rapidly transforming to martensite during quenching. Martensite is discussed in more detail, including its body-centered tetragonal crystal structure and how it forms from austenite due to a rapid expansion and contraction along different crystal axes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views20 pages

    Phase Transformations

    Uploaded by

    abhinav
    This document discusses phase transformations in materials. It covers various topics such as nucleation and growth rates during phase transformations and how they depend on temperature. Time-temperature-transformation diagrams are introduced to show the different phases that form during heating and cooling processes. Specific examples discussed include the solidification of metals, phase transformations in steel including austenite transforming to pearlite or bainite, and austenite rapidly transforming to martensite during quenching. Martensite is discussed in more detail, including its body-centered tetragonal crystal structure and how it forms from austenite due to a rapid expansion and contraction along different crystal axes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    Lecture 40

    Phase
    transformations

    Summary
    Nucleation: Homogenous nucleation and
    heterogeneous nucleation
    Growth

    Nucleation rate and growth rate


    Temperature dependence of nucleation and
    growth rates

    Overall transformation kinetics

    Time temperature
    Transformation (TTT) diagram

    X
    1

    Nose of C curve
    Bypassing the nose means
    suppression of
    transformation: critical
    cooling rate
    T

    ts

    tf

    log t

    T
    Tm

    Stable liquid

    crystal
    Under
    Cooled liquid
    dX/dt

    log t

    TTT Diagram for liquid-to-solid transformation


    T
    U
    T
    Tm
    I

    Stable liquid
    Under
    Cooled liquid
    Fine grained
    crystals

    Coarse
    grained
    crystals

    glass
    log t

    APPLICATIONS

    Solidification and crystallization

    Phase Transformations in Steel


    Precipitation
    Recovery recrystallization & grain growth

    Fe-Cementite diagram
    Peritectic
    L+

    Eutectic
    L + Fe3C
    L
    1493C

    L+

    0.1 %C

    1147C

    2.06

    Eutectoid
    + Fe3C
    Pearlite

    + Fe3C

    0.025 %C

    + Fe3C

    723C

    Fe

    0.16 0.8

    4.3

    %C

    Fe3C
    6.7

    TTT diagram for eutectoid steel (0.8% C)

    Stable austenite

    550

    unstable
    austenite

    725

    TTT diagram for eutectoid steel


    T
    U

    Stable austenite

    coarse
    pearlite
    I

    fine pearlite

    unstable
    austenite

    Mechanism of Austenite-> Pearlite


    Pearlite

    transformation

    + Fe3C

    Nucleation and growth


    Heterogeneous nucleation at grain boundaries
    Interlamellar spacing is a function of the temperature of
    transformation
    Lower temperature finer spacing higher hardness/strength

    Coarse pearlite vs. fine pearlite:


    Interlamellar spacing

    Callister

    Coarse pearlite
    Fine pearlite

    Annealing
    Normalizing

    Furnace cooling
    Air cooling

    Austenite to Bainite
    Transformation
    (Portion below the nose of C curve)

    Bainite
    Coarse Pearlite
    Fine Pearlite

    Short needles of Fe3C embedded in


    plates of ferrite
    C diffuses only to short distances

    Bainite

    Austempering

    QUENCHING

    TTT diagram for eutectoid steel


    Stable austenite


    '
    rapid cooling

    : martensite (M)
    Extremely rapid, no C-curves

    Ms : Martensite start
    temperature
    Mf : Martensite finish
    temperature

    Ms

    unstable
    austenite
    A+M

    Mf
    M

    Optical micrograph:
    Illustrating shape of
    Martensite

    Courtesy: H. Bhadhesia

    ( FCC )

    Quench

    ( BCC )

    20% contraction of c-axis


    12% expansion of a-axis

    Martensite

    ( FCC )
    0.8 %C

    Quench

    ' ( BCT )
    0.8 %C

    Possible positions of
    Carbon atoms
    Only a fraction of
    the sites occupied

    FCC
    Austenite

    C along the c-axis


    obstructs the contraction

    20% contraction of c-axis


    12% expansion of a-axis

    Tetragonal
    Martensite

    Austenite to Martensite 4.3 % volume increase

    In Pure Fe after
    the Matensitic transformation
    c=a

    Martensitic transformation (contd.)

    BCT unit cell of (austenite)

    c
    2 1.414
    a
    BCT unit cell of (martensite)

    c
    1.00 1.08
    a

    Expand ~
    12%
    Contract ~
    20%
    Fig. 9.12

    0% C (BCC)

    1.2 % C

    Why martensite in steels known as hard/brittle


    Solubility of C in austenite is more than in ferrite.
    C atoms in ferrite causes asymmetric distortion and
    therefore huge hardening
    Imagine if you rapidly cool austenite to form
    martensite: trap all the C in ferrite: huge stress
    and will have high hardness
    This hard and brittle matensite is of little
    commercial importance, so what to do???

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