3rd Edition

wax finishes
thread chasing
and much more . . .

WOODTURNING WORKSHOPS

Craft Supplies USA

LEARN FROM PROFESSIONALS!

Learn the craft of woodturning at Craft Supplies USA, North
Americas premier woodturning school. Whether you want to
learn woodturning or youre a long time turner looking to refine
your skills, we have a class to suit you your needs.

Allan Batty

Woodturning
Notes

Three and five day courses taught by some of the worlds finest
professionals teach you the proper instruction and techniques
necessary to be successful at woodturning. Make friends with
others sharing a common interest in a relaxing classroom setting
thats informative and enjoyable.

STATE OF THE ART WOODTURNING FACILITY

Our state of the art woodturning facility features
todays finest wood lathes, tools and equipment
including video monitors to show you every detail
of instruction as it happens. Individual work stations feature a full set of tools and related supplies
necessary
for the
course.
Each
work station is well
Bolt Box
- by
Allan
Batty
lit and features dust extraction making it a safe,
comfortable environment condusive to learning.

Ive never come across a finer woodturning facility than here at Craft Supplies USA
Allan Batty

HAVE FUN WHILE YOU LEARN TO TURN...

Meet fellow woodturners and make
new friends while participating in
woodturning courses. Our goal is to
teach you woodturning in an atmosphere that is relaxing and enjoyable.
Work at your own pace while receiving
one on one instruction from the finest
instructors in the world. We guarantee an experience youll never forget
and chances are youll be back again!
Allan Batty Intermediate Workshop

SAVE 10%

Fo r m o r e i n f o :
1-800-551-8876

All participants receive a 10% discount* on

tools, wood and accessories purchased during
1-800-551-8876
woodturnerscatalog.com
the week of the
class. *Lathes not included

www.woodturnerscatalog.com

Includes:
lathe speeds
tool selection and use
grinding and sharpening
wax finishes
thread chasing
and much more . . .

$4.95
3rd Edition

Woodturning Safety 101

The
Woodturners
Catalog

Woodturning is a fun and exciting hobby for people of all ages and skill levels. The number of
things you can create on your lathe with a minimal amount of time and money is limited only
to your imagination. When woodturning, there are a number of safety considerations that must
be kept in mind so that you can have a great time turning while being safe. Woodturning Safety
101 is intended to create safety awareness so as to prevent personal injury. We hope you will
find this information helpful and that you will review it from time to time. Feel free to share this
information with other woodturners you know.

Personal Safety
1. Educate yourself on proper turning techniques, chuck operation, tool use and lathe
operation.
2. Always wear a full-face shield at all times. Safety glasses are not sufficient protection against
flying debris.
3. Always use a dust mask or air filtration system.
4. Wear adequate hearing protection.
5. Dont wear loose clothing, gloves or jewelry as they may become tangled with the lathe.
-turning
blanks6. Never start the
lathe before checking to make sure the spindle
speed is correct
for the size of
-projectswork being turned. Also, make sure the work clears the tool rest by rotating the hand wheel
before starting the lathe.
7. Be sure the work piece is securely mounted and is free of imperfections or poor glue joints.
8. Make sure all belt guards and covers are in place before starting the lathe.
9. Make sure the tool is on the tool rest before making a cut.
10. Always know your capabilities and work within your limits.
11. Utilize the tailstock whenever possible.
12. Always remove the tool rest support before sanding and finishing. This will help prevent
injuries to your hands and fingers.
13. Do Not Overreach! Although many of todays tools have long blades, this does not mean
they are designed to reach long distances over the tool rest.
14. Keep your tools sharp and properly ground. Dull tools are dangerous, as they require
-pen projectsexcessive pressure to make them cut.
-and much more...
15. Do not use tools for purposes they are not intended for.
around
depended
on Craft
16. Woodturners
of ragsthe
andworld
do nothave
leave finish
containers
open.Supplies USA since
Properly dispose
Neverfor
leave
lathe running
unattended.
17. 1984
thethefinest
woodturning
tools, equipment and accessories available.
18. Our
alert,istake
frequent
and never
operateand
the service
lathe while
under the influence
Staygoal
to offer
the breaks
best quality
products
at reasonable
prices. of
drugs or alcohol.
Every
product is backed by our 30 day satisfaction guarantee. Visit us online
19. Use common sense at all times. If unsure at any time, seek the advice of a woodturning
for the very latest in new woodturning products, special offers and promotions
expert or call us at 1-800-551-8876. We are here to help you at all times.

at www.woodturnerscatalog.com. Call 1-800-551-8876 for a free catalog.

1-800-551-8876
www.woodturnerscatalog.com
1-800-551-8876 woodturnerscatalog.com

Notes:

31, Ripon Gardens

Foxlow Park
Buxton
Derbyshire
SK17 9PL
01298 71657
Dear Friend,
These jottings are designed to jog your memory on the
simpler but all important basic points which even the
best of us from time to time froget.
I do hope that you find them useful as you progress in
mastering a fascinating, enjoyable and all-consuming
craft.
Kind regards, and may your skew be always sharp!

Allan Batty

These notes and drawings are the copyright of Allan Batty

and may not be reproduced or copied in any way
without the authors written permission.
Allan Batty

CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

PAGE

. . . . . . . . . .Lathe Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
. . . . . . . . . .The Skew Chisel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
. . . . . . . . . .Problems With a New Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
. . . . . . . . . .Problems With Angles of the Skew . . . . . . . . .3
. . . . . . . . . .The Roughing Out Gouge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
. . . . . . . . . .Measurements of Gouges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
. . . . . . . . . .Spindle Gouges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
. . . . . . . . . .Bowl Gouges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
. . . . . . . . . .Grinding of Bowl Gouges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
. . . . . . . . . .Problems of Angles of Bowl Gouges . . . . . . . .8
. . . . . . . . . .Beading & Parting Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
. . . . . . . . . .Parting Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
. . . . . . . . . .Scraping Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
. . . . . . . . . .Grinding of Scrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
. . . . . . . . . .Beware of Bevel Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
. . . . . . . . . .Hand Rest Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
. . . . . . . . . .Hand Rest Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
. . . . . . . . . .Grinders, Grinding & Sharpening . . . . . . . . .16
. . . . . . . . . .Dry Grinding or Wet Grinding? . . . . . . . . . . .17
. . . . . . . . . .To Hone or Not to Hone? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
. . . . . . . . . .Carbon Steel or HSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
. . . . . . . . . .Carborundum or White Wheels? . . . . . . . . . .19
. . . . . . . . . .Abrasive Wheel Dressers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
. . . . . . . . . .Solving Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
. . . . . . . . . .The Steady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
. . . . . . . . . .Beeswax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
. . . . . . . . . .Carnauba Wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
. . . . . . . . . .Beeswax/Carnauba Wax Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
. . . . . . . . . .Wax Stopper Sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
. . . . . . . . . .Free Hand Thread Chasing . . . . . . . . . . . .26-29

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

1 LATHE SPEED

OR SAFETY SAKE, it is critical that turners know how to select the

proper lathe speed. Most serious accidents on lathes can be attributed to
excessive lathe speeds. However, if the speed selected is too low, turning
will be insufficient and take too long to accomplish.

N area of major concern for new students is What spindle speed

should I use?
It is important that the spindle speed selected should be appropriate to the
diameter and density of the work to be turned, especially when starting with
an unbalanced piece of timber.
As a general guide, the larger the diameter and/or the heavier the work piece
the slower should be the speed selected.
The charts below give examples of suitable speeds for various sizes of work
for both faceplate and between centers work. If you are in doubt, slower is
safer, except when crossing the road, as an aged Scots student once confided.
Use the table below as a guide, or another way to generally determine
suitable speed is to use Diameter in inches x RPM of the lathe. This should
equal a number between 6,000 and 9,000 (Dia." x RPM = 6,000 to 9,000).
For example, the table shows a 6" diameter block should be turned at 1500 RPM.
6" x 1500 = 9,000

FACEPLATE TURNING
2000
1500
1000
500
400
RPM

Diameter

BETWEEN CENTERS TURNING

2000
1500
1000
500
RPM

6" 9" 12" 15" 18"

DISC DIAMETER

2"x2" 3"x3" 4"x4" 5"x5" 6"x6"

SQUARE DIMENSION

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes
2 THE SKEW CHISEL

HE skew will produce the finest possible finish when used correctly. It
is important to maintain the sharpest of edges for good results.

The skew is used in two ways in spindle work.

1

LEADING EDGE

With a planing action where the center-to-below-center of the

cutting edge slices the timber while maintaining bevel contact with
the wood. (Some turners may prefer a square end chisel for this
operation see Fig. 1).
For cleaning end grain, pummels, rolling beads etc., when both long
point and heel can be used.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

3 PROBLEMS WITH A NEW SKEW

1

If you are working with the traditional rectangular-in-section skew

and you are experiencing problems with the planing action then grind
off or slipstone the leading edges of the skew. This will stop the
skew from biting into the hand rest while planing and allow the tool
to move smoothly along the rest. (See Fig. 2)
The older turners (I suppose Im one now!) always ground away the
top corner of the skew. (See Fig. 2) This acted as a second bevel,
allowing the skew to plane through a shallow curve without the top
corner scoring the work.

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

4 PROBLEMS WITH ANGLES OF THE SKEW

have heard of angles from 80 to less than 25 and this tends to confuse
students as to what angle to select for their own use. I have selected three
different angles in common use and how I would view them.
1

55 is towards the hardwood end of the scale (See Fig. 5A). If you go
beyond 55 say to 80 then this restricts the free movement of the tool.
For example, when turning a bead with raised
detail either side, the bevel will bottom out
before the cut can be completed. (See Fig. 4)
2
25 is towards the softwood end of the
scale. (See Fig. 5C). The edge of the
tool becomes too thin and thus
vulnerable to chipping if used on the
harder woods.
3
It is for the above reasons that I work
with a grinding angle of about 40.
80
(See Fig. 5B). This allows me to work
both soft and hard woods, but still
permits access to beads with raised
Fig. 4
details etc.
4
Another rule is that the length of the
bevel should be 1 1/2 to 2 times the
thickness of the skew.
55

Fig. 5

HARDWOOD

25

40

70

SOFTWOOD
3

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

5 THE ROUGHING OUT GOUGE

Sizes available 3/4" to 1 1/2"

N essential tool for between center work (spindle turning). This tool
will quickly reduce square timber to the round.
Most turners favored a true half circle for this gouge with the cutting edge
ground square across (See Fig. 6) which allows all of the edge to be utilized.
As you will see from Fig. 7, whichever way you rotate the gouge the cutting
edge remains the same.
All roughing out of spindle work can be achieved with this tool and it is also
ideal for long, shallow curves.

35

Fig. 7
Fig. 6

Angles

I tend to grind the roughing out gouge at a longer angle, of about 35, as
this works much better on softer woods. If you are working hardwoods all
the time, then retain the more common angle of 45.
My personal preference is for the 1 1/4" roughing gouge.

6 MEASUREMENTS OF GOUGES

LL gouges are measured from the inside to the outside,

as shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 8
4

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

7 SPINDLE GOUGES
Round bar-section, shallow flute
Sizes available 1/4", 3/8", 1/2"

HESE are the main shaping tools of the spindle turner and are used for
most detailed work, beads, coves, ogees etc. to which the modern round
bar is particularly suited.
While these are spindle gouges, being round bar section (Fig. 9), they are
also useful for hollowing small objects such as boxes and goblets and are
ground to an angle of approximately 45 for this purpose.
(See Pages 8 & 9, Bowl Gouge Angles)

45

35

Fig. 10

Fig. 9

Hand forged, shallow flute

Sizes available 1/4" to 1 1/2"
The old spindle turners favorite tool, it was most commonly ground at an
angle of 30 35 with a fingernail shape (Fig. 10) which made it ideal for
ogees in pummels, and in long, shallow curves, general shaping and detail
work. (This type of gouge was not used for bowl turning as it would not be
rigid enough for the overhang over the hand rest which would be required
when working inside the bowl.)
The larger sized 1 1/4" or 1 1/2" were frequently used as roughing out
gouges by many turners. When used for that purpose it was the personal
preference of the turner which decided whether the gouge was ground
straight across (Fig. 6) or fingernail (Fig. 10).
The 1/2" is my favorite. I have one that I treasure which belonged to my
father. (The Battys are now into the third generation of wood workers). His
5

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes

gouge had lain unused for years in his box; it is stamped Mathieson of
Glasglow, a company which no longer exists. It is a credit to them as hand
forgers of their time it is beautifully made, fits the hand perfectly and
holds a keen edge. Its pre-war and I value it above all others in my workshop. Its getting short now so I use it only for ogees in pummels, a task it
seems to have been made for as it follows the curve so naturally.

8 BOWL GOUGES
Round bar-section, deep flute
Sizes available 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 3/4"

HE above are the only sizes which were ever available to us for bowl
turning. In recent years the modern round bar-section, produced in high
speed steel, has superseded the traditional hand-forged bowl gouge. These
not only hold a good edge but have proved superior on the more abrasive
timbers.
The following descriptions of the four available gouges will help students to
select the ones to suit their needs.
3/4" Bowl Gouge
This is the roughing gouge of the bowl turner. It was originally used for the
rapid removal of waste wood from the larger size of bowl. The turner
reduced the bowl, which was turned from wet wood, to a rough wall thickness of 1 1/2", the purpose being to speed up drying from years to months.
After a period of time the bowl is remounted and re-turned to the required
shape, sanded and finished.
The advantages of this method, which is used by many turners to great
effect, are that not only is the drying time considerably reduced but also that
the stresses are relieved during the drying process, reducing distortion and
helping produce a very stable finished bowl.
1/2" Bowl Gouge
This is the jack plane of the turner; not only is it suitable for rough turning a
bowl, as already described, but its rigidity makes it better suited to the turning of a larger bowl where there may be considerable overhang of the tool
over the hand rest during hollowing out.
3/8" Bowl Gouge
This is the smoothing plane of the turners trade and is by far the most popular. It is an excellent choice for most bowl turning; while maintaining the
strength needed, it will leave a fine finish to the work.
6

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

1/4" Bowl Gouge

This is a fine finishing tool when it is sharpened and used correctly. It will
leave an extremely good finish to the surface, especially on areas of difficult
and stubborn grain.
The main drawback with this gouge is its lack of rigidity which results in
tool chatter if the projection over the hand rest becomes too great.

9 GRINDING OF BOWL GOUGES

Fingernail

HERE are two schools of thought as to which is the better way to grind
bowl gouges. Fingernail (See Fig. 11) or square across (See Fig. 12)? The
following might help you make up your mind as to the better way for you.

45

45

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

In normal use of these gouges in bowl turning, one will cut almost as well
as the other and both will produce excellent results. There are, though, a
number of reasons that many choose to grind to the fingernail profile:
1
2
3

We can use the fingernail profile for shearing cuts in both bowl
turning and spindle turning.
The fingernail shape makes much easier the point of entry in the
hollowing out process.
While we never use the hand-forged spindle gouge for bowl turning
due to its lack of strength, the bowl gouge, on the other hand, makes
an excellent tool for spindle turning, general shaping, coves, beads.
It really comes into its own when turning pummels in larger section
spindle work, such as big newel posts, large columns etc. where a
much slower speed is needed due to the massive section of the timber
being turned. We would also have considerable projection of the tool
over the hand rest by the time the cut was completed from square to
round.
7

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes

The bowl gouge ground to a fingernail profile was often better than
the skew in these areas.
Another area in which the turner can make use of the fingernail
profile in spindle turning is by using a shear cutting principle with
bevel contact, as shown (Fig. 13). We can often overcome many
severe interlocking grain problems using this method.

Fig. 13
Square Across Gouge
While the square across gouge can and is used successfully for shearing cuts
in both bowl and spindle turning, it is restricted in spindle work by the wings
of the gouge when turning beads and coves. It comes into its own, though,
and I feel it is superior to the fingernail profile, in bowl turning and in cutting end grain and is therefore my personal choice of bowl gouge shape.

10 PROBLEMS OF ANGLES OF BOWL GOUGE

NE of the most asked questions is Why are there so many different

suggested angles? followed by What should I grind mine at?
What determines the grinding angle for bowl gouges is the type of bowl you
are going to be making; do bear in mind, though, the importance of maintaining bevel contact throughout the cut.
You will see from the four following illustrations how each bowl determines
the angle for you.

See Fig. 14 as this is a shallow type of bowl we have no restrictions place on

the gouge by the wall of the bowl, therefore none placed on the angle of the tool.
See Fig. 15 with this bowl, the wall restricts the gouge movement. As the
depth does not exceed the radius, and angle of 45 would be ideal to maintain
bevel contact throughout the cut.
See Fig. 16 here the restriction becomes greater as the depth has now exceeded
the radius which, in turn, would require a shorter bevel angle of approximately
55. This would allow the bevel to contact right to the bottom of the bowl.
8

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

30
45

Fig. 14

Fig. 15

55
60

Fig. 16
Fig. 17
See Fig. 17 now the depth has increased even further, which requires an
even shorter angle, in this case approximately 60 65, to allow successful
bevel contact.
You can see that the determining factor is what type of bowl you want to
make. An angle of between 45 55 would be good working compromise.

11 BEADING & PARTING TOOL

Sizes available 1/4", 3/8"

T
Fig. 18

HIS tool is frequently used as the square-across chisel

which is shown in Fig. 1 and proves particularly useful
for planing cuts in restricted areas. It can also be used for
sizing work and, as its name implies, as a beading tool.
Ground as a skew, it makes a superb tool for general skew
chisel work. These tools are made from square section as
opposed to rectangular and this makes it a favorite choice of
many turners for rolling beads. (Fig. 18)
I prefer to grind this tool as a skew chisel with the top corner
9

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes

ground away as in Fig. 2. The tools rigidity makes it an ideal choice when
working well over the rest in larger spindle work.
Rolling a bead correctly is one of the most difficult cuts to master because
of the complex movement of the tool in use. A tip that you may find helpful in your early attempts is to raise your hand rest above center height.
You will find that this reduces the need for such a complex movement of the
tool handle you have only to roll the tool over with hardly any lift to the
handle, as shown in Fig. 19.

Fig. 19
If the rest is left at center height not only do you have to roll the tool and
strive to keep bevel contact, but you have also to lift the handle into the horizontal position, as seen in Fig. 20, which is a much more difficult movement.

Fig. 20
10

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

12 PARTING TOOL
Sizes available 1/8", 1/4"

TS ease of use makes this a popular tool with the new turner. It is
designed to form grooves, work as a small, square across chisel in restricted areas, roll beads and to completely part off work. (Fig. 21)
A useful parting tool 1/16" thick can be made from an engineers hacksaw
blade. The purpose of off-setting the blade as shown in Fig. 22 is to save
having to move the rest from its normal position as these blades are twice
the width of a standard blade.
45

Fig. 21

Fig. 22
13 SCRAPING TOOLS
Sizes available 1/2" to 1 1/2"

70
40

HAPES are as numerous as are sizes with

these tools and are often ground to a particular shape to suit the needs of the turner as the
occasion arises.
Two useful and popular shapes are:

Fig. 23

1
Round side-cutting scraper (Fig. 23).
This is a useful shape for bowls, goblets and
similar projects. There is an advantage in introducing a second bevel as shown in Fig. 23.
This not only retains an angle of 70 but it also
11

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes
70

Fig. 24
offers a clearance angle when working in confined areas thus reducing
the chance of the bottom of the tool
scoring the work. (Fig. 24)

Fig. 25
2

Fig. 26

Diamond side- cutting scraper

(inside tool) (Fig. 25)
This is designed to give access into
square sided boxes (Fig. 26) and various other faceplate work. The offset
angle is one of pure economics. By
shaping the tool to the profile shown
you will retain the same shape no
matter how often it is reground and it
will give you maximum use of the
blade. (Fig 27).

14 GRINDING SCRAPERS

N the normal grinding process, a burr is thrown up on the

top edge of the scraper and this can be used to advantage on
certain timbers.
Leave the burr on for all coarse grained timbers like oak,
ash, elm etc. The burr will help cut cleanly through the fibers.
Remove the burr for all close grained or dense timbers as the
burr would have a tendency to cause the tool to bite into the
surface of these woods, often resulting in a catch.
12

Fig. 27

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

The chances of catch can be significantly reduced, if not eliminated, on

these timbers by oilstoning the top surface of the scraper to remove the burr,
which will now cut extremely cleanly and safely, especially on timbers such
as ebony, African blackwood and other very dense, exotic timbers.
Remember when using scrapers to maintain
a trailing action of the blade. See Fig. 34.

15 BEWARE OF BEVEL LENGTH

RECALL a school teacher who used an illustration to show that things

are not always what they seem. He used two lines (Fig. 28) to show that
although they were the same length they appeared
different because the direction of the arrows created
an optical illusion. I draw on this recollection
because I recognize that students have a problem in
this area. They often judge the angle of a tool by
Fig. 28
the length of the bevel, when this really has nothing
to do with it. From Fig. 29 you can see how two different Fig. 29
thicknesses of blade result in a longer bevel on one of them,
although the angle on each remains the same, again creating an
optical illusion.
For some years now I have kept two skew chisels of different
thicknesses ground to the same angles, but which look entirely
different, to reinforce this point with students.
You can check your tool angles by drawing them on a piece of
card, using a protractor, (Fig. 30), or you can buy a ready made angle finder.

70

30

45

55

40

25

Fig. 30
I am grateful to that teacher and to the many superb tradesmen with whom I
served my apprenticeship.
They have contributed in no small measure to these notes by what they
taught me. I hold many fond memories of those men. One in particular I
have tried to emulate as an instructor.
13

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes

As a young apprentice I was passionately fond of white water canoeing and

built my first boat in the garage at home. During the construction Jim
Bradshaw, one of the older men I was working under, kept asking me about
the canoes progress.
Came the fateful day evening, and Jim spent a full five minutes examining
every detail, without saying a word.
Finally he stood up and said, You know, lad, I would be hard pushed to
match that job.
Battys little chest puffed up with pride until Jim cleverly pointed out how
one or two things Just needed a little adjustment here and there.
What a superb teacher he was, as were so many others in the old workshops, teaching by example.
Yes, memories to treasure.

16 HAND REST

NOTHER very common question is What height should the rest be?
Spindle Turning

The honest answer would be whatever suits you, but Ill offer the following
as guide lines only.

Fig. 31

Fig. 32

Keep your rest on center height (Fig. 31) for all cuts except the planing cut
with the skew; for this you will find it helpful to raise the rest above center
height (Fig. 32). This position is also better for rolling beads as discussed
under Chapter 11 BEADING & PARTING TOOL, page 9.
Many of the older turners tended to work with the rest above center height.
This saved having to move the rest at any time, although it made certain
cuts, such as coves, parting off etc., more awkward.
14

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

Bowl Turning
Here, the rest height is dictated
by the tool which you are using
i.e. when using gouges the rest
has to be low enough to allow
the gouge to reach the center of
the work. (Fig. 33).

Fig. 33
When using scraping tools, the
height of the rest has to allow the
tool to reach to the center of the
work while maintaining a trailing
action with the blade. (Fig. 34).

Fig. 34

Use these guides lines until

experience dictates what is the
best position.

17 HAND REST

Shapes
HESE are many and varied; some are not
suitably shaped or not rigid enough for our
requirements. The worst I have seen was on an
imported lathe. The rest had raised numbers on
the top edge, dividing it into inches, which completely hindered the smooth passage of the tool.
(The numbers were quickly filed off!)
An excellent rest shape is shown in Fig. 35. This
was, and still is , the favorite rest shape for turners. Being straight along its length allows the
hand to smoothly move backwards and forwards.
The curved top gives a natural fulcrum when the
tool is raised or lowered in the execution of a cut.

Fig. 35

15

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes

18 GRINDERS, GRINDING & SHARPENING

Y earliest memories of learning to grind tools is as a fifteen year old

apprentice, standing facing a 36" diameter sandstone, driven off an overhead shaft and trying to master freehand grinding on a very uneven surface.
I can still feel the water running down my arms; I finished up soaking wet as
the huge stone revolved deluging me in water. Not a pleasant task in winter,
nor were oilskins provided!
My early attempts at this most important aspect of my trade were disasters
the tools regularly ended up with more facets than a cut diamond.
It took me a long time to master freehand grinding and I therefore know how
frustrating this can be for students.
I tell you all this not discourage you, but to reassure you that I now know
there is a much easier way to sharpen tools. (No, you dont have to send
them by parcel post to me)
Nowadays I use a 6" double-ended bench grinder with 60 grit white stones
on each end and adjustable rests. The allows the student to set the rest and
any angle to suit the particular tool being ground, therefore offering full support during the grinding
operation. Hey, presto,
the perfect bevel every
time! (See Fig. 36).
Time spent practicing in
this department is time
well spent; you will get
good results every time,
your tool bevels will no
longer look like cut
glass, your turning will
improve and so will
your confidence.
You will be saved a lot of
frustration and you will
Fig. 36
then find that your ability
to freehand grind will follow quite naturally.

16

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

19 DRY GRINDING or WET GRINDING?

Dry Grinders Advantages
1
Reasonably inexpensive.
2
They have a fast cutting action and will remove metal quickly,
which is ideal for sharpening a new tool or adjusting a bevel as the
need arises.
Dry Grinders Disadvantages
1
Some grinders come with very coarse, carborundum wheels.
2
Care is needed so as not to overheat the tool in the grinding process.
(These machines run at around 3000 rpm). There is a risk of burning
the edge and drawing the tool steel.
There is more danger of this happening in your early days of learning
to sharpen, especially in freehand grinding as you search each time to
place the bevel each time in its correct position on the revolving
wheel.
Remember that eye protection is essential when dry grinding.
Wet Grinders Advantages
1
As wet grinders are designed to run much slower (max. 150 rpm,
depending on wheel diameter) and to run in a trough of water, this
keeps the tool cool during the grinding process which eliminates any
risk of overheating.
2
The finished cutting edge which can be achieved is excellent and in
woodturning honing would not be required.
Wet Grinders Disadvantages
1
They are expensive.
2
They are too slow if a lot of metal has to be removed, as in when
shaping a new tool.
Pay your money and take your choice. If you can afford both you will
have the ultimate in grinding equipment.

20 TO HONE OR NOT TO HONE?

HERE has been much controversy over this question and I do not wish
to add fuel to the fire except to explain what I do and why.
I served my apprenticeship in the coach-building and cabinet-making trades
and this instilled in me the need to oilstone all my cutting tools with loving
care, finally stropping the edges, with either the hand or a piece of soft
leather, until they were like razors.
17

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes

I have a different approach in wood turning. I work almost straight from

the dry grindstone (fine wheels) except for an occasional rub with a slipstone in the flute of gouges and a strop with a piece of leather which hangs
from my belt. (It hangs there so I dont have to burrow amongst the shavings looking for it.)
My skew chisels are stropped frequently with this same piece of leather
after grinding and , depending on the timber, given a light honing; this gives
me a super edge which lasts.
The reason for this simplified grinding and sharpening is this. With a piece
of 2" diameter timber turning at 2000 rpm the tool is cutting approximately
1000' of timber per minute, more than my cabinet-making chisels would do
in a month, which means that my wood turning tools need to be ground
much more often in a day than my cabinet-making tools ever would. If care
is taken in the grinding process we can produce a very acceptable cutting
edge without extensive honing.
One of my most treasured possessions is a one hundred year old lathe, with
an 11' long wooden bed, which I have lovingly restored to its former glory.
I have retained the original bed bar which now hangs in place of honor
above the restored lathe. This bed bar bears silent testimony to the fact that
generations of wood turners had worked straight from the grinder, deburring
their tools by jabbing them into the wooden bed, which is well and truly
scarred by the practice. (Try that on a modern steel lathe!)
Pat, my wife, jokingly says that I think more of that old lathe that I do of
her. How could that be? Big Bertha, my lathe, cannot cook, keep me
warm at night nor feed me on chocolate biscuits

21 CARBON STEEL or HIGH SPEED STEEL?

OST of my working life has been spent using carbon steel tools but
since the introduction of high speed steel (HSS) I have come to favor
it for the following reasons.
1
2
3
4

Less time spent on sharpening a sharpened edge will last about six
times longer.
The tool will therefore last about six times longer.
The danger of accidentally drawing the temper of the steel during
regrinding is greatly reduced, if not eliminated.
The student will do little or no harm in practicing sharpening on HSS
unlike carbon steel which can be spoiled by faulty grinding.
I have seen students actually blue the edge of carbon steel tools by
turning at too high a speed and pressing too hard with the bevel onto
the work.
18

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

22 CARBORUNDUM or WHITE WHEELS?

IGH speed steel can be ground on the conventional dry grinder with
carborundum wheels. However, the normal carborundum wheels tend
to glaze quickly, resulting in lost efficiency which will create overheating in
the tool.
It is for this reason that I favor a white wheel. (Soft bonded aluminum oxide).
A soft bonded wheel breaks down more quickly and significantly reduces
glazing by revealing fresh, sharp particles of abrasive.
For re-grinding high speed steel a 60 grit or 80 grit wheel is recommended.

23 ABRASIVE WHEEL DRESSERS

LL grinding wheels will glaze with constant use as particles of metal

become embedded in their surface. This reduces the efficiency of the
wheel, resulting in overheating of the tools which are being ground.
It is therefore important to dress the grinding wheel to expose fresh grit and
therby restore its grinding ability. There are three tools available for this
purpose they are designed to true, sharpen and shape the grinding wheel.
1
2

Star wheel dressers

These are easy to use and are relatively inexpensive.
Diamond wheel dressing tool
These are easy to use, and can be expensive but the WD300 Diamond
Dresser sold by Craft Supplies U.S.A. is a wonderful tool for keeping
grinding wheels flat across the face. The 1" width will dress most
wheels in one pass, and the dresser will last a lifetime, making other
wheel dressers obsolete.
Devil stone 6" x 1" x 1"
This is a composite stone, very easy to use by simply placing on the
rest and passing across the face of the grinding wheel. This will not
only rapidly de-glaze but will also true your wheel.
Important points to remember

1
2

Never use the side of the grinding wheel it is not designed to take
sideways pressure.
When replacing a grinding wheel you must ensure that it is designed
to run at the speed of your grinder. This information should be on the
paper washers that come bonded to the sides of the wheel. If in doubt,
check with your supplier or manufacturer.
19

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes
24 SOLVING PROBLEMS

Spindle turning
1
2
1
2

Spiralling towards the headstock

Check your bearings.
Possible drive center damage due to constant hammering into the
work piece resulting in a poor fit within the morse taper.
Spiralling towards the tailstock
This is a common problem and is probably due to a faulty revolving
center.
If you are using a dead center, the work piece may require tightening
between centers due to the dead center burning its way into the work.
Keep the dead center lubricated with wax this will help stop the
problem arising.

Each of the above can contribute to the following:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Tool Chatter
Check all the points mentioned above.
The bevel is not in contact with the work.
The tool is too thin, resulting in the bland flexing in use.
The work is too thin and needs support. (See 25 THE STEADY).
The rest may need to be tightened.
The rest may be flexing at its extreme ends due to lack of rigidity.
The tool overhang may be too far over the hand rest.
The work piece may need to be tightened between centers.

Bowl turning
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Spiralling and/or tool chatter

The work is insecurely mounted onto the screw chuck, or faceplate,
resulting in unwanted movement of the work piece.
The bevel is not in contact.
The rest may need to be tightened.
The rest may be flexing at its extreme ends due to lack of rigidity.
Pressing too hard with the bevel.
Trying to cut too quickly.
Shavings jammed between the tool and the work causing the bevel
to leave the work.
The tool may be flexing due to it being too thin for the distance of
the blade projection over the rest.
20

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

The bowl wall thickness may be reduced to a point where it needs

support from your left hand on the side of the bowl while the cut is
in progress.

10

Trying to take too heavy a cut.

11
An unusual problem I
have encountered is one of the
chuck not seating properly due
to a faulty headstock spindle.
(See Fig. 37).
This happened to me at a seminar and it was some time until I
found the source of the problem.
It was solved by turning down
the offending part of the spindle
using the diamond side-cutting
scraper. (See Fig. 25).

GAP
Fig. 37

A problem common to bowl and spindle turning is that

the tool is not sharp enough.

21

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

25 THE STEADY

HE success or failure of this type of steady lies in understanding its use.

The purpose of the steady is to support thin, slender work as it revolves
and to resist the pressure placed upon it by the tool.
B

Fig. 38

B
A

WOODTURNING
LATHE BED BAR

BENCH TOP

To achieve this it is important to have two points of contact within the vee
as shown in Fig. 38. Failure to do this will result in thin work moving away
from the tool which in turn renders the steady useless.
Another common fault with a steady is to make it one fixed position on the
bench without making provision for moving the steady backwards or forwards in the direction of the arrows as shown in Fig. 38.
This means that the vee will work with only one given diameter because
the Brace A moves in a downward arc, therefore any change in diameter
again renders the steady useless.
22

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

By making provision for movement, as shown, the steady can be adjusted

backwards and forwards so as to keep the two points of contact with the
revolving wood at any time.
This makes the steady useful for any diameter from 3/8" to 3".
With a little ingenuity, a steady may be made for any lathe.
Useful Points
1

2
3

The work must be brought to the round first. With extremely thin
work it can be brought to the round at the point of steady contact by
lightly turning down the work with a small gouge, gently supporting
the work with the left hand.
You can reduce friction and burning at the point of steady contact by
rubbing beeswax/carnauba was onto the revolving surface.
By making the top Wedge B a reasonably tight fit it will retain its
position during the turning process without riding up.

23

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes
26 BEESWAX
Block

O well known as not to require description, beeswax produces best

results if it is used after the finished work has received a coat of sealer
or friction polish.
It can be applied by light pressure of the wax block to the workpiece as it
revolves in the lathe.
This will leave on the surface an evenly distributed coat of wax which is
polished into the work by friction using a piece of soft cloth. The result will
be a warm, eggshell sheen on the work.
Paste
The paste form of beeswax is extremely useful when polishing both flat and
turned work such as is found in cabinet making.
Paste wax is best used after sealer or friction polish has been applied to the
finished work. An evenly distributed coat of paste is brought to a warm
sheen by burnishing with a soft cloth or shoe brush.
This practice has been used to great effect on fumed oak; a few applications
produces a finish superior to that of french polish.
To make beeswax paste, mix beeswax with genuine turpentine until it reaches the consistency of butter.
You can do this two ways.
1
2

Finely shred the beeswax into the turpentine and leave overnight,
which allows the two to dissolve without the use of heat. The
mixture will be ready to use the following morning.
Using heat. Care must be taken.
Do not use direct heat as both the wax and the turpentine are highly
flammable; direct heat can also de-nature the mixture.
The safest way is to place the wax and turpentine together in a
container which is then placed in hot water. This method will not
de-nature the mixture.

Advantages of beeswax
It is easy to apply; furniture and turned work can be quickly recoated and
burnished at any time.
Disadvantages of beeswax
It has a low melting point and treated surfaces are prone to damage from
damp and from sweaty fingers.
24

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

27 CARNAUBA WAX

HIS is a very hard, vegetable wax which is obtained from the leaves of
a palm tree (copernica cerifera) which grows throughout South America.
Carnauba wax has a high melting point (185 to 195F) and is the hardest
and toughest of the natural waxes. It can be applied in the same way as
beeswax, after sealing the wood, and leaves a very high shine.
Advantages of carnauba wax
Since it is extremely hard, it is much more resistant to marking than is
beeswax.
Disadvantages of carnauba wax
Because of the hardness of this wax it can mark the surface of the work
when used on softer woods.

28 BEESWAX/CARNAUBA WAX MIX

E can turn the disadvantages of the two aforementioned waxes to our

advantage by mixing them together.
Two parts beeswax to one of carnauba gives us the ideal wax, not so soft as
to readily finger mark, and not so hard as to score our finished work. The
mix is applied in the manner already described.

29 WAX STOPPER STICKS

HEN mixing the waxes save a portion and add artists coloring powders
to make stopper sticks of different colors. Cast them into a suitable
container such as a baking tray.
The sticks are ideal for melting into cracks or imperfections in your work so
as to render them invisible. Melt them using a soldering iron, a hot wire or a
lit match.
For example, if a small knot is missing from the work you could melt two or
three different shades of brown stopper sticks into the hole and, as each
blends into the other, you will create the impression of a knot.
By experimenting you can disguise almost any defect. The beeswax/carnauba
wax on its own is just the right shade for pitch pine, beech and similar colored
woods.

25

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes

OR many turning enthusiast, thread chasing, that is the cutting of screw

threads in wood, can be a nightmare. You have this piece of expensive,
beautifully marked hardwood that you intend to turn into your masterpiece.
The design demands a threaded lid and you know that just a tiny error of
judgement on your part could easily ruin it.
This is the method:
Prepare a blank of hardwood which has already been parted to form the two
halves which are to be threaded.
Work on the female end first. The reason will soon become plain.
Hollow out the inside of the blank to the approximate depth required for the
thread, being careful to keep the sides parallel. Then cut a rebate at the bottom of the hollowed out area, about 1/8" deeper than the area to be threaded
(See diagram 1). Round the sharp square end slightly to make the start of
the thread cutting easier.

Short Rest
Diagram 1

Arm Rest

Approach to first cut of female thread.

Set the lathe speed to between 150 and 500 rpm (choose the speed with
which you are comfortable. Allan was working at 300 rpm)

26

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

S indicated in the diagram, use a short rest on the lathe be set at a

height so as to enable the chasing tool to be working at the center axis
of the work. Using the short rest allows the chasing tool to be brought
round in front of your body to start the cut. Use an arm rest across the short
rest to support the tool and give you control over your action. As the thread
is cut, the hook on the end of the arm rest is used to pull the chasing tool
gently towards you to maintain contact with thread. Its a good idea to have
a dummy run and just go through the motions first, rather like a golfer practices his swing. The feel of the whole setup is important.

or the first part of the thread cutting, run the lathe and keeping the chasing tool at an angle, allow it to touch the work at the rounded entry point
and up the curve a little way then lift the tool off the work. This will create
the first shallow threads. By applying the tool again, picking up the same
thread and at the same time gradually squaring it up with the work, a deeper
cut will be taken and the tool will start to be drawn along into the opening.
It is essential that you are in control of the tool and that you lift it off the
working face as soon as it gets to the end - hence the rebate at the bottom of
the opening. Without the rebate, the tool would be drawn hard up against
the bottom and the threads would be stripped. There is no need to be
aggressive with the tool! Gently does it! After just a few passes, the thread
will be cut. Make sure that the thread shape is good and true and that it fits
the profile of the cutting tool.
Rounding the outer edge at the beginning means that the thread has an easier entry for the male thread to screw into when cut.
You will note that no measuring or sizing has been required. You make the
female opening to whatever suits the work piece and the number of threads
cut depends on that too.
If you make a mistake with the female thread, all need not be lost!
Providing you leave enough wood, you can start the process again.
Now prepare the male blank.
In the blank which is to form the male thread, turn the end down forming a
spigot about 1/8" deep which will just fit neatly into the threaded opening.
This is the highest point of the female thread and establishes the lowest
point of the male thread diameter. Then turn the rest of the material down
along the appropriate length to a diameter which approximates the height of
the thread to be cut (see diagram 2). It is essential to cut a rebate at the end
of the area to be threaded as with the female thread.
27

Allan Batty

Woodturning Notes

Approach to first cut of male thread.

Approximate height of
thread to be cut
1/8" spigot cut to fit into
female thread opening

Diagram 2

TART the thread by applying the male chaser at an angle to the work
and on the center axis. Gradually, bring the tool round to square on to
the workpiece. Again, only a few passes will be required to form the
thread. As soon as there appears a thread mark on the spigot, you know that
the thread is cut to the right depth. You can then try it against the female
thread. If you find that the thread is too tight, just remove a fraction from
the top of the threads and re-cut it. It is often better to just turn the lathe by
hand at this point so that the fit can be exact. When you are satisfied that
everything is right, you can remove the spigot.
You can see that by cutting the female thread first, there is no need for
calipers or careful calculations when it comes to cutting the male thread and
yet there is no room for errors to be corrected. It is so much easier to work
on the male part to get that to fit the female than the other way around.
The gentle approach makes the whole operation look easy and Im sure that
with a little practice, thread chasing is another skill that any enthusiast can
add to their repertoire.

28

Woodturning Notes

Allan Batty

Some Notes
Sizes
Thread Chasers are to be found in a number of thread types, but wood turners usually use BSW in sizes ranging from 3 threads per inch up to 40tpi.
The most common sizes are 16, 18, 20 and these are the best for the learner.
Handles
The chasing tools are fitted with short handles because they are used in
front of the body. Typically, the blade may be 3 1/2" and the handle 5"
making the tool 8 1/2" overall.
Woods
It is best to use hardwoods for screw thread work but not all of them are
suitable. Wood should be close-grained such as boxwood, ligne vitea,
cocobolo, blackwood, etc.. Some hardwoods have a tendency to crumble on
the tooth edge, so experiment first. You may be surprised at what works
and what doesnt! Soft woods are difficult for several reasons and are best
avoided altogether.
Sharpening
Thread Chasers are sharpened by hollow grinding on the top faces. Never
touch the teeth. Hollow grinding allows honing. Its a good idea to round
slightly, the hard square bottom edge of the chaser to enable it to slide along
the rest more easily. You may also want to grind the internal tool down on
its back edge to make it thinner. (Dotted line shown in Diagram 3)

Diagram 3
Hollow grind on these
surfaces only
Do Not Touch the teeth points

29

Notes:

Woodturning Safety 101

The
Woodturners
Catalog

Woodturning is a fun and exciting hobby for people of all ages and skill levels. The number of
things you can create on your lathe with a minimal amount of time and money is limited only
to your imagination. When woodturning, there are a number of safety considerations that must
be kept in mind so that you can have a great time turning while being safe. Woodturning Safety
101 is intended to create safety awareness so as to prevent personal injury. We hope you will
find this information helpful and that you will review it from time to time. Feel free to share this
information with other woodturners you know.

Personal Safety
1. Educate yourself on proper turning techniques, chuck operation, tool use and lathe
operation.
2. Always wear a full-face shield at all times. Safety glasses are not sufficient protection against
flying debris.
3. Always use a dust mask or air filtration system.
4. Wear adequate hearing protection.
5. Dont wear loose clothing, gloves or jewelry as they may become tangled with the lathe.
-turning
blanks6. Never start the
lathe before checking to make sure the spindle
speed is correct
for the size of
-projectswork being turned. Also, make sure the work clears the tool rest by rotating the hand wheel
before starting the lathe.
7. Be sure the work piece is securely mounted and is free of imperfections or poor glue joints.
8. Make sure all belt guards and covers are in place before starting the lathe.
9. Make sure the tool is on the tool rest before making a cut.
10. Always know your capabilities and work within your limits.
11. Utilize the tailstock whenever possible.
12. Always remove the tool rest support before sanding and finishing. This will help prevent
injuries to your hands and fingers.
13. Do Not Overreach! Although many of todays tools have long blades, this does not mean
they are designed to reach long distances over the tool rest.
14. Keep your tools sharp and properly ground. Dull tools are dangerous, as they require
-pen projectsexcessive pressure to make them cut.
-and much more...
15. Do not use tools for purposes they are not intended for.
around
depended
on Craft
16. Woodturners
of ragsthe
andworld
do nothave
leave finish
containers
open.Supplies USA since
Properly dispose
Neverfor
leave
lathe running
unattended.
17. 1984
thethefinest
woodturning
tools, equipment and accessories available.
18. Our
alert,istake
frequent
and never
operateand
the service
lathe while
under the influence
Staygoal
to offer
the breaks
best quality
products
at reasonable
prices. of
drugs or alcohol.
Every
product is backed by our 30 day satisfaction guarantee. Visit us online
19. Use common sense at all times. If unsure at any time, seek the advice of a woodturning
for the very latest in new woodturning products, special offers and promotions
expert or call us at 1-800-551-8876. We are here to help you at all times.

at www.woodturnerscatalog.com. Call 1-800-551-8876 for a free catalog.

1-800-551-8876
www.woodturnerscatalog.com
1-800-551-8876 woodturnerscatalog.com

Notes:

3rd Edition

wax finishes
thread chasing
and much more . . .

WOODTURNING WORKSHOPS

Craft Supplies USA

LEARN FROM PROFESSIONALS!

Learn the craft of woodturning at Craft Supplies USA, North
Americas premier woodturning school. Whether you want to
learn woodturning or youre a long time turner looking to refine
your skills, we have a class to suit you your needs.

Allan Batty

Woodturning
Notes

Three and five day courses taught by some of the worlds finest
professionals teach you the proper instruction and techniques
necessary to be successful at woodturning. Make friends with
others sharing a common interest in a relaxing classroom setting
thats informative and enjoyable.

STATE OF THE ART WOODTURNING FACILITY

Our state of the art woodturning facility features
todays finest wood lathes, tools and equipment
including video monitors to show you every detail
of instruction as it happens. Individual work stations feature a full set of tools and related supplies
necessary
for the
course.
Each
work station is well
Bolt Box
- by
Allan
Batty
lit and features dust extraction making it a safe,
comfortable environment condusive to learning.

Ive never come across a finer woodturning facility than here at Craft Supplies USA
Allan Batty

HAVE FUN WHILE YOU LEARN TO TURN...

Meet fellow woodturners and make
new friends while participating in
woodturning courses. Our goal is to
teach you woodturning in an atmosphere that is relaxing and enjoyable.
Work at your own pace while receiving
one on one instruction from the finest
instructors in the world. We guarantee an experience youll never forget
and chances are youll be back again!
Allan Batty Intermediate Workshop

SAVE 10%

Fo r m o r e i n f o :
1-800-551-8876

All participants receive a 10% discount* on

tools, wood and accessories purchased during
1-800-551-8876
woodturnerscatalog.com
the week of the
class. *Lathes not included

www.woodturnerscatalog.com

Includes:
lathe speeds
tool selection and use
grinding and sharpening
wax finishes
thread chasing
and much more . . .

$4.95
3rd Edition