Serviceability

Introduction
Ultimate Limit States Lead to collapse
Serviceability Limit States Disrupt use of Structures
but do not cause collapse
Recall:
I ntroduction
Types of Serviceability Limit States
- Excessive crack width
- Excessive deflection
- Undesirable vibrations
- Fatigue (ULS)
Crack Width Control
Cracks are caused by tensile stresses due to loads moments,
shears, etc..
Crack Width Control
Cracks are caused by tensile stresses due to loads moments,
shears, etc..
Crack Width Control
Heat of hydration cracking
Crack Width Control
Bar crack development.
Crack Width Control
Appearance (smooth surface > 0.25 to 0.33mm
= public concern)
Leakage (Liquid-retaining structures)
Corrosion (cracks can speed up occurrence of
corrosion)
Reasons for crack width control?
Crack Width Control
Chlorides ( other corrosive substances) present
Relative Humidity > 60 %
High Ambient Temperatures (accelerates
chemical reactions)
Wetting and drying cycles
Stray electrical currents occur in the bars.
Corrosion more apt to occur if (steel oxidizes rust )
Limits on Crack
Width
0.40 mm for interior exposure
0.33 mm for exterior exposure
max.. crack width =
ACI Codes Basis Prior to 1999
Now ACI handles crack width
indirectly by limiting the bar spacings and bar cover for beams and
one way slabs ACI 10.6.4.
Bar spacings must also satisfy ACI 7.6.5 (3t or 450mm)
Example 1 (9-4)
A 20cm thick slab has 12mm diameter bars. The
bars have 420MPa yield stress and a minimum
clear cover of 20mm. Compute the maximum
value of s.
Other important issues for crack control
1. Negative moment regions of T-beams.
2. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement: is intended to
replace the tensile stresses in the concrete
at the time of cracking, using the following
simplified analysis:
For grade 60 steel and 28MPa concrete,
Steel ratio is between 0.004 and 0.005.
This limit is about three times that specified by ACI code
7.12.2.1 which is based on empirical results.


s y g t
s t
g y
A f A f
A f
A f

=
= =
3. Web face reinforcement:

Deflection Control
Visual Appearance

( 7.5m. span 30mm )
Damage to Non-structural Elements
- cracking of partitions
- malfunction of doors /windows
(1.)
(2.)
Reasons to Limit Deflection (Table 9-3)
visible generally are *
250
1
l > o

Deflection Control
Disruption of function
- sensitive machinery, equipment
- ponding of rain water on roofs
Damage to Structural Elements
- large os than serviceability problem
- (contact w/ other members modify
load paths)
(3.)
(4.)
Allowable
Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(a) = min.
thickness unless os are
computed

Allowable Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(b) = max. permissible
computed deflection
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
The maximum moments for distributed load acting
on an indeterminate beam are given.
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
2
wl
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
2
wl
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
24
2
wl
M
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
A- Ends of Beam Crack
B - Cracking at midspan
C - Instantaneous deflection
under service load
C - long time deflection under
service load
D and E - yielding of
reinforcement @ ends &
midspan

Note: Stiffness (slope) decreases as cracking progresses
Moment Vs curvature plot
EI
M
EI
M
= = =
|
| slope
Moment Vs Slope Plot
The cracked beam starts to lose strength as the amount
of cracking increases






To avoid complexity in calculations, an overall
average effective moment of inertia
Moment of I nertia for Deflection Calculation
For (intermediate values of EI)
g e cr
I I I s s
Branson
derived
cr
3
a
cr
g
3
a
cr
e
* 1 * I
M
M
I
M
M
I
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Cracking Moment =
Gross moment of inertia of rc cross-section
Modulus of rupture =
t
g r
y
I f
c
0.62 f
M
cr
=
I
g
=
f
r
=
If M
a
/ M
cr
> 3, the cracking will be extensive, I
e
= I
cr

If M
a
/ M
cr
< 1, no cracking is likely and I
e
=I
g

Moment of Inertia
for Deflection
Calculation
Distance from centroid to extreme tension fiber
maximum moment in member at loading stage for
which I
e
( o ) is being computed or at any previous
loading stage

y
t
=
M
a
=
( )
3 3
cr cr
e g cr
a a
3
cr
e cr g cr
a
* 1 * , or
, .9.8
M M
I I I
M M
M
I I I I Eq
M
(
| | | |
( = +
| |
(
\ . \ .

| |
= +
|
\ .
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
( ) ( )
( )

+ + =
e2 1 e mid e avg e
15 . 0 70 . 0
: continous ends 2
I I I I
( ) ( )
( )
e continuous
e avg e mid
1 end continous:
0.85 0.15 I I I

= +

( )
e ei e
e mid
@ midspan, @ end i I I I I = =
ACI Com. 435
Weight Average
ACI code
Definition of I
g
ACI code: I
g
is the moment of inertia of the gross concrete section
neglecting area of tension steel.
I
g
might be more accurate if it includes the transformed area of the
reinforcement.
I
g
is the moment of inertia of the uncracked transformed section. The
transformed section consists of the concrete area plus the transformed
steel area(=the actual steel area times the modular ratio n = E
s
/ E
c
:
E
s
= 200GPa , E
c
=4700\f
c
).
Definition of I
Once a beam has been cracked by a large moment, it can never
return to its original uncracked state; therefore, the effective
moment of inertia I
e
that should be used in deflection
computations must always be equal to the effective moment of
inertia associated with the maximum past moment to which the
beam has been subjected. Often this moment is impossible to
determine for most beams.


Uncracked Transformed Section
Part (n) =E
j
/E
i
Area n*Area y
i
y
i
*(n)A
Concrete 1 b
w
*h b
w
*h 0.5*h 0.5*b
w
*h*h
A
s
n A
s
(n-1)A
s
d (n-1)*A
s
*d
A
s
n A
s
(n-1)A
s
d (n-1)*A
s
*d

A n*

i
i
A n y

* *

=
*
i i
*
i i i
*
A n
A n y
y
Note: (n-1) is to remove area
of concrete
Cracked Transformed Section

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

s
s
i
i i 2
nA y b
d nA
y
y b
A
A y
y
Finding the centroid of singly Reinforced Rectangular
Section
0
2 2
0
2
2
s s
2
s s
2
s s
2
= +
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
b
d nA
y
b
nA
y
d nA y nA y
b
d nA
y
y b y nA y b
Solve for the quadratic for y
Cracked Transformed Section
0
2 2
s s
2
= +
b
d nA
y
b
nA
y
Note:
c
s
E
E
n =
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section
( )
2
s
3
cr
3
1
y d nA y b I + =
Cracked Transformed Section
( ) ( )
0
2 1 2 2 1 2
s s s s
2
=
+
'

+
'

+
b
d nA A n
y
b
nA A n
y
Note:
c
s
E
E
n =
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section
( ) ( ) ( )
2
s
2
s
3
cr
1
3
1
y d nA d y A n y b I +
'

'
+ =
Uncracked Transformed Section
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


steel
2
s
2
s
concrete
2
3
gt
1 1
2 12
1
d y A n d y A n
h
y bh bh I
+
'

'
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Note:
3
g
12
1
bh I =
Moment of inertia (uncracked doubly reinforced beam)
Example 2 (9-1)





For the shown beam of 28MPa concrete, Find:
1. Moment of inertia of uncracked section.
2. Moment of inertia of cracked section.

Example 3
(9-2)




For the shown beam of 31.5MPa concrete, Find steel stress at
service loads if the service live-load moment is 70kN.m and
the service dead load moment is 96kN.m

Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the centroid of doubly reinforced T-Section
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
2 1 2

2 1 2 2
w
s s
2
w e
w
s s w e
2
=
+
'
+

+
'
+
+
b
d nA A n t b b
y
b
nA A n b b t
y
Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the moment of inertia for
a doubly reinforced T-Section
( )
( ) ( ) ( )



steel
2
s
2
s
beam
3
w
flange
2
e
3
e cr
1
3
1
2 12
1
y d nA d y A n
t y b
t
y t b y b I
+
'

'
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Calculate the Deflections
(1) Instantaneous (immediate) deflections
(2) Sustained load deflection
Instantaneous Deflections
due to dead loads( unfactored) , live, etc.
Calculate the
Deflections
Instantaneous
Deflections
Equations for
calculating A
inst
for
common cases
Sustained Load Deflections
Creep causes an increase
in concrete strain
Curvature
increases

Compression steel
present
Increase in compressive
strains cause increase in
stress in compression
reinforcement (reduces
creep strain in concrete)
Helps limit this
effect.
Sustained Load Deflections
Sustained load deflection = A
i

Instantaneous deflection

'
+
=
50 1
ACI 9.5.2.5
bd
A
s
'
=
'

at midspan for simple and continuous beams

at support for cantilever beams
Sustained Load Deflections
= time dependent factor for sustained load
5 years or more
12 months
6 months
3 months
1.4
1.2
1.0
2.0
Also see Figure
9.5.2.5 from
ACI code
The total long time deflection
where

L
= immediate live load deflection

D
= immediate dead load deflection

SL
= sustained live load deflection (a percentage of the immediate

L
determined by expected duration of sustained load)

= time dependant multiplier for infinite duration of sustained

load

t
= time dependant multiplier for limited load duration
To calculate
L
(or
SL
) due to the live loads, the following procedure
has been found to be generally satisfactory:

LT L D t SL
= + +
o o o o

Calculation of long time deflection

1. Calculate the deflection
D+L
due to dead and live loads acting
simultaneously. For this calculation I
e
is found using Eq. 9.8 and
the moment M
a
is the one produced when both dead and live
loads are acting simultaneously.
2. Calculate the deflection
D
due to the dead load acting alone. For
this calculation I
e
is found using Eq. 9.8 and the moment M
a
is
the one produced when the dead load acts alone.
3. Subtract the deflection
D
from the deflection
D+L
to obtain the
desired deflection
L
.
If the long time deflections exceeds the value permitted, the
designer may either increase the depth of members, or add
additional compression steel. If the sag produced by the long time
deflections is objectionable from an architectural or functional point
of view, forms may be raised (cambered) a distance equal to that of
the anticipated deflection.
Example
4 (9-5)
The T-beam shown in Fig. is made of 28MPa concrete and
supports unfactored dead and live loads of 13kN/m and
18kN/m. Compute the immediate midspan deflection. Assume
that the construction loads did not exceed the dead load.


Example 5 (9-5)
If the beam in the previous example is assumed to support
partitions that would be damaged by excessive deflections. If 25%
of the live load is sustained. The partitions are installed at least 3
months after the shoring is removed. Will the computed
deflections exceed the allowable in the end span?
Problem 1 (9-8 + 9-9)
9-8 A simply supported beam with the cross section shown in Figure
next page has a span of 7.5m and supports an unfactored dead load
of 22.5kN/m, including its own self-weight plus an unfactored live
load of 22.5kN/m. The concrete strength is 31.5MPa. Compute
1. the immediate dead load deflection.
2. the immediate dead-plus-live load deflection
3. the deflection occurring after partitions are installed. Assume
that the partitions are installed two months after shoring for the
beam is removed and assume that 20 percent of the live load is
sustained.
9-9 Repeat Problem 9-8 for a beam having the same dimensions and
tension reinforcement, but with two No. 25mm bars as compression
reinforcement.



Problem 9-10
The beam shown in Figure next page is made of 28MPa
concrete and supports unfactored dead and live loads of
15kN/m and 17kN/m respectively. Compute
(a) the immediate dead-load deflection.
(b) the immediate dead-plus-live load deflection.
(c) the deflection occurring after partitions are installed.
Assume that the partitions are installed four months after
the shoring is removed and assumed that 10 percent of the
live load is sustained.




Problem 9.10