International Journal of Zoology

and Research (IJZR)

ISSN(P): 2278-8816; ISSN(E): 2278-8824
Vol. 5, Issue 2, Jun 2015, 1-8
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

DIVERSITY OF SPIDERS AROUND SIRPUR LAKE, INDORE (M. P.), INDIA

PRIYA SHARMA & V. K. SHARMA
Department of Zoology, Government Holkar Science College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
This study describes the diversity of spiders around Sirpur lake (220 41 52N 750 4845 E) located in the
outskirt of about 6-8 km away from Indore city. This survey was carried out during 2013 to 2014 using three sampling
techniques (Active visual searching, Sweep netting, Vegetation beating). A total of 58 species of spiders belonging to 38
genera under 17 families viz., Araneidae, Clubionidae, Erisidae, Gnaphosidae, Hersillidae, Lycosidae, Mitrogidae,
Oxyopidae, Pisuridae,Philodromidae, Salticidae, Scytodidae, Sparssidae, Therididae, Thomisidae, Tetraganthidae,
Uloboridae, were recorded. Among these families most dominated family was Araneidae. This Family represented by 8
genera and 23 species. The second largest family was Salticidae, represented by 10 genera & 13 species. Abundance of
Araneidae may be due to greater availability of prey due to better humidity and occurrence of high number of Salticidae is
because it is cosmopolitan present everywhere in abundance. The survey result shows that the study area is rich in spider
diversity.

KEYWORDS: Araneid, Spider, Diversity, Jumping Spider, Orb Weaver, Indore

INTRODUCTION
Spiders belong to the order Araneae of class Arachnida. Fossil records of spiders dates back to the Devonian
period some 380 million years ago (Shear et al., 1989). Spiders are among the most diverse group and are currently ranked
seventh in the global diversity after the five largest orders Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera
(Coddington and Levi, 1991). Spiders find their distribution in almost all conceivable habitats including caves,
snow-covered tundra, high mountains and intertidal zones in all continents, except Antarctica (Foelix, 1996; Joque, R. and
Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006). The diversity of spider is very high everywhere. There are about 43,678 described species
throughout the world. As many as 1521 species are reported from India,out of total of species reported from world, which
is very less. Shedding light on to these lesser known groups is important because all of the larger groups, including
ourselves, depend on these smaller organism for some part of their daily natural history.
Spiders play a very important role, being a dominant predator of insects, pests and other organisms; they are
helpful in maintaining the dynamic interaction of the ecological units in a micro level food web and can serve as an
essential element in Integrated Pest Management processes and helpful in reducing the ill effects of overdoses of pesticides
and other insecticides. Spiders being ecologically important, they are economically beneficial too. Spider secretions like
silk and venom are now very important industrial inputs especially in pharmaceutical industries. Therefore in order to
protect spider populations we have to work for their conservation, and mneaningful conservation cannot take place if the
species involved are not known. Hence a faunistic survey was planned to document the spider diversity from Sirpur lake
Indore city.

www.tjprc.org

[email protected]

Priya Sharma & V. K. Sharma

The spiders of many families were practically unknown from Madhya Pradesh before Tikadar (1980, 1982) and
Tikadar and Malohtra (1980) who described some species of the families Thomisidae, Philodromidae, Lycosidae
Araneidae and Gnaphosidae from Madhya Pradesh in fauna of India. Araneae volume 1 and 2 Tikadar and Gajbe (1976)
described a few species of family Gnaphosidae from Madhya Pradesh. The spiders of Madhya Pradesh were studies in
detail by Gajbe (1987-1999), who described many new species fromthis region. Gajbe (1992a) described the family
Mimetidae and Platnick (1991) and Platnick and Gajbe (1994) recorded species of the family Cithaeronidae for the first
time from Madhya Pradesh. Gajbe(1995a) recorded 13 species from Indravati Tiger Reserve, Chhattisgarh. Rane and singh
(1977) recorded five species from and Gajbe (1995b) 14 species from Kanha Tiger Reseve, Madhya Pradesh. In recent
times, Gajbe (1999,2000) have described 32 new species, Bhandari and Gajbe (2001) 10 new species, and Gajbe (2003)
one new species of spiders from Jabalpur district, Madhya Pardesh. Gajbe (1999) also recorded many lynx spiders of the
genera Oxyopes and Peucetia (family Oxyopidae) from Madhya Pradesh and further identified 25 new species from
Madhya Pradesh, provisionally placed under the genera Scytodes, Triaeris, Pholcus, Thomisus, Philodromus,
Misumenoides, Runcinia, Tegenaria, Heteropoda, Phidippus, Rhene, Eucta, Tetragnatha and Dolomedes, which will be
described in detail, separately. On the basis of these species and some other species identified from Seoni district in detail
in Madhya Pradesh, the familes Oonopidae, Tetragnathidae, Heteropodidae, Pisauridae, Pholcidae and Dictynidae are also
being reported from Madhya Pradesh.

METHODS AND MATERIAL

Study Site
Sirpur lake is on the outskirts (Dhar Road) of the city. It is about 6-8 km away from the Indore (220 44 N,750 50
E) city. Field near the tank is lush green having wild variety of naturally occuring vegetation and fauna.

Figure 1: Satellite Photograph of Sirpur Lake Indore (M. P.), India

Survey of spider from different places of lake was carried out during 2013 to 2014. The three methods employed
for collection of spider in our study are
Active Visual Search
Spiders both at the ground level and above ground, including in shrubs and low trees were searched for one hour
period. In addition, searching was performed at all potential cryptic microhabitats, especially on the surface of plants,
under rocks, barks, logs, leaves, branches, tree trunks and spaces in between, dry leaf litter and grass. The spiders were
collected by hand picking in plastic vials.

Impact Factor (JCC): 1.9758

NAAS Rating: 2.59

Diversity of Spiders around Sirpur Lake, Indore (M. P.), India

Sweep-Netting
This method was employed in order to sample spiders mainly from grass layer with a sweep net of diameter 40
cm. The method was employed for one hour including the period for searching and bottling of spider. This method
consisted of roaming through the grass-shrub layer and sweeping the net for a standard number of times (Coddington et al.
1996). Each sweeping event consisted of 05 sweeps, followed by emptying the content in an umbrella, collection and
repeating the process for an hour (approximately 30 sweeps/hour).
Beating
Spiders from canopy layer above 5 feet height were collected using beating method. Beating consisted of
tapping/striking the shrub and tree vegetation with a 1m long soild stick and catching the falling spiders in an inverted
umbrella held beneath the vegetation. It is easy to transfer form the umbrella into the sample vial. An average of of 20
beats (one slot of 05 beat) per tree were taken in a span of one hour.
Identification of Spiders
All adult specimens were preserved in 70% alcohol and identified up to family, genus and species level.
Identification of spiders was carried out on the basis of morphometric characters of various body parts and the detail
structure of epigyne of female and pedipalp of male spiders. A help of various keys and World Spider Catalogue (recent
edition) and other relevant literatures from India and abroad was taken in to consideration for proper identification. Initially
the book, Spider families of the world by Jocque and Dippenaar-Schoeman was referred every time to identify the family
of the spider and then the published Indian literature (Books and Monographs) first and then research papers from India
and outside India were referred to identify the genus and species. I used to go through World Spider Catalogue 14.5
(Platnick,2014) was useful in knowing the synonyms and transfers before finalizing the name of spider.

RESULTS
A total of 58 species of spiders belonging to 38 genera under 17 families from different places around sirpur lake
were recorded. Various families were recorded are Aranidae, Clubionidae, Eresidae, Gnaphosidae, Hersillidae, Lycosidae,
Miturgidae, Oxyopidae, Pholcidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, S cytodidae, Sparassidae, Theridiidae, Thomisidae,
Tetraganthidae, Uloboridae. Among these families most dominated family was Araneidae. This Family represented by 8
genera and 23 species.
4 species belonging to Theridiidae family, 2 species each of family Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, Lycosidae and one
species each of families Clubionidae, Eresidae, Gnaphosidae, Hresillidae, Miturgidae, Sparassidae, Tetraganthidae,
Philodromidae and Uloboridae.

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

The spiders of Sirpur lake is rich in number and types of species represented by 58 species belonging to 37 genera
under 17 families. 23 species belonging to Aranidae family followed by 13 species belonging to Salticidae family, 4
species belonging to Theridiidae family, 2 species each of family Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, Lycosidae and one species each
of families Clubionidae, Eresidae, Gnaphosidae, Hresillidae, Miturgidae, Sparassidae, Tetraganthidae, Philodromidae and
Uloboridae.

www.tjprc.org

[email protected]

Priya Sharma & V. K. Sharma

Table 1: List of Spiders Recorded from Sirpur Lake

Sr.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Impact Factor (JCC): 1.9758

1.Family:Araneidae
Argiope aemula Walckenaer 1841 (Female)
Argiope anasuja Thorell 1887 (Female)
Araneus mitificus Simon 1886 (Female)
Cyclosa bifida Doleschall 1859 (Female)
Cyclosa confraga Thorell 1892 (Female)
Cyclosa moonduensis Tikader 1963 (Female)
Cyclosa moonduensis (Male)
Cyclosa spirifera Simon 1889 (Female)
Cyclosa spirifera Simon 1889 (Male)
Cyrtophora cicatrosa Stoliczka 1869 (Female)
Cyrtophora citricola Forskal 1775 (Female)
Cyrtophora citricola Forskal 1775 (male)
Eriovixia excelsa Simon 1889 (Female)
Eriovixia excels Simon 1889 (male)
Lipocrea epeiroides (Female)
Lipocrea epeiroides (male)
Neoscona nautica L. Koch 1875 (Female)
Neoscona theisi Walckenaer 1841 (Female)
Neoscona theisi Walckenaer 1841 (Male)
Neoscona vigilans Blackwall 1865 (Female)
Neoscona vigilans Blackwall 1865 (Male)
Thelacantha brevispina Doleschall 1857 (Female)
Thelacantha brevispina Doleschall 1857 (Male)
2.Family:Clubionidae
Clubiona drassodes OP Cambridge 1847 (Female)
3.Family:Eresidae
Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsch 1891 (Female)
4.Family: Gnaphosidae
Gnaphosa Sp. Latereille 1804(Male)
5.Family:Hersillidae
Hersilia savignyi Lucas 1836 (Female)
6.Family:Lycosidae
Hippasa agelenoides Simon 1884 (Female)
Paradosa sumatrana Thorell 1890 (Female)
7.Family: Miturgidae
Chericanthium C.L. Koch 1839 (Female)
8.Family:Oxyopidae
Oxyopes birmanicus Thorell 1887 (Female)
Peucetica viridence Hentz 1832 (Female)
9.Family:Pholcidae
Crossopriza lyoni Blackwall 1867 (Female)
Pholcus phalangioides Fuesslin 1775 (Female)
10.Family:Philodromidae
Philodromus sp. Walckenaer 1826 (Female)
11.Family:Salticidae
Hasarius adansoni Audouin 1826 (Female)
Hyllus semicupreus Simon 1885 (Female)
Menemerus bivittatus Dufour 1831 (Female)
Myrmarachne plataleoides OP Cambridge 1869
Myrmarachne Maratha Tikadar 1973 (Female)
Myrmarachne orientales Tikadar 1973 (Female)
Phintella vittata C.L.Koch 1846 (Female)
Plexippus paykulli Audoin 1826 (female)
NAAS Rating: 2.59

Diversity of Spiders around Sirpur Lake, Indore (M. P.), India

44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.

Table 1: Contd.,
Plexippus paykulli Audoin 1826 (male)
Phiddipus sp. (Female)
Rhene sp. Thorell 1869 (Female)
Telamonia didimata Simon 1889 (Female)
Thiania sp. C.L.Koch 1847 (Female)
Family:Scytodidae
Scytodes sp. Walckenaer 1804 (Female)
Family:Sparassidae
Olios sp. Walckneaer 1837 (Female)
Family:Tetraganthidae
Leucage decorata Blackwall 1864 (Female)
Family:Theridiidae
Argyrodes sp.Simon,1864 (Female)
Argyrodes sp.Simon,1864 (male)
Ariamnes sp.Thorell 1869 (Female)
Ariamnes sp.Thorell 1869 (male)
Family:Thomisidae
Xysticus sp.C.L.Koch 1835 (Female)
Thomisus Sp.Walckenaer 1805 (Female)
Family:Uloboridae
Uloborus sp.Laterile 1806 (Female)

Figure 2: Family Wise number of Genera and Species

Figure 3: Percentile Distribution of Families of Spiders Around Sirpur Lake

www.tjprc.org

[email protected]

Priya Sharma & V. K. Sharma

Family Aranidae exploring 40% of spider specices out of total spider species recorded from this area, followed by
the family Salticidae exploring 22% and Therididdae 7%. Family Lycosidae, Thomisidae, Pholcidae, Oxyopidae each
exploring 3% of spider species. Remaining families Clubionidae, Eresidae, Gnaphosidae, Hersillidae, Miturgidae,
Philodromidae, Scytodidae, Sparassidae Tetraganthidae, Uloboridae exploring 1% of spider species each.
The spiders live in different type of habitat spiders belonging to Salticidae, Eresidae, Thomisidae Tetraganthidae,
Oxyopidae, Theridiidae found in vegetation. Thomisidae spiders found on flowering plants. Hersilia savignyi (family
Hersillidae) was found on the bark of tree. Some spiders from Salticidae and Lycosidae family were located on the ground
in between folded dry leaves. Orb webs are seen attached to the branches of plants and spiders rest in nearby shaded area.
Also observed some ant mimicking spider from family Salticidae are Myrmarachne plataleoides, Myrmarachne Maratha,
Myrmarachne orientales. Social spider Stegodyphus sarasinorum (Family Erisidae) also found in this area.
Spiders are found most abundantly from this area are Argiope Aaemula, Argiope anasuja, Cyclosa bifida,
clubiona drassodes, Stegodyphus sarasinorum, Leucauge decorata, Hyllus semicupreus, Plexippus paykulli, Telamonia
dimidiata. Whereas spider species Thiani sp., Rhene sp. Cyclosa spirifera are found very rare in this area.
This study bought out the fact that though the sirpur lake is small water body near Indore city abode of spiders in
addition to multitude of migratory birds. This rich diversity of spiders is also indicative of overall biodiversity of this area.
Since the spiders are considered useful indicators of species richness. Abundance of Araneidae may be due to greater
availability of prey due to better humidity and occurrence of high number of Salticidae is because it is cosmopolitan
present everywhere in abundance. Spiders plays the very important role to maintain ecological balance, if we conserve the
spiders from this area it will definitely help to prey predator chain of this area.

REFERENCES
1.

Coddington J. A. & Levi H. V. 1991: Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae) Annu. Rev.Ecol. Syst. 22:
565-592.

2.

Coddington J. A.,Young L. H.,Coyle F.A.(1996) Estimating Spider Species Richness in a Southern Appalachian
Cove Hardwood Forest.J Arachnol 24:111-128

3.

Foelix, R.(1996).Biology of spiders. New York: Oxford University Press.

4.

Gajbe,U. A.(1987). A new scopodes spider from India (Arancae: Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the Zoological Survey
of India 8:285 -287

5.

Gajbe, U. A.(1992 a). New record of Spider Hersilla Savignyi Lucas (Family : Hersiliidae) from Madhya Pradesh,
India with a description.

6.

Gajbe, U. A. (1995 a). Spiders, PP. 53 -56. In: (I) Fauna of conservation Areas 6: Fauna of Indravati Tiger
Reseve, Madhy Pradesh. Zoological Survey of India Publication.

7.

Gajbe, U. A (1999). Studies on some spiders of the family Oxyopidae (Araneae : Arachnida) from India. Records
of the Zoological survey of India 97(3):31-79.

8.

Gajbe, U. A and P Gajbe (2000 c). A new species of spider of the genus Neoscona Simon (Araneae : Araneidac)
from Madhya Pardesh India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 98 (2): 119 121.

Impact Factor (JCC): 1.9758

NAAS Rating: 2.59

Diversity of Spiders around Sirpur Lake, Indore (M. P.), India

9.

Gajbe, P. (2001). A faunistic survey of spiders (Arachnida) and their dirersity in and around Jabalpur with special
reference to their ecology. Ph.D. Thesis. Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, M.P. India.

10. Gajbe, P. (2003 b). A Checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Record of
the Zoological survey of India 101 (3-4): 43 47.
11. JOCQUE, R. & A. S. DIPPENAAR SCHOEMAN 2006. Spider families of the world. Begiun,peters nv,Royal
Museum for Central Africa.
12. Platinick, N. I. (1991). A revision of the ground spider family Cithaeronidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea). American
Museum Movitates 3018: 1-13.
13. Platnick, N. I and U. A. Gajbe (1994). Supplementary notes on the ground spider family Cithaeronidae (Araneae,
Ganphosidae) Journal of Arachnology 22: 82 83.
14. Platnick,N. I.(2014) The World Spider Catalog, Version 14.5.American Museum of Natural History.
15. Rane P. D. and R. K. Singh (1977). Spiders (Arachnida : Araneida) from Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh,
India. Newsletter Zoolgical Survey of India 3 (2): 84.
16. Tikadaer, B. K. and U. A. Gajbe (1976 a). New Spiders of Drasyllus from India (Gnaphosidae). Oriental Insects
10 (3): 431 434.
17. Tikadaer, B. K. and M. S. Malhotra (1980). Fauna of India, Spiders (Lycosidae) Vol.1, part 2. Zoological survey
of India, 248 447 pp.
18. Tikadaer.B. K (1982 a) fauna of India spiders (Arancidre) Vol.2, part 1. Zoological Survey of India, 1 293 pp

www.tjprc.org

[email protected]

www.tjprc.org

[email protected]