Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
"Birth Control: South Carolina Uses It for Public Health." LIFE 6 May 1940: 64-68. Google
Books. Web. 4 Jan. 2015. <http://books.google.com/books?id=1T8EAAAAMBAJ
&printsec=frontcover#v=onepag e&q&f=false>. This article in LIFE magazine is about
birth control in South Carolina. There are many pictures of families and children who
were in some way affected by Margaret Sanger's birth control movement. I used the
pictures to add to sections of my website about the need for birth control.
Brush, Dorothy. "Travels with Margaret Sanger: Dorothy Brush's Portrait of Margaret Sanger."
Papers Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/
articles/travelswithms.php>. This is an article with an interview with Dorothy Brush, a
close friend of Margaret Sanger. Brush speaks about her personal experience as a friend
of Sanger's and what she thought brought Sanger to success. I used this interview to get a
more personal view of who Sanger was as a person and not just what she was perceived
to be.
Ellis, Havelock. "Birth Control in Relation to Morality." Birth Control Review: n. pag. Hathi
Trust. Web. 15 Jan. 2015. <http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000041607486
;view=1up;seq=1>. This article written by Havelock Ellis is about why birth control is in
fact moral. It opposed the Church's teachings at the time and explains why they are
wrong. I used this article by quoting Ellis, to show how Sanger's movement opposed the
Catholic Church.
Engelman, Peter C., ed. "The Heart to Go to Japan." Margaret Sanger Papers Project. New York
University, n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2015. <http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/

articles/heart_to_japan.php>. This source is an article from the Margaret Sanger

Newsletter and talks about Sanger's trips to Japan and her legacy there. I used this for
initial research on her influence overseas. The article provided essential information for
how Sanger became well known in Japan and her endeavors there. I used this for the
section of my website titled "Educating the World".
The First Clinic Flyer. N.d. Place Matters. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.placematters.net/
node/1329>. This image shows a flyer that was created for the first birth control clinic
that Margaret Sanger created. The clinic was run in Brooklyn, New York, in 1916. It was
quite risky for Sanger to circulate this flyer as it challenged laws at the time as well as
traditional values that viewed birth control and speaking about womens' sexualities as
inappropriate. I used this image to portray how Sanger was able to spread information
about birth control as well as the risks she took.
Margaret Sanger and Ethel Byrne at Federal Courthouse, 1916. 1916. Sophia Smith Collection.
Web. 30 Dec. 2014. <http://wyatt.elasticbeanstalk.com/mep/MS/docs/mshome2.html>. I
used this image of Margaret Sanger and Ethyl Byrne to add to the visual aspect of my
project. It also prompted me to do further research on Ethyle Byrne and her relationship
to Sanger.
"Margaret Sanger Celebrates a Birth Control Victory." LIFE 11 Jan. 1937: 18-21. Google Books.
Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://books.google.com/books?id=lksEAAAAMBAJ&
printsec=frontcover&source=gbs#v=onepage&q&f=false>. This article is taken from
LIFE magazine. It displays several pictures of Sanger in her travels across the world and
talks about her successes in advocating for womens rights and the birth control
movement. The article also speaks about what inspired Sanger to fight for all women to

have birth control, and her motivation to start her career in womens rights and fighting
for birth control legislation. The article also discusses the names of quite a few people,
including Havelock Ellis with whom Sanger was involved in her movement. Many of the
people mentioned are referred to as liberals meaning that the author thinks of Sangers
movement as quite liberal. I will use this article to show what the public opinion of
Sanger became and how she was portrayed in media.
Motherhood in Bondage. New York: Brentano's, 1928. History Matters. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.
<http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5083/>. This website has an excerpt from Margaret
Sanger's book. It includes accounts from various mothers on the struggled of motherhood
and the pain and hardships they have faced because of their children. Many of the
mothers were barely able to support their families and were entirely exhausted from the
work involved. They represent the need for birth control as many would have liked to
have less children. Sanger was able to help women such as these. I used this source to
support the idea that the pill was an essential part of Sanger's movement to help women.
Mrs. Margaret Sanger. Oct. 1916. Library of Congress. Web. 30 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ggb2005023228/>. This is an image of Margaret
Sanger with Fania Mindell inside the Brownsville Clinic. I used it on a page of my
website.
"The Pill: How It Is Affecting U.S. Morals, Family Life." U.S. News & World Report: n. pag.
High Beam. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3456500167.html>.
This is magazine article refers to the rising use of birth control and it's effects on the lives
of everyone in the United States. It focuses on the idea of sexual morality and how many
fear that the availability of contraceptives is corrupting young people especially women.

This directly contrasts with Margaret Sanger's views on female sexuality. The article also
gives information on how students in college were utilizing contraceptives. I used this
article in showing the effects of Sanger's work and the support her movement gained
from younger people.
Pincus, Gregory. Letter. 4 Oct. 1957. PBS. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh
/amex/pill/filmmore/ps_pincus.html>. These three letters were a correspondence between
Gregory Pincus and the Searle pharmaceutical company. Gregory Pincus played the main
role in the actual development of the birth control pill and in these letters he discusses the
issues that Searle had with his work and research. I used these letters in my
understanding of the funding and work it took to develop the pill.
Sanger, Margaret. "Birth Control Steps Out, a Note on the Senate Hearing." People Apr. 1931: n.
pag. DNA Learning Center. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/11537-Birth-Control-Steps-Out-A-Note-on-the-Senate-Hearing-by-Margaret-Sanger-PeopleApril-1931-.html>. This article written by Margaret Sanger focuses on the legal status of
birth control at the time. She specifically talks about the Gillet Bill which she testified for
in front of the Senate. She states her views that motherhood should be conscious and
controlled. This source was helpful in showing me how Sanger's opinion had changed as
well as stayed the same.
- - -. The Case for Birth Control: A Supplementary Brief and Statement of Facts. New York:
Modern Art Print, 1917. PDF file. This pamphlet written by Margaret Sanger gives direct
insight into her views on birth control and why it is necessary. She covers various topics
including population and birth rate, maternal mortality, and sexually transmitted disease.

This source aided me as it provided me with Sanger's exact views on many of the things
she fought for in her movement.
- - -. "Catholics and Birth Control." New Republic: n. pag. Margaret Sanger Papers. Web. 15
Jan. 2015. <http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents /show.php?
sangerDoc=158426.xml>. This article gives Margaret Sanger's stance on the opposition
from the Catholic Church on contraceptive. She challenges a book that many Catholic's
supported, stating reasons that the book's argument can't be justified. I used this article to
portray Sanger's defense of contraceptive in reaction to Church opposition.
- - -. "Comstockery in America." International Socialist Review July 1915: n. pag. Margaret
Sanger Papers. Web. 15 Jan. 2015. <http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/
app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=303242.xml>. This article written by Margaret
Sanger covers her stance on the Comstock laws. It talks about how Alexander Comstock
was able to create such laws and what affect they have had on society. I used this article
to augment my argument on Sanger challenging these laws and explain why she opposed
them.
- - -. Family Limitation. N.p.: n.p., 1917. Gutenberg. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.gutenberg .org/files/31790/31790-h/31790-h.htm>. This pamphlet written
by Margaret Sanger contains information on contraceptives for women. The purpose of
this pamphlet was to spread information to all those who wished access to it. The
pamphlet is harsh in its advice to women calling those who were inattentive to their own
contraception unintelligent and dirty. I used this source to show specific information on
types of available contraceptives at the time in the words of Sanger herself.

- - -. The Mike Wallace Interview. Interview by Mike Wallace. Harry Ransom Center. U of Texas
at Austin, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video /
2008/wallace/sanger_margaret_t.html>. This interview was done by Mike Wallace with
guest, Margaret Sanger. It depicts Sanger as the leader of the birth control movement in
America. Sanger speaks about her reasons for becoming passionate about her cause; these
causes included her work as a nurse and her childhood experiences. This interview helped
to develop my view on Margaret Sanger's conflict with the Catholic Church.
- - -. This I Believe. National Public Radio. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nyu.edu /projects/sanger/documents/this_i_believe.php>. This source is an
audio clip of a speech Margaret Sanger gave towards the end of her career as an activist.
Sanger speaks about her overall experience in her campaign for woman's birth control
and sexuality, talking about her influences as well as motivation. I used this source by
quoting Sanger on her personal view on her success and how she believed her time as a
nurse impacted her work.
- - -. What Every Mother Should Know. New York City: Truth, 1921. Digital file. This pamphlet
was written by Margaret Sanger. It was one of her first publications that she wrote as a
result of all the hardships she saw mothers facing. Sanger denotes what she feels is
essential knowledge for every mother. I used this source by quoting Sanger's advice as
well as using a picture of the cover on my web site.
"To Mothers - Our Duty." The Margaret Sanger Papers Project. Ed. Margaret Sanger. Web. 19
Oct. 2014. <http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger>. This is a writing by Margaret Sanger
in which she speaks about her views on the role of women. It gave me insight into her
views, specifically on those of a "woman's duty". Sanger advocates for the equality of all

sexes as well as the support of women and their children. Through this writing it became
apparent that Sanger associated herself with the Socialist party which led to further
research.

Secondary Sources
"About Sanger." The Margaret Sanger Papers Project. Ed. Esther Katz. New York University,
n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger>. This webpage gave me a
detailed description of Margaret Sanger's life and what she accomplished. It depicted
Sanger as proactive and passionate about the birth control movement. This webpage led
to the research of the first birth control clinic which Sanger opened and her establishing
of various birth control clinics. The webpage also explains the conflicts Sanger had with
the government and the Catholic Church. This helped in my research to depict how she
pushed boundaries in the birth control movement to make a change.
Chesler, Ellen. Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America.
New York: Simon, 1992. PDF file. This books covers the life and legacy of Margaret
Sanger and how she achieved all that she became known for. A major part of this book
was Sanger's impact overseas. I used this book in augmenting my research on the effect
she had in foreign countries as well as the United States.
Coates, Patricia Walsh. Margaret Sanger and the Origin of the Birth Control Movement, 19101930. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 2008. Print. This book exemplifies the role that Margaret
Sanger played in the feminist movement to better the social status of women mainly
through the issue of womens sexuality and reproductive rights. The author explains what
led to Sanger taking a prominent role in the birth control movement, her own concept of

feminism and sexual autonomy, and the influence of Sangers opponents on her
publications and campaign. I will use this document to display how Sanger was able to
lead such revolutionary movement while at the same time not being in complete
agreement with other feminists of her time. This book shows that Sangers views were
quite unique and very often criticized but still able to have a profound effect on the
world.
Franks, Angela. Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Legacy: The Control of Female Fertility.
McFarland: Jefferson, 2005. Print. This book describes Margaret Sanger's legacy and the
impact she left on the world. Sanger had influence in many aspects of society such as
medicine as well as in creating legislature that would further her movements. I used this
book to portray the change that Sanger caused; before her time many topics were not
even spoken of.
"History & Successes Mission Planned Parenthood at a Glance History & Successes." Planned
Parenthood. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.plannedparenthood.org/aboutus/who-we-are/history-successes>. This web site is from the organization of Planned
Parenthood which was founded by Margaret Sanger. This page displays how Sanger
founded the organization and became a hero in the birth control movement. I used this
source to portray how Sanger's activism and hard work led to such an organization and
how her ideals translated into a modern legacy.
Lader, Lawrence, and Milton Meltzer. Margaret Sanger: Pioneer of Birth Control. New York:
Dell, 1969. Print. This book gives insight into the life of Margaret Sanger. A major aspect
of the book is what influenced her to become the activist and leader she is known as. It

speaks about childhood events and other things that happened in her life. I used this book
to aid in my research on what pushed Sanger to become a leader.
"Margaret Sanger Is Dead at 82; Led Campaign for Birth Control." New York Times 7 Sept.
1966: n. pag. New York Times. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0914.html>. This newspaper
article is an obituary for Margaret Sanger on the day of her death at the age of 82. The
article speaks on her legacy and the obstacles she had to overcome to better the lives of
women and advocate for birth control as the "Woman Rebel". It states that Sanger was
the one to convince the world that access to contraceptive was a basic right for all. I used
this article in showing Sanger's impact on the world and her accomplishments.
"People & Events: Anthony Comstock's 'Chastity' Laws." American Experience. PBS, n.d. Web.
13 Jan. 2015. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/peopleevents/e_comstock.html>.
The Pill. The American Experience. PBS, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/index.html>. The Pill is a documentary about the
contraceptive pill and its role in American history in which Margaret Sanger was
involved. The documentary focuses on how the birth control pill was legalized and
benefited woman across the country, fueling the feminist and pro-choice movements and
encouraging attitudes towards womens open sexuality. The Pill was created to shed light
on how the birth control pill became an accepted form of contraception and how activists
and scientists struggled to create it.The documentary also discusses how Sanger found a
scientist, Gregory Pincus, to develop an effective pill. This source gave me a lot of
insight into Sangers legacy and the struggles she went through, specifically in getting the

birth control to be created and then spreading it throughout the country for women to
access.
Sanger, Margaret. Letter to Katharine McCormick. 27 Oct. 1950. TS. This is a series of letters
exchanged between Margaret Sanger and Katherine McCormick. Both women were
activists and in these letters discuss recent medical developments. This letter is
particularly notable because Sanger mentions the idea of sterilizing those who were too
poor for their government to help and would die without aid. This is a quite controversial
stance that sparked much debate. The rest of the letters regard where Sanger thinks
funding would be most appreciated.
Sanger, Margaret, et al. The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger: The Woman Rebel, 1900-1928.
Urbana: U of Illinois P, 2002. Print. This source is a book composed of letters, diary
entries, and interviews all by Margaret Sanger. It covers her education as a nurse, the
development of her ideology on birth control and the feminist movement, her creation of
the first birth control clinic and the American Birth Control League.The documents were
compiled to understand Sangers actions and accomplishments through her own words.
They offer glimpses into her childhood, which strongly influenced her, her spiritual and
scientific interest, and her roles as a feminist, nurse, radical socialist and activist. In a
time when even discussing birth control was considered to be rude and obscene, Sanger,
through the speeches and letters in this book that she wrote, was able to change the way
the world viewed womens sexuality. I will use the multitude of primary sources in this
book to exemplify Sangers views on various issues as well as her reactions to
opposition.

"Tracing One Package -- the Case That Legalized Birth Control." Margaret Sanger Papers
Project. Web. 5 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/articles/tracing_one_package.php>. This article
focuses on the case of United States v. One Package. Margaret Sanger was heavily
involved in this case, fighting for the right to send contraceptives and contraceptive
information through the mail. The case challenged the Comstock Laws and was a huge
success for Sanger and her movement. I used this article for specific facts about the case
in the section of my webpage titled "Comstock Laws" under "Challenging Authority".