Prof. Zongjin Li Department of Civil Engineering: CIVL 111 Construction Materials

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CIVL 111 Construction Materials

Prof. Zongjin Li
Department of Civil Engineering

5.5.1 Fatigue strength of concrete


For

concrete, there are two types of


fatigue strength
Static fatigue and cyclic fatigue
Static fatigue reflects the influence of
slow loading rate

5.5. Static fatigue


It has been observed from strength tests that the
loading carrying capability is a function of loading
rate.
Load carrying capacity decreases with loading rate
decreases
The load carrying capacity reaches a constant value
when loading rate low enough
This value coincides with unstable creep threshold
(75-80% of short term strength)

Static fatigue (2)

5.5 Cyclic fatigue


Material Strength is Reduced with the Number of
Loading Cycles - Concept of the S-N Curve
Normalized
Strength
1.0

Fatigue Threshold
Number of Cycles

5.5 Cyclic fatigue


Stress range, , is the difference between the
max. and the min. values
Mean stress, m, is the average of the max. and
min. values
Stress amplitude, a, is half of the stress range
Completely reversed stressing mean stress equal
to zero with constant amplitude

Normalized amplitude-mean diagram

Cyclic fatigue

Goodman Law (Empirical equation)

a m
+
=1
ar u
Modified form

a = ar 1
u
1
= ( max min )
2

Cyclic fatigue
Fatigue strength of plain concrete in tension,
compression, or flexure

Cyclic fatigue
Beam with its own weight

Simple support

Beam with live load

10

5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and modulus of


elasticity
A set-up for compression test

11

5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and modulus of


elasticity
Load

cell
Strain gauge
Extensometer
Linear Variable Differential Transformer
(LVDT)

12

5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and modulus of


elasticity
Typical load versus axial displacement and load versus
circumferential Displacement curves for three classes for concrete

13

5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and modulus of


elasticity
Stress strain relationship

14

5.5.2 Tension Test (1)


Uniaxial

tension test:
More difficult to obtain a complete stressdeformation curve.
Conventional methods:
Load-sharing system
Notched specimen method

15

5.5.2 Tension Test (2)


Tension Test with a Load Shearing System

16

5.5.2.2 Tension Test (3)


Uniaxial Tension Test with Notched Specimen

17

Load cell
Machine wedge grip
Loading fixture
Aluminum
loading plate
LVDT{1

LVDT{3

LVDT{2

LVDT{4

Aluminum
loading plate
Loading fixture
Machine wedge grip
Machine actuator

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Uniaxial tension test


0.08

0.06

LVDT-1

0.04

0.02
LVDT-2
I

0.00

II

LVDT-4

III

I: Stroke control
II: LVDT 2, 4 or 1 control
III: LVDT 1 control

LVDT-3

-0.02
0

2000

4000

6000

Time (second)

8000
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Steel fiber
(0.5% in volume)

Polypropylene fiber
(0.5% in volume)

Plain concrete
0
0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

Displacement (mm)

0.08

0.10
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5.5.2 Direct measurement of modulus of


elasticity

The Youngs modulus can be measured directly from the


stress-strain curve
Load
30S
P

30S

P0
T
Loading/Time Diagram

Loading process for measuring the


modulus of concrete

21

5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of


elasticity
a.
b.
c.

Parallel model (or Isostrain


model)
Series model (Isonstress model)
Square-in-square model

22

5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of


elasticity
a.

Parallel model (or Isostrain model)

cement paste
aggregate

Cement paste
loaded in
parallel with
aggregate
Concentrate
aggregate in central
part of cylinder
23

5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of


elasticity

Assumptions
Strain is same in matrix and in aggregate

Sum of Pm and Pa equals total load


Pc = Pm + Pa

24

5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of


elasticity
From Pc = Pa + Pm
Get

Since

(rule of mixture)
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5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of


elasticity
b.

Series model (Isostress model)

Cement paste loaded


in tranverse direction
with aggregate

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5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of


elasticity

Assumptions:
Force in matrix and aggregate is same

Pc = Pm = Pa

Deformation change of the concrete equals


the sum of the deformation changes in matrix
and in aggregate

lc = lm + la
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5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of


elasticity

From

l c = l a + l m
get

la la lm lm
lc
=
+
lc
lc la
lc lm

c = aVa + mVm
Since c = c and

Ec

c =a =m

V
V
1
= a + m
Ec
Ea
Em
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5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of


elasticity
c.

Square-in-square model
In this kind of model, the representative volume in concrete is
Idealized as a square.
Cement

Aggregate

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5.5.2 Theoretical prediction of modulus of


elasticity

Va
1 1 Va
=
+
Ec
Ep
Ea Va + E p (1 Va )

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5.5.3 Dimension stability


Shrinkage and creep

Dimensional stability
The capability of concrete to keep its
size and shape in original form in a
long term
Drying shrinkage
Creep
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5.5.3 Shrinkages
a.
b.

c.

Plastic shrinkage
Autogenous shrinkage self desiccation; mainly for
low W/C ratio and high SF concrete
Drying shrinkage or shrinkage (Normal W/C ratio
concrete)
-- Excessive water migration.
Humidity < 90%
Shrinkage
Submerge in water
Swell

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Drying shrinkage
Distribution of Disjoining Pressure

Water vapor +air


Adsorbed water layer

33

Shrinkage measurement

34

5.5.3 Effects of shrinkage (1)


a.

Shrinkage strain: shrinkage strain, sh , is time


dependent. Approximately 90% of the ultimate
shrinkage occurs during the first year.

sh

l sh
=
lo

For plain concrete members ranges 0.0004 to


0.0007 for standard conditions.
For reinforced concrete members, the shrinkage
strain values is between 0.0002 and 0.0003.
(Reinforcement can reduce shrinkage)

35

5.5.3 Effects of shrinkage (2)


b.

Self balance stress

36

5.5.3 Effects of shrinkage (3)


c.

Shrinkage crack

37

5.5.3 Shrinkage control


a.

b.
c.
d.

Use expansive concrete (shrinkagecompensating concrete)


Use reinforcement
Use fibers
Use shrinkage reducer (admixture)

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5.5.3.2 Creep
5.3.2.1
5.3.2.2
5.3.2.3
5.3.2.4

Introduction
Influence of creep on structures
Stress Influence on creep
Models to describe the creep strain process

39

5.3.2.1 Introduction (1)


Creep
A time-dependent deformation under a constant load.
Course
The movement and migration of absorbed water
inside gel under load.
Type
Basic creep creep occurred under 100% RH
Drying creep additional creep occurred when
relative humidity (RH) < 100%

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5.3.2.1 Introduction (2)

t = Stress variation with time

t = Stress variation with time

t
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5.3.2.2 Influence of creep on structures (1)

a.

Influences:
To reinforced concrete (R.C.) and prestressed concrete
(P.C.)
Long-term deflection of a R.C. beam can be 2-3 times larger
than the initial deflection

Final deflection F

Initial deflection I

F / I = 2 3
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5.3.2.2 Influence of creep on structures (2)


b.

Stress loss in prestressed concrete which can lead to


increased cracking and larger deflection under
service load.
F

F
Archorage

Archorage

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5.3.2.2 Influence of creep on structures (3)


c.

In a R.C. column, creep can cause the initial stress


in the steel to double or triple with time because
steel is non-creeping and thus take over the force
reduced in concrete due to creep.
l RC = lC = l S

Reinforcing steel

44

5.3.2.3 Stress influence on creep

Linear creep
Nonlinear creep
Unstable creep

Stress < 50% of strength


Stress > 50% strength
Stress > 75-80% strength

Creep

0.5

0.75

45

Creep test set up

46

Creep measurement

47

5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain


process (1)
a.

Maxwell model

Spring + Dashpot in series

E (t )

(t )
T

(t )

(t )

48

5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain


process (2)
a.

Maxwell model
Equilibrium

Compatibility

E (t ) = (t ) = (t )

(t ) = E (t ) + (t )

Constitutive relationship

Differentiating and combining


Initial condition

t=0
( 0) =

( 0)
E
49

5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain


process (3)
0

0t
(t ) =
+
E

Plot

(t )

t
50

5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain


process (4)
b.

Kelvin Model

Spring + Dashpot in parallel

E (t )

(t )

(t )

51

5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain


process (5)
b.

Kelvin model
Equilibrium

Compatibility
Constitutive relationship

By substitution (3) into (1)

(t ) = E (t ) + (t )

(1)

(t ) = E (t ) = (t )

(2)

E (t ) = E E (t )
.

(t ) = (t )
.

(t) = E(t) +(t)

(t ) +

(3)

(t ) = 0

one special solution


52

5.3.2.4 Models to describe creep strain


process (6)
Solving with initial condition

(t ) =

( 0) = 0

t =0

1 e
E

E
t

(t )

t
53

Modeling

of creep

Burgers body
E1

1
2

Instantaneous
Response

Steady
State Creep

T ra n s ie n t
R esponse

Transient
Response

S te a d y S ta te
C re ep

In s t a n t a n e o u s
Response

t
54

5.3.3 Other important factors affecting


shrinkage and creep
1 W/C ratio
2 Aggregate stiffness (elastic modulus)
3 Aggregate fraction
4
Theoretical thickness
5
Humidity
6
Age at the loading

55

5.3.3.1 W/C ratio


The

higher the w/c ratio, the higher the


shrinkage and creep.
- water migration is main course of
shrinkage and creep

56

5.3.3.2 Aggregate stiffness (elastic modulus)


The

stiffness the aggregate: The stiffer the


aggregate, the smaller the shrinkage and creep.
Aggregate

Cement paste

57

5.3.3.3 Aggregate fraction


A

higher aggregate fraction leads to a small


shrinkage and creep
- Aggregate has no shrinkage and creep
- Cement paste has shrinkage and creep

58

5.3.3.4 Theoretical thickness

The theoretical thickness is defined as the ratio of


section area to the semi perimeter in contact with the
atmosphere. The higher the theoretical thickness the
smaller the creep and shrinkage.
t TH =

A cross area
P perimeter
A

2A
P

perimeter

59

5.3.3.5 Humidity
The

higher the R.H., the lower the


shrinkage and creep. This is because an
increase in the atmospheric humidity is
expected to slow down the relative rate of
moisture flow from the interior to the
outer surface of concrete.

60

5.3.3.5 Age at loading


The later the load is applied, the smaller the creep
Two reasons:
i) More stiffer when age is older
ii) Less vaporable water remained in concrete
at an older age

61

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